Chief artist of Moscow Olympiad. Chapter Fifth, about the Moscow period of life, when our hero appointed the chief artist of the Olympic Games. Then the "Centralization of Moscow" began, not seen by the press. Borrowed, enamel, stained glass stained hotels, sports palaces. TO

Smoot (troubled time) - a deep spiritual, economic, social, and foreign policy crisis, comprehended by Russia at the end of the 16th early 17 century.

The first period, the beginning of the University, was marked by a brutal struggle for the throne of many applicants. The son of Ivan the Terrible Fedor turned out to be a weak ruler. In fact, the government received Boris Godunov, the brother of the sophisticator of the king, his policy led to the dissatisfaction of the people.

The beginning of the University was put on the appearances in Poland Grigory Oreveyev, who declared himself with Lhadmitry, who was saved by the Son of Grozny. Not without the support of Poles, Lhadmitry was recognized as a rather large part of the country's population, and in 1605 the Samvanov was supported by Moscow and Governors of Russia and was recognized as the king. But, his support for serfdom caused the stormy displeasure of the peasants, and too independent policies led to displeasure boyars. As a result, Falsmitry 1 was killed on May 17, 1606. And the shuisky V.I. However, his power was limited.

The second period of Troubles began with an uprising under the leadership of Bolotnikov I.I. The militia amounted to people of all layers. Participation in the uprising took not only peasants, but also serial Cossacks, slaves, landowners, landing people. But, in the battle near Moscow, the rebels were broken, and Bolotniki fell and executed.

Perturbation of the people just increased. The appearance of Falsmitria 2 did not slow down to wait. Already in January 1608, the army collected by him moved towards Moscow. He settled on the approaches to the city in Tushino. Thus, the country formed two existing capitals. At the same time, almost all officials and boyars worked on both kings, often receiving money and from Shuisky and from Falsitria 2. After the Shuisky manages to conclude a treaty on help. Commonly began aggression. Lhadmitry had to flee to Kaluga.

But Shuisky failed to hold power for a long time. He was grabbed and forced to take a pretty into the monks. In the country began internship - a period called Semiboyarschina. As a result of the Boyar transaction, which came to power, with Polish interventions, Moscow on August 17, 1610 he swore to the King of Poland Vladislav. Lhadmitry 2 was killed at the end of this year. The struggle for power continued.

The third period of Discharge is the time to combat the interventory. The people of Russia were finally able to unite to combat invaders - Poles. During this period, the war acquired the nature of the national. The militia of Minin and Pozharsky came to Moscow only in August 1612. They were able to free Moscow and expel Polyakov.

The end of the troubled time was marked by the appearance on the Russian throne of a new dynasty - Romanov. On February 21, 1613, Mikhail Romanov was chosen to the king.

Reasons for troubles in Russia

Termination of the Rurikovsky dynasty.

Refrigerating peasants, increasing tax nest.

The struggle between boyars and the royal authorities - the first sought to preserve and multiply traditional privileges and political influence, the second - to limit these privileges and influence.

The heavy economic situation of the country. The conquest trips of Ivan the Terrible and Livonian war demanded a significant voltage of production forces. Sufficiently negatively on the economy of the country affected the violent movement of serving people and the ruin of Novgorod the Great. The situation catastrophically aggravated Hunger 1601-1603, raising thousands of large and small farms

Deep social disorder in the country. The existing stroit caused rejection from the mass of runaway peasants, horses, impoverished Posad Luda, Cossack Volnitsa and Cossacks, as well as a significant part of the servicant people

The consequences of Okrichnina, which undermined respect for power and law

The consequences of the Turns of the 17th century in Russia

The first, the most severe consequence was a terrible ruin and launch of the country; Many cities and villages lay in ruins. Rasked were agriculture, Crafts, fade trading life.

The territorial unity of Russia, mostly, was restored, although they were lost the coast of the Baltic Sea and the Earth Smolensk

Inside the political life of the state significantly increased the role of the nobility and the tops of the Posad. Power recovered in the form of an autocratic monarchy.

The positions of the nobility were strengthened.

The independence of Russia was preserved.

Started to rule the Romanov dynasty.

Ticket 6. Transformation of Peter I: for and against.

The entire domestic state activity of Peter can be divided into two periods: 1695-1715 and 1715-1725.
The peculiarity of the first stage was a hurry and not always thoughtful, which was explained by the leading of the Northern War. Reforms were aimed primarily on collecting funds to manage the Northern War, were carried out by a violent method and often did not lead to the desired result. In addition to state reforms, in the first stage, extensive reforms of changes in the cultural lifestyle were carried out. In the second period of reform were more planned and aimed at the internal arrangement of the state.
Reform

Military marine

Administrative

3. Transformations in the field of culture, science and life

Church

5. Transformations in the field of economics

In general, Peter's reforms were aimed at strengthening the Russian state and the introduction of the ruling layer to European culture with the simultaneous strengthening of the absolute monarchy. By the end of the board of Peter the Great, a powerful Russian empire was created, at the head of which was the emperor who had absolute power. During the reforms, the technical and economic lag of Russia was overcome from a number of other European states, a conversion to the Baltic Sea was converted, transformations were carried out in many areas of life of Russian society. At the same time, the folk forces were extremely exhausted, the bureaucratic apparatus, the prerequisites were created (a decree of the throne) for the crisis of the supreme power, which led to the era of "Palace Dobor".

Troubled Time In Russia, this is one of the key pages of our story. In fact, it was the introduction of the 17th century, which went down the title for the name "Buntish". And the troubled, no matter how much we would not talk about her short historical period, was not suppressed and she "went out" from Russia the entire 17th century. It was actually completed only after the creation of Peter's regime 1. It was he who finally strangled the process that the entire 17th century stolen.

Troubled time is the era of social, political, economic, dynastic and spiritual crisis. Accompanied folk uprisings, class and interclative struggle, impostors, Polish and Swedish intervention and practically complete ruin of the country.

Historical directory

Concepts of Smouse

In Russian historiography there were 2 schemes of Universion: Klyuchevsky and Platonov. This is what Klyuchevsky wrote - "In Smoot, all classes of Russian society are consistent and they act in the same order in which they lay in the then composition of the Russian society, as they were placed on the social staircase. At the top of this staircase stood a boyars, it and the beginning of the confusion. Therefore, the first phase of Boyarskaya, then the noble and then nationwide. "

By the way, absolutely in the same scheme developed and the confusion of the beginning of the 20th century, which led to the fall of the empire. Also began and troubled, the first phase of which was restructuring. That is, the first phase of all three Russians stem is the boyars phase, when the elite begins to share power.

The second scheme of the vague time in Russia belongs to the historian Platonov, who highlighted three periods in the history of the Troubles: dynastic, noble and socio-religious. But in fact, this is the same as Klyulevsky:

1. Dynastic. Boyar and know fight for power.
2. Noble. Less rich and influential people are connected to these disassembly.
3. National-religious. The people turn on in the troubled

The main reasons for the troubled time in Russia can be expressed as follows:

• Economic reasons. As a result of weather conditions, hunger has happened 1601-1603. The population is massively dying. Trust in the existing power of Padolo.
• Dynastic crisis. After the death of Tsarevich Dmitry in Uglich and Fyodor Ivanovich in Moscow, Rurikovsky Dynasty was interrupted.
• Social crisis. Almost all layers of the population of Russia of the late 16 - early 17th century were unhappy with their position.
• Political crisis. In Russia, there was an active struggle for power between boyars groupings.
• Poland and Sweden intensified and actively showed their claims to Russian lands and the throne.

More detailed reasons The troubles are attracted in the following scheme:

Beginning of Troubles in Russia

The troubled time in Russia actually began with the death of Ivan the Terrible. In 1598, Fedor died and events occur, which can be called the "Latent Stage of Discharge". The fact is that Fyodor did not leave the wills, and formally should be the throne of Irina. But at this time she clears the way to his brother Boris Godunov and voluntarily goes to the monastery. Boyarsky thought as a result split. Romanovs made attacks on Boris, and he as a result stopped riding in the Duma.

Ultimately, the Zemsky Cathedral elected Godunov to the reign, but the boyars thought this. There was a split. This is a classic trailer of the troubled time in Russia - droop. Zemsky Cathedral against the Boyar Duma. Dochevlasty will arise later after the 1917 february coup. This will be the "temporary government" against the "Petrosovet" or "red" against the "white". Deliciousness at the end of the 20th century will be the following - at first Gorbachev against Yeltsin. Then Yeltsin against the Supreme Council. That is, Smoothie always splits power into 2 opposing camps.

Ultimately, Boris Godunov beat Boyar Duma and became a king. Read more about how it happened.

Moving elements of troubled time

It should be understood that the troubles are a mass phenomenon in which almost all segments of the population and social groups took part. Nevertheless there were three large classes that played an exceptional role in those events, and which you need to tell separately. These are the following groups:

1. Sagittarius.
2. Cossacks.
3. "Combatry Hopes."

Consider in detail each of these groups.

Battle Colds

The problem in Russia after hunger 1601-1603 was also the fact that the increase in the number of serving people overtook the growth of the land foundation. In the country (even strange it is to talk about Russia) there were no resources to provide all children of the noble earth. As a result, the "Battle Halls" layer began to appear in Russia.

These were the nobles that did not have land, but who had a weapon (they were talking about it, but Ivan Bolotnikov was among the battle horses), and who were to service as a military service to some boyar or a rich nobleman. The percentage of combat rowers in Russia at the end of the 16th early 17th century was +/- 10%. And now think about what ... Events of the 90s (collapse of the USSR). Then those who serve in various private and security firms, in the army, and all armed people in the country are just the same 10%. That is, this is a social dynamite that can explode at any time.

What is fighting chops at the beginning of the 16th century? By 25 thousand nobles in the militia accounted for up to 5 thousand combat kestops.

For example, after shelling Ivangorod in 1590, the governors led to the storm 350 of the Sagittarov, 400 Cossacks and 2382 combat hills. That is, combat kestops were very much, and their share in the troops changed its structure to use these people. And these people were extremely unhappy with their position.

It was from the combat rowers that took place the head of the largest raising of the lower times of the day 1602-1603 - cotton Cassolap. In 1603, he approached Moscow, and to defeat him to send a regular army.

Sagittsev

Sagittarius, like a military unit, were created in the middle of the 16th century. The undoubted advantage of his creation was that it was thanks to the Streetsky army that Kazan was taken. In Moscow, Streltsov had 10 thousand people (that is, a fairly large social layer). In others major cities up to 1 thousand people. The salary of the Archers was from 7 rubles in Moscow to 0.5 rubles on the outskirts. They received and bread salary.

The problem was that they completely received money only during hostilities. In addition, the Archerters received money with a big delay, since those who distributed money in the Russian tradition - stole. Therefore, the Archers who lived in the Posad settlements held gardens, engaged in trade, some even banditness. Therefore, they felt social relationship with landed people, because The lifestyle and priorities were identical.

Cossacks in the period of troubled time

Another group that played an extremely important role in the troubled time in Russia, and which was also unhappy with the authorities - Cossacks. The total number of Cossacks at the end of the 16th century from the Dnieper to the YiAr River (Modern River Urals) is estimated at 11-14 thousand people. Cossack organization was as follows: In Russia, it was a village, in Ukraine - hundred. Free villages were not part of government troops, but actually carried the border guard service.

After impoverishment, the fighting chopers fled to the Don, the government demanded to withdraw them, but there was a rule - "there is no don issue!" Hence the antpressive measures of Godunov, who tried to return the fighting rowers, as a rich nobility gave him to him. Naturally, it caused discontent and the Cossacks. As a result, Godunov got into a situation when everything so that he did not, I did not solve the problem, but aggravated.

Cossacks were associated with the southern counties in which social contradictions were also different, because those who were offended by the authorities fled. That is, the Cossacks are such a separate layer, which always considered himself above the rest.

Start open stage

Thus, it can be said that at the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries in Russia there was an explosive situation:

1. almost all possible contradictions between the estates and within them were aggravated.
2. increased confrontation within the country - "South" against the "Center".

There was a lot of "social dynamics" and remained only interested parties to light wick. And he was lit at the same time in Russia and in Poland. At the beginning of the 17th century, the situation in Russia has developed, which contributed to the transition of the vague time from the latent (hidden) state, to the state of open.

The first stage of Smaddy

A person appeared in Poland who called himself to Tsarevich Dmitry, who survived after the coal. Of course, he declared his rights to the throne and began to assemble the army in Poland to go and raise her "his" throne. I will not stay in detail in detail on this person and the elements of his attempt (and successful) the capture of power. Our site has a whole article where all the events of this stage are considered detailed. You can carry it on this link.

I just say that at this stage, Poland did not support the Falsemitria. He scored the mercenaries army there, but the Polish king of Sigismund 3 was distant from this campaign. Moreover, he even warned Godunov that "according to his soul" there is a person.

At this stage:

1. There was a dynastic struggle for power.
2. Falsemmitry appeared 1.
3. The scale of the vague time was still small. In fact, only elite was involved in them.
4. Murder Falsmitria 1.

The second stage of Smoy

After the overthrow of Falsitria, Vasily Shuisky became a king. By the way, the future king himself played far from the murder of the impostor. Most historians converge in the opinion that it was his conspiracy, which he realized with glitter. Accommodation Shuisky, as the historian of Platonov believed, this is the beginning of the entry into the second period (noble), noted not only by the dynastic struggle for power, but also deep social conflict. Although the Board of Shuisky began very well, with the suppression of the rebellion of the Bolotnikov. In general, the browning uprising is an extremely important thing for understanding the essence of the Troubles in Russia. Again, we will not consider this issue in detail in this topic, since this topic was already dismantled. Here is the link for familiarization.

It is important to understand that the rebellion of the Bolotnikov is not peasant War, as we often try to imagine it, but the struggle for power in the conditions of Universion. Bolotnikov was a man of Falsmitria 1, always acted on his behalf and pursued a concrete goal - power.

Troubled time in Russia was characterized by the following phenomenon. Freecarriage, especially on final stage University, claimed to replace the nobility in his function of military protection of the country. That is, the troubled time had a lot of measurements, but a very important dimension was the struggle of the nobility and the Cossacks for the one who becomes the main military estate of the country. Cossacks beat not for freedom. This is later, when distributed, 50 years after the end of the troubled time, will be fighting for freedom. Here they beat for taking the place of the nobility. This became possible due to the fact that Ochrichnina, waking up the situation in the country, left some emptiness.

Tushinsev and their role in the confusion

For a long time, dubbers remained in Russia. On the one hand, there was a legitimate king of Vasily Shuisky in Moscow, and on the other hand was Lhadmitry 2 with Tushinsky camp. In fact, this camp has become a seatingman of banditry and any dishonor, which robbed the country. It was not by chance that the people called this man "Tushinsky thief". But this situation was possible only until the forces were equal. As soon as Shuisky received the Swedish troops to help, and the Polish king of Sigismund 3 began a campaign to Smolensk - Tushinsky camp collapsed automatically. The intervention of the Polish king and the collapse of the Tushinsky camp has become an important stage in the development of all events of the troubled time.

At this stage, happened:

• The victory of the royal troops over Bolotnikov.
• The appearance of Falsmitria 2.
• Smoot acquires mass. Everything more People are involved in events.
• The formation of a Tushinsky camp, as an alternative to the current government.
• No intervention elements.

Third stage of troubled time in Russia

The death of Tushinsky's thief and the beginning of the departments of Poles in Moscow became the beginning of 3 phases of the vague time in Russia - national religious or social-valued. The situation is simplified as much as possible. If until 1610, the situation was very difficult, because some Russian forces called on their side of foreigners, other Russians called on other foreigners, i.e. Such a mixed situation. Now the situation has become very simple: here are the Poles of Catholics, but Russian Orthodox. That is, the struggle has become a national-religious. And the shock force of this national struggle was Zemsky militia.

The final heroes of these events were Minin and Pozhars, who knocked the Poles from the country. But again, it is not necessary to idealize the images of these people, since we are not enough for reliably about them. It is only known that the Pozhasky was a descendant of Vsevolod a big nest, and his campaign to Moscow was a generic coat of arms that directly points to his attempt to capture power. But that is another story. You can read in this article about the events of those years.

At this stage:

• The Polish and Swedish intervention in Russia began.
• Murder Falsmitria 2.
• The beginning of the Zemsky militia.
• Capture of Moscow by Mini and Pozharsky. Liberation of the city from Polish invaders.
• Construction of the Zemsky Cathedral of 1613 and the joint venture of the new ruling dynasty - Romanov.

End of troublesome time

Formally, the troubled time in Russia ended in 1613-1614, with the beginning of the Board of Mikhail Romanova. But on the fact at that moment only the following were made - the Poles are thrown away from Moscow and ... and that's it! Finally solve the Polish question succeeded only in 1618. After all, Sigismund and Vladislav actively claimed the Russian throne, realizing that local power there is extremely weak. But as a result, a deulinist trucy was signed, according to which Russia recognized all the conquests of Poland in the period of Discharge, and the world was established between the countries for 14.5 years.

But there was also Sweden, which Shuisky called. Few people talk about it, but Sweden owned almost all the northern lands, including Novgorod. In 1617, Russia and Sweden signed the Stolban world for which the Swedes returned Novgorod, but retained the entire coast of the Baltic.

The consequences of the troubles for Russia

Troubled time is always a hard phase, which is very hurting around the country, and from which then you need to go out. So it was in Russia. The troubled formally stopped with the top of the Romanov, but in fact it was not so. Yet long years The Russian kings actively fought with passive, but still with the elements of Disame, in the country.

If we talk about the consequences of a vague time in Russia, then the following main consequences can be distinguished:

1. Russia has retained its independence and the right to be a state.
2. Creating a new romance romanian dynasty.
3. The terrible economic ruin and depletion of the country. Simple people Massively fled to the outskirts.
4. The fall of the authority of the church. People could not understand how the church could allow such passivity in the fight against the interventionists.
5. There was a complete reassembly of peasants, which was not there before.
6. Russia lost part of its territory (Smolensk, Baltic (the way to which, then so insistently, Peter 1) and the northern regions of the country will be achieved).
7. The country's military potential was actually destroyed.

These are the main consequences that were extremely important for the country. But the most important thing - Russia retained its statehood and continued to develop. Attempts by Poland and Sweden to seize power in Russia ended with nothing.

The complexity of the interpretation of the troubles

The troubled time was very uncomfortable for Soviet historians. Pre-revolutionary historiography did not create a strict concept of dismay. There are schemes of Kuevskiy and Platonov (we will later talk about them) - they empirically very well reflect reality, but they do not give the concepts of trouble. Because in order to develop the concept of troubled time in Russia, you must first develop the concept of Russian history and the concept of autocracy. But this was not. Soviet historians have nothing to do with the concept of dismay. Actually no troubles did not study the Soviet historians. An example of Professor Andrei Fursov:

when I handed out Russian history, or rather the history of the USSR, there was no question of the "troubled time" in the tickets. In tickets there were two completely different questions: "Rebellion under the leadership of Ivan Bolotnikov" and "Foreign Intervention in the early 17th century".

Andrei Fursov, historian

That is, the confused dispelled, as if it was not. And it is clear why. The fact is that in the troubled time for Soviet historians in contradiction, everything is literally all. From class point of view, the Soviet historian was to stand on the side of Ivan Bolotnikov, because he fought against the exploiters. But the fact is that Ivan Bolotnikov was a man of Falsmitria 1 (we will talk about it below), and Lhadmitry was associated with Poles and Swedes. And it turns out that the rebellion of the Bolotnikov is an element of the activity of Falsmitria according to the country's treaturation. That is, this is what hits state rank Russia. From a patriotic point of view, the Soviet historian could not be on the side of the Bolotnikov. Therefore, we decided to do it very simple. Troubled time integrally cutting: the rebellion of the bolotnikov is one thing, and the intervention is another. Lhadmitriy is generally the third. But it was absolute fake. Everything was much more difficult. And all this was very closely connected, and no bangs would have been without Falgestrimitria and Discharge.

What was actually troubled in the history of Russia

Unfortunate, definitely, was a revolutionary event. What is the fundamentally revolution different from the uprising? Who knows, by the way, when the term "revolution" appeared, as political? Tip - Is there any connection between the word "revolution" and "revolver"? In addition to revolutions, revolvers are used ... There is some connection in the names of the "revolution" and "revolver"? It concerns the fact that the drum "spins". At first, the revolution appeared in 1688 during, the so-called "glorious revolution" in England, when everything would be returned to the circles. That is, the revolution was originally called 360 degrees. Made a turn and returned to their places with some changes. But since the French Revolution, 1789-1799, the revolutions began to call the rotation not at 360 degrees, and at 180. That is, they turned, but did not return to the previous point.

Any people's Movements Can be divided into 3 categories:

1. palace coups. These are disassembly elite.
2. rebells and riots. The population takes an active part.
3. revolution. When revolutions occur, the following occurs - part of the elite is included in the union with a part of the population, and throws it against another part of the elite. So at some point the top of the Society begins to express the interests of society, and not only their own. Therefore, at the short moment of revolution there is unity. Then in most cases the elite deceives society.

And in the troubled time of the early 17th century, of course, some revolutionary features are visible, especially since after Daughty finally got on the feet of the autocratic-serf system, which there was no time before.

Time of Troubles - the designation of the period of the history of Russia from 1598 to 1613 marked by natural disasters, Polish-Swedish intervention, the hardest political, economic, state and social crisis.

Start

After the death of Ivan the Terrible (1584), his heir Fedor John was not able to affect the affairs of the Board, and the youngest son, Tsarevich Dmitry, was in infancy. With the death of Dmitry (1591) and Fedor (1598), the ruling dynasty stopped, the secondary boyars gods were nominated on the stage - Yuryev, Godunov.

Three years, from 1601 to 1603, were lack of town, even in the summer months did not cease freezing, and snow fell out in September. According to some assumptions, the cause of this was the eruption of Wyunaputin volcano in Peru on February 19, 1600 and the volcanic winter that followed. A terrible hunger broke out, the victims of which it became up to half a million people. The masses of the people flocked to Moscow, where the government distributed money and bread in need. However, these measures only strengthened economic disorganization. The landowners could not feed their horses and servants and kicked them out of the estates. People who remained without livelihood people turned to robbery and wake up, reinforcing total chaos. Separate gangs have grown to several hundred people. Detachment Ataman Cotton has numbered up to 500 people.

The beginning of the Troubles refers to the strengthening of rumors, as if legal Tsarevich Dmitry is alive, from which it followed that the Board of Boris Godunov illegally. The Samvozhan Lhadmitry, who declared the Polish prince A. A. Vishnesetsky about his royal origin, entered close relations with the Polish magnate, the governor Sandomir's Jerzy Mnishek and Papal Nunzim Rangoni. At the beginning of 1604, the impostor received an audience from the Polish king, and on April 17, he accepted Catholicism. King Sigismund recognized the rights of Falsmitria into Russian throne and allowed everyone to help "Tsarevich". For this, Lhadmitry promised to convey to Poland Smolensk and Seversk land. For the consent of the Governor of Mnishek, he also promised to convey to his bride to the possession of Novgorod and Pskov. Mnishek was equipped with an impostor army, consisting of Zaporizhzhya Cossacks and Polish mercenaries ("adventurers"). In 1604, the army of the impostor crossed the border of Russia, many cities (Moravsk, Chernihiv, Putivl) surrendered to Lhadmitria, the army of the Moscow Governor F. I. Mstislavsky was broken by Novgorod-Seversky. At the height of the war, Boris Godunov died (April 13, 1605); The Army Godunova almost immediately changed his successor, 16-year-old Fedor Borisovich, who was overthrown on June 1 and on June 10 killed together with his mother.

Flawing of Falsmitria I.

On June 20, 1605, the impostor solemnly joined Moscow for universal education. Moscow boyars led by Bogdan Belsky publicly recognized him with a legal heir. On June 24, Ryazan Archbishop of Ignatius, even in Tula confirmed Dmitry's rights to the kingdom, was erected into the Patriarchs. Thus, the impostor received official support for the clergy. On July 18, the Queen Marfa was delivered to the capital to the capital, and soon, on July 30, the wedding of Dmitry was held on the kingdom.

The reign of Falsenedmitria was marked by the orientation on Poland and some attempts by reforms.

Conspiracy Shui

Not all Moscow Boyars recognized Falsitria by the lawful ruler. Immediately upon arrival of him to Moscow, the prince of Vasily Shuisky, through intermediaries, began to spread rumors about impostations. Voivod Peter Basmanov revealed a plot, and on June 23, 1605, Shuisky grabbed and convicted of death, poring only directly from the fees.

On his side Shuisky attracy of the princes V. V. Golitsyn and I. S. Kurakina. Having enlisted the support of the Novgorod-Pskov detachment near Moscow, who was preparing for a campaign on the Crimea, Shuisky organized a coup.

On the night of May 16, May 16, 1606, the boyars opposition, taking advantage of Muscovites against Muscovites against the False Aventurists who were in Moscow, raised the uprising, during which the impostor was killed.

Military actions

The coming to power of the representative of the Suzdal branch of Rurikovich Boyari Vasily Shuisky did not bring calmness. In the south, the rebellion of Ivan Bolotnikov (1606-1607), which threatened the beginning of the movement of the "thieves". Rumors about the wonderful deliverance of Tsarevich Dmitry did not subside. Announced a new impostor, entered the story as a Tushinsky thief (1607-1610). By the end of 1608, the power of Tushinsky's thief was distributed to Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, Yaroslavl, Vladimir, Uglich, Kostroma, Galich, Vologda. Kolomna, Pereyaslavl-Ryazan, Smolensk, Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Ural and Siberian cities remained faithful to Moscow. As a result of the degradation of the border service, the 100-thousand Nogai Horde ruins the "Ukrainian" and Seversk land in 1607-1608.

In 1608. crimean Tatars For the first time in a long time, OKU moved and ruined the central Russian regions. Polish-Lithuanian troops were defeated by Shuya and Kineshma, tver, the troops of the Lithuanian hetman Yana Sapgy were deposited by Trinity Sergiev Monastery, the detachments of Pan Lisovsky captured Suzdal. Even cities who voluntarily recognized the authorities of the impostor, mercilessly plundered by the detachments of the interventionists. Poles charged taxes from Earth and Trade, received "feeding" in Russian cities. All this caused a wide national liberation movement by the end of 1608. In December 1608, Kineshma, Kostroma, Galich, Tutm, Vologda, Belozero, Ustyuzhna Zneuznopolskaya, were postponed from the impostor "postponed", Vyatyuk, Vyatka, Perm. In January 1609, Prince Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky, who commanded Russian warriors from Tikhvin and Onega, reflected the 4-thousand Polish detachment of Kernositsky, coming to Novgorod. At the beginning of 1609, the militia of the city of Ustyuzhna knocked the Poles and Cherkasov (Zaporozhtsev) from the surrounding villages, and in February, all the attacks of the Polish cavalry and the hired German infantry were bought off. On February 17, the Russian militia lost the Poles battle under Suzdal. At the end of February, the "Vologda and Pomeranian men" freed from the interventionation Kostroma. On March 3, the militia of the northern and north-Russian cities took the novels, from there moved to Yaroslavl and took it in early April. The Nizhny Novgorod Governor Alyabyev took Murom on March 15, and on March 27, Vladimir liberated.

The Government of Vasily Shuisky concludes a Vyborg Agreement with Sweden, according to which the Korean county was transferred to the Swedish crown in exchange for military assistance. The Russian government should also pay for mercenaries that make up most Swedish troops. Performing obligations, Karl IX provided a 5-thousand detachment of mercenaries, as well as a 10-thousand detachment of "every variable scoring" under the command of Ya. Duchadi. Spring Prince Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky collected in Novgorod 5 thousand russian army. On May 10, Russian-Swedish forces occupied the old Rus, and on May 11, the Polish-Lithuanian detachments were broken, approaching the city. On May 15, the Russian-Swedish forces under the command of Chulkov and Gorna broke the Polish Connection under the command of Kernositsky at Toroptz.

By the end of Spring, most of the North-Western Russian cities were postponed from the impostor. By the summer, the number of Russian troops reached 20 thousand people. On June 17, in a severe battle at the trading, Russian-Swedish forced forced the Polish-Lithuanian army of Zborovsky to retreat. On July 11-13, the Russian-Swedish forces, under the command of Skopina-Shuisky and Duchadi, broke the Poles under Tvers. In further actions, Skopin-Shui Swedish troops (with the exception of the christian detachment, a somer of a number of 1 thousand people) did not accept participation. On July 24, Russian detachments crossed the right bank of the Volga and joined Makaryev Kalyazin Monastery. On August 19, the Poles under the command of Yana Sapegy were broken by Skui-Shuisky in Kalyazin. On September 10, the Russians, together with a detachment, Zomme occupied Pereyaslavl, and on October 9, the Governor Golovin took the Alexander Slobod. On October 16, the Russian detachment broke into the Troit-Sergiev monastery deposited by Poles. On October 28, Skopin-Shuisky broke the hetman sapga under the Alexander Sloboda.

On January 12, 1610, the Poles retreated from the Trinity-Sergiev Monastery, and on February 27, Dmitrov's Russian troops were left under blows. On March 12, 1610, the regiments of Skopina-Shuisky joined the capital, and on April 29, after a short illness, he died. The Russian army at that time was preparing to go to the resolensk, who since September 1609 was deposited by the troops of the Polish king Sigismund III. Poles and Zaporozhtsy seized and the cities of Seversk land; The population of Starodab and the prickly died during the enemy assault, Chernigov and Novgorod-Seversky surrendered.

On July 4, 1610, the Klushkaya battle took place, as a result of which the Polish Army (Zholkevsky) broke the Russian-Swedish army under the command of Dmitry Shui and Jacob Duchadi; During the battle, German mercenaries who served among the Russians switched to the side of the Poles. Poles opened the way to Moscow.

Semiboyarschina

The defeat of the troops of Vasily Shuisky from Polyakov under the flower (June 24 / July 16, 1610) finally undermined the shaky authority of the Boyarsky Tsar, and a coup about this event in Moscow took place. As a result of the Boyarsky conspiracy, Vasily Shuysky was shifted, Moscow swore to the loyalty to the Polish Kingdom Vladislav, and on September 20-21, Polish troops entered the capital. However, robbery and violence committed by Polish-Lithuanian detachments in Russian cities, as well as interfaith contradictions between Catholicism and Orthodoxy, caused the rejection of Polish domination - in the North-West and in the east a number of Russian cities "sat down in the siege" and refused to swear to Vladislav.

1610-1613 - Semiboyarschina (Mstislavsky, Trubetskaya, Golitsyn, Obolensky, Romanov, Lykov, Sheremetev).

On March 17, 1611, the Poles who took the dispute on the market for the beginning of the uprising, arrange a massacre in Moscow, 7 thousand Muscovites die only in China City.

In 1611, the 1st militia of Lyapunov approached the walls of Moscow. However, as a result, the reset on the military council of the rebels, Lyapunov was killed, and the militia dispersed. In the same year, the Crimean Tatars, without meeting unsaluing, ruin the Ryazan region. Smolensk after a long siege was captured by the Poles, and the Swedes, coming out of the role of "allies", ruined the northern Russian cities.

The second militia of 1612 was headed by the Nizhny Novgorod Zemsky Street Kuzma Minin, who invited Prince Pozharsky military operations for leadership. In February 1612, the militia moved to Yaroslavl to take this important point where many roads crossed. Yaroslavl was busy; The militia stood here for four months, because it was necessary to "build" not only the army, but also "the Earth". Pozharsky wanted to collect the "General Zemsky Council" to discuss plans to combat the Polish-Lithuanian intervention and "how we are in the current evil time, not to be and choose our sovereign to our earth." For discussion, a candidate of the Swedish Karli Karl-Philip was proposed for discussion, who "wants to be baptized into our orthodox faith Greek law. " However, the Zemsky Council did not take place.

On September 22, 1612, one of the greatest events of Troubles - the city of Vologda was taken by Poles and Cherkasy (Zaporozhets), which destroyed almost all its population, including the monks of the Savazo-Prilutsky monastery.

The overthrow of the government of Koriiccha Vladislav

About 20 (30) August 1612 militia from Yaroslavl moved to Moscow. In September, the second militia defeated the troops of Hetman Khodkevich, who was trying to connect to the Polish garrison, which controlled the Moscow Kremlin.

October 22 (November 1) 1612 militia under the leadership of Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharski storm took China City; The barrid of the speech compulciated retreated to the Kremlin. Prince Pozhase joined China City with Kazan Icon God's Mother And he swore to build a temple in memory of this victory. On October 26, the command of the Polish garrison signed the surrender, releaseing at the Kremlin of Moscow Boyar and other noble persons; The next day the garrison surrendered.

S. M. Solovyov, "History of Russia from ancient times":

Elections of the king

The consequences of a vague time

Troubled time was completed with large territorial losses for Russia. Smolensk was lost on long decades; Western and considerable part of East Karelia are captured by the Swedes. Without having resigned with the national and religious negle, almost the entire Orthodox population, both Russians and Karelia, will take away from these territories. Rus lost access to the Finnish bay. The Swedes left Novgorod only in 1617, only a few hundred inhabitants remained in a fully ruined city.

Troubled time led to a deep economic decline. In many areas of the historic center of the state, the size of the Pashnya decreased 20 times, and the number of peasants 4 times. In Western counties (Rzhevsky, Mozhaisk, etc.), the processed land was from 0.05 to 4.8%. The lands in the possessions of the Josepho-Volokolamsky monastery were "all before the foundation are broken and the peasant with the wives and children are lined up, and the lips raised in full ... and the peasants of the tens of five or six after Lithuanian ruin were patched and they still do not know how to utter a loaf. In a number of districts, and by 20-40 years of the 17th century, the population was still lower than the level of the 16th century. And in the middle of the 17th century "Living Pashnya" in the Savoric Territory was not more than half of all lands taken into account by pesting books.

1598-1613. - The period in the history of Russia, called a vague time.

At the turn of the 16th-17 centuries, Russia experienced a political and socio-economic crisis. The Livonian War and the Tatar invasion, as well as Oprichnina Ivan the Terrible contributed to strengthening the crisis and the growth of discontent. This was the reason for the start of the vague time in Russia.

First period of Smaddy It is characterized by the struggle for the throne of various applicants. After the death of Ivan the Terrible, his son Fedor came to power, but he was unable to rule and actually ruled the brother of the king's wife - Boris Godunov. Ultimately, his policy caused dissatisfaction of the masses.

The troubled started with the advent of Poland a liemithria (in reality Gregory Spirovyev), allegedly wonderfully surviving Son Ivan Grozny. He lured to his side a significant part of the Russian population. In 1605, Lhadmitria was supported by the governor, and then Moscow. And in June he became a legitimate king. But he acted too independently than caused a boyars discontent, he also supported the serfdom, which caused the protest of the peasants. On May 17, 1606, Lhadmitriy I was killed and the throne joined V.I. Shuisky, with the condition for the restriction of power. Thus, the first stage of the Troubles was marked by the rule of Falsmitria I (1605 - 1606)

The second period of Smoy. In 1606, the uprising was raised, the leader of which was I.I. Bolotniks. People from different layers of society were included in the ranks of the assistant: peasants, chores, small and medium-sided feudalles, seruners, Cossacks and Posad people. In the battle near Moscow, they suffered defeat. As a result, Bolotnikov was executed.

But dissatisfaction with the authorities continued. And soon there is a liemithride II. In January 1608, his army went to Moscow. By June, Lhadmitry II entered the village of Tushino village near Moscow, where he settled. In Russia, 2 capitals were formed: boyars, merchants, officials worked on 2 fronts, sometimes even received a salary from both kings. Shuisky concluded a contract with Sweden and a compulsory pricious early hostilities. Lhadmitry II ran to Kaluga.

Shuisky was trimmed into a monk and taken into the miracles of the monastery. In Russia, there was a transaction - Semiboyarschina (Council from 7-Boyar). Boyarskaya Duma went on a deal with Polish interventionians and on August 17, 1610 Moscow swore to the Polish king Vladislav. At the end of 1610, Lhadmitry II was killed, but the struggle for the throne did not end.

So, the second stage was marked by an uprising of I.I. Bolotnikova (1606 - 1607), the reign of Vasily Shuisky (1606 - 1610), the appearance of Falsemedriya II, as well as seven-warehouse (1610).

Third period of Smaddy It is characterized by the fight against inrogenous invaders. After the death of Falsmitria II, Russians united against the Poles. War acquired a national character. In August 1612, the militia of K. Minin and D. Pozharskoy reached Moscow. And on October 26, the Polish garrison surrendered. Moscow was released. Troubled time ended.

On February 21, 1613, the Zemsky Cathedral was appointed king Mikhail Romanov.

The results of the Smois Were depressing: the country was in a terrible position, the treasury is ruined, trade and crafts in decline. The consequences of the Truses for Russia were expressed in its backwardness compared to European countries. Dozens of years have left the restoration of the farm.