Frostbite. How to act when frostbite of the second degree, important features of the symptoms of frostbite 2 degrees are

"It is used to designate numerous varieties of tissue damage arising from the influence of low temperatures for the human body. At the same time, not only skin covers, but also other tissues - bones, nerves, blood vessels can be damaged. The lesion of the tissues can be weakly spent or total, and its degree will depend on the severity of these manifestations of frostbite.

In this article we will consider signs of four degrees of frostbite and the principles of their treatment. This information will be useful for you, and you will be able to take a timely decision on the need to treat such damage from a specialist and prevent the development of complications.

Periods and phases of frostbite

For any frostbite, two periods separated by five phases are distinguished. In the acute period, which starts from the moment of cold exposure to the appearance of its basic consequences, there are three phases: dore active (or traumatic) and parancase and stabilization phases. The chronic period consists of two phases: nearest and remote consequences.

Each of the frost phases differs not only by its manifestations, but also a special approach in treatment. For example, at the traumatic phase, therapy is directed to preventing necrosis, with the phase of necrosis - on the resumption of blood circulation and eliminating the inflammatory response, in the stabilization phase - to restore damaged tissues and adequate excision of their dead plots, in the phase of the nearest consequences - for the RAS and contracture regeneration and elimination of contractures, And in the phase of remote consequences - to eliminate residual symptoms of defeat.

Acute period

I Phase - Traumatic (or Doreactive)

This phase can flow in the form of rocker or glaciation. In the form of the okedolation, the local temperature of the tissue is slightly higher or lower than 0 ° C, and with glaciation it is always below 0 ° C. In the form of glaciation, the cells of the tissues are crystallized due to the immediate effect of low temperatures, and in the form of the okedolation of the tissue are damaged due to the long-term exposure to the cold and dampness on them (for example, when wearing wet shoes, finding legs in cold water).

II phase - parancosis

This phase begins after heating and restoring blood circulation in the damaged areas and flows the same and regardless of the form I phase. It is accompanied by the development of nonspecific inflammation and parancosis.

Pararakosis can flow in two forms - progressive or abortigative. With a progressive course, pronounced structural changes of tissues appear not only to the depths of the weather, but also below. In such a form, the phase of parancosis often flows after the stuffing and prolonged exposure of the cold during glaciation or in cases where the injured area was carried out with a trial assistance.

When abortigatively, the modified fabric functions are reduced gradually. The second phase as a whole lasts prior to the development of sustainable damage.

III phase - stabilization

This phase is characterized by the emergence of the main result of frostbite. When it starts, it becomes possible to establish the level of lesion and the border between damaged and healthy tissues (the demarcation line).

In this phase, inflammatory and dystrophic processes occur in the affected tissues become stable. This period can flow in complicated or uncomplicated form. With complicated flow in the field of damage, the valve processes occur, and with an uncomplicated - the inflammatory response proceeds along aseptic type (i.e. without suppuration).

The duration of the stabilization phase is largely determined by the treatment tactics. With timely surgical removal of dead tissues, it is significantly shortened, and with expectant therapy, it is significantly extended and can last until the beginning of the chronic period.

Chronic period

IV phase - the nearest consequences

This phase is manifested with the complex of symptoms of neurotrophic and vascular disorders damaged by low temperature temperatures. It can manifest itself in the form of long healing wounds, chronic arthritis, necrosis of the bone, and others.

V phase - remote consequences

This phase is characterized by a predominance of a system form of damage:

• neurotrophic - manifests, neuritis;
• kostoy-articular - manifested by arthrosis, contractures ,;
• vascular - manifests itself, endartareitis, elephantity;
• allergic - manifested by the churching (i.e., the swelling, sickness at pressing, cyanoticity and itching of the skin);
• mixed - manifested by signs of several forms.

The degree of frostbite and their symptoms

I degree

Such lesions with cold are not always easy and accompanied by the following symptoms in the field of frostbite:

• feelings of tingling and burning;
• pains (especially expressed in the defeat of the fingers, genitals, knees and the inner surface of the hips);
• pallor or marble spottedness of skin.

After heating, the frostbite zone becomes edema and blushing. In case of damage to the fingers of their movement becomes limited (up to 2 weeks). In the III phase, the skin begins to peel, the sensitivity to temperature factors increases, and the osteoporosis of their metaphysis (sections between the ends and the middle part of the tubular bone) is determined on X-ray bones.

The IV-V phases appear hyperesthesia frostbed plots, manifested in increasing sensitivity to various external stimuli.

II degree

In the I phase of such damage, severe pains in the joints of the frostite limb are noted. With damage to the fingers, their mobility in interphalating joints is dramatically limited.

The following symptoms are determined in the damage zone:

• whitewashing skin;
• swelling (not always);
• in the intervals between the fingers or on the bent surfaces of the brushes there may be ice;
• the skin becomes dense and solid;
• when the needle is a needle, the freezing of subcutaneous fatty fiber is revealed.

After heating, the skin in the footsteps of the legs or knee joints becomes bluish, and on the brushes, the face or ear sinks - blushing. Its surface sensitivity is completely lost, and deep - significantly decreases. After pressing the finger on the frostbite site, a pale and long uncomfortable stain appears.

In the first hours of frostbite on the skin, small bubbles are formed. As the edema progressing, they merge and burst, highlighting a yellowish liquid. If, when providing a prefiguration assistance, frostbitated plot was actively massaged or rubbed, then separated from bubbles can be hemorrhagic (i.e. with blood impurities).

Blood impurities in exudate bubbles may also be present at lesions caused by a long exposure to moderately low temperatures. In such cases, bubbles of smaller sizes and not so tense.

Moves in the joints of the frostbitten limb due to edema become limited. The nail plates are removed painless and easily, and the sensitivity of the middle layer of the skin is sharply reduced or completely lost.

When performing X-ray in two days after frostbite, similar to the aneurysm of protrusion in the lower parts of arterial vessels are found. Osteoporosis is detected on X-rays, osteoporosis is revealed, which progresses and in the IV-V phase goes to osteolysis (bone destruction), which has been observed for several years.

III degree

With such frostbite, the lesion zone is extensive and symptoms characteristic of the II and IV degree can be observed in it. In such cases, during the diagnosis, such frostbite definitions are used: II-III degree or III-IV degree.

In the I phase, the victims there are symptoms of the II degree, but they appear more brightly. When you start parancroze, large bubbles appear on the skin, which often contain hemorrhagic exudate. Their bottom is blue, with point hemorrhages, and sensitivity is completely lost. The bubbles separated from bubbles and constantly impresses the dressings.

On the frostbitten limb, the nails are freely deleted, and the victim does not feel pain. When the vessel radiography is performed on the first day after frostbite in the arterioles of the average caliber, aneurysms are determined, and the capillary mesh completely disappears.

In the III phase, the epidermis completely flashes and dry out, its appearance resembles a thin paper of dark color. Under it detects a thinner dermis (middle layer of skin) white.

The functions of the joints of the frostite limb are seriously violated. Subsequently, purulent arthritis can develop.

When performing X-rays, pronounced osteoporosis and partial dissipation of nail phalanx are revealed. Later, in the IV-V phase, the affected parts of the bone are not restored and osteosclerosis develops.

IV degree

Damage at such frostbite is always extensive and caused by long cold effects. In the first hours after heating, the dark color of the dermis is determined by the edges of the lesion, which gradually spreads to its center.

The separation of the exudate (blood plasma) is pronounced in the first two days, and then gradually eliminated. The frostbite is cold to the touch, and the sensitivity in it is completely lost.

After 3-4 days, local hypothermia and anesthesia gradually stabilizes and in the affected area you can determine the line of demarcation. Skin covers are even more darkened and become matte-black, and the affected area is mummy. The symptoms of the III-I degree of frostbite are determined above the demarcation line.

Treatment

Tactics of frost treatment largely depends on their extent. All victims with such injuries necessarily introduce a vaccine from.

Patients with I is a degree of frostbite drug therapy, as a rule, is not prescribed, since after heating in most cases, their general condition is fully stabilized. Such victims can be treated outpatient. Physiosters are prescribed to restore fabrics in the damaged region: ultraviolet irradiation and UHF.

Patients with II degree of frostbite are prescribed drugs for improving microcirculation and normalization of blood circulation:

• antispasmodics;
• vitamins;
• ganglioblocators;
• Trental.

Skin covers in the area of \u200b\u200blesions are treated with alcohol and cutting bubbles at the base. Burnt bubbles are completely removed. Aseptic humid-drying alcohol chlorhexidine or alcohol-furaciline bandage is imposed on the affected area. In the development of purulent complications, leaflembos, dioxicole or levosine are suspended. When frostbite in the area of \u200b\u200bbrushes, bubbles can not be opened, since the epidermis in this area of \u200b\u200bthe body is dense. In such cases, you can do without a dressing. The treatment of frostbite II degree is complemented by physiotics.

Patients with frostbite III-IV degree to stabilize blood circulation, besides used at the II degrees of drugs, an intravenous infusion is performed to 38 ° C solutions:

• Reopolyglyukina;
• Hemodesa;
• 5% glucose.

In addition, anticoagulants are prescribed patients for 5-7 days and antibacterial agents of a wide range of action.

Patients with frostbite III degrees remove bubbles and apply aseptic dressings. When purulent dressing processes appear using sulfanimide and antibacterial oats or hypertonic sodium chloride solution. After the appearance of the first granulations, bandages with the ointment of Vishnevsky are performed. Strup cannot be deleted. Subsequently, he is rejected independently. The treatment is complemented by physiothereders and therapeutic physical education.

As a rule, when frostbite III, the degree of wounds have small sizes and well heal. With extensive wounds, skin plastic is recommended.

For the treatment of frostbite IV degree, netrootomy are performed - surgical operations aimed at removing dead sections. They allow you to stop wet gangrene and translate it into dry. Such operations can be carried out without anesthesia. Subsequently, concluding operations are carried out on amputation of dead sections of the foot, brushes or fingers. If necessary, skin plastic is performed.

Frostbite is low-temperature tissue damage. Often occurs with the supercooling of the body. There are four or frostbite. The most vulnerable are open, protruding parts of the body and face: hands, legs, especially fingers, nose, ears.

The causes of the disease serves a long stay in the cold, strong wind, in places of high humidity. Close shoes and inappropriate clothing, open areas of the body. Symptoms of frostbite:

• general overcooling, reduced body temperature (below 34 degrees);
• chills;
• slow breathing;
• decrease in heart rate;
• violation of consciousness;
• reduced blood pressure;
• pallor, blue skin shade.

In time, seen and bought symptoms are capable of significantly reduce the risk of frostbite. As a first aid, you need to warm the victim, give it hot drinks, food. It is possible to impose heat for damage, but it is necessary to take into account the degree of illness in order not to come to unpleasant consequences. In addition to the general features and methods of treatment, there are specific, characteristic of each stage of frostbite, which are shown below.

Degrees and their characteristics

1. Description: Frunce for 1 degree is fairly easy to transfer and is easily treatable. Signs: burning, skin itching, tingling, numbness, pain. For the first stage, the pale color of the damaged area of \u200b\u200bthe skin is characterized, during warming it becomes the bugger and the swelling is formed. Peeling skin can be observed.
2. Frighpage of the 2 degree shows signs of the first and includes an additional indicator in the form of bubbles in the field of lesions in the first days after injury. Bubbles are filled with transparent liquid. In heating, pain is enhanced, but the scarns from healing, such wounds do not remain.
3. Fruent of 3 degrees is characterized by the presence of bubbles with bloody filling. Damaged areas are insensitive to irritation. The frostbitten fabrics are rejected by the body, if the influence of the cold has been subjected to a finger and nail tears, it will not grow again, or will be strongly deformed. After moving off the frostbitten parts, the scarring process comes, which can last up to one month.
4. Frunce 4 degree is the strongest, it is often combined with frostbite 2-3 stages. At the same time, bloody and transparent bubbles are formed in areas with the second and third degree of frostbite, it is not formed on the sections of the fourth bubbles. It is characterized by a large swelling of damage, a complete loss of sensitivity of injured fabrics. The process of recovery is the longest, possible consequences - amputation of frostbitten limbs.

Features of treating each degree

1-2 degrees of frostbite

With the first degree, it will be appropriately homemade treatment, welcomes to use the folk recipes of brazers and herbs, oak bark. It is allowed to make hot compresses and take warming baths. Damaged skin should be trimmed with warm hands, make a light massage. After contact with water, you can use moisturizing creams (kabesz, koldkrem, triczer). The victim can be given analgin or aspirin.

2 degree. First aid - as for the first stage, the disease is treated with the removal and clearance of bubbles, the imposition of ointments and gels on damaged surfaces (Levomikol, dermazin). Subsequent treatment appoints a doctor. It consists of physiotherapy procedures and antibacterial injections.

3-4 stages of frostbite

With heavy stages of frostbite, it is strongly recommended to be treated at home! It is necessary to consult with a specialist and visit the clinic. It is difficult to determine the degree of damage to the appearance, the primary signs of 3-4 periods are very similar and should not be attempted to distinguish them on their own.

It is impossible to rub and influence directly on the injuries of a heavy stage. It is necessary to provide the first help to the victim: to fix the frostite limb in a fixed state, with the help of pride. Fruent part of the body can be stabbed pure (preferably sterile) material and only after that, it should be inspired. Immediately call an ambulance or deliver the victim to the hospital.

For the third stage, physiotherapy, drug drugs are used, in some cases placing plaster, to ensure fixedness of the limbs.

The fourth degree is poorly treatable, the most likely outcome is amputation.

Hazards of frostbite 3 and 4 degrees

The most difficult and dangerous stages are 3 and 4. The depth of these damage reaches bone tissue, there is a great risk of limb loss. After healing such injuries on the skin remain scars, scars, defects and deformations. Frequent manifestations in the form of gangrene. Fristed fabrics are poorly recoverable - die on their own either you have to amputate. How much the process of recovery will last, depends on the severity of the damage caused by the body, often it takes not one month. With the fourth degree, there are stories with fatal outcome.

For a speedy recovery, a proper care is necessary to have a victim. If the patient was discharged from the hospital, it is necessary to ensure the conditions for its content and carefully observe the regime and simple, but effective rules for care, even at home.

To protect against unwanted proceeds, observe the basics of life safety:

• try not to be in the cold for a long time;
• if you are in the cold - move more;
• do not eat alcoholic beverages and do not take food in the cold, these actions lead to a heat loss by the body;
• do not smoke, smoking is inherent to reduce blood circulation;
• heat, labeled multi-layer, but at the same time prefer free, not squeezing clothing;
• watch for dry shoes;
• wear a hat, mittens, woolen socks;
• do not carry metal decorations and accessories in the cold;
• do not expose the danger place to frozen again, these are the most vulnerable areas;
• do not remove shoes on the street, even if the legs have frozen very much, it will lead to their swelling and will be problematic to go.

Frostbite is a pathological process arising from a long-term residence of a person in cold conditions. Furgence more often happens on non-clotted body parts, as well as where bad blood circulation. Knowledge of what is the degree of frostbite, how to distinguish them and what kind of help must be provided, it is important for the health and life of the victim.

What is frostbite

Frostbite occurs with a strong overall supercooling or in contact with the cold item. The types of frostbite are divided into local and common, depending on how the cooling factor acted on the body. There are conditions that contribute to the occurrence of cold injury. They are presented in the table.

More often frostbite occurs in people in the state of alcohol intoxication. This is due to the impact of ethanol on the thermoregulation center in the brain. His activity is inhibited, which contributes to increased heat transfer.

Classification of frostbite by severity

The frostbite stages differ depending on the depth of the tissue damage. To answer the question - how many degrees of frostbite exists, you need to remember which layers have soft tissues of the human body. The upper layer is represented by the epidermis. Behind him is a dermis, which has a mesh and papillary layers. The subcutaneous fluid fiber is deeper. Under it - muscles, joints and bones. Classification of frostbite by gravity includes:

• Frighpage of the 1st degree - damage at the level of the epidermis.
• Furgence of the 2nd degree - affects the mesh layer of the dermis.
• The cold injury of the 3rd degree damages the hypoderma and subcutaneous fatty tissue.
• The frostbite of the 4th degree covers all layers of limbs, including muscles, joints and bones.

The frostbite of the 1st and 2nd degree is characterized by the fact that with them the skin is capable of independent recovery. In the development mechanism of cold injury, two periods differ: doreactive (before warming) and jet (after). Their characteristics and description are presented in Table:

The timely definition of the frostbite period, the degree of frostbies and the first aid significantly improve the forecast for recovery.

Furgence of the 1st degree: Signs, first aid and treatment

The frostbite of the first degree occurs with the brief effects of low temperatures. Necrosis of fabrics with a light degree of cold injury does not occur. Signs of frostbite of this stage are pain in the affected area of \u200b\u200bvarious intensity. In the reactive period, the skin becomes red. All types of sensitivity are restored. First aid with a mild frostbite consists in moving the patient into a warm room. It is necessary to remove wet clothing, if possible, move into dry. The frostbed plot can be easily massaged to restore blood circulation. The area of \u200b\u200baffected skin must be wiped with alcohol. Then impose a thermal insulation bandage. A few days after frostbite, swelling and hyperemia pass by themselves. By the end of the first week there is a slight peeling of the skin. In the future, a small hypersensitivity of the affected area can persist.

Four-degree frostbite: signs, first aid, treatment

Furgence of the second degree covers deeper layers. Namely - all the layers of the epidermis and the mesh layer of the dermis. The symptoms of a second degree frostbite necessarily include the presence of bubbles filled with light-colored liquid. Pain is different intensity - from insignificant to unbearable. Bubbles, as a rule, appear on the third or fifth day after injury. About, in a week, the wound surface begins to recover and epithelizes. Emergency care is the same as at the first degree of frostbite.

Important! Bubbles that occurred cannot be poured on their own. Such actions often cause infection and the emergence of purulent processes

The nail plate of frostite finger is sometimes saved. In frequent cases, hemorrhage appears under it. Removal of such a plate occurs painlessly. After a while, the nail will independently grow again. After recovery, the scars on the skin does not remain.

Four-degree frostbite: signs, first aid, treatment

With the 3rd degree of cold injury, a deep layer of skin is necrobed. The lesion zone covers a sprout layer. This means that independent recovery of damaged tissues is impossible. External signs and first medical care for frostbite to the third degree almost do not differ from the frostbite of the second degree. The cardinal difference between the two stages is that the frostbite of the third degree must be treated in a special medical institution. In cases where a large body area has undergone exposed to cold, there is a risk of a significant violation of the general condition of the patient. Such people are hospitalized in special medical institutions. The main medical events include:

• Restoration of the water and electrolyte balance. For these purposes, saline solutions are used.
• Improving microcirculation is the appointment of funds that improve the rheological properties of blood.
• Antibacterial therapy is prescribed to prevent the occurrence of purulent complications and sepsis.

In order to relieve pain syndrome, analgesics are used.

Four-degree frostbite: signs, first aid, treatment

The frostbite of the last degree is the hardest. It is characterized by sacrifice parts of the body, limb segments. The pathological process covers all layers of tissue. Necrosis with the fourth degree happens in two varieties: the form is wet or dry gangrene.

First aid is to deliver the patient to a specialized department as soon as possible. In cases where people completely refuse limbs, their overall state suffers very much. This is fraught with certain severe consequences, namely, the occurrence of sepsis, a shock state. In order to prevent infusion therapy. Salt solutions, colloidal, plasma substitutes are used. The volume and amount of infusion determines the specialist after evaluating the patient's hemodynamics indicators. The purpose of the next stage is to wait for a clear demarcation line and ampluting. The demarcation line is the border between the dead and alive fabrics. At the final stage of treatment, the question of prosthetics of the lost organ or fragment of the limb is solved.

How to avoid frostbite

Reduce the frequency of frostbite can be due to the knowledge of causes and timely prophylaxis. To avoid hypothermia and frostbite, you need to adhere to such tips:

• If there is a risk of wring up any part of the body, it is necessary to find a warm shelter as quickly as possible.
• Clothes should consist of several layers so that there is an air layer between them. It provides good thermal insulation.
• Dress something woolen on the cold.
• Hiding from the cold open areas of the body: nose, ears.
• Do not wear close shoes in the cold, because it worsens blood circulation in the limbs.
• In the cold, do not stand in place, move more.
• Do not drink alcoholic beverages in the cold.

Trench stop is a variety of frostbite, which occurs when exposed to cold and humidity feet. Remember this and keep your feet dry and warm.

Functional and morphological changes in the body tissues due to the action of low temperatures are called cold injury or frostbite. By scale damage, all frostbite is divided into four groups. The first and second is characterized by damage to the surface layers of the skin. For the third and fourth degree of frostbite, the pathological process covers deep tissues (muscles, tendon and bone). The frostbite of the 3rd degree is called the stage on which the deep layers of the demes are damaged, but with proper assistance, you can save the damaged limb.

What does the third degree frostbite look like

When frostbite, the third degree comes the first leather layers. The border of necrosis takes place at the level of fatty fiber. Sometimes nearby fabrics are somewhat. Local inflammation develops. At first it is aseptic character, after five to seven days, inflammation becomes purulent. Bubbles with hemorrhagic (bloody) content are formed. The skin color of the affected area becomes a crimson-cyanotic shade, which can be reared in the photo, the sensitivity of the bottom of the wound is absent. The pronounced edema of tissues extends to the proximal sections of the limbs. Gradually, the coloring of dead skin becomes dark brown, later - the necrotic screens of black is formed. With improper local treatment, dead tissues can remain in a state of wet necrosis. In such cases, purulent demarcation inflammation is developing.

After rejection or removal of necrosis, a granulating wound remains. Its independent healing requires two to three months with the formation of scars, or the formation of trophic ulcers. The result of frostbite is an education on the nose, ear sinks and lips of deformations and defects that the face is urged.

For 2-3 days, intoxication arises, which is a sign of decay of tissues - the action of decay products and the development of infection. In the first two weeks after injury, a pronounced fever is observed (the body temperature rises to 40-41 degrees Celsius). The appetite is reduced, the victims complain about thirst, their complexion becomes Earth-gray.

Urgent help man frostbite

The main tasks of emergency medical care are:

• prevention of further cooling;
• increasing body temperature;
• restoration of blood circulation of damaged parts of the body.

The first assistance in frostbite is in the form of self-supporting. This happens in a warm and dry room, protected from wind. With frostbizes of open parts of the body, they are warmed by all possible ways. The victim dress up in warm dry clothes. You can not quickly push shoes. You can apply additional injury. It is better to cut and remove it.

If circumstances allow, it is necessary to warm the cooled limb in the bath or in another container. The water temperature rises from thirty-seven to forty degrees Celsius gradually. It is impossible to exceed the temperature, as it causes overheating of the tissues. At the same time, there are easy massages from the periphery to the center with hands or sponge. To stimulate blood circulation, it is used to rub the limbs using alcohol, glycerin, oil.

After the reduction of blood flow (warming the skin and the appearance of a pink shade), the affected limbs are dried with a towel. Next, the skin is treated with alcohol or antibacterial agents, apply aseptic thermal insulation bandage.

When frostbite faces, local warming does not apply. In this case, massage is carried out with warm clean water until leather reddening.

Important! It should be warmed by a person not only from the outside, then from the inside. To do this, it is necessary to drink injured by warm tea, cocoa, milk. Thus, the body temperature will be recovered faster

When supercooling:

• do not apply snow or ice to limbs - it is dangerous;
• do not use hot stones, fire, open sources of heat for heating;
• do not drink alcoholic beverages;
• do not let the victim walk, relying on the damaged leg;
• do not open the bangs that appeared.

After providing first aid of the victim, send to the hospital to determine the degree of damage and choosing the optimal tactics of treatment.

What doctors are engaged in the treatment of heavy frostbiz

Heavy frostbies include the third and fourth stage of this disease. Their treatment is mainly engaged in the surgeon of the burn branch. The tactics of therapy depends on the massiveness of damage to the tissues, the correctness of the first aid and the location of frostbite.

When frostbiz the third degree, bubbles with hemorrhagic content and apply aseptic dressings are removed. If the purulent process is connected - the dressings are carried out using sulfanilamide and antibacterial ointments. After the appearance of the first granulations, the Vishnevsky ointment is used. Strup can not be touched, it will be deleted independently. Wounds with a third degree frostbite are characterized by small sizes and rapid healing. Skin plastic is recommended for extensive wounds.

With a more severe course of the disease - the fourth degree - neototomia are used. These are surgical operations that are aimed at removing dead skin sections. With their help, you can stop the development of wet gangrenes and translate it into dry. After that, perform operations on amputation of dead sections of legs, brushes, fingers. If necessary, skin plastic is carried out.

Reconstructive operations on the restoration of fingers, ear shells and the tip of the nose are also used. They are made in specialized hospitals. Before carrying out such operations, previous wounds must be completely completely. For this you need from two to three months.

Treatment of frostbiz 3rd in hospital

In the surgical department at a 3rd degree of frostbite, both conservative and operational treatment are used. Dissolves are lumps with oil solutions, water-soluble ointments, accelerating tissue healing. The contents of bubbles are removed surgically, the wound is cleaned. Definitely carry out disinfecting therapy. Its main goal is to create conditions for removing dead tissues, compensation of circulatory disorders, preventing the development of infectious complications. For these purposes and disposal of symptoms use such groups of drugs:

• to improve microcirculation - dextrans, hemodez, heparin;
• in disruption of urination - Laziks, Furosemide, manitol;
• under anemia - washed erythrocytes, erythrocyte mass;
• with a reduced amount of protein - plasma, albumin solution;
• anabolic steroid;
• corticosteroids - hydrocortisone, dexamethasone, prednisone;
• wide spectrum antibiotics - amoxiclav, ciprofloxacin;
• immunotherapy - antistaphococcal globulin.

In the hospital, systematic dressings with phased removal of dead tissues are carried out. The wound is filled with granulations (heals) for three to four weeks.

Surgical treatment is the disclosure and carvings of the Russian Academy of Sciences with non-expendable tissues. Conduct their drainage and systematic washing with antiseptics. This is given simultaneously with antibacterial and infusion therapy. Skin transplant operations and limb amputation are most characteristic of the fourth degree frostbite.

Folk remedies in the treatment of frostbite of the 3rd degree

Alternative medicine also found its use in the treatment of frostbite. This uses tools that apply orally and locally. The oral administration includes various decoction, which are made from therapeutic plants:

These plants possess common, immunomodulatory and soothing properties.

To the local means of traditional medicine include:

• the compress from the calendula flowers helps the rapid wound healing, prevents the formation of a scar. For the manufacture use the decoction of calendula, into which the dressing is dip. Next, it is imposed on the wound half an hour. On a day, three dressings should be made. Treatment lasts ten days;
• similarly, daisy flowers are used. Of them make a bummer. Chamomile has wound healing and anti-inflammatory properties;
• when climbing the hands or fingers of the legs in the skin, they advise to rub pink, almond, coconut oil;
• for the treatment of discharging, compresses from a bearish and goose fat are used. The affected skin is lubricated with fat, an aseptic bandage is applied to the surface.

Non-traditional treatments have the right to life. They are effective only with light degrees of frostbite (first and second). With more severe, they can be applied as an addition to the main therapy. For example, oral administrations can be combined with medication treatment.

Prevention of frostbite

Prevention of frostbite is divided into two large groups: individual and collective.

Individual prophylaxis is such actions:

• man warmly dresses, protecting the face and limb with the help of scarf, gloves and winter shoes. Clothing ideally should be made of natural fabrics, do not shoot motion. Basic requirements for shoes: heat, waterproofability, convenience;
• it is impossible to stay in the cold air for more than an hour. The optimal option is to warm every forty minutes or with the help of tea, or by entering the warm room;
• before walking outdoors, you need to eat tightly. This will provide a sufficient stock of energy for normal heat products;
• you can not drink alcohol on the street. It contributes to the narrowing of peripheral vessels, afterwards a person freezes faster. With alcoholic intoxication, the illusion of warming is created. A person will not notice how freezing;
• do not smoke in the cold air. Tobacco and resin, which are contained in cigarettes, cause spasm of peripheral vessels. Man freezes faster;
• do not wear metal jewelry in frosty weather. They are quickly cooled and cause local tissue damage.

Collective prevention is relevant for excursions and tourist hiking. It lies in such actions:

• organization of rational rest;
• periodic warming in tents and sleeping bags;
• timely reception of warm food and hot drinks.

The complex of these simple measures will help to avoid hypothermia and frostbite.

The frostbite of the third degree is severe damage to the body tissues. The disease is treated in the surgical separation in a complex way. There are many options for the prevention of this state. The disease is easier to warn than treat its negative consequences.

Frostbite - change in tissues under the influence of cold, leading to necrotic processes. The destruction is based on a local circulatory disruption in a certain area of \u200b\u200bthe body. Blood vessels under the influence of cold are spasched, causing ischemia. There are 4 degrees of frostbies of tissues under the influence of cold. Frostbite 4th degree is the hardest.

Signs of frostbite fourth degree

For the fourth degree frostbite characteristic of all layers of tissue. The clinical course of the pathological process occurs in the form of a wet or dry gangrene. After moving to the heat of frostbitten areas of the skin, gray-blue or dark purple painting take. At the same time, on the border between necrotic and healthy tissues, the so-called demarcation line is formed. Healthy fabrics above the affected beginching strongly. Frupbed fabrics lose all types of sensitivity. By the end of the first week after the defeat, the rejection zone is clearly formed. The zones of the pathological process with the extremeness of the last degree form the form of a triangle, which will turn the vertex to healthy tissues. At the same time distinguish areas:

• full color of the fabrics;
• irreversible processes;
• in which violations are reversible;
• neurotrophic and vascular pathological processes.

The result of the frostbite of the fourth degree is the loss of anatomical structures.

What can and can not be done when rendering urgent help to a fastener of a fourth degree

The first medical assistance to the victim is provided by them or people who discovered it. It consists in eliminating the symptoms and states, directly threatening the patient's life. It is a stop of external bleeding, primary resuscitation activities: artificial respiration, indirect heart massage. There are many people's methods for treating frostbite, however, they are often ineffective and can even bring harm. When assisting a person with frostbite, the fourth degree is impossible:

• Give alcoholic beverages to the victim.
• Throw skin with snow.
• Disclose bubbles that were formed.
• Allow a person to step on his feet if they frowned.

When assisting a patient, you need to transfer to the shelter as soon as possible, give warm drink and seek medical attention.

Important! At the 4th degree of frostbite, the general state of the patient is very suffering. This is fraught with severe intoxication and developing a shock state. Therefore, it is necessary to seek qualified help as soon as possible.

What doctors are engaged in the treatment of heavy frostbiz

Several doctors are engaged in treating heavy frostbies. At the first stage, assistance is provided by a doctor of emergency medical care. The main task is to prevent further cooling and an increase in body temperature. The main goal is to restore the blood circulation of parts of the body, which were subjected to cold, or the body as a whole. When frostbizes of open parts of the body, they need to warm all the available means. The victim should be moved into dry clothes, prevent the application of additional injury when submitting.

If circumstances are allowed, it is necessary to warm the cooled part of the limbs in the bath, or in any other suitable for this container (bucket, pan, etc.). The water temperature must be gradually raised from + 37 ° C to + 40 ° C, but no more (so as not to cause overheating of the affected fabrics). At the same time, with hands, soapy soft sponge, carefully carry out a massage of an unprofitable portion of the body in the direction of the periphery to the center. To stimulate and restore blood circulation, it is also used to rub the skin with camphor alcohol, glycerin or just with a hand moistened with water.

In severe degrees of frostbies, infusion and transfusion therapy are used. It is aimed at restoring the lost fluid, a decrease in overall intoxication. Further treatment occurs in specialized medical institutions with doctors - combstigologists.

Four-degree frostbite treatment in hospital

With a 4th degree of cold injury, not only all soft tissues, but also bones die. Long conservative treatment erroneous. It leads to the emergence of complications - gangrene, intoxication and sepsis. Surgical processing of frostbed sites spend on the second or fourth day after injury. The first stage is called neotomy. His goal is to translate wet gangrene to dry, prevent the development of intoxication. The operation is carried out without anesthesia, since the affected skin is deprived of all kinds of sensitivity. In this case, the skin dissect together with the subjectable tissues, which contributes to the drainage of the secretions and the formation of dry gangrene.

4-5 days after that, the second stage of surgical treatment is performed - necrectomy. Its essence is to remove dead tissues. With such an active surgical tactics, the general condition of the patient is significantly improved. The body temperature is reduced, the appetite is improved. The third stage of surgical treatment during the frostbite of the limbs produce a month after supercooling. Ammputia limbs with the formation of a cult. Fourth stage - prosthetics. It is performed after three or four months after the formation of a full-fledged scarring of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Is it possible to cure frostbite for the fourth degree folk remedies

The treatment of frostbite by folk remedies has the right to exist only with the defeats of the first and second degree. In this case, the general condition of the patient suffers insignificantly and it does not require qualified medical care. Treat frostbite to the last degrees by folk remedies is unacceptable. Without the provision of timely medical care, such patients are subjected to a very high risk of fatal outcome.

Prevention of frostbite

To avoid frostbite, you need to stick to simple rules:

• Do not drink alcoholic beverages in the cold. Ethanol expands the vessels, contributing to the rapid movement of heat. On the other hand, an intoxious person cannot adequately assess the situation and it decreases the sensitivity.
• Do not smoke. Nicotine worsens blood circulation in peripheral tissues, contributing to frostbite.
• Do not wear dense adjacent clothes. It is better when there is a small air gap between the layers of clothing. It creates thermal insulation and prevents heat loss.
• Do not wear close shoes, which is a factor to violate blood circulation in the tissues of the legs and contribute to their frostbite.

Doctors are not recommended to wear metal accessories on the frost. The metal is cooled very quickly and can adhere to the body, causing frostbite. If a long journey is planned in frosty weather, it is advisable to take removable socks, gloves and thermos with hot tea.