Time of Troubles in the Muscovite state, was a consequence of tyrannical rule, which undermined the state and social system of the country. Captures the end of the 16th century. and the beginning of the 17th century, began with the termination of the Rurik dynasty by the struggle for the throne, led all sections of the Russian population into ferment, exposed the country to extreme danger of being captured by foreigners. In October 1612, the Nizhny Novgorod militia (Lyapunov, Minin, Pozharsky) liberated Moscow from the Poles and convened the elected representatives of the entire land to elect a tsar.
Small encyclopedic Dictionary Brockhaus and Efron. St. Petersburg, 1907-09
THE END OF KALIT'S KIND
Despite all the unsatisfactory testimony contained in the investigative file, Patriarch Job was satisfied with them and announced at the council: “Before Sovereign Mikhail and Grigory Nagy and the Uglich townsmen, treason was obvious: Tsarevich Dimitri was killed by God's judgment; and Mikhail Nagoi of the sovereign's clerks, the clerk Mikhail Bityagovsky with his son, Nikita Kachalov and other nobles, residents and townspeople who stood for the truth, ordered to be beaten in vain, because Mikhail Bityagovsky and Mikhail Nagy often scolded for the sovereign, why did he, Naked, he kept a sorcerer, Andryusha Mochalov, and many other sorcerers. For such a great treacherous deed, Mikhail Nagoi with his brother and the peasants of the Uglich, through their own faults, came to any punishment. But this is a zemstvo, city matter, then God knows the sovereign, everything is in his royal hand, and execution, and disgrace, and mercy, about how God will inform the sovereign; and our duty is to pray to God for the sovereign, the empress, for their many years of health and for the silence of internecine warfare.
The Council blamed the Nagy; but Boris was blamed among the people, and the people are memoryful and love to combine all other important events with an event that especially struck him. It is easy to understand the impression that the death of Demetrius should have made: before, appanages died in dungeons, but they were accused of sedition, they were punished by the sovereign; now an innocent child died, he died not in strife, not for the fault of his father, not by order of the sovereign, he died from a subject. Soon, in the month of June, there was a terrible fire in Moscow, the whole White City burned out. Godunov lavished favors and privileges on those who were burned out: but rumors circulated that he purposely ordered Moscow to be set on fire in order to tie its inhabitants to him with graces and make them forget about Demetrius or, as others said, in order to force the tsar, who was at the Trinity, to return to Moscow, and not to go to Uglich to search; the people thought that the king would not leave such a great cause without personal research, the people were waiting for the truth. The rumor was so strong that Godunov considered it necessary to refute it in Lithuania through the envoy Isleniev, who received an order: “They will start asking about the fires in Moscow, then they will say: I didn’t happen to be in Moscow at that time; the peasants stole the thieves, the Nagikh people, Afanasia and his brother: this was found in Moscow. If someone says that there are rumors that the people of the Godunovs were lighting it up, then answer: it was some idle thief who said it; dashing man the will to start. Godunov boyars are eminent, great. Khan Kazy-Girey came near Moscow, and a rumor spread throughout the Ukraine that Boris Godunov had let him down, fearing the land for the murder of Tsarevich Dimitry; there was this rumor ordinary people; Aleksin's boyar son denounced his peasant; a peasant was taken and tortured in Moscow; he slandered many, many people; sent to search the cities, many people were intercepted and tortured, innocent blood was shed, many people died from torture, others were executed and their tongues were cut, others were killed in dungeons, and many places were deserted from that.
A year after the Uglich incident, the tsar's daughter Theodosius was born, but the following year the child died; Theodore was sad for a long time, and there was great weeping in Moscow; Patriarch Job wrote a consoling message to Irina, saying that she could help grief not with tears, not with useless exhaustion of the body, but with prayer, hope, by faith, God would give childbearing, and cited St. Anna. In Moscow, they wept and said that Boris had killed the tsar's daughter.
Five years after the death of his daughter, at the very end of 1597, Tsar Theodore fell ill with a fatal illness and on January 7, 1598, at one in the morning, he died. The male tribe of Kalita was cut short; there was only one woman left, the daughter of the unfortunate cousin Ioannov, Vladimir Andreevich, the widow of the titular Livonian king Magnus, Martha (Maria) Vladimirovna, who returned to Russia after the death of her husband, but she was also dead to the world, was a nun; her tonsure, they say, was involuntary; she had a daughter, Evdokia; but she also died in childhood, they say, also an unnatural death. There was still a man who not only bore the title of Tsar and Grand Duke, but actually reigned at one time in Moscow by the will of the Terrible, the baptized Khan of Kasimov, Simeon Bekbulatovich. At the beginning of Theodore's reign, he is still mentioned in the ranks under the name of the Tver Tsar and takes precedence over the boyars; but then the chronicle says that he was taken to the village of Kushalino, he did not have many household people, he lived in poverty; finally he went blind, and the chronicle directly blames Godunov for this misfortune. Godunov was not spared from the accusation of the death of Tsar Theodore himself.
THE HORROR OF HUNGER
Let's pay tribute to Boris Godunov: he fought hunger as best he could. The poor were given money, paid construction work was organized for them. But the money received instantly depreciated: after all, bread on the market did not increase from this. Then Boris ordered to distribute free bread from the state storehouses. He hoped to set a good example for the feudal lords, but the granaries of the boyars, monasteries, and even the patriarch remained closed. Meanwhile, to free bread from all sides to Moscow and big cities the hungry rushed in. And there was not enough bread for everyone, especially since the distributors themselves speculated in bread. It was said that some rich people did not hesitate to dress in rags and receive free bread in order to sell it at exorbitant prices. People who dreamed of salvation died in the cities right on the streets. In Moscow alone, 127,000 people were buried, and not everyone was able to be buried. A contemporary says that in those years dogs and crows were the most well-fed: they ate unburied corpses. While the peasants in the cities were dying in vain waiting for food, their fields remained uncultivated and unsown. Thus the foundations were laid for the continuation of the famine.
POPULAR UPRISINGS OF THE TIMES OF TROUBLES
Rise popular movements v early XVII century was absolutely inevitable in conditions of total famine. The famous Cotton Rebellion in 1603 was provoked by the serf owners themselves. In conditions of famine, the owners expelled the serfs, because it was unprofitable for them to keep the serfs at home. The very fact of the death of the governor I.F. Basmanova in the bloody battle of the end of 1603 with serfs speaks of a very significant military organization of the rebels (many serfs, obviously, also belonged to the category of "servicemen"). The authority of the tsarist government and personally Boris Godunov sharply decreased. Service people, especially those in the southern cities, were waiting for a change of power and the removal of a monarch of a non-royal family, which was increasingly being reminded of. A true “Trouble” began, which immediately included those who had recently been forced to leave Central Russia and seek happiness in its border, mainly southern, as well as outside Russia.
MOSCOW AFTER THE MURDER OF FALSE DMITRY
Meanwhile, Moscow was littered with corpses, which were taken out of the city for several days and buried there. The body of the impostor lay on the square for three days, attracting the curious and those who wanted to curse at least the corpse. Then he was buried outside the Serpukhov Gates. But the persecution of the murdered did not end there. For a week from 18 to 25 May there were severe frosts (not so rare in May-June and in our time), causing great damage to gardens and fields. The impostor had been followed by whispers about his sorcery before. In conditions of extreme instability of life, superstitions overflowed like a river: something terrible was seen over the grave of False Dmitry, and natural disasters that arose were associated with him. The grave was dug up, the body was burned, and the ashes, mixed with gunpowder, were fired from a cannon, pointing it in the direction from which Rastriga had come. This cannon shot, however, created unexpected problems for Shuisky and his entourage. Rumors spread in the Commonwealth and Germany that it was not “Dmitry” who was executed at all, but some of his servant, “Dmitry” escaped and fled to Putivl or somewhere in the Polish-Lithuanian lands.
BATTLE WITH THE COMMON SPEECH
The Time of Troubles did not end overnight after the liberation of Moscow by the forces of the Second Home Guard. In addition to the struggle against internal "thieves", until the conclusion of the Deulino truce in 1618, hostilities continued between Russia and the Commonwealth. The situation of these years can be characterized as a large-scale border war waged by local governors, relying mainly only on local forces. characteristic feature military operations on the border during this period are deep devastating raids on enemy territory. These strikes were aimed, as a rule, at certain fortified cities, the destruction of which led to the enemy losing control over the territory adjacent to them. The task of the leaders of such raids was to destroy the enemy's strongholds, devastate villages, and steal as many prisoners as possible.
The first period of the Time of Troubles - chronological table
The struggle for the Moscow throne (from the accession of Boris Godunov to the assassination of False Dmitry I)
1598 - The death of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, the end of the Rurik dynasty. The Zemsky Sobor elects Boris Godunov (1598-1605) as king.
1600 - The first rumors about the rescue of Tsarevich Dmitry. Imprisonment by Godunov former caregiver Dmitry, Bogdan Belsky. The Polish embassy of Leo Sapieha to Moscow (late 1600 - early 1601) and his intrigues among the boyars dissatisfied with Godunov.
1601 - Hungry years in Russia (1601-1603). Imprisonment of the Romanov brothers competing with Godunov. The law on the prohibition of the export of peasants from small to large owners.
1603 - Fights near Moscow with a gang of Cotton Kosolap. In Poland, the Vishnevetsky family nominates the impostor False Dmitry I.
1604 – Meeting of False Dmitry I with the Polish king Sigismund III in Krakow (March). The transition of the impostor to Catholicism and his second meeting with the king (April). Entry of detachments of False Dmitry I into the Muscovite state (autumn). Their occupation of Chernigov, Putivl, Kursk, Belgorod, Liven. The siege by the Pretender of Basmanov in Novgorod-Seversky and the defeat (December 21) of the army of F. Mstislavsky, moved to help Basmanov.
1605 - The defeat of the Pretender at Dobrynich (January 20) and his flight to Putivl. Unsuccessful siege of Rylsk and Krom by governors of Godunov. Death of Tsar Boris Godunov (April 13). Transfer of Basmanov's army to the side of the Pretender (May 7). Campaign of False Dmitry to Moscow through Oryol and Tula. Reading by Pleshcheev and Pushkin of the letter of the Pretender in Moscow and the arrest of Tsar Fyodor Borisovich by Muscovites (June 1). The murder of Tsar Fedor and his mother (June 10). Entry of False Dmitry I to Moscow (June 20). His coronation to the kingdom (July 21)
1606 – Reception by False Dmitry of the papal embassy Rangoni in Moscow (February). Wedding of False Dmitry and Marina Mnishek (May 8). Boyar rebellion in Moscow and the murder of the Pretender (May 17).
The second period of the Time of Troubles - chronological table
Destruction public order(reign of Vasily Shuisky)
1606 - Accession of Vasily Shuisky. Kissing the new tsar that he will do all the most important things only on the advice of the boyars. Speech against Shuisky Bolotnikov and the Lyapunov militia. Taking the village of Kolomenskoye (October), Bolotnikov tries to besiege Moscow. The quarrel between the noble and peasant armies near Moscow, the transition of the Lyapunovs to the side of Shuisky (November 15). The defeat of Bolotnikov in the battle near the village of Kotly (December 2) and his flight from Moscow to Kaluga.
The battle of Bolotnikov's troops with the tsarist army. Painting by E. Lissner
1607 - Bolotnikov's breakthrough from Kaluga to Tula, his plans to again go to Moscow (spring). The siege of Bolotnikov in Tula (June 30 - October 1) and the suppression of his rebellion. The appearance of False Dmitry II in Starodub; occupation of Bryansk, Kozelsk and Orel.
1608 - Campaign of False Dmitry II to Moscow and occupation of Tushin by him (early July). Beginning of the siege of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra by Sapieha (September 23).
1609 - The first attempt to depose Shuisky in Moscow (G. Sumbulov and V. Golitsyn, February 17). The union of Tsar Vasily with the Swedes on the terms of concession to those of Korela (end of February). Tushino attacks on Moscow (June). The campaign of Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky and Delagardie from Novgorod to Moscow in order to free it from the siege by False Dmitry II. Their capture of Tver (July 13) and Pereyaslavl. The Polish king Sigismund III declares war on Russia and besieges Smolensk (since September 16).
Mikhail Vasilievich Skopin-Shuisky. Parsuna (portrait) of the 17th century
1610 - Sapieha's retreat from the Trinity-Sergius Lavra (January 12). The collapse of the Tushino camp. The agreement of the former Tushino with Sigismund on the recognition of the Russian tsar Prince Vladislav on conditions that limit his power (February 4). Flight of False Dmitry II to Kaluga (February). Death of Skopin-Shuisky (April 23). The victory of the Polish hetman Zholkiewski over the Russian troops near Klushin (June 24). Return of False Dmitry II to Moscow (July 11). Deposition of Shuisky (July 17).
Third period of the Time of Troubles - chronological table
An attempt to restore order (from the overthrow of Vasily Shuisky to the election of Mikhail Romanov)
1610 - The approach to Moscow of the Polish army of Zolkiewski (July 24). Seven Boyars in Moscow, her oath to Prince Vladislav (August 17). Departure from the capital of the Russian embassy for negotiations with Sigismund III. The occupation of Moscow by the Poles (the night of September 20-21, ostensibly to defend the capital from False Dmitry II). The intention of Sigismund to personally take the Moscow throne, and not to give it to his son. Assassination of False Dmitry II (December 11).
1611 - The battle of the Poles with the Muscovites and the burning of Moscow by Polish soldiers (March 19). The approach to Moscow of Lyapunov's militia (end of March) and its connection with the Cossacks. The arrest of the Russian embassy by Sigismund III (April). The capture of Smolensk by Sigismund (June 3) and Novgorod by the Swedes (July 8). The Swedes proclaim King Philip the Russian Tsar. The "sentence of June 30, 1611" worked out by the first militia to protect the interests of service people. The murder of Lyapunov (July 25), zemstvo militias break with the Cossacks and leave Moscow. Newsletter in Russia
The turmoil of the beginning of the 17th century, the prerequisites, the stages of which will be discussed below, is a historical period accompanied by natural disasters, deep socio-economic and state-political crises. A difficult situation in the country was aggravated by the Polish-Swedish intervention.
Troubles of the 17th century in Russia: causes
The crisis phenomena were caused by a number of factors. The first problems occurred, according to historians, due to the cessation and struggle between the tsarist government and the boyars. The latter sought to preserve and strengthen their political influence and increase their traditional privileges. The tsarist government, on the contrary, tried to limit these powers. The boyars, in addition, ignored the proposals of the Zemstvo. The role of representatives of this class is assessed by many researchers extremely negatively. Historians point out that the boyar claims turned into a direct struggle with the royal power. Their intrigues had an extremely negative impact on the position of the sovereign. It was this that created fertile ground on which the Time of Troubles arose in Russia. At the beginning of the 17th century, it was characterized only from an economic point of view. The situation in the country was very difficult. Subsequently, political and social problems joined this crisis.
Economic situation
Troubles in Russia at the beginning of the 17th century coincided with the aggressive campaigns of Grozny and the Livonian War. These measures demanded great effort from the productive forces. The ruin in Veliky Novgorod and the forced displacement of service people had an extremely negative impact on the economic situation. This is how the Time of Troubles began to brew in Russia. The beginning of the 17th century was also marked by widespread famine. In 1601-1603, thousands of small and large farms went bankrupt.
social tension
The unrest in Russia at the beginning of the 17th century was fueled by the rejection of the existing system by the masses of fugitive peasants, impoverished townspeople, city Cossacks and Cossack freemen, a large number servicemen. The introduced oprichnina, according to some researchers, significantly undermined the respect and trust of the people in law and power.
First events
How did the Time of Troubles develop in Russia? The beginning of the 17th century, in short, coincided with a shift in power in ruling circles. The heir to Grozny, Fedor the First, did not have the necessary managerial abilities. The youngest son, Dmitry, was still a baby at that time. After the death of the heirs, the Rurik dynasty came to an end. The boyar families - the Godunovs and the Yuryevs - approached power. In 1598 Boris Godunov took the throne. Period from 1601 to 1603 were fruitless. Frosts did not stop even in summer, and in autumn, in September, it snowed. The outbreak of famine claimed about half a million people. Exhausted people went to Moscow, where they were given bread and money. But these measures only exacerbated the economic problems. The landlords were not able to feed the servants and serfs and drove them out. Left without food and shelter, people began to engage in robbery and robbery.
False Dmitry the First
Troubles in Russia at the beginning of the 17th century coincided with the spread of a rumor that Tsarevich Dmitry had survived. From this it followed that Boris Godunov was on the throne illegally. The impostor False Dmitry announced his origin to Adam Vishnevetsky, the Lithuanian prince. After that, he became friends with Jerzy Mniszek, a Polish magnate, and Ragoni, papal nuncio. At the beginning of 1604, False Dmitry 1 received an audience with the Polish king. Some time later, the impostor converted to Catholicism. The rights of False Dmitry were recognized by King Sigismund. The monarch allowed everyone to help the Russian Tsar.
Entry to Moscow
False Dmitry entered the city in 1605, on June 20th. The boyars, led by Belsky, publicly recognized him as the prince of Moscow and the rightful heir. During his reign, False Dmitry was guided by Poland and tried to carry out some reforms. However, not all boyars recognized the legitimacy of his reign. Almost immediately after the arrival of False Dmitry, Shuisky began to spread rumors about his imposture. In 1606, in mid-May, the opposition of the boyars took advantage of the actions of the population against the Polish adventurers who had come to Moscow for the wedding of False Dmitry, raised an uprising. During it, the impostor was killed. The coming to power of Shuisky, who represented the Suzdal branch of the Rurikovich, did not bring peace to the state. In the southern regions, a movement of "thieves" broke out from which went. Events of 1606-1607 describes R. G. Skrynnikov. "Russia at the beginning of the 17th century. Troubles" is a book created by him on the basis of a large amount of documentary material.
False Dmitry II
Nevertheless, rumors still circulated in the country about the miraculous salvation of the legitimate prince. In 1607, in the summer, a new impostor appeared in Starodub. Troubles in Russia at the beginning of the 17th century continued. By the end of 1608, he achieved the spread of his influence on Yaroslavl, Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, Vologda, Galich, Uglich, Kostroma, Vladimir. The impostor settled in the village of Tushino. Kazan, Veliky Novgorod, Smolensk, Kolomna, Novgorod, Pereyaslavl-Ryazansky remained loyal to the capital.
Seven Boyars
One of key events, which marked the Time of Troubles in Russia at the beginning of the 17th century, was a coup. Shuisky, who was in power, was removed. The leadership of the country got a council of seven boyars - the Seven Boyars. As they recognized Vsevolod, the Polish prince. The population of many cities swore allegiance to False Dmitry 2. Among them were those who had recently opposed the impostor. The Real Threat from False Dmitry II forced the council of the boyars to let the Polish-Lithuanian detachments into Moscow. They were supposed to be able to overthrow the impostor. However, False Dmitry was warned about this and left the camp in a timely manner.
militias
Troubles in Russia at the beginning of the 17th century continued. Began It contributed to the formation of militias. The first was commanded by a nobleman from Ryazan, Lyapunov. He was supported by supporters of False Dmitry II. Among them were Trubetskoy, Masalsky, Cherkassky and others. On the side of the militia was also the Cossack freemen, whose head was Ataman Zarutsky. The second movement began under the leadership of He invited Pozharsky as leader. In the spring, the camp of the First Militia near Moscow swore allegiance to False Dmitry the Third. Detachments of Minin and Pozharsky were unable to perform in the capital at a time when supporters of the impostor ruled there. In this regard, they made Yaroslavl their camp. At the end of August, the militia went to Moscow. As a result of a series of battles, the Kremlin was liberated, the Polish garrison that occupied it capitulated. Some time later, a new king was chosen. They became
Consequences
Compare the Time of Troubles in Russia at the beginning of the 17th century in terms of its destructive power and the depth of the crisis in the country can, probably, only be compared with the state of the country during the period Tatar-Mongol invasion. This terrible period in the life of the state ended with huge territorial losses and economic decline. The Great Troubles of the early 17th century claimed a huge number of lives. Many cities, arable lands, villages were devastated. The population could not recover to its previous level for quite a long time. Many cities passed into the hands of the enemies and remained in their power for several subsequent decades. Significantly reduced the area of cultivated land.
Time of Troubles in the history of Russia is difficult period in the history of the country. It lasted from 1598 to 1613. The country at the turn of the 16th - 17th centuries suffered a severe socio-economic and political crisis. Tatar invasion, Livonian War, and domestic politics Ivan the Terrible (oprichnina) led to the maximum intensification of negative trends and an increase in discontent among the country's population. These most difficult historical circumstances became the causes of the Time of Troubles in Russia. Historians identify separate, most significant periods of the Time of Troubles.
The first period, the beginning of the Troubles, was marked by a fierce struggle for the throne of many applicants. The son of Ivan the Terrible Fedor, who inherited power, turned out to be a weak ruler. In fact, Boris Godunov, the brother of the tsar's wife, received power. It was his policy that eventually led to the discontent of the people.
The Time of Troubles began with the appearance in Poland of Grigory Otrepyev, who declared himself False Dmitry, miraculously saved the son of the Terrible. Not without the support of the Poles, False Dmitry was recognized as a rather large part of the country's population. Moreover, in 1605 the impostor was supported by Moscow and the governors of Russia. In June of the same year, False Dmitry was recognized as king. But, his support for serfdom caused violent discontent among the peasants, and too independent policy led to the obvious displeasure of the boyars. As a result, False Dmitry 1 was killed on May 17, 1606. And V.I. Shuisky ascended the throne. However, his power was limited. Thus ended this stage of unrest, which lasted from 1605 to 1606.
The second period of unrest began with an uprising led by Bolotnikov I.I. The militia was made up of people from all walks of life. Participation in the uprising was taken not only by peasants, but also by serving Cossacks, serfs, landowners, townspeople. But, in the battle near Moscow, the rebels were defeated, and Bolotnikov was captured and executed.
The outrage of the people only intensified. The appearance of False Dmitry 2 was not long in coming. Already in January 1608, the army assembled by him moved towards Moscow. He settled on the outskirts of the city in Tushino. Thus, two operating capitals were formed in the country. At the same time, almost all officials and boyars worked for both tsars, often receiving money from both Shuisky and False Dmitry 2. After Shuisky managed to conclude an agreement on assistance, the Commonwealth began aggression. False Dmitry had to flee to Kaluga.
But Shuisky did not manage to retain power for a long time. He was seized and forced to take the veil as a monk. An interregnum began in the country - a period called the Seven Boyars. As a result of the deal between the boyars who came to power and the Polish interventionists, on August 17, 1610, Moscow swore allegiance to the King of Poland, Vladislav. False Dmitry 2 was killed at the end of this year. The struggle for power continued. The second period lasted from 1606 to 1610.
The final, third period of the Time of Troubles is the time of the struggle against the interventionists. The people of Russia were finally able to unite to fight the invaders - the Poles. During this period, the war acquired the character of a national one. The militia of Minin and Pozharsky reached Moscow only in August 1612. They were able to liberate Moscow and expel the Poles. Here are all the stages of the Time of Troubles.
The end of the Time of Troubles was marked by the appearance on the Russian throne of a new dynasty - the Romanovs. At the Zemsky Sobor on February 21, 1613, Mikhail Romanov was elected tsar.
Years of unrest led to horrific results. The consequences of the Troubles are the complete decline of crafts and trade, the almost complete ruin of the treasury. Also, the results of the Time of Troubles were expressed in a serious lag of the country from the states of Europe. It took more than a dozen years to restore.
Can be described as a decline. This era went down in history as the years of natural disasters, crisis - economic and state - the intervention of foreigners. This stagnation lasted from 1598 to 1612.
Time of Troubles in Russia: briefly about the main
The beginning of the turmoil was marked by the suppression of the death of the legitimate heirs of Ivan the Terrible, in Russia there was no legitimate tsar. By the way, the death of the last heir to the throne was very mysterious. She is still shrouded in mystery. A struggle for power began in the country, accompanied by intrigues. Until 1605, Boris Godunov sat on the throne, on whose reign famine falls. Lack of food forces people to engage in robbery and robbery. the discontent of the masses ended, who lived in the hope that Tsarevich Dmitry, who was killed by Godunov, was alive and would soon restore order.
So, summarized. And what followed next? As expected, False Dmitry I appeared, who won support from the Poles. During the war with the impostor, Tsar Boris Godunov and his son Fedor perish. However, the unworthy did not have the throne for long: the people overthrew False Dmitry I and elected Vasily Shuisky as king.
But the reign of the new king was also in the spirit of troubled times. Briefly, this period can be described as follows: during the uprising, Ivan Bolotnikov appeared to fight against which the tsar concludes an agreement with Sweden. However, such an alliance did more harm than good. The king was removed from the throne, and the boyars began to rule the country. As a result of the Seven Boyars, the Poles entered the capital and began to plant catholic faith, while robbing everything around. This further aggravated the already difficult situation of ordinary people.
However, despite all the hardships and hardships of the Time of Troubles (it is briefly characterized as the most terrible era for our country), Mother Russia found the strength within herself to give birth to heroes. They prevented the disappearance of Russia on the world map. We are talking about Lyapunov's militia: Novgorodians Dmitry Pozharsky gathered the people and drove foreign invaders from their native land. After that, the Zemsky Sobor took place, during which Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was elected to the kingdom. This event ended the most difficult period in the history of Russia. The throne was occupied by a new ruling dynasty, which was overthrown by the communists only at the beginning of the twentieth century. The House of Romanov brought the country out of darkness and strengthened its position on the world stage.
Consequences of troubled times. Briefly
The results of the turmoil for Russia are very deplorable. As a result of the chaos, the country lost a significant part of its territory and suffered significant losses in population. There was a terrible decline in the economy, the people were exhausted and lost hope. However, what doesn't kill makes you stronger. So the Russian people managed to find the strength in themselves to restore their rights again and declare themselves to the whole world. Having survived the most difficult times, Russia was reborn. Crafts and culture began to develop, the people returned to agriculture and cattle breeding, stopping robberies on the high road.
