Ancient state Sparta wore another name - Lacheda Month - and was located in Greece, in the south of Peloponnese Island. Sparta is considered a sample of an ancient, aristocratic state. This follows from the fact that the emergence of this state in the VIII-VII centuries BC Based on the general laws of the decomposition of primitive system.
Over time, Sparta has become the strongest military state, since the purpose of the life of the Spartans was military superiority, as evidenced by their disciplined lifestyle.
In Sparta did not pay special attention Development of art and philosophy, in contrast to teaching children in ancient Greece, even in the upbringing of girls, the gymnastics, which developed them physically and contributed to the birth of strong boys, future warriors.
The special attention of historians pay the system of raising children in Sparta, because it is an example of high-level discipline. Spartan boys have been sent to a special barrack for seven years to a special barracks, where they trained the excerpt daily, tolerated restrictions in food and clothing and prepared for the burden of battles and war.
Why is Sparta called oligarchic?
Why is this state often called oligarchic? First of all, this is due to the fact that the state structure itself did not allow to develop private ownership in order to suppress and retention of the subaneren population - Ilotov.
And the organization of political power completely corresponded to the period of decay of primitive system. Initially, power belonged to two leaders, the Council of Elders and the People's Assembly.
In the 4th century BC There was a different political structure of the state - "Likurgs Stroy", the name of which is due to the legend of Spartan Likurg, which introduced new laws for Sparta.
The power of the aristocracy: the hierarchy of class
The authorities belonged to the two kings, which the Supreme Military Command was enshrined, the Council of Elders, which included 28 lifetime members chosen by the meeting of all full and combat-ready spartists.
The Council of Elders was called Georusius, and the People's Assembly - Appella, the kings also refer to the Council of Elders. There were elected posts of EFOs that were performers of the judiciary in Sparta. Selected 5 Ehofors, two of them were accompanied by the king in the campaign.
The aristocracy of this state was represented by Gomai, who were full citizens and parfons, which were the descendants of children of unmarried Spartans and were considered citizens of the second grade after aristocrats.
The people represented hypocayions, devoid of civil rights due to poverty or physical inferiority, Mofaka, who were children of non-Gomeev and got a full-fledged spartan education, Perpea - free non-citizens, and inaudibles - formerlying classes that were able to receive incomplete citizenship.
It was "Likurgs Stroy" made from Sparta, the strongest military state, which belonged to the predominance in all ancient Greece to Greco-Persian wars. When in 499 BC. The Greco-Persian wars began, the state of Sparta became famous for the Fermsopil battle, which includes the famous feat of the three hundred Spartans.
Ancient Sparta: The Legislation of King Likurg
Likurgu (IX - VIII centuries. BC) - Tradition attributes the creation of the state. and the social system of Sparta, which retained their features for 4 to 5 centuries. However, that in this strictly was the result of the development of Sparta, which was founded by about 900 BC, and which is the fruit of the legislator's activities - it is possible only to guess.
The main source of our knowledge about Likurg is his family-friendly, created by Plutarch, who relied on many sources, not reached us.
According to Plutarch, the Likurg took place from the royal order (in Sparta from ancient times there were 2 kings) and engaged in legislation, being a guardian (preriment) of a young nephew.
The legend says that preparing reform, Lycrong traveled a number of countries: Crete, Malaya Asia, Egypt, where familiarized himself with local customs. Returning, he turned to Oracle in Delfa, who gave him so-called "Great Retro" ("Retra" is translated as "contract" and as "oracle").
Licurg reforms:
In the political sphere:
The convening of the National Assembly (Appeles) - was collected by the king or geronta to vote their decisions. Discussion at the meeting is prohibited, only the geronta and kings were right. The congregation could only vote the proposal. Also at the meeting were elensites. At the meeting, everything was crocked;
Creation of the Council of Elders (Georusia). Georia is a body limiting the royal power (since it has a par with it the right to vote). Georias consists of 28 elders (gerons) and 2 kings (Bazilevs).
In the social sphere:
Earth separation. The surroundings of Sparta were divided into 30 thousand sections for pericles, and the city district itself - for 9 thousand sites for citizens (spartists), which were treated with dams. The value of the plots was supposed to be the same and determined by the harvest (barley, wine and oil).
Separation of citizens to films and form;
Replacing Golden I. silver coin On heavy iron, which led to the loss of the meaning of accumulation, and also brought Sparta from the external market. Craftsmen have disappeared in the city, creating luxury items.
Introduction of SISISTICS - joint trapes. The Spartans were obliged to participate in joint dinners, when the whole bought food was going to be folded. At the same time, it was forbidden to lunch at home, and everyone was attracted to the trapes, right up to Bazilevs. At the table there were about 15 people, and for joining this society, the unanimous approval of all members of Sissiization was necessary.
In the education system: the reform was aimed at raising warriors.
Weak newborns rushed into the abyss, strongly given to the crumbles, who brought up strength and courage into them;
From 7 years of children were recorded in the detachments - "Ageli", where they were taught by gymnastics, raising "unquestioned obedience, endurance and science to win";
-Ced 14 years to them put Pedonomes from the most worthy citizens. Food, young Spartans were to steal at Pericles;
-Is 20 years Spartan took part in the campaigns where the rules of behavior were less stringent.
All his life, the Spartan belonged to the state, and his upbringing was not ended with a mature age.
Likurga laws were not recorded. Plutarchs separately mentions three "retractions" of Likurg:
2) construction of the house only with the help of an ax and saw;
3) non-participation for a long time In war with the same opponent (so as not to teach him to military art).
The sunset of Likurg's laws takes place in the kingdom of Agid (426 BC), in which gold money was hit by Sparta, destroying the system of society subordinate to the interests of the state.
State Device of Ancient Sparta
Based on the "Lirkurga Retret", which leads Plutarchs in the biography of Likurg, you can allocate the following state. Organs:
The National Assembly (Apella) - consisted of all married spartists over 30 years old. Voting was crossed. Only Basilees (Arhagets) and Heronts were right to speak out. The rest could only vote "for" or "against" a bill made by Georusia.
Georusia (the Council of Elders) consisted of 28 Heronts who had reached 60 years and 2 Arhagetov (kings). Heronts have been situated for life. New geronts were elected appeal.
Competence of Gerussia:
- on current affairs;
- The presentation of bills in the appeal.
In Sparta, there was a diarghey - the power of two kings (one king Peleg, the other - Dorien). This title was hereditary, not elected. Arhaghets performed the function of military leaders, and one of them went with the army camping, and the other remained in Sparta. They also performed the functions of priests, and before the appearance of EFOOR, also the judicial functions.
Later Eforma appeared - the highest officials of the ancient Sparta. They were elected for a period of 1 year. Total elected 5 EFOs. EFOs carried out the highest supervision of the state. affairs, and also convened gerusia and apellea; They were the highest judicial authority.
In a later period, 2 Euphora accompanied the king in the campaign and followed him. Eforma had the right to demand a report from any of the gerons and kings.
Discharges of the population in the ancient Sparta
In the process of education of the Spartan State, the decisive role was played by conquest. The aboriginal enslavement and the transformation into Ilotov. The conquerors made up the class of full-fledged citizens Sparta.
Ilota. They were not slaves, their position was very peculiar. Ilota was the property of the state. A separate Spartan, at the disposal of which consisted of Ilot, had the right to fully order them, but did not have the right to sell it abroad. Ilot my own land did not have, but worked on the plot provided by the Spartan state. From the harvest with the Earth of Earth Ilot gave about half to his Mr. Ilota carried the service in the army as lightweight soldiers. The domination over the ilotos was maintained by systematic terror (cryptium). Every year, EFOs declared war on Iloto. Ilota often raised uprisings against Spartans using any favorable circumstances, however, they always suffered a defeat in despite the fact that they were several times more Spartans.
Periek. They did not use political rights, but were personally free and better. Could make transactions and acquire property. Their main occupation was trade and craft. Perieki carried military service, had to be in the army as a serious war. For them, the supervisors were supervised by Garmorators. Eforams were granted the right to betray the pericles of the death penalty in any quantity without trial.
Spartans. Only they possess political rights. All Spartans were provided with land plots that handled the ILOT. In the public orders of Spartans, a military camp system was observed. Citizens were obliged to participate in public trapes - Sissyts. For this, every Spartan made contributions every month who could not do this by poverty, passed into the category of the fallen - "Himmeys". Education was a state of state. From the age of the age of the age, the boys passed the mandatory learning under the guidance of officials - the Potens, and the special opinion was addressed to physical education. This upbringing continued until 20 years of age. From 20 to 60 years, each Spartan was obliged to carry military service. He married him was allowed to achieve a 30-year-old, when he was recognized as adult and acquired political rights.
Bibliography
Materials from the site were used to prepare this work. www.zakroma.narod.ru/
Home\u003e DocumentGeoria
In Sparta, the Council of Elders, or Georusia, with a small significance of the National Assembly, was actually the highest government body. At the time of the institution of Geroussia, its chairmen were the kings, later - EFOR. Georusia has headed all current state affairs; Also she belonged to the highest judiciary. Only gerons, for example, could judge the kings. And the election method, and the lack of reporting, and the life of membership in Georusia most corresponded to the oligarchic essence of the Spartan state. Georusia in Sparta, consisted of 30 people: 28 Heronts over the age of 60 years, who came to life from among the best citizens who belonged to the noble childbirth and 2 kings later.
(Plutarch. Likurg, 26)
... First Elders Likurg appointed from among those who participated in his plan. He then ruled in return to the dead every time choosing from citizens who have reached the sixty years, who will be recognized as the most valiant ... The solution was submitted as follows. When the people converged, special elected closed in the house in the neighborhood, so that no one saw them, and they themselves did not see what was happening outside, but only heard the voices of the gathered. The people and in this case, as in all others, solved the case. Applicants were administered not all at once, but in turn, according to the lot, and they were silent through the meeting. In those who were sitting locked up, there were signs on which they marked the strength of a cry, not knowing who shout, but only concluding that the first, second, third, in general the next applicant. Favorites declared the one who shouted more and louder than others. With a wreath on her head, he went around the temples of the gods. For him, young people followed a huge crowd, praising and glorifying the new elder, and women who chased his prowess and the fate of him who were headed happy. Each of the loved ones asked him to bite, saying that the state honors it with this treat. Having finished bypass, he went to the total meal; The commissioned order was not broken by anything, believed that the elder received the second share, but did not eat it, but he was postponed. At the door there were his relatives, after dinner, he called that one of them, which he respected more than others, and, by handing it this share, said that he had given a reward, who was honored, after which the rest of the women, glorifying this chosen one, accompanied her home.
Officers
Other officials in Sparta, who performed government assignments or the institution of public administration, were elected to appeal, or appointed by Euphoras. The latter controlled their activities. All officials shared on civil and military. The civilians, on their responsibilities, were divided into:
- heads of oracle; They belonged to the nearest retinue of the king, dined with him for the state account 16; headed by the placement of foreigners and ambassadors; Worked for the upbringing and behavior of boys; These officials were obeyed by others who watched physical development youth; supervisors for the behavior of women; Cotrollers of order in the markets of brought goods; Managed Piece.
- Navars - managed the fleet, elected to 1 year without the right of secondary re-election. In the year of service, the Navars used the huge power comparable to the Tsarskaya 17; Advisors, nearest helpers, and sometimes actually navar; Adjutants of the Navarkhov; 6 commander ground forces: They were in the nearest tig of the king and in peacetime were monitored; 3 people were delivered over the royal bodyguards, they were elected Ephoras from the best 30-year-old men; 300 men younger than 30 years old made up the house of bodyguards; 5 soldiers from the number of "riders" were chosen as agents to execute orders abroad; Armed detachments for Cryptium.
Legal proceedings
The proceedings in Sparta, apparently, was very simple and founded on the usual right, although we know little about it. The judiciary was in the hands of the kings, gerusia and eforms. Disputes were solved in the appendella only about the prestrolls. The following issues related to the judicial competence of the kings: the inheritance, the issuance of the marriage of the maidens, hereto, the chairmanship in the Tribunal during the war. Criminal proceedings include criminal cases, together with the Euphoras and the presiding king, the court of another king, in any accused. Criminal cases, according to which the accused would be threatened by the death penalty, in order to avoid mistakes, several days were considered. Civil, especially property affairs also related to the conduct of EFOOR. Punishments served: cash fines, Atimia 18 and the death penalty. Atimiya was comprehended mainly from the battlefields of cowards, surrendered and was very heavy punishment. The death penalty was strangled, which was accomplished at night in a special placement of prison or in the overthrow in the abyss located near the city. The prison sentence was not imputed to the punishment.
FINANCE
The state treated, controlled by Ephoras, was small. Sources of income were subject to periods and sometimes emergency contributions; in war time These were added to the mined trophies, as well as subsidies of foreign states (especially Persia). A fairy tale about the ban on the likurg to use money, no doubt, is fictitious because ancient time Greece was generally poor, and the first silica coin minted Argos King Fidon. But before | V c. In Sparta were in the go of the Iron money, which were iron coins, called the "sacrificial cake". Such money was poorly convertible (1 to 1200 in relation to silver), which they could not be used in large quantities that led the development of exchange trading. But foreign gold and silver were used in the cities of Perisekov, although Spartan laws prohibited the ownership of gold and silver to individuals 19, with the fall of ancient discipline, in the hands of individuals focused very significant wealth.
Likurgign legislation
The main sources on the legislation of the Likurg and the Spartan State Device as a whole are two special treatises, one - Xenophon "Lactedamenevskaya Politia", and the other - Plutarch "Comparative Bifox". K | X-first half V || in. BC. There is a series of reforms such as agrarian and socio-political. The legendary identity of Likurg is connected with a number of innovations that have anti-acrachic color and aimed at strengthening the domination of the sparteate community over the mass of the enslaved population. These events in combination with reforms in the military field, which were the essence of the new device Sparta, were as if sent over the will of the Delphic Oracle. Regarding Likurgogov authorship of the laws of Sparta, there are several points of view, allowing to trace how the transformed myth about the ancient Lacon Divine is preceded by the emergence of a specific personality in the public building. The existence of a previously special cult of Likurg was noted before the emergence of any legislative institutions, simultaneously recognized that the Spartan customs were deeply connected with the primitive social organization and developed from the bowels of the human community, regardless of any lawmaking. Supporters of another theory argued that the ancient Dorian laws, gradually forgotten and stopped observed, were restored by adherents of an ancient defendance from the environment of the Spartian themselves. One way or another, but hypothetical likurg as an authoritative legendary hero Or the Deity fully responded to its qualities assigned to him the mission of the reformer of the Spartan Society. Although the question is for what reason the people of the legislator, from all possible gods and heroes, was chosen by the likurg, there is no unequivocal answer, but after the second Messenie war and the crisis that arose as a result of the war of the Civil Society Sparta has finally consolidated on the basis of the ever already existing and almost forgotten Brutal systems social control. This allowed Spartans to quickly cope with destructive trends inside their own society and to resist external opponents. In the history of the state of Sparta in its maximalistic version, polis democracy and collectivism with the authoritarian Institute of Effratic were presented. Gradually, the EFOR's collegium turned into a powerfully closed layer standing over all the citizens of Sparta. Thus, the Likurg was created the main political institutions of the Spartan state.
(Plutarch. Likurg, 5-6)
5. Lactedamena walked on Likurgu and repeatedly invited him to return. ... The kings themselves were also looking forward to His return, hoping that in his presence a crowd would treat them more respectfully. In this arrangement of the spirit was Spartans, when Likurg came back and immediately began to change and convert all the state device ... LIKURG decided to attract his idea of \u200b\u200bthe best citizens and led the secret negotiations first with friends ... From the numerous innovations of Likurga, the first and most important thing was the Council of Elders (Georia). In conjunction with the ... tsarist government, possessing equal to the right of voting in solving the most important cases, this Council has become the key to well-being and prudence. The state that rushed from side to the side, leaning towards tyranny, when the kings tried the victory, then to complete democracy, when the crowd took the crowd, putting in the middle, exactly ballast in the vessel's hold, the power of elders, gained equilibrium, sustainability and order: twenty eight Elders (Geronts) have now constantly supported the kings, providing resistance to democracy, but at the same time helped the people to keep the fatherland from tyranny. In my opinion, Likurg put twenty-eight elders most likely so that together with two kings there were exactly thirty. 6. Likurg gave so much the validity of the advice of the Council, which brought special progress from Delph to this account, which is called "Retro". It reads: "Erect the temple of Zeus Silliance and Athens Sillania. To divide into philas and conversion. Establish the gearus from 30 members with Arhaghetami is cumulatively. From time to time to convene the apell between Bubika and Knakion, and there is to offer and dissolve, but domination and power yes belongs people. " The order "divided" refers to the people, and films and the origin of parts and groups that should be divided into. Under Arhaghetami, the kings are meant. Nobody from ordinary citizens was not allowed to file their judgment, and the people, taking place, only argued or rejected what the gerontis and kings are offered. But later, the crowd of various kinds of withdrawals and additions began to distort and disappear decisions, and then the kings Polydor and the FEOPOMP made such a prescription to Retre: "If the people decide to dissolve the gerontals and arhaghetam," that is, the decision taken is not considered, but to leave and dissolve People on the grounds that he perverts and reincarn the best and most useful. They even convinced all the state that such a commandment of God ... The second and most bold of the transformations of Likurg - redistributed the Earth. ... Licharg ... I persuaded Spartans to unite all the lands, and then divide them to continue to store property equality ... He divided the laconium between Paras to 30,000 sites, the Spartan land for 9,000, according to the number of Spartian families. Everyone put on it was to bring 70 barley medimans to one man and 12 on a woman ... ... one of the goods and advantages that Delighted Citizens Likurg was an abundance of leisure. It was forbidden to engage in the craft, it was forbidden ... they were influenced by the land, introducing the appointed file ...
Degeneration and decline Sparta
Little, spreading his own possessions to the power of weapons and approves his dominion in Peloponnese, Sparta in half V in. She began at the head of Dorian states based on external protection. The meaning of her hegemony was very large during the Greek-Persian wars, when the Sparta was watched as a natural defender and a representative of the interests of the whole Eldla, and she had the honor of the leadership not only land, but also by the sea forces. But soon the arrogance and oppression of Sparta opened the displeasure of the allies, and hegemony on the sea went to Athens. Sparta apparently easily allowed this transition, nevertheless began to relate with an envy constant to an increase in Athenian power. 50 years after the campaign between Athens and Sparsto, there was a clear gap, and a brutal 27-year-old war began for the predominance of Greece (Peloponnescent War, 431-404). She ended with the full celebration of Sparta and the defeat of Athens; However, this celebration was short, and from these expense Sparta begins to slightly tend to fall. The life of Spartians, devoid of ancient establishments of all internal movement, one-sidedly aimed at the development of only military valves, naturally found a goal in conquering aspirations, which were too strained by the state of the state and at the same time harmfully acted on citizens, familiar with the luxurious and affordable life of others Greeks. As a result, the victories of Lianndre in Sparta penetrated a large number of Gold and silver, which opened to himself the greater, that until then, noble metals were not there in circulation. The thirst for wealth took possession of everyone; Even the death penalty, which the state threatened to persons who own noble metals was not terrible for the korestolyubs; even the best people Sparta was not able to resist the temptation and did not hesitate to the means for their enrichment, the kings and gerons themselves became bribery. Now it has ceased to seem incredible ancient prediction of the oracle, which stained that the sparta korestolube will bring it to death. Hiking in other people's countries who have acquainted them with freedom and charming life have been very harmful influence and discovered a new source to satisfy egoistic interests. The state was needed to be appointed (except for the knights) of special commander and navar for remote campaigns and send citizens as a harmony to subordinate foreign cities, where even disinterested people would need a special power of will to stay from temptations, and the then spartaatat looked at These posts as a means for enrichment. In the very lifestyle of Spartiats due to an increase in material well-being, a change was to happen: there were new needs, the desire for comfort, and the strict prescriptions of the ancient discipline became severe for people who were familiar with freedom of life in other countries. In inner life The Sparta itself, due to the inequality of the population, there were many such elements that harmfully influenced the fortress of the state system. On Ilotov, Spartias always looked at the obstacle enemies, alien to the state body, and did not hesitate in the means to keep them constantly in the oppressed position. But a number of grave wars and misfortunes that had a harmful influence on the spirit of citizens and contributed to a decrease in their number, put the state into a difficult necessity and fear of Ilotov like enemies, and attract them to participate in the campaigns. The fear excited by Ilota brought to open persecution by Cryptium 21, which over time became increasingly fierce. On the other hand, the need for "cannon meat" for military purposes often forced Spartians to resort to the liberation of Ilotov and created a new class of people (inaidamodes), on which, together with Piece and pinned, mainly Sparta all severity of war, accrace their citizens for small Hikes or for posts at the headquarters of the kings and commander. These causes are explained by the murderer's hatred of the subordinate classes of the people to the dominant tribe, which seemed brightly in the conspiracy of Kinadon at the beginning | V century. 22 Spartan aristocracy itself, as a result of the closetness of his life and the absence of any refreshing element, a little-grave was degenerated into a few and shy oligarchy. Since the Persian wars, it has been subject to the permanent and correct process of extinction, which can be traced in several rather definite figures. In antiquity in Sparta there were 10,000 citizens 23; Likurg, according to legend, divided the Spartan territory into 9,000 sites for citizens. During Xerxov, the campaign on Ellad in Sparta had more than 8,000 adult citizens 24; 5,000 spartists participated in the battle at the battle, but these were not all capable of carrying weapons 25. In the battle at Mantine in 418, 3584 spartials were in the ranks, which constitutes the magnetic militia 26, so all the weapons capable of carrying the weapon were up to 4,300 people. In the time of Aristotle, in the 2nd half | V c., Already hardly it was possible to count 1000 citizens, and after a hundred years, with GISE | V, there were no more than 700 27. The reasons for such a rapid decrease in the number of citizens were, on the one hand, continuous wars, during which a significant number of citizens were sometimes exterminated, various misfortunes, from the other, the living conditions and especially land tenure in Sparta. Due to the incomplete landmarks established by the ancient legal entity in each way, the whole earth passed usually to the eldest sons of families, which thus remained materially secured, while the younger remained landless and therefore could not fulfill the legitimate duties of citizens and moved into the discharge of non-pervasive. Together with the reduction in the number of full citizens, the number and landowner owners decreased, of course, the land focused in the hands of the few owners, and thus the closed oligarchy was gradually occurred. The messenger loss, liberated by Epaminond from the authorities of Sparta in 370, inflicted an irreparable strike of those spartists who owned areas in this country. The law of Euphor Euphpanda (in the 1st Half | V century) also had a very harmful effect of economic relations (in the 1st half of | V.), Which provided each spartist to give his home and a plot of anyone during his lifetime and freely dispose of them in the testament 28. Due to these reasons, the inequality in the distribution of land ownership between citizens over time was so large that in half ||| in. All lands have accumulated in the hands of 100 clans, while all other citizens (about 600) constituted a poor landless mass, which was in full dependence on the rich oligarchy, focused in his hands all the power. These circumstances explain to us why Sparta could not already recover from the impact made by her power to Epaminond Fan. The ancient fortress of the state system was requested, Licurg institutions were made only by empty forms that the dominant class covered their egoistic aspirations. All the power focused in the hands of Ehofors and the richest surnames, while the kings, not having any power in the state, preferred at the head of the mercenaries to serve for money for foreign interests or drown in luxury in foreign courtyards. Under the name of fiditis, the Spartan rich was now arranged luxurious peers, which were competing in a lot of eastern satracks and surprised foreigners with the brilliance and lifesight of the situation and the sophistication of dishes. And next to them, in the city, a black nested, devoid of livelihoods and access to posts, lazily and reluctantly defending it from external enemies and waiting for a convenient minute for a coup and uprising 29.
Conclusion
So, relatively fully reviewed the internal organization of the Spartan state on the whole historical path of its existence, unwittingly asked the question: how can I explain the features of the social and state system of Sparta? In my opinion, you can highlight the following main points:
- Living surrounded by numerically superior, sharply hostile mass of the Ilotov, the Spartans were forced to turn their city into a permanent camp. Power in the camp should have belonged to a little; The same danger was caused by the persistent desire of the Spartan community to prevent the emergence of property inequality (and therefore disagreement); The agricultural nature of the community and the primitiveness of its internal device was prevented until a certain time for the emergence of the social force, which could take over the reorganization of society and the state in a democratic basis and accelerate the elimination of the remnants of the primitive-free system (as in Athens).
Sources
- Xenophon
"Lactedamevian Politia". Xenophon
"Greek History." Plutarch
"Comparative life ways." Plutarch
"The ancient customs of Sparta". Aristotle
"Politics". Herodotus
"History". Stragone
. "Geography".
LITERATURE
Lurie S.Ya. "History of Greece."
Printovova L.G. "Formation of the Spartan state."
Latyshev V.V. "Essay on Greek antiquities. State and military antiquities. "
Berve G. "Tirana Greece."
Pvnevich K.V. "History of Ancient Greece."
Vasilyevsky V.G. « Political reform and social movement in ancient Greece during its decline. "
www . centAnt. . pu . ru
2 Spartians (Greek)
3 Lactedamia (Greek)
4 Sissiization - the Public Political Institute in the System of the Spartan State, the content of which consisted in the implementation of public sneakers organized by the established monthly contributions from sparteates. About 15 people included every Sissythia, and she was a military unit, whose members were fed together and conducted most time. Participation in Sissiization was obligatory .5 Vasilevsky V.G. "Political reform and social movement in ancient Sparta during its decline."
6 Plutarch "Combarn Life." Likurg, 6.
7 xenophon "Luck Paul" XV, 3.
8 ibid, XV, 6.
9 Plutarchs "Comparative Bifox", Agis, 19.
10 xenophon "Luck Paul" XV, 7.
11 Plutarch "Comparative Bifoxing" Kleomen, 10.
12 Herodotus "History" Volume V | |, 3.
13 Aristotle "Politium" V, 9, 1.
14 Plutarch "Comparative Bifox" Kleomen, 9.
15 Aristotle "Politia" ||, 6, 14.
16 Herodotus "History" V |, 57.
17 Aristotle "Politia" ||, 6, 22.
18 Atimia - (Greek. "Breakfast") procedure for imprisonment of civil and political rights.
19 Plutarchs "Comparative Livestock" Lysander, 17.
20 Medimn - measure of bulk bodies, about 52.5 liters.
21 Cryptia - punitive expeditions against Ilotov, periodically conducted by the state.
22 cm. Xenophon "Greek History" | | | , 3, 4 cl.
23 See Aristotle "Politics" | |, 6, 12.
24 cm. Herodotus "History" V | |, 234.
25 cm. Ibid | X, 12.
26 cm. Fucdide "History" Tom V, 64
27 cm. Plutarch "Comparative Signatures" AGIS, 5.
28 cm. Plutarch "Comparative Bifoxing" AGIS, 5.
29 cm.
She belonged to the highest government and judicial authority, was originally, probably the "Council of Elders", the Rodonarchists. Spartans (like all Dorians generally) shared for three knees ( fila) - Gilleyev, Dimanov and Pamfilov, and each of the three of these knees - by 10 births ( about). Thirty members of Georusia were originally, probably elders of thirty about. In historical times, members of Gerussia, besides the kings, were elected by the people; These elected members were called gerontes ("old men"). Hence the word "Georusia" - "Meeting of Starters" or "Meeting of Elders". The position of Heronts was lifelong. Only old men who have at least sixty years could be selected in Geroucia. To the two Spartan kings it did not apply; They were members of Gerussia on their own in their own and were in it representatives of the two of their OR, who were considered the most notable. The kings were and chairmen of Gerussia.
In historical times, all members of Georusia were elected to all the Spartan people (full citizens, periodics and Ilota did not participate in the election), and not every one. Candidates one after another went through the Square of the People's Assembly; The people expressed their sympathy to the passing; In a special room there were several people who were not visible who passes. They declared, again the cry was the loudest, and the candidate was made by a member of Gerusia, with which this cry was the passage.
The power of Georusia was very large; But the supreme power belonged to the People's Assembly, which in the ancient Sparta was called the Apella. All equal citizens were members of the appeales, that is, all the Dorians who have reached the 30th age. The people's assembly took place in each full moon. The meeting place was the area between Knaki's River and the Bubic Bridge. Chairs were kings. At the same time they made a military look. The People's Assembly chose the Geronts and other dignitaries, solved all important cases, declared war, imprisoned the world and other contracts. He was proposed for approval by all important decisions of Gerussia, and they received the force of law only after approval. The kings or those who replaced their faces explained the case to the people, he accepted or rejected the decision of Georusia. He expressed his approval or disapproval of a cry. If it was doubtful which voices form most of the affirmative or negative, then the people diverged into two sides, and counted on which the parties side. Inrogenous ambassadors could, with the consent of Gerussia, to state the case themselves; In addition to this case, the right to speak in the People's Assembly belonged only to the chairperson on it; Other Spartans could neither talk speeches nor make sentences.
Georusia and the Apella were the natural development of the political device of the former, Homeric times. The rights of the aristocracy and the people gradually expanded. The former monarchical farts weakened after separation in the Sparta power between the two kings. After that, the former custom, according to which the king convened nobles for a meeting on the Picture of the Palace, received such a character that the convening of members of Georusia and obey their opinion was the responsibility for the kings. The Council became an independent government agency. Filly Assembly (Apella) was convened only to listen to the intentions and decisions of the king; Now it itself received a decisive thing voice.
The Spartan community that arose as a result of the merger of the genital communities of Laconia (Sinaikism) in the IX century. BC, as a result of wars, robberies, contention, self-government was on the verge of collapse. The laws of the legendary Likurga led to the flourishing of the Spartan State, thanks to which Sparta existed before II century. BC.
Likurg was one of the kings of Sparta. He was a successor to a sudden brother. Having learned that his brother's wife was pregnant, in the case of the Boy's birth, promised the last throne. After the birth of the heir, Likurg, being a guardian, performed all the functions of the king and earned the love and respect of the people for his wisdom and justice. But the enemies slandered Likurg, saying that he wants the death of his guard, after which the Likurg left his homeland. Spartans once asked him to return. Having enlisted the opinion of Pythia - the priestess of the Delphic Oracle (sanctuary) that his laws would be better than the laws of other states, Likurg returned to his homeland. The weakly accrastric nephew - the king of Harilai - like other citizens adopted his laws.
Tagunov D.E. Notes that Likurg's reforms are a whole range of transformations of a socio-economic and legal nature, designed by Retro - a "Best State Device" agreement. The anti-aciaracratic focus of the liking retro is obvious. After reforms, know formally disappeared, as if dissolved in the mass of the demos. In a short time, Likurg has brought an exemplary order, delivered the people from the stem and troubles; Legends attribute to him the creation of such rules of Spartan society, which hit their stability.
According to the printed L.G., a large Retra of Licharge is the sign of the beginning consolidation of a civil team, in which it was not an aristocracy to be led to the people, but on the contrary, the entire Spartan people turned into the ruling estate. No wonder Spartans became very early to call themselves homemakes, i.e. equal. But their equality was very peculiar - it was equality inside the layer of the Lord.
According to Ilyinsky, N.I., finally "Likurgov Stroy" developed in Sparta by the end of the VII century. BC. The retro of the social and political structure of the state solved the two main tasks - by deterring the property differentiation to ensure the unity of Spartans and their joint domination over the conquered population. The order and unity strengthened Sparta.
It should be noted that, of course, the established state system of the Spartan state was not created simultaneously, thanks to the talent of one legislator. The system was exhausted gradually, the legislation was amended in former Likurgogovo. But still, the laws of Likurg are the beginning of the conscious transformation of the entire society and the state.
When Likurg's laws entered their life, he told the people that he had to make a very important transformation, but for this should visit the Delphian Oracle. Circling an oath that Spartans will not change anything in his legislation before his return, he went to the way. Hearing, from Oracle, that Sparta will flourish if it will live according to his laws. He decided to die, not returning to Sparta so that the Spartans would not know about his death and did not refuse an oath.
According to Botvinnik M.N., hopes did not deceive Likurg. So far, Sparta adhered to his laws, for several centuries, it remained one of the most powerful states of Greece. Only at the end of V c. BC, when in Sparta, together with gold and silver, penetrated the corruption and property inequality, the laws of Licharge suffered a fatal blow.
According to Plutarch, Likurg is superior to the glorus of all Greeks, which ever performed on the state field. That is why Aristotle also claims that Likurga did not receive everything in Lacteda mona removed, which is due to him rightly, although the honors rendered by the Spartans to its legislator are extremely great: he is erected by the temple and the victims are brought annually as God. They say that when the remains of Likurg were transferred to their homeland, lightning struck the tomb. Subsequently, it did not fall into a share of anyone from famous peopleIn addition to Eurypid, the deceased and buried in Macedonia near the archer. With him, one thing happened after death, the same thing that once - with the cleanest and most expensive gods by man, and in the eyes of passionate fans of Eurypid - this is a great sign that serves as an excuse for their torture commitment.
Having considered the identity of the Likurg's legislator and the significance of its reforms, the author of the course work will further consider the essence state Device The Spartan Policy, which was found after the reforms conducted by the Likurg.
According to Stamb I.D., the state system of the slave-owned Sparta was formed as a result of the transformation of military democracy to the republic, which eventually acquired an aristocratic character. From the primitive communal era, the People's Assembly (Appella), the Council of Elders (Gerurasia) and the two kings - Arkhaget were survived.
The Supreme Authority in Sparta was the Apella, which included all full spartists who have reached the 30-year-old age and not lost land. Full spartists together with their families had no more than 10% of the total population. Members of the National Assembly did not contribute to any proposals, but only advocated or against the proposals of the kings or gerusia - the Council of Elders. When solving, especially important issues were broken in different directions and the majority was determined by the eye, in other cases they expressed their views.
The area at which meetings took place was without decorations, there was no no protection from the sun and wind, there was no place to sit on it. It was associated with the fear that the decoration did not make speakers with multi-tech. Plutarch explains this by the fact that, according to Likurga, nothing likely contributes to the judgment of judgments, on the contrary - causes the only harm, occupying the mind of those who gathered trifles and nonsense, dispel their attention, because they, instead of doing things, look at the statues, paintings or Council ceiling, too magnificently pushed.
The Apella solved such questions as the choice of the head of the military campaign, election of an official. But the decisions were not discussed - they were either taken, or rejected.
About the royal power of historians clarify the following: "The community of Spartiats was headed by two kings who belonged to the two ruling dynasties - Eurprintidov and Agadov. The kings were warmed by military militia, played a prominent role in the cult, but their power was limited to gerusia, in which, along with the kings, , Another 28 elected folk assessment of the most influential spartists who have reached the 60-year-old age were published.
The limitations of the royal power of Georusia confirms the village of B.G.: Two kings were ruled in Sparta, each of whom passed his power to inheritance. However, the real power belonged to the Council of Elders, elected from among the notable Spartans age not under the sixty years. This Council solved all state affairs, while the kings commanded the army. In addition, the kings or Arhaghet carried out the judiciary, were supreme priests.
The kings should not have to have physical disadvantages. Every nine years, they passed a religious test, which passed which the next nineth anniversary reigned. The main case of the kings, according to Ilinsky N.I., was not to prove their birdlikeness and the right to the throne, but skillfully command the army and courageously fight in battle.
Mark Naumovich about the kings reports the following: "Simultaneously with Harilam, originating from the genus of the Negadov, in Sparta, Archelai rules from the genus Agadov. Both kings hated each other: everyone sought the sole unlimited power, which the despoty was called in Greece. This enmity loosen the state system.
According to Plutarch, from the numerous innovations of Likurg first and most importantly was the Council of Elders. In conjunction with the hot and inflamed, according to Plato, the tsarist government, possessing equal to the right of voting in solving the most important cases, this Council has become a pledge of well-being and prudence. The state that rushed from side to the side, leaning towards tyranny, when the kings tried the victory, then to complete democracy, when the crowd took the crowd, putting in the middle, exactly ballast in the vessel's hold, the power of elders, gained equilibrium, sustainability and order: twenty eight Elders now constantly supported the kings, providing resistance to democracy, but at the same time helped the people to keep the fatherland from tyranny.
If the kings were younger than 30 years old, they were guardians from among royal relatives in Georusia. After the death of Geront, members of the appeales that have reached the sixty years were offered their candidacy. The fee of Gerontte was indoors in a closed room, and at that time the appeal was crying for the candidates passed by the place. For whom they shouted louder than just, he was chosen to the geront.
According to Botvinnik M.N., so that the kings, gerontines and the people do not argue among themselves because of power, the LIKURG amounted to an agreement between them - the law on the division of power. "Let," said in the law, the people will be divided both at the place of residence and on the tribes, let 30 people come to Gerousion together with the kings, and the people are going from time from time to the Euro River at the meeting. There let people offer the decisions that he Maybe or reject. The people may be the highest power and power. " However, a bundle took place in the Spartan community. So in addition to the "big retro" it is said that in the event of an incorrect decision of the Apella, the kings and Georusia disseminate the national assembly and cancel the decision.
It confirms Krushkol Yu.S.: "The meeting was only considered open when someone from the elders was present. If the elders did not agree with the convening of a meeting, they generally could not appear and the meeting did not open. The Spartan National Assembly is actually It did not have real strength and did not solve the basic state issues. It was sometimes gathered simply by custom.
Such an authority as an eloor, elected by the People's Assembly, appeared a little later. In total, there were five of them, and they had a lot of power: they could cancel the decision of the kings, they were engaged in finance and foreign policy relations, supervised the behavior of Spartans, they conducted civil cases in the opinion of Ilyinsky N.I., Ehofori in Sparta appeared as a result of sharp conflicts Between the children's leaders and the generic aristocracy. The latter, receiving a large proportion of military production and the opportunity to coal free communities, sought to limit the lifelong power of the leaders of the authorities elected for a certain period of representatives of the aristocracy. So there were eforms that were elected from "worthy"
Ehofora, as a control body over Georusia and King, was either a representation of five villages - whose, of which was the city of Sparta, or the representation of the five o'D, which was divided by Spartan Polis
The word "EFO" means "warder", "observer". At first, the functions of EFOROV were as follows: they watched the stars in order to find out if the ruling kings are pleased. If the star fell at this time, it meant that one king should be shifted.
Picus N.N. He writes that EFOs were elected from among all Spartians for a period of one year and possessed the highest control authority, had the right to involve responsibility and judge all the spartists, including gerons and kings. They watched the strict observance of the rules of the Spartan Lifestyle, led the internal and foreign Policy and terrorist events against Ilotov.
In their activities, EFOR was reported only to their successors. Therefore, the lack of control and legal impunity led to abuse of power. EFOs could cause the king to conversate, and if the latter was not, he was given by force
Despite the fact that the judicial functions performed each of the state bodies, Stadub I.D. It clearly defines the competence of each: criminal proceedings, especially about state crimes, considered Georusia, civil disputes - eforms, and disputes on the use of roads - Arkhaget. Ilotov was punished without trial and preliminary investigation. The evidence was served by oaths, testimony of witnesses, orders (the court of God) and the capture with political. Punishment was appointed at the discretion of judges. Penalties, expulsion, deprivation of rights (Atimia) and the death penalty, which was used in the form of dropping from the rock, suffocation were widely distributed.
According to Krushkol Yu.S., the Spartan system was the most reactionary among the ancient Greek states. And Sparta herself, who had hegemony in the Peloponnesian Union, has always supported all the anti-democratic actions and trends in ancient Greece along with this union.
Thus, the Spartan State has reached its power due to Likurg's reforms. Licurg legislation is based on two basic principles: first, by deterring the property differentiation to ensure the unity of Spartans; Secondly, the joint domination of Spartans over the conquered population. State system Sparta - Aristocratic Republic, government agencies The authorities in which were the People's Assembly, the Council of Elders, kings and eforms.
The people's assembly took or canceled the decisions put forward by the gearus. It was formal, since the Council of Elders could reject their decision. Georusia solved all state affairs, considered criminal cases, especially about state crimes. The kings commanded the army, led by a religious cult, carried out the judicial function. Ehofors managed internal and foreign politics, solved civil disputes.
