The accession of the Romanovs ended in Russia. The first tsar of the dynasty, Mikhail Fedorovich, was elected autocrat by the Zemsky Sobor, assembled on the initiative of Minin, Trubetskoy and Pozharsky - the leaders of the militia that liberated Moscow from the Polish invaders. Mikhail Fedorovich was 17 years old at that time, he could neither read nor write. So, in fact, for a long time, Russia was ruled by his father, Metropolitan Filaret.
Reasons for the election of the Romanovs
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Mikhail Fedorovich was the grandson of Nikita Romanovich - the brother of Anastasia Romanovna Zakharyina-Yuryeva - the first wife of Ivan the Terrible, the most beloved and revered by the people, since the period of her reign was the most liberal during Ivan's time, and the son
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Mikhail's father was a monk with the rank of patriarch, which suited the church
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The Romanov family, although not very noble, is still worthy in comparison with the rest of the Russian contenders for the throne.
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The relative equidistance of the Romanovs from the political squabbles of the Time of Troubles, in contrast to the Shuisky, Mstislavsky, Kurakin and Godunovs, who are significantly involved in them
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The boyars hope for Mikhail Fedorovich's inexperience in management and, as a result, his controllability
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The Romanovs were desired by the Cossacks and the common people
The first king of the Romanov dynasty Mikhail Fedorovich (1596-1645) ruled Russia from 1613 to 1645
The royal dynasty of the Romanovs. Years of reign
- 1613-1645
- 1645-1676
- 1676-1682
- 1682-1689
- 1682-1696
- 1682-1725
- 1725-1727
- 1727-1730
- 1730-1740
- 1740-1741
- 1740-1741
- 1741-1761
- 1761-1762
- 1762-1796
- 1796-1801
- 1801-1825
- 1825-1855
- 1855-1881
- 1881-1894
- 1894-1917
The Russian line of the Romanov dynasty was interrupted with Peter the Great. Elizaveta Petrovna was the daughter of Peter I and Marta Skavronskaya (the future Catherine I), in turn Marta was either Estonian or Latvian. Peter III Fedorovich is actually Karl Peter Ulrich, was the Duke of Holstein, a historical region of Germany located in the southern part of Schleswig-Holstein. His wife, the future Catherine II, in fact Sophie Auguste Friederike von Anhalt-Zerbst-Dornburg, was actually the daughter of the ruler of the German principality of Anhalt-Zerbst (the territory of the modern German federal state of Saxony-Anhalt). The son of Catherine the Second and Peter the Third, Paul the First, had in wives first Augusta-Wilhelmina-Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt, daughter of the Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt, then Sophia Dorothea of \u200b\u200bWürttemberg, daughter of the Duke of Württemberg. The son of Paul and Sophia Dorothea, Alexander I, was married to the daughter of the Margrave of Baden-Durlach, Louise Maria Augusta. Paul's second son, Emperor Nicholas I, was married to Frederick Louise Charlotte Wilhelmina of Prussia. Their son, Emperor Alexander II - on the princess of the House of Hesse Maximilian Wilhelmina Augusta Sophia Maria ...
History of the Romanov dynasty in dates
- 1613, February 21 - Election of the Zemsky Sobor Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov
- 1624 - Mikhail Fedorovich married Evdokia Streshneva, who became the mother of the second king of the dynasty - Alexei Mikhailovich (Quiet)
- 1645, July 2 - Death of Mikhail Fedorovich
- 1648, January 16 - Alexey Mikhailovich married Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya, mother of the future Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich
- 1671, January 22 - Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina became the second wife of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich
- 1676, January 20 - Death of Alexei Mikhailovich
- 1682, April 17 - the death of Fyodor Alekseevich, who left no heir. Boyars proclaimed tsar Peter, the son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich from his second wife Natalia Naryshkina
- 1682, May 23 - under the influence of Sophia, the sister of Tsar Fyodor, who died childless, the Boyar Duma declared the son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich the Quiet and Tsarina Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya Ivan V Alexeevich the first tsar, and his half-brother Peter I Alekseevich - the second
- 1684, January 9 - Ivan V married Praskovya Fedorovna Saltykova, mother of the future Empress Anna Ioannovna
- 1689 - Peter married Evdokia Lopukhina
- 1689, September 2 - a decree on the removal of Sophia from power and her exile to a monastery.
- 1690, February 18 - Birth of the son of Peter the First, Tsarevich Alexei
- 1696, January 26 - death of Ivan V, Peter the Great became autocrat
- 1698, September 23 - Evdokia Lopukhina, wife of Peter the Great, was exiled to a monastery, although she soon began to live as a laywoman
- 1712, February 19 - the marriage of Peter the Great to Martha Skavronskaya, the future Empress Catherine the First, mother of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna
- 1715, October 12 - the birth of the son of Tsarevich Alexei Peter, the future Emperor Peter II
- 1716, September 20 - Tsarevich Alexei, who disagreed with his father's policy, fled to Europe in search of political asylum, which he received in Austria
- 1717 - Under the threat of war, Austria extradited Tsarevich Alexei to Peter the Great. On September 14 he returned to his homeland
- 1718, February - the trial of Tsarevich Alexei
- 1718, March - Queen Evdokia Lopukhina was accused of adultery and again exiled to a monastery
- 1719, June 15 - Tsarevich Alexei died in prison
- 1725, January 28 - death of Peter the Great. With the support of the Guards, his wife Marta Skavronskaya was proclaimed Empress Catherine the First
- 1726, May 17 - Catherine the First died. The throne was occupied by the twelve-year-old Peter II, the son of Tsarevich Alexei
- 1729, November - betrothal of Peter II to Ekaterina Dolgoruka
- 1730, January 30 - Peter II died. The Supreme Privy Council proclaimed him heiress, daughter of Ivan V, son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich
- 1731 - Anna Ioannovna appointed Anna Leopoldovna, the daughter of her elder sister Catherine Ioannovna, who in turn was the daughter of the same Ivan V, the heir to the throne
- 1740, August 12 - Anna Leopoldovna's son Ivan Antonovich, the future Tsar Ivan VI, was born to Anna Leopoldovna from her marriage with the Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg, Anton Ulrich
- 1740, October 5 - Anna Ioannovna appointed the young Ivan Antonovich, the son of her niece Anna Leopoldovna, heir to the throne
- 1740, October 17 - Death of Anna Ioannovna, Duke Biron was appointed regent under two-month-old Ivan Antonovich
- 1740, November 8 - Biron was arrested, Anna Leopoldovna was appointed regent under Ivan Antonovich
- 1741, November 25 - as a result of a palace coup, the Russian throne was taken by the daughter of Peter the Great from her marriage to Catherine the First, Elizaveta Petrovna
- 1742, January - Anna Leopoldovna and her son were arrested
- 1742, November - Elizaveta Petrovna appointed her nephew, the son of her sister, the second daughter of Peter the Great from her marriage to Catherine the First (Martha Skavronsa) Anna Petrovna, Peter Fedorovich as heir to the throne
- 1746, March - Anna Leopoldovna died in Kholmogory
- 1745, August 21 - Peter the Third married Sophia-Frederica-Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst, who took the name of Ekaterina Alekseevna
- 1746, March 19 - Anna Leopoldovna died in exile in Kholmogory
- 1754, September 20 - the son of Peter Fedorovich and Ekaterina Alekseevna Pavel, the future Emperor Paul I, was born
- 1761, December 25 - Elizaveta Petrovna died. Peter the Third took office
- 1762, June 28 - as a result of a coup d'état, Russia was headed by Ekaterina Alekseevna, the wife of Peter III
- 1762, June 29 - Peter the Third abdicated the throne, was arrested and imprisoned in the Ropshensky castle near St. Petersburg
- 1762, July 17 - death of Peter III (died or was killed - unknown)
- 1762, September 2 - coronation of Catherine II in Moscow
- 1764, July 16 - after 23 years of being in the Shlisselburg fortress, Ivan Antonovich, Tsar Ivan VI, was killed while trying to liberate.
- 1773, October 10 - The heir to the throne Paul married Princess Augusta-Wilhelmina-Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt, daughter of Ludwig IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt, who took the name of Natalia Alekseevna
- 1776, April 15 - Pavel's wife Natalya Alekseevna died in childbirth
- 1776, October 7 - The heir to the throne Paul remarried. This time on Maria Feodorovna, Princess Sophia Dorothea of \u200b\u200bWürttemberg, daughter of the Duke of Württemberg
- 1777, December 23 - the birth of the son of Paul the First and Maria Feodorovna Alexander, the future Emperor Alexander the First
- 1779, May 8 - the birth of another son of Paul the First and Maria Feodorovna Constantine
- 1796, July 6 - birth of the third son of Paul the First and Maria Fedorovna Nicholas, the future Emperor Nicholas I
- 1796, November 6 - Catherine II died, Paul the First on the throne
- 1797, February 5 - the coronation of Paul the First in Moscow
- 1801, March 12 - Coup. Paul the First is killed by conspirators. His son Alexander is on the throne
- 1801, September - coronation of Alexander I in Moscow
- 1817, July 13 - marriage of Nikolai Pavlovich and Frederica Louise Charlotte Wilhelmina of Prussia (Alexandra Feodorovna), mother of the future Emperor Alexander II
- 1818, April 29 - Nikolai Pavlovich and Alexandra Feodorovna had a son, Alexander, the future Emperor Alexander II
- 1823, August 28 - secret abdication of the throne of his heir, the second son of Alexander the First, Constantine
- 1825, December 1 - death of Emperor Alexander I
- 1825, December 9 - the army and civil servants took an oath of allegiance to the new emperor Constantine
- 1825 December - Constantine confirms his desire to abdicate
- 1825, December 14 - the uprising of the Decembrists when they tried to bring the guard to the oath of allegiance to the new emperor Nikolai Pavlovich. Rebellion suppressed
- 1826, September 3 - the coronation of Nicholas in Moscow
- 1841, April 28 - marriage of the heir to the throne Alexander (II) with Princess Maximiliana Wilhelmina Augusta Sophia Maria of Hesse-Darmstadt (in Orthodoxy Maria Alexandrovna)
- 1845, March 10 - Alexander and Mary had a son, Alexander, the future emperor Alexander the Third
- 1855, March 2 - Nikolai the First died. His son Alexander II is on the throne
- 1866, April 4 - the first, unsuccessful, attempt on the life of Alexander II
- 1866, October 28 - the son of Alexander II, Alexander (the third), married the Danish princess Maria Sophia Frederick Dagmar (Maria Fedorovna), mother of the future Emperor Nicholas II.
- 1867, May 25 - the second, unsuccessful, attempt on the life of Alexander II
- 1868, May 18 - Alexander (the Third) and Maria Feodorovna's son Nicholas, the future Emperor Nicholas II was born
- 1878, November 22 - Alexander (the Third) and Maria Feodorovna had a son Mikhail, the future Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich
- 1879, April 14 - the third, unsuccessful, attempt on the life of Alexander II
- 1879, November 19 - the fourth, unsuccessful, attempt on the life of Alexander II
- 1880, February 17 - the fifth, unsuccessful, attempt on the life of Alexander II
- 1881, April 1 - the sixth, successful, attempt on the life of Alexander II
- 1883, May 27 - coronation of Alexander III in Moscow
- 1894, October 20 - death of Alexander III
- 1894, October 21 - Nicholas II on the throne
- 1894, November 14 - marriage of Nicholas II with the German princess Alisa of Hesse, in Orthodoxy Alexandra Fedorovna
- 1896, May 26 - coronation of Nicholas II in Moscow
- 1904, August 12 - a son was born to Nikolai and Alexandra, the heir to the throne Alexey
- 1917, March 15 (new style) - in favor of his brother, Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich
- 1917, March 16 - Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich abdicated in favor of the Provisional Government. The history of the monarchy in Russia is over
- 1918, July 17 - Nicholas II, his family and associates
The death of the royal family
Descending the inner staircase, the procession stepped into the courtyard and turned left to enter the lower floor. They were taken to the opposite end of the house, to the room where the guards had been housed before. From this room, five meters wide and six meters long, all the furniture was removed. High in the outer wall was a single semicircular window covered with bars. Only one door was open, the other, opposite it, leading to the closet, was locked. It was a dead end.
Alexandra Fyodorovna asked why there were no chairs in the room. Yurovsky ordered to bring two chairs, on one of them Nikolai sat Alexei, on the other sat the empress. The rest were ordered to line up along the wall. A few minutes later, Yurovsky entered the room, accompanied by ten armed men. He himself described the scene that followed with the following words: “When the team entered, the commandant (Yurovsky writes about himself in the third person) told the Romanovs that in view of the fact that their relatives in Europe continued to attack soviet Russia, The Ural Executive Committee decided to shoot them.
Nikolai turned his back to the team, facing the family, then, as if coming to his senses, turned to the commandant with the question: “What? What?" The commandant hastily repeated and ordered the team to prepare. The team was told in advance who to shoot at whom, and ordered to aim directly at the heart to avoid a large number blood and get it over with. Nikolai said nothing more, turning back to the family, others uttered several incoherent exclamations, all this lasted for several seconds. Then the shooting began, which lasted two to three minutes. Nikolay was killed by the commandant himself on the spot (Richard Pipes "Russian Revolution") "
On February 21 (March 3 according to the new style), 1613, the Zemsky Sobor elected, or, as the monarchists prefer to express it, "installed" Mikhail Romanov as tsar.
The longest political era in the history of Russia began, lasting 304 years and 9 days.
On July 11 of the same year, Mikhail Fedorovich was married to the throne in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin. The 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty in 1913 was tied to this date - not only because it is more convenient to celebrate in the summer, but also because, from a religious-monarchical point of view, the divine anointing is more important than elections.
Where did the dynasty come from?
The Romanovs did not belong to the Rurikovichs and in general could not boast of special nobility.
Their ancestor is a certain Andrei Kobyla, who came to Muscovy from East Prussia at the beginning of the XIV century and entered the service of Ivan Kalita. There is no reliable information about his origin and previous occupations, and the only written mention refers to participation in the embassy, \u200b\u200bwhich traveled from Moscow to Tver in 1347 to fetch a bride for Kalita's son Simeon the Proud.
In addition to the Romanovs, the Sheremetevs, Kolychevs and other aristocratic families descended from the sons of Andrei Kobyla.
Unlike princes, his descendants in the XIV-XV centuries were not entitled to surnames, and in historical documents they appear with patronymics and nicknames.
Image caption The first of the RomanovsThe nickname "Romanovs" originated from the name of the boyar Roman Zakharyin, who had a daughter, Anastasia, and a son, Nikita.
Anastasia Romanova became the first wife of Ivan the Terrible and bore him two sons: Ivan, killed by his father in a fit of rage, and Fyodor, who inherited the throne.
According to the unanimous opinions of contemporaries, Queen Anastasia had a great and purely positive influence on her husband. Grozny did not suit the mass terror under her.
This marriage made Nikita Romanov and his five sons great people.
In the second generation of the Romanovs, the most capable was considered the middle brother Fedor, the father of the future tsar. He read in Latin, was a great rider in his youth and the first dandy in Moscow, so the tailors, handing over the finished dress to the customers, said: now you will be like Fedor Nikitich Romanov!
After the death of Fyodor Ioannovich in 1598, his cousin and the namesake was considered as a candidate for the tsar on a par with Boris Godunov. There was talk that Fyodor Ioannovich left a will in favor of Fyodor Romanov. No traces of the document were found, but the version of the "stolen throne" was widespread, especially among the Don Cossacks who did not like Godunov.
Godunov feared the Romanovs and in 1601 dealt with them cruelly. Four brothers were exiled to cold lands, where three of them soon died (rumored to have been secretly killed). Fyodor was forcibly tonsured into a monk under the name Filaret, separating him from his family.
Bailiff Voeikov sent to the Siysk Monastery to follow him reported that "Monk Philaret", having learned about the movement to Moscow of a pretender to the throne, whom some historians call an Impostor, while others evasively call "named Demetrius", perked up, began to laugh and often talk with monks about "what it will be like ahead."
Under the aforementioned Demetrius, Fyodor Romanov was in mercy. There was no way back from monasticism, but he was made Metropolitan of Rostov.
After the coup in May 1606, he got along well with Vasily Shuisky, then ended up in the camp of the "Tushino thief" and commemorated him during the divine services as "Tsar Demetrius."
In defiance of the patriarch Hermogenes who supported Shuisky, the "thief" declared Romanov the head of the Russian Orthodox Church.
Without the approval of the ecumenical patriarchs, the act was still illegitimate, the later Romanovs, for obvious reasons, did not like to remember it, so it was officially believed that Filaret became patriarch only in 1619 after returning from Polish captivity.
Until his death in 1633, he actually ruled the country and wrote on a par with his son "the great sovereign".
Perturbations of the Troubles
Image caption Fyodor Romanov, aka Patriarch Filaret, was an outstanding personalityAfter the deposition of Vasily Shuisky on July 17, 1610, the Seven Boyars took power in Moscow, offering the cap of Monomakh to the Polish prince Vladislav.
There was nothing unusual or bad about a foreigner being on the throne at that time. It was believed by many that it would do better to promote political stabilization than the enthronement of one of the competing princely families. At first, the decision was supported even by such a patriot and Orthodox conservative as Patriarch Hermogenes.
According to the agreement concluded on August 17 by the Semiboyarshchina and the Polish hetman Zholkevsky, Vladislav was supposed to convert to Orthodoxy and rule in harmony with the boyars and electives from the land. The prince was only 15 years old, living in Moscow, he would quickly become Russified, and a little European influence would not hurt Russia.
The position of his father, King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Sigismund, played a fatal role. A fanatical Catholic, he saw the main goal of Polish politics in the imposition of union on Russia. The proposed conditions did not suit Sigismund. He contemptuously threw the document brought by Zolkiewski and declared: "I will not allow my son to be the Tsar of Moscow!"
Sigismund laid siege to Smolensk, that is (if you are serious about Vladislav's rights) he won the territory from his son and himself coveted the royal crown.
Patriarch Hermogenes and many Russian people saw cunning and perfidy in this, and most importantly, a threat to the faith.
The Russian land was united to repulse the external enemy and for the internal structure, not state interests, but a religious interest Vasily Klyuchevsky, historian
At the end of 1610, a "great embassy" headed by Prince Vasily Golitsyn, which included Metropolitan Philaret, left for the royal camp near Smolensk.
Sigismund began to insist that the ambassadors put pressure on the Smolensk governor Shein and force him to surrender the city, and when they refused, put them under house arrest.
Filaret was declared a "guest" of the Polish grandee Lev Sapieha. They treated him humanly, but he was able to return to Moscow only on June 14, 1619, when his son had already reigned for six years.
Elections, elections ...
Image caption Mikhail Fedorovich ascended the throne as a teenagerWhen the militia of Minin and Pozharsky expelled the invaders from Moscow, the question arose of restoring statehood. Then it meant, first of all, the enthronement of a new king.
On December 21, 1612, "a letter was sent to all cities, so that the best and reasonable people would be sent from everywhere to elect the sovereign."
In 1677, the Russian ambassador to Warsaw Tyapkin in his notes scoffed at the political structure of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, in which "every jug is a pan", and admired the order in his homeland, where "like a bright sun in heaven, a single sovereign is enlightened." But the Romanovs still had to build a "vertical of power".
Mikhail Fedorovich became tsar, as they would say now, in the course of alternative elections, having pledged to rule in accordance with the Zemsky Sobors and the Boyar Duma and not to execute noble people by death. The agreement was not fixed on paper, but during his lifetime it was strictly observed.
The modern historian Andrei Burovsky is convinced that in the first half of the 17th century Russia had a constitutional democratic alternative. In any case, neither in England nor in France at that time the people's representatives of kings were elected.
The council considered about 30 candidates, including two foreigners: the already mentioned Vladislav and the Swedish prince Karl-Philip. But after the capture of Smolensk and the occupation of the Kremlin, the people turned away from Poland and everything connected with it, and Karl-Philip flatly refused to convert to Orthodoxy.
A real, not fake pre-election battle unfolded between the candidates Andrei Burovsky, historian
Princes Golitsyn, Cherkassky, Pronsky fought for the election. About Dmitry Pozharsky contemporaries definitely stated: "He reigned, and it cost him twenty thousand."
Prince Dmitry Trubetskoy "established honest tables and many feasts for the Cossacks, inviting him into the courtyard for a month and a half, honoring, feeding and singing and praying for him to be king in Russia."
When Mikhail Romanov won, Trubetskoy, out of chagrin, "fell into illness and lay for three months, without leaving his yard."
Mikhail Romanov's supporters, for their part, sought the support of the Cossacks, who expressed their opinion at the meetings of the Council in a very noisy and unceremonious manner, and sent agitators to the provinces.
"Everything is like the people": election propaganda, the fight for votes, lobbying interests!
It is obvious that Mikhail Romanov was not chosen for personal merit and merit. At the time of his father's tonsure as a monk, he was four years old, at the time of his election - 16 years old. He was brought up first by relatives, then by his mother, did not receive an education, and in 1613, according to available data, he was either completely illiterate, or read and wrote with difficulty.
Some historians, especially of the Soviet school, insist that the boyars did not want a strong tsar, allegedly saying to each other: "We will choose Misha Romanov, he is young and has not reached his mind."
Others point out that the shadow of an influential father loomed behind the young challenger.
In the popular memory, the suffering of the Romanov family under Boris was fresh. Filaret's captivity gave him the meaning of a martyr for the faith and the Russian land. Finally, there are legends about Tsarina Anastasia, who lived at the best time for the Russian people, about Nikita Romanovich, about whom they talked and even sang in songs that he stood up for the victims of Ivanov's extravagance Nikolai Kostomarov, historian
Kinship with Ivan the Terrible and Fyodor Ioannovich, the last representatives of the ancient dynasty, whose rights to the throne, no one would have thought to dispute, spoke in favor of Mikhail.
The fact that Mikhail and his father did not participate in the work of the Council could play a role: Filaret was in captivity, surrounded by the halo of a sufferer, and Mikhail remained with his mother in the Ipatiev Monastery near Kostroma.
Russian political culture was such that a person who was actively striving for power lost the opinion of society. The one who stood aside and forced himself to beg looked more advantageous.
Andrei Burovsky puts forward another version: paradoxically, Mikhail's well-known connections with Dimitri the Pretender and the Tushinsky thief played into the hands of Mikhail.
Most of the princes and boyars during the Time of Troubles served whom they did not serve, unscrupulously "flying" from one camp to another. Against the background of, say, the impeccable Pozharsky, they would look pale, such a tsar would have the moral right to remind them of episodes of the past that they would like to forget.
"Life for the Tsar"
Image caption Ivan Susanin became a hero of opera, books and art canvasesAccording to the canonical version, set forth in textbooks and encyclopedias, the Poles, having learned about the election of Mikhail, decided to outstrip the envoys of the Zemsky Sobor and seize him. The detachment needed a guide, a peasant from the village of Domnino, Kostroma Uyezd, Ivan Osipovich Susanin, led enemies to perish in impenetrable swamps and thickets and was tortured by them.
Independent historians, starting with Sergei Soloviev, have found a lot of inconsistencies in this story.
Numerous Russian and Polish documents of the Time of Troubles contain no mention of either Susanin or a military expedition near Kostroma.
When in 1614 the first Russian embassy after the Time of Troubles, headed by Fyodor Zhelyabuzhsky, went to Krakow, he read in detail to the Poles all the "insults, insults and ruin" they inflicted on the Muscovy and its people, up to minor episodes, but about the attempt on the tsar did not say a word.
The first mention of Susanin's feat is contained in a letter of grant on the exemption of his family from taxes, given by Mikhail Fedorovich on November 30, 1619 to the son-in-law of the late Bogdashka Sobinin: “How we, the great sovereign, were in Kostroma, and Polish and Lithuanian people came to the Kostroma district , and his father-in-law, Bogdashkov, Ivan Susanin was seized and tortured with great torment, where we, the great sovereign, were at that time, and he, Ivan, did not say about us, and the Polish and Lithuanian people tortured him to death. "
Again, not a word about the destroyed detachment. For the first time this version sounded only in 1820 in the history textbook of Yegor Konstantinov.
Susanin was tortured not by the Poles and not the Lithuanians, but by the Cossacks or, in general, their Russian robbers Sergei Soloviev, historian
It happened in winter, so the swamps had to freeze, and the Poles could easily get out of the forest by following their own footsteps in the snow.
The Ipatiev Monastery was well fortified and defended by a strong detachment of noble cavalry; a whole army would be required for its siege. Even if the Poles did not know about this, Susanin could tell them the whereabouts of the tsar without damaging him in any way.
And, finally, the main thing. The Polish army retreated from Moscow to the west on November 4, 1612, in honor of which the Day of National Unity is celebrated in modern Russia. Four months later, there could be no regular Polish units near Kostroma.
Meanwhile, Ivan Susanin is a real person, whose life and death in the winter of 1613 are documented.
Modern researcher Alexander Bushkov offers his own version of events.
Susanin was not a simple peasant, but a "patrimonial headman" who managed the estate of the Shestov boyars, therefore, he was not a poor man, and lived not in the countryside, but "in the settlements."
Robbers of all nationalities - Russian "shisha", Cossacks, different reasons Poles and "Litvin", as the Belarusians were then called, who lagged behind their army, roamed the country apparently-invisibly.
Most likely, some gang heard about Susanin's wealth, flew into a lonely house and began to torture the owner, demanding to hand over the egg-capsule.
The act of Bogdashka fully corresponded to the morals of that time. Tax evasion became a national sport at that time Alexander Bushkov, historian
It is not known whether the bandits got the treasure and whether it existed at all, but six years later the son-in-law of the deceased decided, to put it in the present, to hurry up.
The atmosphere was favorable. The word "PR" had not yet been invented, but the phenomenon was no less widespread than it is now.
The new dynasty needed heroes and patriotic myths. "People of different ranks" lined up to the tsar, and especially to his mother, describing their merits and asking for awards in compensation for real and imaginary losses incurred from the Poles and impostors.
Usually, petitions were treated favorably. Dozens of documents have come down to us with the same formulation: "... according to our royal mercy and on the advice and request of our mother ...".
Subsequently, the lists of "beneficiaries" were revised more than once, but Susanin's descendants managed to stay in them. The last time - "for eternity" - their privileges were confirmed by Nicholas I in 1837.
Until the 19th century, as far as is known, no one thought to see in Susanin the savior of the royal person and consider him an event of historical importance. It is only certain that this peasant was one of the countless victims of robbers who roamed Russia in Time of Troubles Nikolay Kostomarov
Finally, the cult of Susanin took shape in the Nicholas era, perfectly fitting into the official ideology of "autocracy, Orthodoxy and nationality." Susanin's descendants in peasant clothes took part in the imperial coronations.
After the revolution, Susanin was declared a "servant of the autocracy with a slave psychology," but under Stalin he was again elevated to a pedestal. Mikhail Glinka's opera A Life for the Tsar, removed from the Bolshoi Theater repertoire, was resumed in 1939 under the title Ivan Susanin.
As a result, Susanin is known to Russians much more than the real heroes of the Time of Troubles: Patriarch Germogen, Avraamy Palitsyn, Zakhar Lyapunov or the industrialists Stroganovs, sponsors of Minin and Pozharsky's militia.
"Little raven" on the gallows
The accession of the Romanovs was accompanied by another dark story.
Marina Mnishek, having given birth to a son from the "Tushinsky thief" and having experienced adventures worthy of an adventure novel, in the end turned out to be the concubine of the Cossack chieftain Ivan Zarutsky. He, crazed from such prey, took refuge with her in the Astrakhan floodplains, dreaming of the Moscow throne.
In June 1614, the companions, realizing the hopelessness of resistance, betrayed them to the streltsy head Gordey Palchikov, who sent the captives to Moscow.
Image caption Marina Mnishek could return to her homeland, but did not want to become a simple gentry againZarutsky was put on a stake, Marina soon died: according to the official version, she died in prison "from illness and from longing of her own free will," according to the unofficial version, she was sewn into a bag and drowned in the river.
Some historians do not exclude that the authorities in in this case told the truth: a living Marina could be exchanged for Russian captives and receive from her valuable testimony about all the intrigues of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth against Russia, starting in 1604.
It is not known to what extent the decision came personally from the young tsar, but the son of Mnishek, a three-year-old "vorenk", was hanged: publicly, behind the Serpukhov gate, so that the impostors did not appear in the future.
The boy was taken to the place of execution in his arms. He kept asking: "Where are you taking me?" and died in the loop for an unusually long time - the neck was thin.
Modern enlightened people do not recognize collective responsibility and do not believe in mystical punishment through generations, but sometimes they remind that the reign of the Romanovs began with the murder of an innocent child and ended with the same murder in the basement of the Ipatiev House.
The last 300-odd years of Russian autocracy (1613-1917) are historically associated with the Romanov dynasty, which was entrenched on the Russian throne during the period known as the Troubles. The emergence of a new dynasty on the throne is always a major political event and is often associated with a revolution or a coup, that is, the violent removal of the old dynasty. In Russia, the change of dynasties was caused by the suppression of the ruling branch of Rurik in the offspring of Ivan the Terrible. The problems of succession to the throne gave rise to a deep socio-political crisis, accompanied by the intervention of foreigners. Never in Russia have the supreme rulers changed so often, each time bringing a new dynasty to the throne. Among the contenders for the throne were representatives from different social strata, there were also foreign candidates from among the "natural" dynasties. The descendants of the Rurikovichs (Vasily Shuisky, 1606-1610), the natives of the untitled boyars (Boris Godunov, 1598-1605), then the impostors (False Dmitry I, 1605-1606; False Dmitry II, 1607-1610) became tsars. .). No one managed to gain a foothold on the Russian throne until 1613, when Mikhail Romanov was elected to the kingdom, and in his person a new ruling dynasty was finally established. Why did the historical choice fall on the Romanov family? Where did they come from and what were they like at the time of coming to power?
The genealogical past of the Romanovs was quite clear already in the middle of the 16th century, when the rise of their family began. In accordance with the political tradition of that time, the genealogies contained the legend of the "departure". Having intermarried with the Rurikovichs (see table), the boyar clan of the Romanovs also borrowed the general direction of the legend: Rurik in the 14th "tribe" was derived from the legendary Pruss, and the ancestor of the Romanovs was recognized as a native of "Prus". The Sheremetevs, Kolychevs, Yakovlevs, Sukhovo-Kobylins and other families known in Russian history are traditionally considered to be of the same origin with the Romanovs (from the legendary Kambila).
An original interpretation of the origin of all clans with the legend of leaving the Prus (with a predominant interest in the ruling house of the Romanovs) was given in the 19th century. Petrov P. N., whose work has been reprinted in large circulation already today. (Petrov P. N. History of the clans of the Russian nobility. Vol. 1–2, St. Petersburg, - 1886. Reprinted: M. - 1991.– 420s. ; 318 s.). He considers the ancestors of these clans to be Novgorodians, who broke with their homeland for political reasons at the turn of the XIII-XIV centuries. and who left for the service of the Moscow prince. The assumption is based on the fact that at the Zagorodsky end of Novgorod there was Prusskaya Street, from which the road to Pskov began. Its inhabitants traditionally supported the opposition against the Novgorod aristocracy and were called "Prussians". "Why should we look for foreign Prussians? ..." - asks PN Petrov, urging "to dispel the darkness of fabulous fictions, which have been accepted until now as the truth and wished at all costs to impose a non-Russian origin on the Romanov family."
Table 1.
The genealogical roots of the Romanov family (XII - XIV centuries) are given in the interpretation of P.N. Petrov. (Petrov P. N. History of the clans of the Russian dvorianism. Vol. 1–2, - SPb, - 1886. Reprinted: M. - 1991.– 420 p.; 318 p.).
1 Ratsha (Radsha, christian name Stephen) - the legendary founder of many noble families of Russia: Sheremetevs, Kolychevs, Neplyuevs, Kobylins, etc. A native of "Prussians", according to Petrov P. N. Novgorod, a servant of Vsevolod Olgovich, and maybe Mstislav the Great; according to another version of Serbian origin
2 Yakun (Christian name Mikhail), mayor of Novgorod, died in monasticism with the name of Mitrofan in 1206
3 Alex (Christian name Gorislav), in monasticism Barlaam St. Khutynsky, died in 1215 or 1243.
4 Gabriel, hero of the Battle of the Neva in 1240, died in 1241
5 Ivan is a Christian name, in the Pushkin family tree - Ivan Morkhinya. According to Petrov P.N. before baptism he was called Gland Kambila Divonovich, passed "from the Prussians" in the 13th century, the generally accepted ancestor of the Romanovs .;
6 This Andrey Petrov PN considers to be Andrey Ivanovich Kobyla, whose five sons became the founders of 17 families of the Russian nobility, including the Romanovs.
7 Grigory Alexandrovich Pushka - the founder of the Pushkin family, mentioned under 1380. From him the branch was called Pushkin.
8 Anastasia Romanova is the first wife of Ivan IV, the mother of the last Tsar of Rurikovich - Fyodor Ivanovich, through her the genealogical relationship of the Rurik dynasties with the Romanovs and Pushkins is established.
9 Fedor Nikitich Romanov (born between 1554-1560, d. 1663) from 1587 - boyar, from 1601 - tonsured as a monk with the name Filaret, patriarch from 1619. Father of the first king of the new dynasty.
10 Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov - the founder of a new dynasty, was elected to the kingdom in 1613 by the Zemsky Sobor. The Romanov dynasty occupied the Russian throne until the 1917 revolution.
11 Alexey Mikhailovich - Tsar (1645-1676).
12 Maria Alekseevna Pushkina married Osip (Abram) Petrovich Hannibal, their daughter Nadezhda Osipovna is the mother of the great Russian poet. Through her - the intersection of the families of Pushkins and Hannibals.
Without discarding the traditionally recognized ancestor of the Romanovs in the person of Andrei Ivanovich, but developing the idea of \u200b\u200bthe Novgorod origin of the "people who have left the Prus", Petrov P.N. believes that Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla is the grandson of Iakinf the Great from Novgorod and is related to the Ratshi clan (Ratsha is a diminutive of Ratislav (see Table 2).
In the annals he is mentioned under 1146 among other Novgorodians on the side of Vsevolod Olgovich (son-in-law of Mstislav, the great Kiev prince of 1125-32). At the same time, Gland Kambila Divonovich, the traditional ancestor, "native of the Prus", disappears from the scheme, and until the middle of the 12th century. traces the Novgorod roots of Andrei Kobyla, who, as mentioned above, is considered the first documented ancestor of the Romanovs.
Becoming reigning from the beginning of the 17th century. the genus and separation of the ruling branch is represented as a chain of Kobylins - Koshkins - Zakharyins - Yurievs - Romanovs (see Table 3), reflecting the transformation of a generic nickname into a surname. The rise of the clan dates back to the second third of the 16th century. and is associated with the marriage of Ivan IV to the daughter of Roman Yuryevich Zakharyin - Anastasia. (see Table 4. At that time, it was the only untitled surname that remained in the forefront of the old Moscow boyars in the stream of new titled servants who flooded to the Tsar's Court in the second half of the 15th century - the beginning of the 16th century (princes Shuisky, Vorotynsky, Mstislavsky , Trubetskoy).
The ancestor of the branch of the Romanovs was the third son of Roman Yuryevich Za-kharyin - Nikita Romanovich (died 1586), brother Queen Anastasia. His descendants were already called the Romanovs. Nikita Romanovich is a Moscow boyar since 1562, an active participant in the Livonian War and diplomatic negotiations, after the death of Ivan IV he headed the regency council (until the end of 1584) One of the few Moscow boyars of the 16th century who left a good memory in the people: name preserved the folk epic, depicting him as a good-natured mediator between the people and the formidable Tsar Ivan.
Of the six sons of Nikita Romanovich, the eldest was especially prominent - Fyodor Nikitich (later - Patriarch Filaret, unofficial co-ruler of the first Russian tsar of the Romanov family) and Ivan Nikitich, who was part of the Semboyarshchyna. The popularity of the Romanovs, acquired by their personal qualities, intensified from the persecution they suffered from Boris Godunov, who saw them as potential rivals in the struggle for the royal throne.
Table 2 and 3.
Election of Mikhail Romanov to the kingdom. The coming to power of a new dynasty
In October 1612, as a result of the successful actions of the second militia under the command of Prince Pozharsky and merchant Minin, Moscow was liberated from the Poles. A Provisional Government was created and elections to the Zemsky Sobor were announced, the convocation of which was planned for early 1613. On the agenda was one, but extremely painful issue - the election of a new dynasty. It was unanimously decided not to choose from foreign royal houses, and there was no unity about the domestic candidates. Among the noble candidates for the throne (princes Golitsyn, Mstislavsky, Pozharsky, Trubetskoy) was 16-year-old Mikhail Romanov from an old boyar, but untitled family. By himself, he had little chance of victory, but the interests of the nobility and the Cossacks, who played a certain role during the Time of Troubles, converged on his candidacy. The boyars hoped for his inexperience and assumed to maintain their political positions, which had strengthened during the years of the Seven Boyars. The political past of the Romanov family was also on hand, as mentioned above. They wanted to choose not the most capable, but the most convenient. Agitation in favor of Michael was actively conducted among the people, which also played an important role in his confirmation on the throne. Final decision was adopted on February 21, 1613. Michael was chosen by the Council, approved by "the whole earth." The outcome of the case was decided by a note from an unknown chieftain, who stated that Mikhail Romanov was the closest kinship to the previous dynasty and could be considered a “natural” Russian tsar.
Thus, the autocracy of a legitimate nature (by birthright) was restored in his person. The possibilities of an alternative political development of Russia, laid down during the Time of Troubles, or rather, in the tradition of the election (and hence the replacement) of monarchs, which took shape at that time, were lost.
Behind Tsar Mikhail's back for 14 years was his father - Fyodor Nikitich, better known as Filaret, Patriarch of the Russian Church (officially since 1619). The case is unique not only in Russian history: the son occupies the highest state post, the father the highest church one. This is hardly a coincidence. Some interesting facts suggest the role of the Romanov family during the Time of Troubles. For example, it is known that Grigory Otrepiev, who appeared on the Russian throne under the name of False Dmitry I, was a slave of the Romanovs before being exiled to the monastery, and he, having become a self-proclaimed king, returned Filaret from exile, elevated him to the rank of metropolitan. False Dmitry II, in whose Tushino headquarters Filaret was located, promoted him to the patriarch. But be that as it may, at the beginning of the 17th century. a new dynasty was established in Russia, together with which the state functioned for more than three hundred years, experiencing ups and downs.
Tables 4 and 5.
Dynastic marriages of the Romanovs, their role in Russian history
During the XVIII century. genealogical ties of the Romanovs' house with other dynasties were intensively established, which expanded to such an extent that, figuratively speaking, the Romanovs themselves dissolved in them. These ties were formed mainly through the system of dynastic marriages, which took root in Russia since the time of Peter I. (see Tables 7-9). The tradition of equal marriages in conditions of dynastic crises so characteristic of Russia in the 20-60s of the 18th century led to the transfer of the Russian throne into the hands of another dynasty, whose representative spoke on behalf of the suppressed Romanov dynasty (in male offspring - after death in 1730 Peter II).
During the XVIII century. the transition from one dynasty to another was carried out both along the line of Ivan V - to the representatives of the Mecklenburg and Braunschweig dynasties (see Table 6), and along the line of Peter I - to the members of the Holstein-Gottorp dynasty (see Table 6), the descendants of which occupied the Russian throne on behalf of the Romanovs from Peter III to Nicholas II (see Table 5). The Holstein-Gottorp dynasty, in turn, was the younger branch of the Danish Oldenburg dynasty. In the XIX century. the tradition of dynastic marriages continued, genealogical ties multiplied (see Table 9), giving rise to the desire to “hide” the foreign roots of the first Romanovs, so traditional for the Russian centralized state and burdensome for the second half of the 18th - 19th centuries. The political need to emphasize the Slavic roots of the ruling dynasty was reflected in the interpretation of P.N. Petrov.
Table 6.
Table 7.
Ivan V was on the Russian throne for 14 years (1682-96) together with Peter I (1682-1726), initially during the regency of his elder sister Sophia (1682-89). He did not take an active part in governing the country, descendants male did not have, his two daughters (Anna and Ekaterina) were married, proceeding from the state interests of Russia at the beginning of the 18th century (see table 6). In the conditions of the dynastic crisis of 1730, when the male offspring of the line of Peter I was suppressed, the descendants of Ivan V were established on the Russian throne: daughter - Anna Ioannovna (1730-40), great-grandson Ivan VI (1740-41) during the regency of the mother of Anna Leopoldovna , in whose person the representatives of the Braunschweig dynasty actually appeared on the Russian throne. The coup of 1741 returned the throne to the hands of the descendants of Peter I. However, having no direct heirs, Elizaveta Petrovna handed over the Russian throne to her nephew Peter III, whose father belongs to the Holstein-Gottorp dynasty. The Oldenburg dynasty (through the Holstein-Gottorp branch) is united with the house of the Romanovs in the person of Peter III and his descendants.
Table 8.
1 Peter II - the grandson of Peter I, the last male representative of the Romanov family (by his mother, the representative of the Blankenburg-Wolfenbüttel dynasty).
2 Paul I and his descendants who ruled Russia until 1917, in terms of origin, did not belong to the Romanov family (Pavel I was a representative of the Holstein-Gottorp dynasties by his father, and the Anhalt-Zerbt dynasties by his mother).
Table 9.
1 Paul I had seven children, of whom: Anna - the wife of Prince William, later King of the Netherlands (1840-49); Catherine - since 1809 the prince's wife
George of Oldenburg, since 1816 married to Prince William of Württemberg, who later became king; Alexandra - the first marriage with Gustav IV the Swedish king (until 1796), the second marriage - from 1799 with the Archduke Joseph, Palantin of Hungary.
2 Daughters of Nicholas I: Maria - since 1839, wife of Maximilian, Duke of Leuthenberg; Olga - since 1846, the wife of the Crown Prince of Württemberg, then - King Charles I.
3 Other children of Alexander II: Mary - since 1874 married to Alfred Albert, Duke of Edinburgh, later Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha; Sergei - married to Elizabeth Feodorovna, daughter of the Duke of Hesse; Pavel - since 1889, married to the Greek Queen Alexandra Georgievna.
On February 27, 1917, a revolution took place in Russia, during which the autocracy was overthrown. On March 3, 1917, the last Russian emperor Nicholas II in a military trailer near Mogilev, where the Headquarters was at that time, signed his abdication. This was the end of the history of monarchical Russia, which was declared a republic on September 1, 1917. The family of the deposed emperor was arrested and exiled to Yekaterinburg, and in the summer of 1918, when the threat of the city's capture by the army of A.V. Kolchak was threatened, they were shot by order of the Bolsheviks. Together with the emperor, his heir, his minor son Alexei, was liquidated. The younger brother Mikhail Alexandrovich, the heir of the second circle, in whose favor Nicholas II abdicated the throne, was killed a few days earlier near Perm. This is where the story of the Romanov family should end. However, excluding all sorts of legends and versions, we can reliably say that this genus has not died out. The lateral, in relation to the last emperors, branch survived - the descendants of Alexander II (see table 9, continuation). Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich (1876 - 1938) in the order of succession to the throne was next after Mikhail Alexandrovich, the younger brother the last emperor... In 1922, after completion civil war in Russia and the final confirmation of information about the death of the entire imperial family, Kirill Vladimirovich declared himself Guardian of the throne, and in 1924 he took the title of Emperor of All Russia, Head of the Russian Imperial House Abroad. His seven-year-old son Vladimir Kirillovich was proclaimed heir to the throne with the title Grand Duke The heir to the Tsarevich. He succeeded his father in 1938 and was the Head of the Russian Imperial House Abroad until his death in 1992 (see Table 9, continued.) He was buried on May 29, 1992 under the vaults of the Cathedral of the Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg. His daughter Maria Vladimirovna became the head of the Russian Imperial House (abroad).
S.V. Milevich - Methodological manual for the study of the genealogy course. Odessa, 2000.
The Romanovs are a Russian boyar family that began its existence in the 16th century and gave rise to the great dynasty of Russian tsars and emperors who ruled until 1917.
For the first time the surname "Romanov" was used by Fyodor Nikitich (Patriarch Filaret), who named himself so in honor of Roman Yuryevich's grandfather and Nikita Romanovich Zakhariev's father, he is considered the first Romanov
The first royal representative of the dynasty is Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, the last is Nikolai 2 Alexandrovich Romanov.
In 1856, the coat of arms of the Romanov family was approved, it depicts a vulture holding a golden sword and a tarch, and eight cut off lion heads around the edges.
"House of the Romanovs" - the designation of the totality of all descendants of different branches of the Romanovs.
Since 1761, the descendants of the Romanovs in the female line reigned in Russia, and with the death of Nicholas 2 and his family, there were no direct heirs left who could claim the throne. However, despite this, today around the world there are dozens of descendants of the royal family, of varying degrees of kinship, and all of them officially belong to the house of the Romanovs. The family tree of the modern Romanovs is very extensive and has many branches.
Prehistory of the reign of the Romanovs
There is no consensus among scientists about where the Romanov family came from. Today, two versions are widespread: according to one, the ancestors of the Romanovs arrived in Russia from Prussia, and according to the other - from Novgorod.
In the 16th century, the Romanov family became close to the tsar and could lay claim to the throne. This happened due to the fact that Ivan the Terrible married Anastasia Romanovna Zakharyina, and her whole family has now become relatives to the sovereign. After the suppression of the Rurik family, the Romanovs (former Zakharievs) became the main contenders for the state throne.
In 1613, one of the representatives of the Romanovs, Mikhail Fedorovich, was elected to the kingdom, which served as the beginning of the long reign of the Romanov dynasty in Russia.
Tsars from the Romanov dynasty
- Fedor Alekseevich;
- Ivan 5;
In 1721 Russia became an Empire, and all of its rulers became emperors.
Emperors from the Romanov dynasty
The end of the Romanov dynasty and the last Romanov
Despite the fact that there were empresses in Russia, Paul I adopted a decree according to which the Russian throne could be transferred only to a boy - a direct descendant of the clan. From that moment until the very end of the dynasty, only men ruled in Russia.
The last emperor was Nicholas 2. During his reign, the political situation in Russia became very tense. Japanese War, as well as the First World War, greatly undermined the people's faith in the sovereign. As a result, in 1905, after the revolution, Nikolai signed a manifesto that gave the people extensive civil rights, but this did not help much either. In 1917, a new revolution broke out, as a result of which the tsar was overthrown. On the night of July 16-17, 1917, all royal family, including five children of Nikolai, was shot. Other relatives of Nicholas who were in the royal residence in Tsarskoye Selo and other places were also caught and killed. Only those who were abroad survived.
The Russian throne was left without a direct heir, and political system changed in the country - the monarchy was overthrown, the Empire was destroyed.
The results of the reign of the Romanovs
During the reign of the Romanov dynasty, Russia reached its peak. Russia finally ceased to be a scattered state, civil strife ended, and the country gradually began to gain military and economic power, which allowed it to defend its own independence and resist the invaders.
Despite the difficulties that periodically occurred in the history of Russia, by the 19th century the country had turned into a huge powerful Empire, which owned vast territories. In 1861 serfdom was completely abolished, the country switched to a new type of economy and economy.
For 10 centuries, domestic and foreign policy Of the Russian state determined by representatives of the ruling dynasties. As you know, the greatest flourishing of the state was during the reign of the Romanov dynasty, the descendants of an old noble family. Its ancestor is considered Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla, whose father, Glanda-Kambila Divonovich, baptized Ivan, came to Russia in the last quarter of the 13th century from Lithuania.
The youngest of Andrei Ivanovich's 5 sons, Fyodor Koshka, left numerous offspring, which include such surnames as the Koshkins-Zakharyins, Yakovlevs, Lyatsky, Bezzubtsevs and Sheremetyevs. In the sixth generation from Andrei Kobyla in the Koshkin-Zakharyin family was the boyar Roman Yuryevich, from whom the boyar family originates, and later the Romanov tsars. This dynasty ruled in Russia for three hundred years.
Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov (1613 - 1645)
The beginning of the reign of the Romanov dynasty can be considered on February 21, 1613, when the Zemsky Sobor took place, at which the Moscow nobles, supported by the townspeople, proposed to elect 16-year-old Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov as the sovereign of all Russia. The proposal was accepted unanimously, and on July 11, 1613, in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin, Mikhail was crowned king.
The beginning of his reign was not easy, because the central government still did not control a significant part of the state. In those days, robber Cossack detachments of Zarutsky, Balovy and Lisovsky roamed around Russia, ravaging an already exhausted state by the war with Sweden and Poland.
So, the newly elected king had two important tasks: first, the end of hostilities with neighbors, and the second - pacification of his subjects. He was able to cope with this only after 2 years. 1615 - all the free Cossack groups were completely destroyed, and in 1617 the war with Sweden ended with the conclusion of the Stolbovsky peace. According to this agreement, the Moscow state lost access to the Baltic Sea, but peace and tranquility were restored in Russia. It was possible to begin to lead the country out of a deep crisis. And then the government of Mikhail had to make a lot of efforts to restore the devastated country.
At first, the authorities took up the development of industry, for which foreign industrialists were invited to Russia on preferential terms - miners, gunsmiths, foundry workers. Then the turn came to the army - it was obvious that for the prosperity and security of the state it was necessary to develop military affairs, in this regard, in 1642, transformations began in the armed forces.
Foreign officers trained Russian military men in military affairs, and “regiments of a foreign system” appeared in the country, which was the first step towards the creation of a regular army. These transformations were the last in the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich - 2 years later, the tsar died at the age of 49 from "water disease" and was buried in the Archangel Cathedral of the Kremlin.
Alexey Mikhailovich, nicknamed the Quietest (1645-1676)
His eldest son Alexei began to reign, who, according to contemporaries, was one of the most educated people of his time. He himself wrote and edited many decrees and was the first of the Russian tsars to sign them personally (others signed the decrees for Mikhail, for example, his father Filaret). Meek and devout, Alexei has earned the love of the people and the nickname Quiet.
In the first years of his reign, Alexei Mikhailovich took little part in public affairs. The state was ruled by the tsar's tutor, boyar Boris Morozov, and the tsar's father-in-law, Ilya Miloslavsky. Morozov's policy, which was aimed at increasing tax oppression, as well as the lawlessness and abuse of Miloslavsky, aroused popular outrage.
1648, June - an uprising broke out in the capital, followed by uprisings in the southern Russian cities and in Siberia. The result of this revolt was the removal of Morozov and Miloslavsky from power. 1649 - Alexei Mikhailovich had a chance to take over the rule of the country. On his personal instructions, a code of laws was drawn up - the Cathedral Code, which satisfied the basic wishes of the townspeople and nobles.
In addition, the government of Alexei Mikhailovich encouraged the development of industry, supported Russian merchants, protecting them from the competition of foreign traders. Adopted customs and new trade charters, which contributed to the development of domestic and foreign trade. Also, during the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, the Moscow state expanded its boundaries not only to the south-west, but also to the south and east - Russian explorers explored Eastern Siberia.
Fedor III Alekseevich (1676 - 1682)
1675 - Alexei Mikhailovich declared his son Fyodor the heir to the throne. 1676, January 30 - Alexei died at the age of 47 and was buried in the Archangel Cathedral of the Kremlin. Fyodor Alekseevich became the sovereign of All Russia and on June 18, 1676, he was married to the throne in the Assumption Cathedral. Tsar Fyodor ruled for only six years, he was extremely not independent, power was in the hands of his maternal relatives - the Miloslavsky boyars.
The most important event of the reign of Fyodor Alekseevich was the destruction of parochialism in 1682, which made it possible for not very noble, but educated and enterprising people to get promoted. In the last days of the reign of Fyodor Alekseevich, a project was drawn up on the establishment in Moscow of a Slavic-Greek-Latin academy and a religious school for 30 people. Fedor Alekseevich died on April 27, 1682 at the age of 22, without making any order regarding the succession to the throne.
Ivan V (1682-1696)
After the death of Tsar Fyodor, ten-year-old Peter Alekseevich, at the suggestion of Patriarch Joachim and at the insistence of the Naryshkins (his mother was from this family), was proclaimed tsar, bypassing his older brother Tsarevich Ivan. But on May 23 of the same year, at the request of the Miloslavsky boyars, he was approved by the Zemsky Sobor "the second tsar", and Ivan - the "first". And only in 1696, after the death of Ivan Alekseevich, Peter became the autocratic tsar.
Peter I Alekseevich, nicknamed the Great (1682 - 1725)
Both emperors pledged to be allies in the conduct of hostilities. However, in 1810, relations between Russia and France began to take on an openly hostile character. And in the summer of 1812, a war broke out between the powers. Russian army, having driven the invaders from Moscow, completed the liberation of Europe with a triumphant entry into Paris in 1814. The successfully ended wars with Turkey and Sweden strengthened international position country. During the reign of Alexander I, Georgia, Finland, Bessarabia, Azerbaijan became part of the Russian Empire. 1825 - during a trip to Taganrog, Emperor Alexander I caught a bad cold and died on November 19.
Emperor Nicholas I (1825-1855)
After Alexander's death, Russia lived for almost a month without an emperor. On December 14, 1825, the oath was announced to his younger brother Nikolai Pavlovich. On the same day, an attempted coup d'etat took place, later called the Decembrist uprising. The day of December 14 made an indelible impression on Nicholas I, and this was reflected in the nature of his entire reign, during which absolutism reached its highest rise, spending on officials and the army absorbed almost all state funds. During the years, the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire was drawn up - the code of all legislative acts that existed in 1835.
1826 - the Secret Committee was appointed to deal with the peasant question, in 1830 it was worked out general law about the estates, in which a number of improvements for the peasants were projected. For primary education about 9,000 rural schools were organized for peasant children.
1854 - began Crimean War, which ended in the defeat of Russia: according to the Paris Treaty of 1856, the Black Sea was declared neutral, and Russia was able to regain the right to have a fleet there only in 1871. It was the defeat in this war that decided the fate of Nicholas I. Not wanting to admit the erroneousness of his views and beliefs, which led the state not only to a military defeat, but also to the collapse of the entire system of state power, the emperor, it is believed, deliberately took poison on February 18, 1855.
Alexander II the Liberator (1855-1881)
The next from the Romanov dynasty came to power - Alexander Nikolaevich, the eldest son of Nicholas I and Alexandra Feodorovna.
It should be noted that I was able to somewhat stabilize the situation both inside the state and on the external borders. First, under Alexander II, serfdom was abolished in Russia, for which the emperor was nicknamed the Liberator. 1874 - a decree on universal military service was issued, which canceled recruitment. At this time, higher educational institutions for women were created, three universities were founded - Novorossiysk, Warsaw and Tomsk.
Alexander II was able to finally conquer the Caucasus in 1864. According to the Argun Treaty with China, the Amur Territory was annexed to Russia, and according to the Beijing Treaty, the Ussuri Territory. 1864 - Russian troops began a campaign in Central Asia, during which the Turkestan Territory and the Fergana Region were captured. Russian rule extended up to the peaks of the Tien Shan and the foothills of the Himalayan range. Russia also had possessions in the United States.
However, in 1867 Russia sold Alaska and the Aleutian Islands to America. The most important event in Russian foreign policy during the reign of Alexander II was the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878, which ended in the victory of the Russian army, which resulted in the proclamation of the independence of Serbia, Romania and Montenegro.
Russia received a part of Bessarabia, which was torn away in 1856 (except for the Danube Delta islands) and a monetary contribution of 302.5 million rubles. In the Caucasus, Ardahan, Kars and Batum and their surroundings were annexed to Russia. The emperor could have done a lot for Russia, but on March 1, 1881, his life was tragically cut short by a bomb from the Narodnaya Volya terrorists, and the next representative of the Romanov dynasty, his son, ascended the throne Alexander III... Hard times have come for the Russian people.
Alexander III the Peacemaker (1881-1894)
During the reign of Alexander III, administrative arbitrariness increased significantly. In order to develop new lands, a mass resettlement of peasants to Siberia began. The government took care of improving the life of the workers - the work of minors and women was limited.
In foreign policy at this time, there was a deterioration in Russian-German relations and a rapprochement between Russia and France took place, which ended with the conclusion of a Franco-Russian alliance. Emperor Alexander III died in the fall of 1894 from kidney disease, aggravated by bruises received during a train accident near Kharkov and the constant excessive consumption of alcohol. And power passed to his eldest son Nikolai, the last to the Russian emperor from the Romanov dynasty.
Emperor Nicholas II (1894-1917)
The entire reign of Nicholas II passed in the atmosphere of a growing revolutionary movement. At the beginning of 1905, a revolution broke out in Russia, which marked the beginning of reforms: 1905, October 17 - the Manifesto was issued, which established the foundations of civil freedom: personal inviolability, freedom of speech, assembly and unions. Established the State Duma (1906), without the approval of which no law could enter into force.
According to the project of P.A. Stolshin, agrarian reform... In the field of foreign policy, Nicholas II took some steps to stabilize international relations. Despite the fact that Nicholas was more democratic than his father, popular discontent with the autocrat was growing rapidly. At the beginning of March 1917, the chairman of the State Duma, MV Rodzianko, told Nicholas II that the preservation of autocracy was possible only if the throne was transferred to Tsarevich Alexei.
But, given the poor health of his son Alexei, Nicholas abdicated in favor of his brother Mikhail Alexandrovich. Mikhail Alexandrovich, in turn, abdicated in favor of the people. The republican era has begun in Russia.
From March 9 to August 14, 1917 former emperor and his family members were kept under arrest in Tsarskoe Selo, then they were transferred to Tobolsk. On April 30, 1918, the prisoners were brought to Yekaterinburg, where on the night of July 17, 1918, by the decree of the new revolutionary government, the former emperor, his wife, children and the doctor and servants who remained with them were shot by the Chekists. Thus ended the reign of the last dynasty in the history of Russia.
