First world War (1914 - 1918)

The Russian Empire collapsed. One of the goals of the war is solved.
Chamberlain

The First World War lasted from August 1, 1914 to November 11, 1918. It was attended by 38 states with a population of 62% of the world. This war was ambiguous and extremely contradictoryly described in modern history. I specifically led Chamberlain's words in the epigraph to emphasize this inconsistency once again. The prominent politician of England (Russia's ally in war), says that one of the goals of the war is achieved overall in Russia!

Balkan countries played a big role at the beginning of the war. They were not independent. Internal influence has provided great influence in their policies (both external and internal). Germany has suffered its influence in this region by that time, although for a long time controlled Bulgaria.

Entente. Russian Empire, France, United Kingdom. Allies performed the United States, Italy, Romania, Canada, Australia, New Zealand.
Triple Alliance. Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire. Later, the Bulgarian kingdom joined them, and the coalition began to refer to the "Four Union".

In the war received the fate of the following large countries: Austria-Hungary (July 27, 1914 - November 3, 1918), Germany (August 1, 1914 - November 11, 1918), Turkey (October 29, 1914 - 30 OctByar 1918), Bulgaria (October 14, 1915 - 29 Sentbyard 1918). Entente and Allies: Russia (August 1, 1914 - March 3, 1918), 2009 (3 Agusta 1914), Belgium (August 3, 1914), United Kingdom (4 August 1914), Italy (May 23, 1915), Romania (August 27, 1916) .

Another 1 important point. Initially, Italy was a member of the "Thieves Union". But after the start of the First World War, the Italians declared neutrality.

Causes of the First World War

main reason The beginning of the First World War is the desire of leading powers, primarily England, France and Austria-Hungary to the redistribution of the world. The fact is that the colonial system by the beginning of the 20th century collapsed. Leading European countries, who flourished over the operation of the colonies, now it was impossible to receive resources just so, taking them from Hindus, Africans and South Americans. Now the resources could only be reeded from each other. Therefore, contradictions increased:

Between England and Germany. England sought to prevent the influence of the influence of Germany in the Balkans. Germany sought to strengthen in the Balkans and the Middle East, and also sought to deprive England of maritime domination.
Between Germany and France. France dreamed of returned to Alsace's lands and Lorraine, which she lost in the war of 1870-71. Also, France sought to capture the German Saaro coal pool.
Between Germany and Russia. Germany sought to take away Poland from Russia, Ukraine and the Baltic States.
Between Russia and Austria-Hungary. Contradictions arose due to the desire of both countries to influence the Balkans, as well as the desire of Russia to subjugate the Bosphorus and Dardanelles.

Before the beginning of the war

The reason for the beginning of the First World War served events in Sarajevo (Bosnia and Herzegovina). On June 28, 1914, a member of the organization "Black Hand" Movement of the "Young Bosnia" of Gavrilo, the principle killed Erzgertzoga France Ferdinand. Ferdinand was the heir of the Austro-Hungarian throne, so the resonance had a huge murder. It was the cause of Austria-Hungary to attack Serbia.

The behavior of England is very important here, since Austria-Hungary could not start war on himself, because it practically guaranteed the war throughout Europe. The British at the level of the embassy convinced Nicholas 2 that Russia in the case of aggression should not leave Serbia without help. But then the whole (I emphasize this) the English press wrote that Serbs Barbara and Austria-Hungary should not leave the murder of Ersgertzoga with impunity. That is, England has done everything to Austria-Hungary, Germany and Russia do not shy away from the war.

Important nuances of reason for war

In all textbooks, we are told that the chief and only reason for the beginning of the First World War - the murder of the Austrian Erzgertzoga. At the same time, they forget to say that the next day, on June 29, another 1 iconic murder took place. French politician Jean Zhores was killed, who actively opposed the war and had a great influence in France. A few weeks before the murder of Ersgertzog there was an attempt on Rasputin, who, like Zhores, was an opponent of war and had a great influence on Nicholas 2. I also want to note some facts from the fate of the main characters of those days:

Gaburo principles. He died in a prison in 1918 from tuberculosis.
Russian Ambassador to Serbia - Hartley. In 1914 he died at the Embassy of Austria in Serbia, where he came to the reception.
Colonel Apis, Head of the Black Hand. Shot in 1917.
In 1917, Hartley's correspondence was disappeared with Mostonov (the next Ambassador of Russia in Serbia).

This all indicates that in the events days there were a lot of black spots that were not revealed so far. And it is very important to understand.

The role of England in the unleashing of war

In the early 20th century in continental Europe there were 2 large powers: Germany and Russia. They did not want to fight against each other, because the forces were about equal. Therefore, in the "July crisis" of 1914, both parties have taken an expectant position. English diplomacy came to the foreground. It was submitted to Germany to Germany for Germany and secret diplomacy - in the event of war, England will retain neutrality or takes the side of Germany. The open diplomacy Nicholas 2 came the reverse idea that in the event of the beginning of the war, England will fall on the side of Russia.

It is necessary to clearly understand that one open statement of England, that it will not allow war in Europe, it would be enough so that neither Germany, nor Russia, for anything like that and did not think. Naturally, in such conditions and Austria-Hungary would not have solved to attack Serbia. But England pushed European countries with all his diplomacy.

Russia in front of the war

Before World War I, Russia conducted the army reform. In 1907, fleet reform was carried out, and in 1910 reform ground Forces. The country has increased military spending repeatedly, and the total number of army in peacetime was now 2 million people. In 1912, Russia accepts a new charter of the field service. Today, he is rightly called the most advanced charter of his time, as he motivated the soldiers and commanders to manifest personal initiative. Important moment! The doctrine of the army of the Russian Empire was offensive.

Despite the fact that there were many positive changes, there were very serious miscalculations. The main one is underestimating the role of artillery in the war. As the course of the events of the First World War showed, it was a terrible mistake, which clearly showed that at the time of the beginning of the 20th century, Russian generals were seriously behind time. They lived in the past when the role of cavalry was important. As a result, 75% of all losses of the First World War were applied by artillery! This is a sentence to the imperial general.

It is important to note that Russia has not completed the preparation for war (at the proper level), and Germany completed it in 1914.

The ratio of forces and means of PERD War and after it

Artillery

	Number of guns	Of these, heavy guns


Austria-Hungary
Germany

According to data from the table, it can be seen that Germany and Austria-Hungary are repeatedly superior to Russia and France. Therefore, the ratio of forces was in favor of the first two countries. Moreover, the Germans, as usual, before the war, created an excellent military industry, which has been produced daily 250,000 shells. For comparison, Britain produced 10,000 shells per month! As they say, feel the difference ...

Another example showing the importance of artillery, these are fighting on the line of Duner Gorlice (May 1915). For 4 hours, the German army released 700,000 shells. For comparison, for the entire Franco-Prussian war (1870-71), Germany has released a little over 800,000 shells. That is 4 hours a little less than for the whole war. The Germans clearly understood that heavy artillery will play a decisive role in the war.

Armament and military equipment

Production of weapons and techniques during the first world (thousands of units).

	Rifle	Artillery



Great Britain
TRIPLE ALLIANCE
Germany
Austria-Hungary

This table clearly shows weakness. Russian Empire In terms of equipping the army. In all major indicators, Russia is greatly inferior to Germany, but also inferior to France with Great Britain. In many ways, because of this war, it turned out to be so complicated for our country.

Number of people (infantry)

The number of warring infantry (millions of people).

	At the beginning of the war	By the end of war	Losses killed



Great Britain
TRIPLE ALLIANCE
Germany
Austria-Hungary

The table shows that the smallest contribution, both in terms of warming up and in terms of the victims, in the war was introduced by the United Kingdom. It is logical, since the British in large battles really did not participate. Another example is indicative of this table. We tell us in all textbooks that Austria-Hungary could not fight independently because of big losses, and she always needed help in Germany. But pay attention to Austria-Hungary and France in the table. Figures identical! Just as Germany, I had to fight for Austria-Hungary and Russia had to fight for France (it was not by chance that the Russian army was attended three times over the years in the first world by their actions from Paris from surrender).

Also, the table shows that in fact war went between Russia and Germany. Both countries have lost 4.3 million people, and the United Kingdom, France and Austria-Hungary have lost 3.5 million people together. Figures eloquent. But it turned out that the countries that the most fought and put their efforts in the war were with nothing. At first, Russia signed the infirmity of the Brest world, losing many land. Then Germany signed the Versailles world, in essence, losing autonomy.

The course of war

Military events of 1914

On July 28, Austria-Hungary declares war of Serbia. This entailed to retract into the war of the countries of the Trirtless Union, on the one hand, and the Entente, on the other hand.

Russia entered the First World War on August 1, 1914. Nikolai Nikolayevich Romanov (Uncle Nicholas 2) was appointed Supreme Commander.

In the first days of the beginning of the war, St. Petersburg was renamed Petrograd. Since the war began with Germany, and the capital could not have the name of German origin - "Burg".
Historical reference

German "Schlöffen Plan"

Germany was under threat of war on two fronts: East - with Russia, West - with France. Then the German command developed "Schlofen's plan", according to which Germany should defeat France in 40 days and then fight with Russia. Why 40 days? The Germans believed that it would be so much to be needed to make mobilization. Therefore, when Russia is unmocated, France will already be out of the game.

On August 2, 1914, Germany seizes Luxembourg, August 4 invaded Belgium (neutral country at that time), and by August 20, Germany came out to the borders of France. The implementation of the Schliffen Plan began. Germany moved deep into France, but on September 5, he was stopped at the Marna River, where the battle happened, in which about 2 million people participated on both sides.

North-West Front of Russia in 1914

Russia at the beginning of the war made stupidity, which Germany could not calculate in any way. Nikolay 2 decided to enter the war, without making a completely army completely. On August 4, the Russian troops, under the command of Rennespf, \u200b\u200bbegan an offensive in East Prussia (modern Kaliningrad). To help her was equipped with Samsonov's army. Initially, the troops were successful, and Germany was forced to retreat. As a result, part of the forces of the Western Front was transferred to the Eastern. The result - Germany beat off the offensive of Russia in Eastern Prussia (the troops were really inorganized and lacked resources), but as a result, the plan of Schliffene failed, and France could not capture. So, Russia saved Paris, though by defeating its 1st and 2nd army. After that, the position war began.

Southwest Front of Russia

In the south-western front in August-September, Russia made an offensive operation on the Galicia, which was occupied by the troops of Austria-Hungary. The Galic operation was more successful than the offensive in Eastern Prussia. In this battle, Austro-Hungary failed a catastrophic defeat. 400 thousand people killed, 100 thousand captives. For comparison, the Russian army lost 150 thousand people killed. After that, Austria-Hungary actually came out of the war, because he lost the opportunity to conduct independent actions. From the complete defeat of Austria, only the help of Germany was saved, which was forced to transfer additional divisions to Galia.

The main results of the military company in 1914

Germany failed to realize the plan of Schliffen on the lightning war.
No one managed to conquer the decisive advantage. War turned into a positional.

Map of military events 1914-15

Military events of 1915

In 1915, Germany decided to postpone the bulk to the Eastern Front, sending all the forces to the war with Russia, which was the most weak country of Entente, according to Germans. It was a strategic plan developed by the Eastern Front Commander - General Von Hindenburg. Russia managed to disrupt this plan only at the price of colossal losses, but at the same time, 1915 turned out for the Empire Nikolai 2 just terrible.

North-West Front

From January to October, Germany led an active offensive, as a result of which Russia lost Poland, Western Ukraine, part of the Baltic States, Western Belarus. Russia went into deep defense. Russian losses were gigantic:

Killed and injured - 850 thousand people
Captured - 900 thousand people

Russia did not capitulate, but the countries of the "Triple Union" had a conviction that Russia was no longer able to recover from the lost losses.

Germany's successes in this section of the front led to the fact that on October 14, 1915, Bulgaria (on the side of Germany and Austria-Hungary) enters the first world war.

Position on the southwestern front

The Germans, together with Austria-Hungary, in the spring of 1915, organized a Gorlitsky breakthrough, forcing the entire South-West Front of Russia to retreat. Galicia, which captured in 1914, was completely lost. Germany was able to achieve this advantage thanks to the terrible mistakes of the Russian command, as well as a significant technical advantage. German superiority in the technique reached:

2.5 times in machine guns.
4.5 times in light artillery.
40 times in heavy artillery.

It was not possible to bring Russia from the war, but the losses and the front of the front were giant: 150 thousand killed, 700 thousand wounded, 900 thousand prisoners and 4 million refugees.

Position on the Western Front

"On the Western Front, everything is calm." This phrase can characterize how the war between Germany and France proceeded in 1915. There were sluggish hostilities in which no one was striving for the initiative. Germany implemented plans in eastern EuropeAnd England with France calmly mobilized the economy and the army, preparing for the future war. Nobody reap care for Russia, although Nikolai 2 has repeatedly applied to France, first of all, that she moved to active actions on the West Front. It, as usual, no one has heard ... By the way, this sluggish war on Western for Germany is perfectly described by Hemingway in the novel "Goodbye weapons."

The main outcome of 1915 - Germany was not able to withdraw from the war Russia, although all the forces were thrown on it. It became obvious that the First World War will be delayed for a long time, because for 1.5 years of the war, no one managed to get a reselle or strategic initiative.

Military events of 1916

"Verdinskaya meat grinder"

In February 1916, Germany began the general attack on France, in order to master Paris. For this, a visit to Verden, who covered the approaches to the French capital was carried out. The battle lasted until the end of 1916. During this time, 2 million people died, for which the battle was called "Verden Meat Grinder". France resisted, but again due to the fact that Russia came to the revenue, which was intensified on the south-western front.

Events on the southwestern front in 1916

In May 1916, Russian troops switched to the offensive, which lasted 2 months. In history, this offensive was included in the name "Brusilovsky breakthrough". This name is due to the fact that General Brusilov commanded the Russian army. A breakthrough of defense on Bukovina (from Lutsk to Chernivtsi) happened on June 5th. The Russian army managed not only to break through the defense, but also to move into its departures to 120 kilometers. The losses of the Germans and the Austro-Hungarians were catastrophic. 1.5 million dead wounded and prisoners. The offensive was stopped only by additional German divisions, which hastily moved here from Verden (France) and from Italy.

In this offensive of the Russian army, it was not without a spoon of tar. They threw it, as found, allies. On August 27, 1916, Romania enters the first world war on the side of the Antena. Germany very quickly inflicted her defeat. As a result, Romania lost the army, and Russia received an additional 2 thousand kilometers of the front.

Events in the Caucasian and Northwestern Fronts

In the north-western front, positional battles continued during the spring-autumn period. As for the Caucasian Front, here the main events continued from the beginning of 1916 to April. During this time, 2 operations were held: Erzurmur and Trapezund. According to their results, Erzurum and Trapezund were conquered, respectively.

The result of 1916 in the First World War

The strategic initiative has passed on the side of the Entente.
The French fortress Verden rested due to the onset of the Russian army.
Romania joined the war on the side of the Entente.
Russia held a powerful offensive - Brusilovsky breakthrough.

Military and political events 1917

1917 in the First World War was marked by the fact that the war continued against the background of the revolutionary situation in Russia and Germany, as well as the deterioration of the economic situation of countries. I will give an example of Russia. For 3 years of war, prices for major products increased by an average of 4-4.5 times. Naturally, it caused displeasure to the people. We add large losses to this and the grueling war - it turns out excellent soil for revolutionaries. Similar situation in Germany.

In 1917, the United States is entering the first world. The positions of the "Triple Union" worsen. Germany with allies cannot effectively fight on 2 fronts, as a result of which proceeds to defense.

The end of the war for Russia

In the spring of 1917, Germany undertook another offensive on the Western Front. Despite the events in Russia, Western countries demanded that the Interim Government performed agreements signed by the Empire and sent troops to the offensive. As a result, on June 16, the Russian army moved to the offensive in the area of \u200b\u200bLviv. Again, we saved allies from large battles, but they themselves substantiated.

The Russian army, exhausted by war and losses, did not want to fight. Questions of the province, uniforms and providing supplies during the war years have not been solved. The army fought reluctantly, but forward promoted. The Germans were forced to again transfer the troops here, and the Allies of Russia on Antante again isolated themselves, watching what would happen next. July 6, Germany moved to counteroffensive. As a result, 150,000 Russian soldiers died. The army actually ceased to exist. The front collapsed. Russia could no longer fight, and this catastrophe was inevitable.

People demanded the exit of Russia from the war. And it was one of their main requirements for the Bolsheviks, who in October 1917 captured power. Initially, at the 2nd Congress of the Bolshevik Party, the decree "On the World" decree, actually proclaiming the exit of Russia from the war, and on March 3, 1918, signed the Brest world. The conditions of this world were as follows:

Russia enters into peace with Germany, Austria-Hungary and Turkey.
Russia loses Poland, Ukraine, Finland, part of Belarus and the Baltic States.
Russia is inferior to Turkey Batum, Kars and Ardagan.

As a result of his participation in the First World War, Russia lost: about 1 million square meters The territory, lost about 1/4 of the population, 1/4 of Pasha Lands and 3/4 of the coal and metallurgical industry.
Historical reference

Events in the war in 1918

Germany got rid of the Eastern Front and from the need to lead the war on a 2-mind directions. As a result, in the spring and summer of 1918, she made an attempt at the Western Front, but no success was not successful. Moreover, in his go, it became obvious that Germany squeezes the maximum of themselves, and that she was needed in the war.

Autumn 1918

Decisive events in the First World War occurred in autumn. Entente countries together with the United States have passed into the offensive. German army It was completely ousted from France and Belgium. In October, Austria-Hungary, Turkey and Bulgaria concluded a truce with the Entente, and Germany remained to fight alone. Her position was hopeless, after the German allies in the "Thieves Union" were essentially capitulated. It turned out at the same thing what happened in Russia - the revolution. On November 9, 1918, Emperor Wilhelm 2 was overthrown.

The end of the First World War

On November 11, 1918, the First World War of 1914-1918 ended. Germany signed a complete surrender. It happened under Paris, in the compi forest, at the station Retund. The capitulation took French Marshal Foc. The conditions of the signed world were as follows:

Germany recognizes a complete defeat in the war.
France's refund of Alsace Province and Lorraine to the 1870 borders, as well as the transfer of the Saari coal basin.
Germany lost all its colonial possessions, and also obliged to transfer the 1/8 part of its territory with geographical neighbors.
For 15 years, the Armanta troops are located on the left bank of the Rhine.
By May 1, 1921, Germany was supposed to pay members of the Entente (Russia did not relieve anything) 20 billion brands in gold, goods, securities etc.
For 30 years, Germany must pay reparations, and the magnitude of these repairs establishes the winners themselves and can increase them at any time during these 30 years.
Germany was forbidden to have an army, the number above 100 thousand people, and the army was obliged to be exclusively voluntary.

The conditions of the "World" were so humiliating for Germany that the country actually became a puppet. Therefore, many people of that time said that the First World War was though ended, but he was not over the world, but a truce for 30 years. So it ultimately happened ...

The results of the First World War

The First World War was conducted in the territory of 14 states. It took part in it, with the total population of 1 billion people (this is about 62% of the total population of the world at that time). And 74 million people were mobilized by the participating countries, of which 10 million were killed and another 20 million were injured.

As a result of the war, the political map of Europe has changed significantly. Such independent states appeared as Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Finland, Albania. Austrian Hungary broke up to Austria, Hungary and Czechoslovakia. Increased their borders of Romania, Greece, France, Italy. Losers and lost in the territory were 5 countries: Germany, Authorso-Hungary, Bulgaria, Turkey and Russia.

Map of the First World War 1914-1918

The consequences of the First World War

3. The exit of Russia from the First World War. Brest world.

One of the most complex questions Russian reality was a matter of war. The Bolsheviks promised to the people of its speedy completion. However, in the party itself there was no unity on this issue, since it was connected closely with the idea of \u200b\u200bthe world revolution, the essence of which was that the victory of the revolution in Russia can be provided only if the same revolutions occur in developed capitalist countries. Therefore, it was originally planned that the Bolsheviks will offer to all the warring powers to conclude a democratic world, and in the event of a refusal will begin a revolutionary war with world capital.

On November 7, 1917, L.Dtretssky appealed to the governments of all warring powers with a proposal to conclude a universal democratic world. However, the consent to start negotiations was obtained only from Germany on site. 1917, a truce was concluded with the Germans and negotiations on the world were launched. But taking advantage of the fact that the Entente ignored the proposal for the world, Austria - the German delegation proposed its conditions. The rejection of Poland, Lithuania, Latvia from Russia was envisaged. According to the Ultimatum of the Germans of January 5, 1918, three positions arose in the Bolsheviks party: Leninskaya - it is necessary to sign the world, because Russia cannot fight; Trotsky - the world do not sign, do not stop the war, but demobilize the army (since Germany is not able to lead large offensive operations), in this way save their revolutionary prestige; Bukharin or "Left Communists" - to keep a revolutionary war. Most spoke in favor of Trotsky's position. On January 28, 1918, the Soviet delegation announced the discontinuity of the negotiations. On February 18, the Germans began an offensive on the Eastern Front and, without meeting the serious resistance of the Russian troops, began to grow rapidly into the country's depths. On February 23, the Soviet government received German ultimatum. The conditions of the world proposed in it were much harder to the previous ones. After the discussions and the Ultimatum of Lenin about the exit of him from the Central Committee and SNK on March 3, 1918, a separate peace agreement between Russia and Germany was signed in Brest - Litovsk. Under the conditions of the Brest world from Russia, Poland, Baltic, part of Belarus, Ardagan, Kars and Batum, were departed from Russia. Ukraine and Finland were recognized independent. Soviet Russia was obliged to pay huge contribution and demobilize the army and fleet.

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Russia's exit from World War II

October 25 (November 7) of 1917 in Petrograd occurred the October coup. The temporary government fell, the power passed into the hands of the Councils of workers and soldiers' deputies. The All-Russian Congress of the Councils of Workers and Soldier's Deputies was convened in Smolny October 25, established the Soviet republic in the country. The head of government was elected V. I. Lenin. October 26 (November 8), 1917, the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets adopted a decree on the world. In it, the Soviet government offered "all warring nations and their governments start immediately negotiations on the fair and democratic world." It further clarified that the Soviet government considers the immediate world without annexations, without the violent accession of other people and without conferption.

Indeed, in a number of many tasks who had to solve the victorious advice, one of the paramounts was a way out of the war. From this, the fate of the socialist revolution was largely depended. Workers' masses were waiting for the deliverance and imprisonment of war. Millions of soldiers rushed from the fronts, from the trenches home, V. I. Lenin wrote then: "... what could be indisputable and clearer than the next truth: the government, which gave the exhausted three-year-old rosy people to the Soviet power, land, working control and peace Would it be invincible? The world is the main thing "(Lenin V.I. Poln. Cons. Op.-T.35.-p.361).

Governments of the Entente countries did not even respond to the offer of the II Congress of the Council on the conclusion of the world. On the contrary, they tried to prevent Russia from the war. Instead of searching for ways to the world, they tried to prevent Russia from the war. Instead of searching for ways to the world, they took a course to support counter-revolution in Russia and the organization of anti-Soviet intervention, so that Winston Churchill was expressed, "to strangle the communist zeal, until she was asked chickens."

Under these conditions, it was decided to independently begin negotiations with Germany about the conclusion of the world.

In the party and the Soviets broke out the sharp discussion - to conclude or not to conclude the world? Three points of view fought: Lenin and his supporters - agree to the signing of the annexionist world; The groups of "left communists" led by Bukharin not the world with Germany to conclude, and to declare a "revolutionary" war and thereby help the German proletariat to regulate the revolution; Trotsky - "neither peace or war."
The Soviet peace delegation, which was headed by the People's Commissioner of Foreign Affairs L. D. Trotsky, Lenin made the installation to delay the signing of the world. The hope that the revolution may be broken down in Germany. But Trotsky did not fulfill this condition. After the German delegation led the negotiations in an ultimative tone, he stated that the Soviet Republic stops the war, the army demobilizes: and the world does not sign. As then explained Trotsky, he expected that such a gesture stirred by the German proletariat. The Soviet delegation immediately left Brest. Negotiations on the fault of Trotsky were torn.

The German government, which has long developed a plan for the seizure of Russia, received a preposition to rupture a truce. On February 18, at 12 o'clock in the afternoon, German troops moved to the offensive throughout the front - from the Riga Bay to the mouth of the Danube. About 700 thousand people participated in it.

The plan of the German command provided for the rapid seizure of Petrograd, Moscow, the fall of the Councils and the conclusion of peace with the new, "small government".

The retreat of the old Russian army began, which lost its combat capability by this time. German divisions were almost unhindered in the depths of the country, and, above all, in the direction of Petrograd. In the morning of February 19, Lenin sent a telegram about the agreement to sign the world on the proposed conditions to the German government. At the same time, the Council of Military Resistance to the enemy was taken to the Council. It was rendered by small detachments of the Red Guard, the Red Army separate parts of the old army. However, the German offensive developed rapidly. Dvinsk, Minsk, Polotsk, a significant part of Estonia and Latvia were lost. The Germans rushed to Petrograd. Above the Soviet republic hung a mortal danger.

On February 21, the Council of People's Commissar received written by V. I. Lenin Decree "Socialist Fatherland in danger!". On February 22 and 23, 1918 in Petrograd, Pskov, Rather, Narva, Moscow, Smolensk, and in other cities launched a recording campaign to the Red Army.

Under Pskov and Raveme, in Latvia, Belarus, in Ukraine there were fights with Kaiser units. In the Petrograd direction, Soviet troops managed to suspend the offensive of the enemy.

The growing resistance of the Soviet troops cooled the fervor of German generals. Fearing the protracted war in the east and the strike of the Anglo-American and French troops from the West, the German government decided to conclude the world. But the conditions proposed by them were even more difficult. The Soviet republic was to completely demobilize the army, to conclude unprofitable agreements with Germany, etc.

A peace treaty with Germany was signed in Brest on March 3, 1918 and entered the story called the Brest World.

Thus, Russia came out of the First World War, but for Soviet power in Russia it was only a breather, which was used to strengthen the authorities and the economy, to prepare for the "Empire Imperialism".

G., again decided to defeat the German coalition by agreed strikes on the main theaters of the war. According to the plan developed by the General Staff of the Tsarist Army, the main blow should have applied the troops of the South-Western Front in the Lviv direction, i.e. According to the most vulnerable link of the German coalition - Austria-Hungary. The German command represented by Gingderburg and Ludendorf was forced in 1917 to move to strategic defense at all fronts; It intended to apply a strong beat The economy of the chief enemy is England - through the "unlimited underwater war." However, despite some success, the underwater war did not give the desired result.

The bloody, destructive war continued, but at the beginning of the city there were events that had a huge impact on her move. For the third year of World War, when in February 1917, a revolution occurred in Russia. By this time, the Russian (East) front kept almost half of all the military forces of the German bloc. The temporary government that came to replace the Russian autocracy was in fact the hostage of old commitments. Meanwhile, the spontaneous desire to the world was increased, and the movement for the exit from the imperialist war was widely unfolded. Everywhere in Russian military units, the orders of the military authorities were canceled. Supporters of the continuation of the war proved to soldiers that "the path to the world lies through the enemy's trenches."

The allies did not care about the economic and social and social position of the country. The Antanka command persistently demanded from a temporary government, foreign policy Which remained unchanged, start an offensive on the Eastern Front. However, to prepare B. revolutionary Russia Such an offensive was not easy. Nevertheless, the government makes the decision to start active preparation of the onset of Russian armies on the front2. Newly appointed Military and Marine Minister A.F. The Kerensk Weeks climbed around the front-line, calling them to the occurrence of the enemy, emphasizing, "that the fate of the revolution depends on this offensive." Started on June 18, 1917. The onset of the troops of the South-Western Front in the general direction to Lviv first developed quite successfully.

In particular, the 8th Army of General L.G. Cornilova at the end of June took possession of Galich and Kalush by the cities, while taking about 10 thousand prisoners. However, calm on the Western Front allowed the German command to quickly transfer 11 divisions to the Eastern Front, to create a powerful grouping there and on June 6 to counter project. In the area of \u200b\u200bTorpolopol, German troops managed to break through the front, and Russian parts, not to withstand the onslaught, began to retreat. 4 by mid-July, nevertheless stopped the enemy on the line Brody, Zbarazh, Mramlov, KimPolun. The offensive operations of Russian troops in the North, West and Romanian fronts are unsuccessfully completed. Thus, the onset of Russian troops undertaken by the political and military command, including due to the growing of anti-war sentiments in the troops.

The total number of losses in all fronts exceeded 200 thousand people killed, wounded and missing. 2 artificially created offensive gust of the soldiers' masses was replaced by the awareness of the senselessness of the offensive and the reluctance to continue the war. After a month and a half, German troops have achieved new major success on the Eastern Front. At the beginning of September, the German command took an operation to master the Riga and the Riga Bay to strengthen the position of its left flank and at the same time to test the combat capability of the Russian army before starting the transfer of divisions to the Western European Theater. Contrary to the expectation of the Germans, the Russian parts persistently rekwined, but the front command, without having exhausted all the ability to resist, on September 3 ordered Riga.3 after that the position of Russian armies on the approaches to Petrograd deteriorated significantly.

The Armed Forces of Russia gradually lost the ability to resist the enemy. The front began to fall apart, and the last decomposition of the Russian army made it unable and uncontrollable.5 in a collective note of October 9, 1917. Allies demanded that the interim government to restore the combat capability of the army and preserving the collapsed Russian front. But Kerensky in this situation was already helpless, and the crisis steadily increased. 6 Campaign 1917 did not bring the expected results to any of the warring parties. And on October 25, 1917, the temporary government was overthrown and the power in the capital passed into the hands of Bolsheviks, who performed under the slogan: "The world without annexes and contributions!"

To conclude such a world, they offered all the warring powers in the first decree of the new government - decree about the world. Indeed, in a number of many tasks who had to solve the victorious advice, one of the paramounts was a way out of the war. From this, the fate of the socialist revolution was largely depended. Workers' masses were waiting for the deliverance and deprivation, and millions of soldiers rushed from the fronts home.

The Government of Entente countries did not even respond to the offer of the II Congress of the Council on the conclusion of the world. On the contrary, they tried to prevent Russia out from the war and took the course to organize an anti-Soviet intervention.2 In this regard, on November 8, 1917, the Soviet government handed the Ambassadors of the United States, England, France and a number of other countries a note with a proposal to conclude a truce on all fronts and Start negotiations on the peace treaty; The text of the world decree was attached to the note. Governments of the Honor of the Entente did not accept this proposal and answered the commander-in-chief General N.N. Dukhonin, that such a position of Russia will have "the most severe consequences".

After some oscillations, Germany and its allies agreed to Russian proposals. In response, the Soviet government has notified the countries of the Entente, which is forced to start separate peace negotiations with Germany, which will be conducted independently of them.4. Therefore, from mid-November, at the proposal of the Soviet government in the Russian-German front, a truce was established, which was officially signed on December 2, 1917. In Brest-Litovsk, where the headquarters of the Eastern Front of the German army was located. The parties concluded a truce for a period of 28 days (the Bolsheviks offered a truce for 6 months), automatically extended to its denunciation with a warning in 7 days.

At the same time, the Soviet delegation, taking into account the interests of the former allies of Russia in the world war, demanded to include in the act of a truce obligation of the German bloc, do not move their troops from the East Front to Western. Despite the stubborn resistance of representatives of Germany, the Soviet delegation achieved this requirement. The exception was envisaged only with respect to troops, the movement of which was launched before signing the truce.

Russian trenches are rapidly empty. In some parts of the front by the beginning of 1918, there was no one in the trenches, only in some separate military posts. Mass soldiers, going home, took their weapons. (There were cases when they sold weapons to the enemy.) A week after imprisonment, on December 9, 1917, the Brest-Lithuanian Conference began a discussion of the conditions of the peace treaty. The Soviet delegation tried to defend the idea of \u200b\u200bthe "world without annexes and contributions." Representatives of the Quartary Union responded to this proposal, but if it was recognized by all the warring countries. It was unrealistic, since the Half's powers ignored the Soviet government and refused to participate in the negotiations. 2 Taking advantage of this, the German delegation nominated its project of a peace treaty.

In it, with reference to the Bolshevik proclaimed, the principle of self-determination of nations and the corresponding desire of the peoples of Poland, Lithuania, Latvia provided for the rejection of these territories from Russia and the transition to the control of Germany. It put the Soviet delegation before the harsh choice between the proclaimed principles and the requirements of life. In accordance with the principles, it was necessary to continue the war, but to continue to fight, there was no strength. As a result, on December 15, a break for consultations was announced at the negotiations.

The attitude to these conditions was different in society, and within the ruling party. They became the subject of an acute discussion and struggle, as a result of which there were three different points vision. IN AND. Lenin and a small group of his supporters insisted on the need to conclude the world at any cost. Why was the question so? The fact is that Soviet Russia at that time objectively could not continue the war. First, the old army as a result of the spontaneous demobilization actually collapsed, and the new was not yet created; Secondly, the economy of the country was on the verge of collapse; Thirdly, the masses are tired of the war and rightly demanded the world. The so-called "Left Communists" (N. Bukharin, G. Pyatakov, A. Kollolltei, A. Bubnov, and others) were sharply against the conclusion of the Separation Mir.

Considering that only the revolution can save the Russian revolution and that in the case of the conclusion of the world of Antante attacks Soviet Russia, they saw the only way out in the war against the German bloc. The same point of view also adhered to the left esters. Trotsky and his supporters defended a kind of smoothed form of political compromise. The expression was the formula "neither peace nor war." Lenin Trotsky united an understanding of the impossibility of successful warfare, and with Bukharin orientation to the "export" of the revolution. According to Trotsky's thoughts, the rejection of the world had to speed up the revolutionary explosion in Europe.

In the end, a compromise solution was reached, which consisted in the need to delay the negotiations to the last possibility. The conference resumed the work on December 27, at the head of the Soviet delegation, was now Trotsky. 3 Taking advantage of the fact that the countries of the Entente once again rejected the call of Trotsky to participate in the world negotiations, the German delegation highlights on January 5, 1918. New, tougher requirements: Poland, Lithuania The part of Latvia should have proceeded under the control of Germany, and the borders of the south of Brest the four-year union was going to stipulate with the delegation of the Ukrainian Central Rada.1. The Soviet delegation rejected these requirements, and again a break was announced in the negotiations.

On the issue of the conclusion of the world, an acute struggle arose within the Bolshevik Party and the Soviet government. IN AND. Lenin stood for the world, but his line won not immediately. The first time the "left communists" managed to attract a number of local organizations of the Bolshevik Party to its side. The Leninist point won not immediately and only on January 11 at a meeting of the Central Committee of the Soviet delegation in Brest-Litovsk, an indication was given to negotiate, tightening them, but in the case of presentation Ultimatum from Germany  sign the world. Returning in mid-January 1918 in Brest-Litovsk, Trotsky tried to first tighten the negotiations.

But on January 28, the German delegation demanded "to discuss only points that give the opportunity to come to certain results", in response to this Trotsky, who headed the Soviet delegation at the negotiations, was announced under the pressure of Germans to refuse to sign the world, but at the same time on the termination of the war from the part Russia.3 After that, he announced the official statement of the Soviet delegation: "By refusing the signing of the Annexionist Treaty, Russia for its part announces the state of war terminated. Russian troops At the same time, an order is given to complete demobilization throughout the front. "4 On the evening of January 28, Trotsky telegraphed Lenin that negotiations were completed. (Petrosovet by a majority of votes supported the decision

the wind delegation in Brest. Trotsky's position was supported by the left ester and approved by the German Communists.) In Berlin, Demarsh Trotsky was regarded as a rupture of the truce and on February 16, the Germans announced that from 12 hours on February 18, military actions were starting (everyone was waiting for German offensive, but did not believe that the Germans would start him. ). Contrary to the expectations of the Soviet leadership, the enemy's troops moved to the offensive all over the front from the Gulf of Riga to the mouth of the Danube. Almost no one opposed them: German divisions moved deep into the country, and above all in the direction of Petrograd. The plan of the German command provided for the rapid seizure of Petrograd, Moscow, the fall of the Soviets and the conclusion of peace with the new "small government".

In this regard, when it became known that the Germans took Dvinsk, Lenin most in two voices insisted on the resumption of peace negotiations, and on February 19, the Germans reported on this decision. At the same time, the Council of Military Resistance to the enemy was taken to the Council. In February 22, the appeal of the Council of People's Commissar was said: "The Socialist Republic of the Council is in the greatest danger ...

The sacred duty of the workers and peasants of Russia is the selfless protection of the Republic of Tips against the Haling of Bourgeois-Imperialist Germany. " Workers Petrograd, Moscow and other industrial centers of the country rose to the protection of the Republic of Soviets. Parts were formed everywhere, which were sent to the front against the coming german troops And they joined them into battle. These were the birthdays of the Red Army. The heroic resistance of the detachments of the Red Army on the approaches to Pskov and Narva threw the plan of the German command with a lightning strike to seize the capital of the Soviet state.

However, the position at the front continued to remain extremely difficult. In the new German ultimatum, which the Soviet government received on February 23, 1918 (dated February 21 and was awarded to the Russian courier on February 22 at 6 am), there were even more difficult conditions than those that were previously presented in Brest-Litovsk2. Now, in addition to the loss of the occupied territories, Russia was obliged to abandon Estonia and Latvia, and should also bring troops from Finland and Ukraine, concluding the separate world with Central Rada. In addition, Turkey was transferred to the areas of Kars, Ardaghan and Batumi.1. The requirement of payment of monetary confibulations (6 billion grades) and the demobilization of the Russian army and the fleet was put forward and the demobilization of the Russian Army and Fleet.2. After dramatic discussions on February 24, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee decided to accept the conditions proposed by Germany.

In Berlin, Vienna, Sofia and Constantinople were transferred to the message of the Council of the Council of German conditions and sending a plenipotentiary delegation to Brest-Litovsk. (To the negotiations were decided to send a delegation as part of Sokolnikov, L. Karakhan, Petrovsky and Chicherin.) 4 March 3, 1918 at 5:50 pm, the Russian delegation led by G.Ya. Sokolnikov signed without discussion a peace treaty at Germanic conditions. At the same time, an official statement was made, which referred to the forced nature of this world.

Thus, the war between the countries of the Four Union and soviet Russia stopped.Recall that, according to frankly, the robber conditions of the world, Poland, part of Belarus, Baltic, were rejected from Russia. Turkey passed the Ardagan, Kars and Batum districts. The Soviet government should recognize the agreement between Germany and the Ukrainian Central Rada, conclude a peace treaty with Rada and determine the border between Ukraine and Russia.

Under the contract, Russian troops were supposed to leave Latvia, Estonia, Ukraine, Finland and part of the Transcaucasian territories, which actually put them under the control of Germany. In addition, Russia was obliged to demobilize the army (including parts of the Red Army) and the fleet, as well as to pay huge contributions in the amount of 6 billion German brands in gold.

For final solution The issue of the world was convened by the VII Congress of the Party, which took place 6  March 8, 1918. Contrary to the resistance of the "left communists", the congress approved the signing of a peace treaty. 1 for ratification (approval) of the World Treaty on March 14 in Moscow opened an emergency IV Congress of Soviets 2 The work of the congress was held in acute discussions not only with the "left communists", but also with the Mensheviks (Yu. Martov), \u200b\u200band with the left esera. On March 15, by a majority vote, the congress ratified the Brest peace treaty.

The German Reichstag (Parliament) on March 22 also approved a peace treaty. Establishment of the Brest world had not only socio-economic, but also political consequences. The left sector in protests declared themselves free from the agreements with the Bolsheviks and came out of the Council of Sovnarkom. 5 could not be a speech about any agreements with other socialist parties. At the same time, the Bolsheviks kept in power and began to strengthen their own regime, adjusting tactics. The Brest world allowed the new government, having received a short-term respite, prepare forces for the organization of resistance to internal counterrevolution and intervention. 6 With the exit of Russia from the war, as a result of which the Eastern Front, Germany and its allies moved the severity of hostilities to the West Front.

And in the spring of 1918, the German command tried to smash the Arcta's troops before arriving in Europe of the US military forces. Since the end of March, the Germans started the offensive and the price of large losses were able to move several, but they failed to break the English-French troops before the arrival of the United States.

In connection with the danger, created by the German offensive, the British and the French reached an agreement on closer coordination of their efforts. In July 1918, the new onset of German troops was unsuccessful and the strategic initiative firmly moved into the hands of the Entente. The German command understood that the military plans had shown in 1918 ended with collapse.

The Anglofranzesian troops and the early US divisuses have dropped the Germans to their original positions.

In August, allied troops under the general command of French Marshal Fosh began an offensive and broke through the German front. As a result, German troops rolled back to the positions from which they began their Martam offensive. In September 1918, Franco-English-American troops moved to the general offensive all over the front, applying the main blow between Reims and Verden. They stepped out step by step of German troops from France and Belgium. The Germans had to move onto the second defensive line, as a result of which Germany was on the verge of military defeat. 4 The Armed Forces of the German Block could no longer render active resistance Powerful launch of Franco-Anglo-American troops.

As a result, the four-wing union began to fall apart. In September 1918, when decisive battles occurred in Belgium, France, the Entente stepped up military operations and on other fronts. On the Balkan Front, the Anglo-French and Serbian troops under the command of French General Franch D Esper moved to the offensive and, breaking up the position of the enemy, quickly developed success.

(In the area of \u200b\u200bSkopje in Macedonia, the 11th German army was taken captive.) The Bulgarian government, which began to the soldiers that began at this time, capitulated and agreed to the air conditioner dictated by the Entente. Almost simultaneously began the offensive of the allied troops in Palestine and Syria against the Turkish army, which was in a state of complete decomposition. Turkish ruling circles decided to abandon further resistance and sign a truce with the countries of the Entente. Refused to fight soldiers of the Austro-Hungarian army, as a result of which the process of decaying a multinational Australgy was accelerated and performances against the monarchy increased. The independence of Czechoslovakia was proclaimed. In Austria, the people of the Habsburgs dynasty and declared the countryside. An independent republic became Hungary.

Croats, Slovenians, Ukrainians also spoke against Austro-Hungarian rule. As a result, Austrovengry collapsed and a number of independent national states were formed on its territory. As a result, on November 3, 1918, the Austro-Hungarian command was signed by the entertain truce dictated. 3 After the capitulation of all its allies, Germany was in a completely hopeless position. And after the revolution began on November 3, the government began, the government sent a delegation led by Minister Matias Erzberger to Marshal Fosh's headquarters for traffic negotiations. At the Retund station in the Compi Wood, the German delegation was delivered on November 8, where Fosh accepted her in his headquarters. The conditions of the truce presented to the Germans provided that Germany had to release the territories captured by it in Belgium, France, Luxembourg for 15 days, to clear Elsace and Lorraine, to bring their troops from Austrovengry, Romania, Turkey. The territory along the left bank of the Rhine is engaged in allied troops with their content at the expense of Germany. The German naval fleet is subject to disarmament and interchange, and the blockade of Germany persists. 1 was given 72 hours to the response to the conditions of the German delegation.

Military actions will stop 6 hours after signing a truce. The conditions of the truce for Germany were no less severe and shame than the Brest world for Soviet Russia.2 In the morning of November 11, 1918, the German delegation signed an act of a truce. Military actions ended with a complete defeat of Germany and its allies and put the end of the First World War. During the Paris Conference 1919  1920. The winners concluded a series of peace treaties with a defeated series, including the Versailles Mirny Treaty with Germany. June 28, 1919 In the Versailles Palace, German representatives put their signatures under a peaceful treaty. These agreements more than two dozen years determined the main contours political card Europe. New states have emerged at the European continent, and to prevent possible conflicts, the League of Nations was established. 4 for a short-term period, it contributed to the strengthening of international law enforcement.

The First World War could not solve all the contradictions between the leading capitalist countries. The provisions of contracts associated with the satisfaction of the territorial and colonial claims of winners were controversial. As a result, the problem of the territorial issue is not only preserved, but also gradually aggravated, the desire to punish Germany to limit its sovereignty led to the emergence in Europe even more dangerous focus tension. The struggle for the new redistribution of the world prepared the soil for the emergence of the world's most terrible in the history of mankind of the World Conflict XX

The cause of the interchange of the First World War There was a rivalry of two blocks of keeping in matters related to the distribution of economic influence in the world. The Turkish Union states ignored the opportunity to solve the conflict in a peaceful way.

The murder of the throne of the Austria during his official visit to Sarajevo was the reason for the junction of hostilities. July 14, 1914, Austria Hungary declared war of Serbia. Three days later, Russia, as the allied of the Serbian state, began to conduct universal mobilization, despite the ultimate detention of Germany.

The course of war

For the salvation of allies troops, the Russian army was drawn into hostilities even until the end of universal mobilization in Russia. The army of the Russian Empire at the first stage of the confrontation fought on the fronts of the North-West Theater, where the first crushing blows were applied.

But despite the defeat in the battle on the territory of Eastern Prussia, the Russians managed to win the first victory in August 1914, the Austro-Hungarian army was completely defeated in Galicia. The success of the Russian army forced the German government to concentrate on the Eastern Front the best troops to prevent further promotion of allies to the borders of the German state.

The result of a large-scale occurrence of enemy forces, Russia has lost some of the territories of Ukraine, Belarus, Poland and the Baltic, which has become a significant blow to the empire. A radical fracture during the First World War was associated with the legendary Bruçilov breakthrough, after which the prerogatives in hostilities were on the side of the Entente.

The offensive of the Russian army under the leadership of General A. Brusylov, not only damaged the forces of the enemy, but also supplied Australia. Hungary in an extremely catastrophic position. From this point on, the military forces of the three-way union were forced to accept the position of defense.

The exit of Russia from the war

At the final stage of the Second World War, Russia rolled the wave of the most powerful internal political crisis, which became the result of which February Revolution. The Provisional Government has made a maximum effort so that Russia continues to participate in the war, since a speaking yield could entail deprivation of reparations.

However, large-scale defeats in the summer of 1917 did not allow Russian troops to conduct full-fledged military actions in the State Treasury did not have the means to strengthen the army. The final exit of Russia from the First World War took place after the establishment of the authorities of the Bolsheviks, whom Entente states stubbornly did not want to recognize.

The new government went forced to go for the conclusions of the world with Germany. In March 1918, a Brest Mirny treaty was signed between the Bolsheviks and the German government. In turn, the state of Entente, at the same time, decided to "help" the Russian people to restore the lost monarchy, and as a sign of revenge Communists, sent their intervention to Russia.