The uprising led by Stepan Razin is a war in Russia between the troops of peasants and Cossacks with the tsarist troops. It ended in the defeat of the rebels.

Causes.

1) The final enslavement of the peasantry;

2) The growth of taxes and duties of the social lower classes;

3) The desire of the authorities to limit the Cossack freedom;

4) The accumulation of poor "golutvenny" Cossacks and fugitive peasants on the Don.

Background. The so-called "Campaign for Zipuns" (1667-1669) - a campaign of rebels "for prey" is often referred to the uprising of Stepan Razin. Razin's detachment blocked the Volga and thus blocked the most important economic artery of Russia. During this period, Razin's troops captured Russian and Persian merchant ships.

Training... Returning from the "Campaign for the Zipuns" Razin was with his army in Astrakhan and Tsaritsyn. There he gained the love of the townspeople. After the campaign, the poor began to march towards him in droves, and he gathered a considerable army.

Hostilities. In the spring of 1670, the second period of the uprising began, that is, the actual war. From this moment, and not from 1667, the beginning of the uprising is usually counted. The Razins captured Tsaritsyn and approached Astrakhan, which the townspeople surrendered to them. There they executed the governor and nobles and organized their own government headed by Vasily Us and Fyodor Sheludyak.

Battle of Tsaritsyn. Stepan Razin gathered troops. Then he went to Tsaritsyn. He surrounded the city. Then he left Vasily Us in command of the army, and he himself with a small detachment went to the Tatar settlements, where he was voluntarily given cattle, which Razin needed in order to feed the army. In Tsaritsyn, meanwhile, the inhabitants experienced a shortage of water, and also the cattle of the Tsaritsynians were cut off from the grass and could soon begin to starve. Meanwhile, the Razins sent their people to the walls and told the archers that the archers of Ivan Lopatin, who were supposed to come to the aid of Tsaritsyn, were going to cut out the Tsaritsynians and the Tsaritsynian archers, and then leave with the Tsaritsyn commander, Timofey Turgenev, near Saratov. They said they had intercepted their messenger. The archers believed and carried this news around the city in secret from the governor. Then the governor sent several townspeople to negotiate with the Razins. He hoped that the rebels would be allowed to go to the Volga and take water from there, but those who came to the negotiations informed the Razins that they had prepared a riot and agreed on the time of its beginning. The rioters gathered in a crowd, rushed to the gate and knocked down the locks. The archers fired at them from the walls, but when the rioters opened the gates and the Razins burst into the city, the archers surrendered. The city was captured. Timofey Turgenev, with his nephew and devoted archers, locked himself in the tower. Then Razin returned with the cattle. The tower was taken under his leadership. The voivode behaved rudely with Razin and was drowned in the Volga along with his nephew, loyal archers, nobles.

The battle with the archers of Ivan Lopatin. Ivan Lopatin led a thousand archers to Tsaritsyn. His last halt was the Money Island, which was located on the Volga, north of Tsaritsyn. Lopatin was sure that Razin did not know his place of position, and therefore did not put sentries. In the midst of the halt, the Razins attacked him. They approached from both banks of the river and began firing at the Lopatins. Those in disorder boarded boats and rowed to Tsaritsyn. All along the way, they were fired upon by Razin's ambush detachments. Suffering heavy losses, they sailed to the walls of the city. The Razins began to shoot from them. The archers have surrendered. Most Razin drowned commanders, and made spared and rank-and-file riflemen captive rowers.

The battle for Kamyshin. Several dozen Razin Cossacks disguised themselves as merchants and entered Kamyshin. At the appointed hour, the Razintsi approached the city. Meanwhile, those who entered killed the guards of some of the city gates, opened them, the main forces rushed through them into the city and took it. Streltsov, nobles, the governor were executed. Residents were ordered to collect all the essentials and leave the city. When the city was empty, the Razintsi plundered it and then burned it down.

Hike to Astrakhan. A military council was held in Tsaritsyn. There they decided to go to Astrakhan. In Astrakhan, the archers were positively disposed towards Razin, this mood was fueled by anger at the authorities, who paid them their salaries late. The news that Razin was going to the city frightened the city authorities. The Astrakhan fleet was sent against the rebels. However, when meeting with the rebels, the archers tied up the chiefs of the fleet and went over to the side of Razin. Then the Cossacks decided the fate of their superiors. Prince Semyon Lvov was spared, and the rest were drowned. Then the Razins approached Astrakhan. At night, the Razins attacked the city. At the same time, an uprising of the archers and the poor broke out there. The city fell. Then the rebels carried out their executions, introduced a Cossack regime in the city and went to the Middle Volga region in order to reach Moscow.

Hike to Moscow.

After that, the population of the Middle Volga region (Saratov, Samara, Penza), as well as the Chuvash, Mari, Tatars, Mordovians freely went over to the side of Razin. This success was facilitated by the fact that Razin declared everyone who went over to his side as a free person. Near Samara, Razin announced that Patriarch Nikon and Tsarevich Alexei Alekseevich were going with him. This further increased the influx of poor people into its ranks. Throughout the entire journey, the Razintsi sent letters to various regions of Russia calling for an uprising. They called such letters adorable.

In September 1670, the Razins besieged Simbirsk, but could not take it. Government troops headed by Prince Yu. A. Dolgorukov moved to Razin. The tsar's troops, a month after the start of the siege, defeated the rebels, and the seriously wounded Razin was taken to the Don by the associates. Fearing reprisals, the Cossack elite, led by the military chieftain Kornil Yakovlev, betrayed Razin to the authorities. In June 1671 he was quartered in Moscow; Brother Frol was allegedly executed on the same day.

Despite the execution of the leader, the Razins continued to defend themselves and were able to hold Astrakhan until November 1671.

Results. The scale of the massacre of the rebels was enormous, in some cities more than 11 thousand people were executed. The Razins did not achieve their goal: the destruction of the nobility and serfdom. But the uprising of Stepan Razin showed that Russian society was split.

In Patriotic history there are many topics to which neither the attention of scientists nor the interest of readers fades away. No matter how many essays, brochures, books, articles are devoted to them, people will always look forward to publications on these problems. And one of them is the uprising of Stepan Razin. The reasons that predetermined both the beginning of this peasant war and the defeat of Razin are quite obvious. Let's take a closer look at them.

Reasons for the start of the war

The uprising of Stepan Razin was a response to strong oppression from the wealthy population and the Moscow authorities. This revolt was only part of the protracted crisis that tormented Muscovy during the 2nd half of XVII century. The first riots in cities (Moscow, Pskov, Nizhny Novgorod and others) began with the ascension to the throne of Alexei Mikhailovich. In 1649, the Zemsky Sobor approved the Code, according to which the owners of estates and estates were given guarantees of rights to peasants. That is, if the serfs fled from the owner, they had to hide until the end of their days. The terms of their search have become unlimited. The adopted code caused discontent among the people and became the first reason that predetermined the uprising of Stepan Razin. Since the beginning of the reign of the new king, the economic situation of the country has been greatly shaken. The exhausting wars with Sweden, Poland and the Crimean Tatars demanded a lot of funds. In addition, the monetary reform carried out at that time failed miserably. Due to the huge amount of copper coins that have not found the proper use, inflation has erupted.

Excitement intensified both within the power structure and among the people. The Don Cossacks were also unhappy. They had to defend the lands of the Don and the neighboring territories of Muscovy from raids Crimean Tatars... In addition, the Turks closed all the ways to the Cossacks Sea of ​​Azov... The Don government could not conduct serious campaigns against the enemy, because in case of defeat, their lands would go to the Turks and Tatars. Muscovy could not help, as it was absorbed in affairs with Ukraine and Poland. There were other reasons for the rebellious mood of the Cossacks. Runaway serfs flocked to the Don territories. Naturally, they were forbidden to cultivate the land, and in order to somehow survive, they began to rob ships passing along the Volga. Repressive measures were taken against the thieves' groups, which increased the unrest of the poor. This was another reason that gave rise to the uprising of Stepan Razin. Soon, under the leadership of Vasily Usa, a detachment consisting of Zaporozhye and Don Cossacks set off for the lands of Muscovy. Their forces were small, but they were inspired by the support of the peasants and slaves, who joined them along the march. This indicated that in the event of a major riot, it would be possible to count on the help of the people. And after a while the peasant war began.

Reasons for defeat

The uprising of Stepan Razin was defeated due to the destructive ("rebellious") nature of the movement and poor organization. Also, the reasons were obsolescence and insufficient weapons, unclear goals and lack of unity among serfs, Cossacks and townspeople. Razin's uprising did not in any way alleviate the situation of the peasants, but it influenced the life of the Don Cossacks. In 1671, they swore allegiance to the tsar, thereby making the Cossacks the mainstay of the tsar's throne.

The uprising led by Razin

Stepan Timofeevich Razin

The main stages of the uprising:

The uprising lasted from 1667 to 1671. Peasant War - from 1670 to 1671.

The first stage of the uprising - a hike for zipuns

At the beginning of March 1667, Stepan Razin began to gather around him the Cossack army in order to go on a campaign to the Volga and Yaik. The Cossacks needed this in order to survive, since in their areas there was extreme poverty and hunger. By the end of March, the number of Razin's troops is 1,000. This man was a competent leader and managed to organize the service in such a way that the tsarist scouts could not get into his camp and find out the plans of the Cossacks. In May 1667, Razin's army moved across the Don to the Volga. So the uprising began under the leadership of Razin, or rather its preparatory part. It can be safely asserted that at this stage a mass uprising was not planned. His goals were mundane - he had to survive. However, even Razin's first campaigns were directed against the boyars and large landowners. It was their ships and estates that were plundered by the Cossacks.

Rebellion Map

Razin's hike to Yaik

The uprising led by Razin began with the fact that it moved to the Volga in May 1667. There the rebels met with their army rich ships that belonged to the tsar and large landowners. The rebels robbed ships and took possession of a rich booty. Among other things, they got a huge amount of weapons and ammunition.

• On May 28, Razin with his army, which by this time already numbered 1.5 thousand people, sailed past Tsaritsyn. The uprising led by Razin could well have continued with the capture of this city, but Stepan decided not to take the city and limited himself to the demand that all the blacksmith's tools be handed over to him. The townspeople surrender everything that was demanded of them. Such haste and swiftness in action was due to the fact that he needed to get to the city of Yaik as soon as possible in order to capture it while the garrison of the city was small. The importance of the city lay in the fact that there was direct access to the sea from there.
• On May 31, near the Black Yar, Razin tried to stop the tsarist troops, the number of which was 1,100 people, of which 600 were cavalry, but Stepan cunningly avoided the battle and continued on his way. In the area of ​​Krasny Yar, they met a new detachment, which they smashed on the head on June 2. Many of the archers went over to the Cossacks. After that, the rebels went out to sea. The tsarist troops could not keep him.

The trip to Yaik has come to its final stage. It was decided to take the city by trick. Razin and with him another 40 people passed themselves off as rich merchants. The gates of the city were opened, which was used by the rebels, who were hiding nearby. The city fell.

Razin's campaign on Yaik led to the fact that on July 19, 1667, the Boyar Duma issued a decree on the beginning of the struggle against the rebels. New troops are sent to Yaik in order to pacify the rebels. The tsar also issues a special manifesto, which he personally sends to Stepan. This manifesto said that the tsar would guarantee him and all his army complete amnesty if Razin returned to the Don and released all the prisoners. The Cossack gathering rejected this proposal.

Razin's Caspian campaign

Since the fall of Yaik, the rebels began to ponder Razin's Caspian campaign. Throughout the winter of 1667-68, a detachment of rebels stood in Yaik. With the beginning of spring, the insurgent Cossacks entered the Caspian Sea. This is how Razin's Caspian campaign began. In the Astrakhan region, this detachment defeated the tsarist army under the command of Avksentiev. Here, other chieftains with their detachments joined Razin. The largest of them were: Ataman Boba with an army of 400 people and Ataman Krivoy with an army of 700 people. At this time, Razin's Caspian campaign is gaining mass. From there Razin sent his army along the coast to the South to Derbent and further to Georgia. The army continued its way to Persia. All this time, the Razins have been rampaging in the seas, robbing ships that come across on their way. The whole of 1668, as well as the winter and spring of 1669, goes on for these studies. At the same time, Razin was negotiating with the Persian Shah, persuading him to take the Cossacks into his service. But the shah, having received a message from the Russian tsar, refuses to accept Razin with the army. Razin's army was stationed near the city of Rasht. There the shah sent his army, which inflicted a tangible defeat on the Russians.

The detachment retreats to Miyal-Kale, where it meets the winter of 1668. Retreating, Razin gives instructions to burn all cities and villages on the way, thereby taking revenge on the Persian shah for the beginning of hostilities. With the beginning of the spring of 1669, Razin sent his army to the so-called Pig Island. There, in the summer of the same year, major battle... Razin was attacked by Mamed Khan, who had 3.7 thousand people at his disposal. But in this battle Russian army completely defeated the Persians and went home with rich booty. Razin's Caspian campaign was very successful. On August 22, the detachment appeared near Astrakhan. The local voivode took an oath from Stepan Razin that he would lay down his arms and return to the service of the tsar, letting the detachment pass up the Volga.

Anti-serfdom and Razin's new campaign against the Volga

Second stage of the uprising (beginning of the peasant war)

In early October 1669 Razin returned to the Don with his detachment. They stopped at the Kagalnitsky town. The Cossacks in their naval campaigns acquired not only wealth, but also vast military experience, which they could now use for the uprising.

As a result, a dual power was formed on the Don. According to the tsarist manifesto, the ataman of the Cossack district was K. Yakovlev. But Razin blocked the entire south of the Don region and acted in his own interests, violating the plans of Yakovlev and the Moscow boyars. At the same time, Stepan's authority within the country is growing with terrible force. Thousands of people seek to escape to the south and enter his service. Thanks to this, the number of the insurgent detachment is growing at a tremendous pace. If by October 1669 there were 1.5 thousand people in Razin's detachment, then by November there were already 2.7 thousand, and by May 16700 there were 4.5 thousand.

We can say that it was in the spring of 1670 that the uprising led by Razin passed into the second stage. If earlier the main events developed outside Russia, now Razin began an active struggle against the boyars.

On May 9, 1670, the detachment is in Panshin. Here a new Cossack circle took place, at which it was decided to go to the Volga again, to punish the boyars for their outrage. Razin tried in every possible way to show that he did not oppose the tsar, but opposed the boyars.

The height of the peasant war

On May 15, Razin with a detachment, which already numbered 7 thousand people, laid siege to Tsaritsyn. The city revolted, and the inhabitants themselves opened the gates to the rebels. Having captured the city, the detachment grew to 10 thousand people. Here the Cossacks determined their further goals for a long time, deciding where to go: to the north or to the south. As a result, it was decided to go to Astrakhan. This was necessary because a large group of tsarist troops was gathering in the south. And leaving such an army in your rear was very dangerous. Razin leaves 1,000 people in Tsaritsyn and goes to the Black Yar. Under the walls of the city, Razin was preparing for a battle with the tsarist troops under the command of S.I. Lvov. But the tsarist troops evaded the battle and went over to the winner in full force. Together with the tsarist army, the entire garrison of Black Yar went over to the side of the rebels.

Further on the way was Astrakhan: a well fortified fortress with a garrison of 6 thousand people. On June 19, 1670, Razin approached the walls of Astrakhan, and on the night of June 21-22, an assault began. Razin divided his detachment into 8 groups, each of which acted in its own direction. During the assault, an uprising broke out in the city. As a result of this uprising and skilful actions of the "Razins" Astrakhan fell on June 22, 1670. The voivode, boyars, large landowners and nobles were taken prisoner. They were all sentenced to death. The verdict was carried out immediately. In total, about 500 people were executed in Astrakhan. After the capture of Astrakhan, the number of troops increased to 13 thousand people. Leaving 2 thousand people in the city, Razin headed up the Volga.

On August 4, he was already in Tsaritsyn, where a new Cossack gathering took place. On it, it was decided not to go to Moscow yet, but to go to the southern borders in order to give the uprising a greater mass. From here, the rebel commander sends 1 detachment up the Don. At the head of the detachment was Frol, Stepan's brother. Another detachment was sent to Cherkassk. It was headed by Y. Gavrilov. Razin himself, with a detachment of 10 thousand people, is heading up the Volga, where Samara and Saratov surrender without resistance. In response to this, the king orders to collect a large army in these areas. Stepan hurries to Simbirsk, as to an important regional center. On September 4, the rebels were at the walls of the city. The battle began on September 6. The tsarist troops were forced to retreat to the Kremlin, the siege of which lasted for a month.

During this period, the peasant war acquired maximum mass character. According to contemporaries, only at the second stage, the stage of the expansion of the peasant war under the leadership of Razin, about 200 thousand people participated. The government, frightened by the scale of the uprising, is gathering all its forces to pacify the insurgents. At the head of the powerful army is Yu.A. Dolgoruky, a commander who glorified himself during the war with Poland. He sends his army to Arzamas, where he sets up a camp. In addition, large tsarist troops were concentrated in Kazan and Shatsk. As a result, the government managed to achieve a numerical superiority, and from that time on, a punitive war began.

In early November 1670, a detachment of Yu.N. Boryatinsky. This general was defeated a month ago and now sought revenge. There was a bloody battle. Razin himself was seriously wounded and on the morning of October 4 was carried from the battlefield and sent by boat down the Volga. A detachment of rebels suffered a severe defeat.

After that, the punitive expeditions of the government troops continued. They burned entire villages and killed everyone who was in any way connected with the uprising. Historians cite disastrous figures. In Arzamas, about 11 thousand people were executed in less than 1 year. The city has turned into one large cemetery. In total, according to the estimates of contemporaries, during the period of the punitive expedition, about 100 thousand people were destroyed (killed, publicly or tortured to death).

The end of the uprising led by Razin

(Third stage of Razin's uprising)

After a powerful punitive expedition, the flames of the peasant war began to die out. However, for the whole of 1671, its echoes were carried throughout the country. So, practically the whole year Astrakhan did not surrender to the tsarist troops. The garrison of the city even decided to go to Simbirsk. But this campaign ended in failure, and Astrakhan itself fell on November 27, 1671. This was the last stronghold of the peasant war. After the fall of Astrakhan, the uprising was over.

Stepan Razin was betrayed by his own Cossacks, who, wishing to soften their account, decided to hand over the ataman to the tsarist troops. On April 14, 1671, the Cossacks from the inner circle of Razin seized and arrested their chieftain. It happened in the Kagalnitsky town. After that, Razin was sent to Moscow, where, after short interrogations, he was executed.

Thus ended the uprising led by Stepan Razin.

Causes

The uprising of Stepan Razin is sometimes called the Peasant War. The revolt was quite natural, it was prompted by the events of only $ 17th century. At $ 1649, it was published Cathedral Code... Finally established serfdom... The enslavement caused an indefinite active search for the fugitives, including in the south, and "there is no extradition from the Don," as you know, so the people quickly began to show indignation. The increase in taxes and duties of peasants and townspeople took place in connection with the wars with the Commonwealth and Sweden. In addition, the "service officers" also felt an increase in oppression due to the duties and peculiarities of land use.

The tendencies of absolutism were traced in the character of the tsarist power. The authorities did not provide adequate support to the Cossacks, who guarded the southern borders from the raids of the Crimean Tatars; the way to Azov for the Cossacks was blocked by the Turks. Since the Cossacks could not deal agriculture, due to the overpopulation of the region, they had to survive by robberies. The Don army responded to the looting with repression, causing even greater anger.

Remark 1

The economy was in a difficult situation. Several wars weakened the state, on the lands in which they fought fighting, there was a threat of hunger. In addition, the country did not overcome the consequences of inflation caused by the unsuccessful monetary reform.

The course of the uprising

In historical science, there are disputes regarding the date of the beginning of the uprising. Sometimes the so-called "Hike for zipuns" or an even earlier hike Vasily Usa to Tula.

Stepan Razin was a Don Cossack, who at the time of the uprising was about $ 40 years old. In the $ 50th years. he was already ataman and plenipotentiary representative of the Don Cossacks, i.e. possessed vast military experience and authority. Stepan's brother was executed in $ 1665 Ivan by order of the governor of the prince Dolgorukova Yu.A. after the conflict that erupted due to the desire of the Cossacks to go to the Don during the tsarist service. Probably, the death of his brother was the decisive factor.

So, in $ 1667 the "hike for zipuns" began. The Cossacks, about $ 2 thousand in number, went to the Lower Volga. Stepan Razin led the campaign, the main team was poor Cossacks. Beginning as an act of defiance and plunder, the campaign quickly became anti-government when captured Yaitsky town.

In $ 1668, the detachment entered the Caspian Sea. The number of participants grew. During this period, there were heavy battles with the army. Safavid Shah... As a result, the Cossacks had to turn to Astrakhan, where they handed over their weapons, part of the booty and prisoners of war to the governors in exchange for a return to the Don.

In $ 1670, a campaign to Moscow began. Razin sent out draft letters, declaring himself an enemy of all officials (governors, clerks, clergy, etc.), since they allegedly betrayed the king. There was a rumor that the patriarch was on the side of Razin Nikon and the prince Alexey Alekseevich... In fact, the tsarevich was in Moscow, where he died after $ 2 a year, and the patriarch was already in exile.

With the beginning of the campaign, spontaneously flashed peasant uprisings in the Volga region and the revolts of the Volga peoples. The Razins captured Tsaritsyn, then the townspeople surrendered Astrakhan... The governor of Astrakhan was executed, the government was headed Vasily Us and Fedor Sheludyak... After Astrakhan, the residents of Saratov, Samara, Penza, and in general the entire population of the Middle Volga region went over to Razin's side. Everyone who joined was declared free.

An unsuccessful siege took place in September $ 1670 Simbirsk... At the same time, the tsar sent the army of Prince Dolgorukov Yu.A. number of $ 60 thousand. In October, the rebels were defeated. Razin was seriously wounded, he was taken to the Don, but there the Cossack elite handed him over to the authorities, fearing for themselves. In June, Razin's $ 1671 was quartered in Moscow. Astrakhan held $ 1671 until September.

Consequences

The uprising failed because there was no clear program, firm discipline, unified leadership, and proper armament.

The uprising showed depth social problems... However, no results were achieved, except that after the uprising, the Cossacks swore allegiance to the tsar and became a semi-privileged estate.

Remark 2

The scale of the punitive actions is striking. For example, only in Arzamas, $ 11 thousand people were executed. In total, more than $ 100,000 of the rebels were executed.

PEASANT UPRISING UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF S.T. Razin - a movement of social protest and resistance, which swept in 1670–71 the Lower and Middle Volga regions, the Voronezh-Kursk Territory, and Slo-Bodskaya Ukraine. Until the 1930s. this movement was called the Razinism, after - the peasant war.

Don Cossack in 1667–69, gathering a detachment of Cossacks around him. poor and runaway fortresses. peasants, raided the cities west. the coast of the Caspian Sea. In the spring of 1670 he led an insurrectionary movement of the people. the lower classes, with a detachment of Cossack dullness, fugitive slaves and peasants, set out from the Don to the Volga and took possession of Tsaritsyn. On the way to Astrakhan, his detachment grew. At the Black Yar, Razin turned to the people: "Now take revenge on the tyrants who hitherto held you worse than the Turks ... I have come to give you freedom and deliverance." On June 22, Razin's army captured Astrakhan. fortress. The rebel archers went over to his side. The government sent to Nizh. Volga region regiments of nobles. militia. Razin's army was replenished at the expense of posad. lower classes, barge haulers, runaway peasants. In occupied cities, Razin installed "Cossacks. build ". The Razins spread a rumor that Tsarevich Alexei (died in 1670) was with them, allegedly escaping the wrath of his father and the evil boyars. Razin decided to go with his army along the Volga to Moscow. On July 20, his army left Astrakhan, on August 7 - from Tsaritsyn. Saratov and Samara went over to Razin's side without resistance. By the beginning of September, the rebels approached Simbirsk, captured the posad. The siege of the Kremlin began. Razin in his "lovely letters" called on the people to destroy the boyars, landowners, orders. ministers, promised to transfer all the land to the people, to establish customs-free. bargaining, to give the people freedom and will. At this time, the Russian revolted. serf. peasants of all Middle. Volga region, Chuvash, Mordovians, Tatars, Mari, to-rye opposed the national colonials. oppression. The uprising also engulfed Nizhniy Novgorod., Arzamas. counties, Donets, Voronezh-Kursk Territory, Sloboda Ukraine.

Simbir is under siege. the Kremlin initially involved 20 thousand rebels. Tens of thousands of Chuvashes, Mordovians, Tatars arrived to them. Besieged to the rescue. the city from Kazan was set out by the tsarist army led by Yu. Baryatinsky. On the way to Simbirsk, this army had to endure four battles from many thousands. detachments of the Chuvash., Tatars. and muzzles. insurgents. On October 1, near Simbirsk, the rebels were defeated, Razin was wounded and returned to the Don with a small detachment of Cossacks.

Almost all the peasants of Chuvash took part in the uprising. the edges. On September 9, they laid siege to Tsivilsk. 10 thousand were located under the city. rebel camp. At Tsivilsk, Razin sent a "lovely letter." In October, the rebels made several attacks on Tsivilsk. The army led by D.A. Baryatinsky, sent from Kazan to help Tsivilsk, from 19 to 22 October on the way withstood 3 battles with the Chuvash. insurgents and on October 23 liberated the city from the siege.

15 thousand. detachment of razin. Ataman Maxim Osipov walked along the Simbirsk-Karsun line, where peasants, archers and Cossacks joined the detachment, in September he took Alatyr with a battle, which they held until the end of November, occupied Kurmysh, Yadrin (the rebels left the city at the end of November, staged . woods camp). A detachment of Ataman Prokopy Ivanov (Shumlivy) occupied Kozmodemyansk in early October. Here Ivan Dolgopolov gathered a detachment of 15 thousand rebels. B is indicated. In cities, the participants in the uprising dealt with the governors and the order. ministers, established their own government. In November-December 1670 Tsivilsk was again besieged. A large center of the rebels on the Volga was s. Sundyr (now Mariinsky Posad). The rebels dealt with the landowners, the monastery. authorities, clerks, merchants-usurers.

At the end. 1670 large detachments of the insurgents were located in the croup. villages Yadrin., Tsivil., Kurmysh. counties, in the area of ​​Russian. with. Algash and Chuvash. d. Algashi Cheboksary. at. Considerable forces were concentrated in the village of Bolshie Tuvany Kurmysh. at. (now the village of Tuvany, Shumerlin district), where the civilian Sergei Vasiliev was ataman.

To the end. 1670 4.5 thousand people participated in the suppression of the rebels in Chuvashia. tsarist troops, headed by D.A. Baryatinsky, M. Kravkov and others. The battles between the rebels and the tsarist troops took place near the villages of Yandoba and Sormin. mill (now the territory of Alikov district), Khorakasy (now Morgaush district), etc.

Preserved information about the razin. colonels, chieftains, esauls and warrant officers from the Chuvash. For example, a colonel (from the village of Kibeki Tsivil. U.) And his chieftain (from the village of Iskeevo-Yandushi Tsivil. U.) Participated in the head of many thousands. detachments of Chuvash rebels in battles with the army of D.A. Baryatinsky on the outskirts of Tsivilsk and under this city, near the villages of Dosayevo, Yandoba, Khorakasy. Government the troops brutally dealt with the insurgents. They were executed, their property was taken away in favor of the sovereign, many villages were congregated. Hundreds of rebels fled to Pri-u-ralie, Zakamye.

April 14, 1671 on the Don S.T. Razin was arrested in June and executed in Moscow. After the uprising, the tsarist government took certain measures to make life easier for non-Russians. peoples of the Middle Volga region: collecting yasach. extortion was entrusted to the choice. people from representatives of non-Russians. peoples, in 1685 a special order was issued on the census and demarcation of the muzzles., Mari and Chuvash. lands returning yasach. people of the land, captured. Russian landowners. Many Chuvash historical legends about S.T. Razin and razinzach.

Lit .: Peasant War led by Stepan Razin: Sat. documents. T. 1-4. M., 1954-1976; Stepanov I.V. Peasant War in Russia in 1670-1671 The uprising of Stepan Razin. T. 1-2. L., 1966-1972; History of the Chuvash ASSR. Vol. 1. Ch., 1983; Dimitriev V.D. Chuvash historical legends. Ch., 1993.