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ANALYSIS OF TASKS 1-6, 8-10,14 Unified State Examination in the RUSSIAN LANGUAGE (INFORMATION PROCESSING OF TEXTS, SPELLING, LEXICAL STANDARDS, SPELLING) Prepared by: teacher of Russian language and literature of the Kharlamovskaya Secondary School Khamatova Fairuza Rifatovna

DEMONSTRATION OPTION-2015

POINTS FOR COMPLETING TASKS For 1-6,8-14,16-23 tasks, 1 point For 7 tasks up to 5 points For 15 tasks up to 2 points For 24 tasks up to 4 points Total for tasks 1-24-32 points. Essay (task 25) maximum 23 points The maximum initial score for the work is 55.

TASK 1. INFORMATION PROCESSING OF WRITTEN TEXTS Text for completing tasks 1-3 (1) If you look at the map, you will be convinced that Siberia is more than half of the territory Russian Federation, it is approximately equal to Europe, makes up almost a quarter of all Asia and one fifteenth of the entire landmass of the Earth. (2) But Siberia surprises us not only with its size, but also with the fact that it is the world’s largest treasury of forests, oil and gas reserves. (3) Exactly<...>in the plans economic development Russia pays a lot of attention to Siberia. Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the MAIN information contained in the text? 1) Siberia, which occupies two-fifths of Asia, receives great attention in Russia’s economic development plans. 2) Siberia surprises us not only with its size and uniqueness, but also with the fact that it is the world's largest treasury of minerals. 3) In Russia's economic development plans, much attention is paid to Siberia, since enormous natural resources are concentrated in this region. 4) Siberia occupies a special place in the development of the world economy, since this region occupies one fifteenth of the entire landmass of the Earth and enormous natural resources are concentrated here. 5) Siberia, which has enormous natural resources, receives great attention in Russia’s economic development plans. Answer: 3553

BACKGROUND INFORMATION Task 1 does not require special knowledge, but the ability to thoughtfully read the text will be useful. This task tests your ability to work with information. The texts are different: some, in addition to basic information, contain additional information, some contain both explicit and hidden information. Understanding a text means grasping the logic of its construction, understanding the connections between parts, and comprehensively analyzing the content. Please note: sentences from which you need to choose the correct answer may contradict the content of the text, include information that is not in the text, convey only part of the information, convey in detail Additional information, which is secondary for understanding the main idea, quote verbatim any part of the text containing the transfer of details and small details. Such sentences are not suitable for an answer. Most often, the correct answer will be sentences that in brief convey all the main components of the content, clearly formulate the dominant idea. This means that in order to check the correctness of your choice, and in difficult cases To do it correctly, you need to determine for yourself what information is the main one in the text. To do this, you need to cut off secondary information: details, examples, comments, explanations, descriptions. Ask yourself simple questions: What is this text or fragment of text about? What does it say? What is the main information? If the text expresses cause-and-effect relationships, then, naturally, you need to figure out what is the cause and what is the effect. If the information concerns the purpose, conditions and other possible components of the content, then it is important to understand whether these components are dominant in the text.

TASK 2. MEANS OF CONNECTING SENTENCES IN THE TEXT Text for completing tasks 1-3 (1) If you look at the map, you will see that Siberia is more than half of the territory of the Russian Federation, it is approximately equal to Europe, makes up almost a quarter of all Asia and one fifteenth the entire landmass of the Earth. (2) But Siberia surprises us not only with its size, but also with the fact that it is the world’s largest treasury of forests, oil and gas reserves. (3) Exactly<...>Siberia is given much attention in Russia's economic development plans. 2. Which of the following words (combinations of words) should appear in the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write this word down. however therefore it is because although Answer: therefore

REFERENCE INFORMATION In task 2 you work with a text in which a word (or words) is missing. The very nature of the text, its property such as integrity, helps you choose one of the proposed answers. Integrity is achieved through the semantic completeness of its content. Most often, after carefully reading the text, you will be able to intuitively make right choice. Let's say there are words there: on the one hand or firstly. This means that there will almost certainly be a continuation: on the other hand (on the other hand) or secondly... If the text contains reasoning, and an omission is made at the end, when presenting the conclusion, then it is quite likely that the missing words may be the words : so, therefore, in this way. If you doubt the correctness of the answer, use the substitution method: sequentially substitute the proposed answer options into the sentence with a blank. And watch for changes in meaning. In four cases, the semantic integrity of the text will be violated. Only a correctly chosen answer will save it. Advice: Read the text at least three times. The first time is for general information, the second time is after familiarization with the answer options. The third time is a test to make sure that the text with the selected answer is perceived holistically. Usually in task 2, conjunctions and allied words or introductory words and combinations that act as means of connecting sentences in the text are missing. Let's remember what it is.

Unions Let us remember that the function (role) of unions is the expression syntactic connections: coordinating and subordinating. Coordinating connection- this is a connection that expresses equal relations of elements. A subordinate relationship is a connection of unequal components, in which one of the components depends on the other. This is how parts of complex sentences are connected. Conjunctions can also serve as a means of connecting sentences in a text. Here are the main types of semantic relations that are expressed in the text. Meaningful relations expressed by coordinating conjunctions: Connective: and, yes (=and), and...and..., not only... but also, as... and, also, also Dividing: or, either, then...that, not that... not that, or... or, whether... or Adversative: a, but, yes (= but), however, Gradational: not only, but also, not so much... as, not that... a Explanatory: that is, but namely Connective: also, too, yes and, and moreover, and At the beginning of the sentence, conjunctions are not used: also, yes and, that is, namely. Meaningful relations expressed subordinating conjunctions: Temporary: when, while, barely, only, while, just, barely, barely Causal: since, because, because, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, for (outdated. ), due to the fact that Conditional: if (if only, if, if - obsolete), if, once, as soon Targeted: so that, in order to, in order to (obsolete), for the purpose of, in order to , then to Consequences: so Concessive: although, despite the fact that Comparative: as, as if, as if, exactly, than, as if, similarly as, rather than (obsolete) Explanatory: what, as, in order to!!! At the beginning of a sentence, conjunctions are not used: so, than, rather than, as well as explanatory conjunctions: what, how, so that

INTRODUCTORY WORDS AND COMBINATIONS Let us recall the topic: “Introductory words and combinations.” It is no coincidence that they are divided into groups according to meaning. Here are the main ones: Emotions, feelings, assessment ↓ Degree of reliability, possibility, confidence ↓ Source of message ↓ Sequence of presentation, coherence of speech (words from this group are often used as means of connecting sentences in the test) ↓ Techniques of formulation, ways of expressing thoughts (words from this group is often used as a means of connecting sentences in a test) ↓ Activating the attention of the interlocutor, including for the purpose of establishing trust ↓ Measure of what is being said ↓ Ordinariness, typicality of what is being said ↓

TASK 3. LEXICAL MEANING OF THE WORD Text for completing tasks 1-3 (1) If you look at the map, you will be convinced that Siberia is more than half of the territory of the Russian Federation, it is approximately equal to Europe, makes up almost a quarter of all Asia and one fifteenth of all land Earth. (2) But Siberia surprises us not only with its size, but also with the fact that it is the world’s largest treasury of forests, oil and gas reserves. (3) Exactly<...>Siberia is given much attention in Russia's economic development plans. Read a fragment of a dictionary entry that gives the meaning of the word PLAN. Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the third (3) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry. PLAN, husband. 1) A drawing depicting some area or structure on a plane. P. city. P. of the building (image of it in a horizontal section). 2) A pre-planned system of activities, providing for the order, sequence and timing of work. Production point. Work according to plan. Strategic plan. Calendar plan. 3) The relative position of the parts, short program some kind of presentation. P. report. 4) The location of an object in perspective. Front, back p. To put forward something that is not the first p. (also figurative: to give something important, significant meaning). 5) The scale of the image of someone or something. Give faces in close-up (in a film or television frame: in the foreground, closer to the viewer). 6) The area of ​​manifestation of something or the way of viewing something, point of view (book). The action in the play develops on two levels. In theoretical terms. Answer: 2

BACKGROUND To complete task 3, there are several things you need to be aware of. 1. The vocabulary of the Russian language contains about half a million words, therefore, when preparing for this task, it is fundamentally impossible to learn anything in a list. And it's not necessary. All information will be provided to you. 2. Words are different: some express only a single lexical meaning, others - several lexical meanings. If a word expresses one lexical meaning, it is called unambiguous: affectionately, interfluve, cockatoo, huge, gadfly and others. If a word expresses several lexical meanings, it is called polysemantic: root, head, golden, justify, knee, pour and others. Don’t be surprised, there are significantly more polysemantic words than single-valued ones. Task 3 uses ambiguous words. Advice: Read the given sentence carefully. Often it already contains a hint. What to do if there is no hint? Try the substitution method: one by one, instead of the word under discussion, substitute the synonyms or interpretations presented in the answers. You will see that in most cases the meaning of the sentence will be violated as a result of substitution. Loss of meaning is an indicator that the answer is incorrect. Preservation of the meaning of the sentence is evidence that the correct answer has been found.

TASK 4. SPELLING NORMS (STRESS PLACEMENT) In one of the words below, an error was made in the stress placement: the letter denoting the stressed vowel sound was highlighted incorrectly. Write this word down. The caller tore up the citizenship of the old one, took it away Answer: citizenship

REFERENCE INFORMATION What do you need to know about Russian accent? The stress in the Russian language is varied and mobile. This means that in Russian words the stress can be on any syllable: it is not assigned to any syllables: 1st, 2nd, last, etc. or to certain parts of words (morphemes). When words change, for example, when declension or conjugation, for many words the place of stress may move from one syllable to another. Often people do not know how to pronounce a word correctly, for example: heretic or heretic, citizenship or citizenship. Another difficulty is related to inflection. For example, you can’t go wrong with the shape of a scarf, but how do you say: scarf, scarf, scarf or scarf, scarf, scarf? Norm is a historical concept. Norms develop, exist as correct options, opposed to incorrect ones, are shaken, and change. This is a long process. It concerns only certain words or groups of words. For example, thirty years ago the norm prescribed to say: on Wednesdays, by rivers, by walls, by Wednesdays, by rivers, by walls. Now this norm has been shaken and both options are recognized as correct: on Wednesdays and on Wednesdays, by rivers and by rivers, and so on. Perhaps after some time one of the options will win and become the standard pronunciation. Words that allow variations in pronunciation in KIMS Unified State Examination do not turn on. Norms are recorded in dictionaries. Stress norms are presented in stress dictionaries and spelling dictionaries. Because language is constantly changing, the same word can be interpreted differently in different dictionaries. FIPI announced that materials for A1 in 2013 were tested according to the new orthoepic dictionary of the Russian Academy of Sciences: “Big orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language” edited by L. Kasatkin, M., “AST”, 2012. As a result, a transition was made to a new accentological minimum in the preparation of KIMs, which was published in 2013 as part of the official package of documents of the KIM Unified State Exam in the Russian language on the official website of the FIPI. In 2014, a revised list of words was published.

TASK 5. LEXICAL NORMS (USE OF A WORD IN ACCORDANCE WITH LEXICAL MEANING AND LEXICAL COMPATIBILITY REQUIREMENTS) In one of the sentences below, the highlighted word is used INCORRECTLY. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly. In the unclear, diffused light of the night, MAJESTIC and beautiful vistas of St. Petersburg opened up before us: the Neva, the embankment, canals, palaces. Chromium and manganese are COLORFUL substances, components of many paints created on the basis of these minerals. Diplomatic relations between Russia and the United States were established in 1807. The most HUMANE professions on earth are those on which human spiritual life and health depend. Success foreign policy state largely depends on the experience and talent of DIPLOMATS. Answer: dyeing

Let us remember that paronymous words are words with the same root that are similar in sound and meaning, but have differences: in sound, in meaning, in compatibility with other words, that is, in lexical compatibility. Examples trustful - trusting breath - sigh one-year-old - one-year-old - one-year-old Examples of incorrect use of paronyms The trusting tone of the conversation, gentle manners were captivating. (Correct: The confidential tone of the conversation, the gentle manners were captivating.) A breath of relief. (Correct: Sigh of relief.) We already have a year of experience. (Correct: We already have a year of experience.) Some authors advise trying to select synonyms or definitions for paronymous words. But the fact of the matter is that without knowing the exact meanings of the words, you will not be able to use such a recommendation.

TASK 8. SPELLING ROOTS Identify the word in which the unstressed vowel of the root being tested is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter. in...the river river the ornament...nt selects to...slept up...rising Answer: the upper river

BACKGROUND INFORMATION Unstressed vowels in the roots of words can be different: verifiable, unverified, alternating. Their writing follows different patterns. Read the rules, look at the examples. To complete the task correctly, you need to be able to determine which of these three cases the examples in your version of the CMM belong to. The task requires knowledge of how words are written. To answer correctly, you need to be able to accurately identify the spelling. This action is similar to going through passport control at the border: the border guard looked at you, looked at the photo in your passport, and the way is clear. There are 5 words in front of you, find out words with alternating vowels at the root and exclude lines with such words from your attention. This is practically the end of the task. All that remains is to check the correctness of the choice by matching the words in the remaining lines with test ones. Tested unstressed vowels at the root: In the unstressed position at the root of the word, the same vowel is written as under stress. How to check? Choose the same word, but in a different form or cognate, that is, a word with the same root.

A LIST OF 20 ROOTS WITH ALTERNATING VOWELS YOU NEED TO LEARN. 1-9: -ber-//-bir- , -per-//-pir- , -mer-//-world- , -zheg-//-zhig- , -ter-//-tir- , - der-//-dir- , -even-//-cheat- , -brilliant-//-blist- , -steel-//-steel- 10: -cas-//-braid- 11: -mok-/ /-mac- 12: -equal-//-equal- 13-15: -gor-//-gar-, -tvor-//-tvar-, -clone-//-clan- 16: -zor-/ /-zar- 17: -pilaf-//-swim- 18-20: -grow-//-grow-//-grow-, -lag-//-float-, -jump-//-jump-

ALTERNATING VOWELS IN THE ROOT Alternating vowels in the roots of Russian words is a systemic phenomenon. There are not very many roots with alternating vowels, only 20. You need to remember them and firmly know the entire list. This will help you avoid many annoying mistakes. And easily complete task A13. 1. Alternation of vowels in the roots ber//bir, per//pir, mer//mir, zheg//zhig, ter//tir, der//dir, ch et//chit, shine//blist, stel// style: erase-erase If in a word with roots: -ber-//-bir-, -per-//-pir-, -zheg-//-zhig-, -mer-//-mir-, -ter- //-tir-, -der-//-dir-, -chet-//-cheat-, - shine-//-blist-, -steel-//-steel- there is a suffix a, write in the root and: clean up, shine, there is no suffix a, write e: takes, shine. 2. Alternation of vowels in the roots kos//kas: touch - touch If the word has a suffix a, write a in the root: touch, touch, no suffix a, write o: touch, touch 3. Alternation of vowels in the roots mok//mak : soaked - dunk If in words with roots -mok- // -mak- the meaning is: “to let liquid through, to absorb liquid,” then write o: soaked in the rain, “immerse in liquid,” write a: dunk. 4. Alternation of vowels in the roots rovn//ravn: level -equalize If in words with roots -rovn-//-equal- meaning: “even, smooth”, write about: level the road, level out the holes, “equality”, write a : equalize rights, equilateral.

5. Alternation of vowels in the roots gor//gar, tvor//tvar, clone//clan: damn it burnt If the roots are -gar- // -gor- , -tvar- // -tvor- , -clan- // -clone- without stress, write about: burn, bow, create, under stress, write as you hear: tan, bow, creativity, creature. Exception: burning 6. Alternation of vowels in the roots zor//zar: zarya´ If the roots -zar-//-zor- are without stress, write a: zarya´, zarnitsy under stress, write as you hear: zo´ ri. Exception: zareva´t 7. Alternation of vowels in the roots pilaf//plav: float´k– swimmers´ (excl.) If the roots -plaf-//-plov- without stress, write a: float´k, under stress write, as you hear: swim, swim, swim. Exception: swimmers´, swimmer´ts, swimmers´kha, quicksand´ 8. Alternation of vowels in the roots ros//rast//rasch, lag//lozh, skak//skoch: the plant has grown, the term is addition, jump is upstart If radical consonants: s, write about: grew, st or sch, then a: grow, grown, w, write about: sentence, g, then a: term, h, write about: upstart, k, then a: jump rope. Exception: Rostok, moneylender, Rostov, Rostislav

TASK 9. SPELLING PRESIDENTS Determine the row in which the same letter is missing in both words in the prefix. Write out these words by inserting the missing letter. pr...get up, pr...darling...pick up, r...sent to throw...throw, and...scare pr...despondent, pr...tear about...throw, on...writing Answer: scatter, scare, scare, scatter

BACKGROUND INFORMATION Which prefixes are always written the same way? Which prefixes are spelled differently? There are many prefixes in the Russian language. Some are always written the same way; making mistakes in their writing is especially offensive. Some prefixes are written strictly according to the rule: understand how to act, and you won’t make a mistake. And there are those that require constant attention, for example pre- and pre-. Previously, tasks for spelling prefixes also included words with other spellings: - И and И in the root after consonant prefixes - Б and Б. But now the wording of the task has been changed. In task 9 there will only be words in which the letters in the prefixes are missing.

WHAT PREFACES ARE ALWAYS SPELLED THE SAME? 1. Prefixes in-, about-, from-, over-, under-, at-, o-, you-, on-, for-, before-, on-, re-: enter - bring in - run in - stand up No problems! Always write them the same way! A list of examples will help you remember these prefixes: Inscription, signature and dodge, ending, screwdriver, exit, entry and attack, and income, and eating, and also entry, hike and underground passage. In Russian words there are also borrowed foreign language prefixes: dez-, counter-, trans-, post-, sub-, super-, pan-. Always write them the same way. 2. Prefix s-: change There is only the prefix s-. Misspellings of this little prefix are so common that a special rule had to be created. Another thing is that many people confuse the prefix s- with prefixes ending in the letters s or z. They will be discussed below. Write the prefix s- always the same way: both before vowels and before any consonants: surrender, make, wash away. Before paired voiced consonants, the prefix s- is pronounced like [z]: to do, to hand over. Do not confuse: In the words here, building, health, (not visible) nor zgi and other similar ones, the letter z refers to the root.

WHAT PREFACES ARE SPELLED DIFFERENTLY? 1. Prefixes ending with the letters z and s: helpless - homeless Attention to the border between the prefix and the root! Prefixes: once-// race-, from-//is-, without-// bes-, through-// vos-, up-// all-, bottom-// down-, through-// through- , through-// through- if the root of the word begins with a vowel or a voiced consonant, write with the letter z: homeless, if the root begins with a voiceless consonant, write with the letter s: helpless. 2. Prefixes great-//pro: great-grandson - truant Think about the meaning: If the meanings are expressed: “prescription, history, antiquity, remoteness of times, phenomena, relationships, persons,” write great-: great-grandfather, proto-Slavic language, any others - write prefix pro-: stand (long), view (quickly, quickly), prescribe (prescribe treatment), pro-Russian politics, etc.

3. Prefixes raz- (ras-)//ро´з- (ро´с): paint – paint Pay attention to stress: In the prefixes raz-, ras-//roz-, ros- without stress, write a: rassk ´z, under the stress – o: tales. 4. Prefixes pre-//pri-: very dear, barrier - come, tie, cover, roadside Think about the meaning: Write pre-, if the meanings are conveyed: “very” - very dear, old, “pere” - barrier. Write with-, if the meanings are conveyed: “approaching” - come, arrive, “attachment” - sew, tie, “a little bit” - cover, slightly open, “about, close” - coastal, roadside Attention: Many words are not included in listed groups: get used to, be present, listen and others. Try to remember their spelling.

TASK 10. SPELLING SUFFIXES OF DIFFERENT PARTS OF SPEECH (EXCEPT SUFFIXES WITH N AND NN) Write down the word in which the letter E is written in place of the gap. ...answer: nickel

REFERENCE INFORMATION Task 10 does not include spellings with n - nn (a separate task is devoted to this topic). But even without them, the volume of material is large, because Russian is a language with a developed suffix system: there are many suffixes. A literate person needs to know the spelling of suffixes of nouns, adjectives, adverbs and verbs. However, not all suffixes are found in KIMs. The wording of the tasks involves searching for words with either the letter e or the letter i. This allows you to significantly narrow the circle of “necessary” suffixes. Moreover, in the vast majority training options prepared by FIPI, the tasks actually contain mainly verbs in indefinite form, participles, gerunds, adjectives. Are there any questions regarding the spelling of noun suffixes? Yes, because, firstly, this is provided for by the “Generalized Examination Plan” Unified State Examination work in the Russian language" and, secondly, noun suffixes with a diminutive meaning are found in tasks.

SUFFIXES OF VERBS 1. Suffixes ova, eva, yva, iva: draw, grieve - be late, evaluate Advice: Test yourself, to do this, determine the form of the 1st person singular of the present or future tense. If in the form of the 1st person singular of the present or future tense there are combinations yu, yuyu, then write the suffixes ova, eva: advise - I advise, command - I command eva, ivayu, then write the suffixes yva, iva: to be late - I’m late, to consider - I am considering Note: eva and iva are phonetic variants of the suffixes ova and eva, which occur after soft consonants. 2. Distinguishing between the suffixes e + va and yva, iva: overcome, fall ill - justify, reassure Advice: Pay attention to the emphasis. The suffix va is always stressed: overcome, fall ill. Before the suffix wa, write the suffix e. The suffixes ыва, ыва are unstressed: write down, glue, aim. Do not confuse: In words like pour, chant, the letters i and e are at the root. 3. Suffixes in the infinitive form of the verb: see, paint Suffixes for verbs of the 1st conjugation are different. Suffix of the verb stem of the 2nd conjugation and. Attention: Exception verbs for this task are not of interest: after all, you need to recognize the letter not in the ending, but in the suffix. Therefore, if you define a letter in the suffix of an indefinite form of a verb, feel free to write e in exception verbs with an unstressed letter in the suffix: to offend, to see, to hate, to depend and derivatives from them: to see, to envy, to be offended and others like that. In other exception words, the suffix is ​​in stressed position. 4. Suffixes in participles and gerunds. In task 10, no one checks whether you know the suffixes of participles and gerunds. In participles and gerunds, vowel stems are missing, from which the data in the form assignments are derived. Examples from tasks: gluing..., pulling out..., aiming,... hoping, worm...ing, squealing...

ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES Here, only suffixes of denominate adjectives are considered, since this is the material that relates to the topic (verbal adjectives are words in the suffixes of which the spelling n-nn occurs). The list of suffixes of adjectives formed from nouns cannot be reduced to the two rules given below, but in Unified State Exam practice The words used are specifically based on these rules. 1. Suffixes iv, ev, liv, chiv: beautiful - fighting, happy, trusting Advice: Pay attention to the emphasis. In adjectives formed from nouns: - under stress, write the suffix iv: beautiful - without stress - suffix ev: combat. Write the suffix liv, chiv and under stress: happy, and without stress: trusting. 2. Suffixes ov, ovat, ovit - ev, evat, evit: businesslike, grayish, poisonous - speech, bluish, militant Advice: Attention to the last consonant of the root. After hard consonants, write the suffixes ov, ovat, ovite: businesslike, grayish, poisonous. After soft consonants, sibilants, ch and ts, write the suffixes ev, evat, evit: speech, bluish, militant.

SUFFIXES WITH DIMINATORY MEANING. 1) Suffixes ik, ek: ball - handkerchief. Watch for the fluent e vowel when changing the word. If, when changing a word, the vowel sound [i] is preserved, write the suffix ik: ball - balls, the vowel sound disappears, write the suffix ek: handkerchief - handkerchief 2) Suffixes ec, itz: brother - clever, coat - dress Find out the gender of the noun. In nouns male write the suffix ec: brother, finger female- itz: beauty, smart woman of the neuter gender can be both ec and itz: in the pre-stressed syllable (before the stress) write ec: paltetso', little letter' in the post-stressed syllable (after the stress) write its: dress, little chair 3) Suffixes echk, ichk: daughter, place, Vanechka - onion For feminine words, determine the derivative word. In nouns, write the suffix echk: little insect, dochechka, shtetl, vremechko, Vanechka, Sashechka Do not confuse: In feminine nouns formed from nouns with the suffix itc, write the suffixes ich and k: tit← tit, button←button, onion←onion. 4) Suffixes onk and enk: apple tree - daughter Determine what sound is before the suffix. In nouns after hard consonants write the suffix onk: kitchenette, kitty, laponka vowels, hissing and soft consonants - suffix enk: Zoenka, darling, daughter, grandmother 5) Suffix k in combinations ink, enk: middle, cherry Look for the generating stem. If in feminine nouns with the suffix k the generating stem is in, write the suffixes in and k: middle+ka← middle on n, write the combination of letters enk: cherry+ka←cherry.

TASK 11. SPELLING OF PERSONAL ENDINGS OF VERBS AND SUFFIXES OF PARTICIPLES Write down the word in which the letter I is written in place of the gap.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION In order to avoid the pitfalls, prepare for task 11 step by step. Just three steps guarantee you against mistakes. Step 1. Selecting vowels in unstressed endings of verbs. Personal endings of verbs In the personal endings of verbs of the present and future tense, in the endings of verbs of the 1st conjugation, write the vowels e, u (yu): you have, has, we have, have, have in the endings of verbs of the 2nd conjugation - and, a (ya) : look, look, look, look, look So, to correctly write vowels in unstressed endings, you need to be able to accurately determine the conjugation of a verb! Remember: The 2nd conjugation includes verbs: with the suffix -i at the base of the indefinite form: to love Exception: Shave, lay - verbs of the 1st conjugation: shaves, shave, lay, lay and their derivatives: lay, lay, re-lay and others . 7 exception verbs with the suffix -e at the base of the indefinite form. Remember them: endure, twirl, offend, depend, hate, and see, and look and their derivatives, for example: look, inspect, look out, finish watching, look enough, stare and others. 4 verbs with the suffix - a. Remember them: drive, hold, hear, breathe and their derivatives: drive away, catch up, drive out, drive out and others. The 1st conjugation includes the remaining verbs c unstressed endings: play, draw, pull, throw and others. Attention: The verbs want, run and honor are special. They and all derivatives from them, for example: run, run, run across, run away, run, etc., are classified as heteroconjugated verbs.

Step 2. Selecting vowels in present participle suffixes. Suffixes of present participles Participles can be different: active and passive, present and past tense. To avoid mistakes in their spelling, it will help to realize that present participles are formed from the stem of the present tense verb, and past participles are formed from the stem of the indefinite form of the verb. Therefore, when choosing suffixes for present participles, determine the conjugation of the verb. This will help you choose the right suffix. And for error-free writing of past participles, it is important to know the suffix at the base of the indefinite form of the verb. 1. Suffixes - ush(-yush),- ash(-yash) in the active participles of the present tense: knowing, loving Determine the conjugation of the verb. In participles formed from verbs of the 1st conjugation, write the suffix -ushch (-yushch): knowing, reading. from verbs of the 2nd conjugation - - аш (-яш): loving, seeing Please note: Active present participles are formed from the stems of present tense verbs: knows, know – 1st conjugation, stem knowing + suffix -yushch → knowing , love it, love yat – 2nd conjugation, base love + suffix -yash → loving. 2. Suffixes - eat (-om), -im in the passive participles of the present tense: lift ем й, мід мій й Determine the conjugation of the verb. In participles formed from verbs of the 1st conjugation, write the suffix -em -om: raised, driven, 2nd conjugation - -im: beloved, visible Please note: Passive participles of the present tense are formed from the stems of transitive verbs of the present tense: raises , lift yat - 1st conjugation, base lift + suffix -em → lifted, love it, love yat - 2nd conjugation, base love + suffix - -im → favorite.

Step 3. Selecting vowels in past participle suffixes. Suffixes of past participles 1. Vowels before the suffixes - вш, -ш in active past participles: saw, heard, walked Determine the final vowel at the base of the indefinite form of the verb. In active past participles, before the suffixes -вш, -ш, write the same vowel that is written at the base of the indefinite form of the verb: seen←seen, heard←heard. 2. Distinguishing between the vowels of the suffix of the verb stem -a (ya) before the suffix - nn and the suffix - enn in the passive past participles: lost, seen Determine the final vowel at the base of the indefinite form of the verb. If passive participles are formed from the stem of the indefinite form of verbs with the suffix -a- -я-, before the participle suffix -nn- write the letters a(i): lost ← lose, with suffixes -i- or -e-, in the suffix -enn- write the letter e: filled ← fill.

TASK 14. SPELLING -Н- AND -НН- IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF SPEECH Indicate all the numbers in whose place NN is written. The originality of the art of the (1) world of N. V. Gogol’s (2) stories is connected (3) with the use of folklore traditions: from folk tales, semi-pagan legends and traditions, the writer found themes and plots for his works. Answer: 124

REFERENCE MATERIALS Н-НН IN ADVERBS, ADJECTIVES AND PARTICIPLES, FULL AND SHORT 1. The following are written with one letter n: 1. Adjectives with a non-derivative base: red, young, blue. There is no suffix in such adjectives. The letter n is part of the root. 2. Denominate adjectives with the suffix -n: winter (from: winter), summer (from: summer). 3. Denominate adjectives with the suffixes -an, -yan: sandy, silver (adj. meaning “name of material, substance”), i-in: mouse, sparrow (adj. meaning “accessories”). Exception: wooden, tin, glass letters with two letters NN. 4. Verbal adjectives, if there is no prefix and explanatory word: fried meat. Exception: Write words from the list with two letters nn: given, arrogant, abandoned, desired, bought, seen, made, cutesy, captivated, deprived, sacred, read, desperate, minted, cursed, unheard of, unprecedented, unexpected, unexpected Do not confuse : The list of exceptions does not include the words uninvited, uninvited, named, which are consonant with the data above. Write them according to the rule: unsolicited advice, uninvited guest, sworn brother. 5. Short adjectives in the masculine singular form: advice is valuable - (m.r.), as well as short adjectives in all other forms, if they are formed from full adjectives with one letter n: red girl (from full form with one letter n: red), the sun is red, the girls are red. 6. Adverbs na-o and -e, formed from adjectives with one letter n: windy, neat.

2. WITH TWO LETTERS NN THE following are written: 1. Denominate adjectives with the suffix -n, if the root of the noun ends in the letter n: autumn, spring, sleepy. 2. Denominate adjectives with the suffixes -enn, -onn: letter, portion. Exception: windy person, windmill, chicken pox, but windless day, downwind. 3. Verbal adjectives with the suffix -nn: uprooted area, defective item. Figure out how the word is formed: defective ← reject + nn. Write the suffix -NN in verbal adjectives formed from a generating stem with suffixes: -eva//-ova, -eva: uprooted←uproot, formed←form. It’s easier to remember this way: adjectives ending in eva+nn+y, ova+nn+y, eva+nn+y. 4. Adjectives-exceptions from paragraphs: 1.3. Exception: wooden, tin, glass write with two letters - nn. 1.4. Exception: given, arrogant, abandoned, desired, bought, seen, made, cutesy, captivated, deprived, sacred, read, desperate, minted, cursed, unheard of, unseen, unexpected, unexpected. 5. Passive past participles, if there are prefixes or explanatory words: a written essay, mittens knitted (by whom?) by grandmother, as well as participles and verbal adjectives formed from verbs perfect form without prefixes: bought, abandoned, given (the latter are included in the list of words for memorization in paragraph 5, along with other examples). 6. Short adjectives formed from the full form with two letters nn (except for the form m.r. singular, which always has one letter n): the night is moonless, advice is valuable. 7. Adverbs ending in -o and -e, formed from adjectives with two letters nn: sincerely, thoughtfully, calmly.

In the "Preparation" section you will find a complete analysis of the demo version of the version for 2012. Many assignments come with reference material. Each option contains typical tasks, so with the help of comments and explanations that are attached to each task, you will learn the train of thought and learn how to complete tests quickly and efficiently.

Russian language assignments are divided into 3 parts:

Part A

Part B

Part C

IN first part you will find tips on preparation and analysis of tasks of type A (1-30) of the 2012 demo version. You can try each task yourself first. If you have any difficulties, refer to the correct answer, explanations and comments that are attached to each task. Using the "Preparation" section, you will learn how to solve standard tasks that make up the Russian language exam. This is the purpose of the site. For better assimilation of the material, each task is accompanied by systematic reference material on the Russian language (norms and rules), which you can turn to at any moment and get the necessary information.
The website "Unified State Exam. Russian Language" in the "Preparation" section also contains useful materials from official documents. For example, in the comments to task A1 you will find the orthoepic minimum for the Unified State Examination in the Russian language (words in which stress will be checked).

In second part The "Preparation" section contains tasks without answer options. In these options, you must enter the answer yourself. Here you will find a breakdown of the tasks, the correct answer, comments and explanations. If necessary, you can always refer to the reference material (norms and rules) attached to each task.

IN third part you will find the text of the demo version, as well as a complete analysis of this task. After reading the Preparation section, you will learn to identify the main problem in texts, determine the author’s position, and formulate your arguments for part “C”. The article "How to get the maximum score for an essay on the Unified State Exam" contains useful information about the criteria for evaluating essays by an expert commission, as well as tips on writing your own essay based on the proposed text.

If you think that you have already devoted enough time to preparation and educational material has already been mastered, then we suggest you go to our website and check your level of preparation. If you are not yet completely confident in your knowledge, then the test will help identify problem areas.

Preparation for the Unified State Exam in Russian using the demo version of the version for 2009

If the newer demo versions are already well studied, we can suggest trying your hand at the demo version that was in 2009. The tasks in it are almost no different from those offered this year.

Part A includes 30 tasks (A1 - A30). For each of them there are 4 possible answers, of which only one is correct.

Part B consists of 8 tasks (B1 - B8). You must formulate the answers to these tasks yourself.

Part C consists of one task (C1) and is a short written work based on the proposed text (essay).

The Unified State Examination in the Russian language is one of two mandatory exams; in order to obtain a certificate, you need to prepare long before the exam.

Changes in the KIM Unified State Exam 2019 in Russian:

• The number of tasks in the examination paper has been increased from 26 to 27 due to the introduction of a new task (21), which tests the ability to conduct punctuation analysis of the text.
• The format of tasks 2, 9–12 has been changed.
• The range of tested spelling and punctuation skills has been expanded.
• The difficulty level of individual tasks has been clarified.
• The wording of task 27 with a detailed answer has been clarified. The assessment criteria for task 27 have been clarified.

Preparation for the Unified State Exam in Russian

• Training tasks necessary for practice. Solve tasks with answers online every day. For this purpose, over 10 exercises have been collected on each topic. will help in learning what is sufficient for a solution. An algorithm for completing the task is given - what you need to know. A video lesson with a detailed analysis is presented.
• Essays. Until April, you need to write one essay on each possible topic (love, war, indifference, loyalty, responsiveness, moral and philosophical concepts, and so on). Select arguments at least once a week and compile your own bank of arguments.

Thanks to training you will be able to:

1. Restore in memory the material studied within school curriculum;
2. Reveal and address knowledge gaps;
3. Define, which task is simple for you and which is difficult, and give it maximum attention;
4. Bring it to automation solving some parts of a task or an entire problem;

What you need to pay attention to:

1. All tasks are given 3.5 hours (210 minutes).
2. You are only allowed to take a pen with you to the exam.
3. There are more tasks this year: instead of 26 there are 27.
4. And the structure of the tasks was divided into 2 parts:

Part 1 contains 26 tasks with a short answer in the form of a number or a word (several words), written without spaces, commas and other additional characters.

Main topics of training assignments:

1. Speech. Text
2. Vocabulary and phraseology
3. Speech. Spelling standards
4. Speech. Punctuation standards
5. Speech. Language norms
6. Speech. Expressiveness of Russian speech
7. Speech development. Composition

Part 2 contains one task - an essay (200 words) with a detailed answer, testing the ability to create your own statement based on the text read.

Points for Unified State Examination tasks in the Russian language

• 1 point – for tasks 1-7, 9-15, 17-25
• 2 points – 16.
• 4 points – 26.
• 5 points – 8.

As a result, you can get maximum 58 primary points. To obtain a certificate you need to score 24 points, and to enter a university – 36.

Line UMK M. M. Razumovskaya. Russian language (5-9)

Line UMK V. V. Babaytseva. Russian language (10-11) (in-depth)

Line UMK Kudryavtseva. Russian language (10-11)

Line UMK Pakhnova. Russian language (10-11) (B)

Unified State Exam in Russian: detailed analysis assignments with specialists

The Unified State Examination in the Russian language is one of the subjects required for passing final exams. Unified State Exam results in the Russian language will be required upon admission to universities for each field of study (specialty). Today we will look in detail at one of the options for the exam task.

New materials on the Unified State Exam are available for review at the following link:

Below is a breakdown of the 2017 assignments.

3.5 hours (210 minutes) are allotted to complete the examination work.

Minimum number of points in Russian language:

• to obtain a certificate - 24 points;
• for admission to a university - 36 points.

Structure of the examination paper:

Each version of the examination paper consists of two parts and includes 25 tasks that differ in form and level of difficulty.

Part 1 contains 24 short answer questions. The examination paper offers the following types of short-answer tasks:

• tasks open type to record a self-formulated correct answer;
• selection tasks and recording one correct answer from the proposed list of answers.

Part 2 contains 1 open-type task with a detailed answer (essay), testing the ability to create your own statement based on the text you read.

Our experts:

Irina Vasilievna Sosnina, teacher of Russian language and literature, laureate of the Moscow Grant competition in the field of science and technology in education.
Awarded a Certificate of Honor from the Ministry of Education and Science, work experience - 34 years.

Ryabtseva Elena Aleksandrovna, teacher highest category, teaches at high school. Veteran of labor, Winner of the competition for the best teachers of the Russian Federation within the framework of the Priority National Project “Education”. Twice Laureate of the Moscow Grant competition in the field of science and technology in education. Teaching experience - 46 years.

Part 1

Read the text and complete tasks 1–3.

(1)L.N. Gumilyov, studying the features of the historical development of the peoples of Eurasia, noticed that stormy social change on the continent associated with solar activity cycles , which are described quite fully by astronomers. (2) Following experts in the field of natural science, the scientist suggested that this connection is natural . (3)<…>he put forward and developed the hypothesis that sharp increase in solar activity favors that what's on Earth large quantities “passionaries” are born - people of increased activity , promoting social change and guiding the historical movement of peoples.

1. Indicate two sentences that correctly convey the MAIN information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) The main discovery of L.N. Gumilev was that he was the first to see the connection between active members society - “passionaries” - and nearby historical events in Eurasia.

2) L.N. Gumilyov drew attention to the fact that social changes and the strengthening of ethnic processes on Earth are somehow connected with the cosmic energy of the galaxy.

3) L.N. Gumilyov, having put forward a hypothesis about “passionaries,” explained the connection between solar activity cycles and the intensification of socio-historical processes on Earth.

4) The peoples of Eurasia, according to L.N. Gumilyov, owe their historical development primarily the cycles of solar activity, which are described in sufficient detail by astronomers.

5) While studying the features of the historical development of Eurasia, L.N. Gumilyov put forward a hypothesis about “passionaries”, according to which there is a relationship between the cycles of solar activity and socio-historical processes on Earth.

Answer: 3 5

Algorithm for completing the task:

1. Highlight in each sentence keywords, important for understanding the issue addressed in this text.

2. Determine cause-and-effect relationships between sentences in the text.

3. Shorten the text by deleting secondary information (various types of explanations, details, descriptions of minor facts, comments, lexical repetitions).

4. Convey in one sentence the main information contained in the text.

5. Correlate your version of text compression (your sentence conveying its main idea) with the answer options.

Try to retell the text concisely:

Let's compare the retelling with the options:

1. in the first version, the emphasis is placed on the connection between active members of society - “passionaries” - and a number of historical events in Eurasia;
2. in the second option there is unnecessary information that social changes and the strengthening of ethnic processes on Earth are associated with the cosmic energy of the galaxy;
3. in the third version, a hypothesis about “passionaries” is put forward, the connection between solar activity cycles and the intensification of socio-historical processes on Earth is explained, this is true;
4. in the fourth version, erroneous information is given that the peoples of Eurasia owe their historical development primarily to solar activity cycles, which are described in sufficient detail by astronomers;
5. in the fifth version, the hypothesis about “passionaries” is correctly explained, according to which there is a relationship between the cycles of solar activity and socio-historical processes on Earth.

Correct answer options - 3 5

2. Which of the following words or combinations of words should be missing in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write down this word (combination of words).

But
Because
Meanwhile
However
Moreover,

Answer: 5

Algorithm for completing the task:

To correctly determine the word (combination of words) necessary for a given context:

1) Read the test carefully and understand the logic of the author’s reasoning.

2) Determine which logical link in the author’s reasoning is the sentence with a gap:

Does not indicate the cause of the described phenomena (hence, it is impossible to insert BECAUSE );

It is not an introductory phrase and does not indicate a mention of anything (hence, it is impossible to choose the place of the gap in meaning MEANWHILE );

Used for contrast, emphasizing the contradiction (hence, in place of the gap, according to the meaning, it is impossible to insert HOWEVER, THEN, BUT );

Used to indicate of special importance the following phrase (therefore, in place of the gap according to the meaning, you need to choose MOREOVER );

3) Carry out the substitution, and then re-read the resulting option again and make sure that you have correctly established the logical correspondence between the sentence with the gap and the one that precedes it.

3. Read a fragment of a dictionary entry that gives the meaning of the word DEVELOP. Determine in what sense this word is used in the third (3) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.

DEVELOP, -I’m calling, -you’re calling, owls.

1) Strengthen, give something. strengthen, strengthen. R. interest in music.

2) Bring to a certain degree of spiritual maturity, consciousness, and culture. R. child. Reading developed her.

3) Distribute, expand, deepen the content or application of something. R. idea. R. argumentation.

4) Do something. to unfold something in a wide manner with all the energy. R. agitation. R. activity.

Answer: 3.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1. Read the assignment carefully.

2. Find the given sentence.

3. Include each of the suggested lexical interpretations to replace the word given for analysis.

4. Determine whether the sentence lost or did not lose its semantic integrity during the linguistic experiment:

If the sentence has not lost its semantic integrity, the answer is correct;

If the meaning of the sentence has changed, the answer is incorrect.

Word DEVELOP, -I’m calling, -you’re calling, owls. used in the sense of spreading, expanding, deepening the content or application of something.

R. idea. R. argumentation.

4. Which word has an error in stress placement: WRONG Is the letter indicating the stressed vowel sound highlighted? Write this word down.

Boyhood

bleeding

vulgarize

Answer: vulgarize

Algorithm for completing the task:

It is necessary to remember: the mobility of the Russian accent creates objective difficulties when completing this task, so pay attention to the recommendations and repeat the words from the link.

1. In feminine past tense verbs, the stress, as a rule, falls on the ending A: took, took, tookA, took, poured in, rushed in, took in, recreated, drove, chased, got, got, waited, waited, occupied, locked, locked, called, lied, poured, poured, lied, overstrained, called As, poured, narwala, started, doused, hugged, overtook, stripped, departed, gave, recalled, recalled, poured, called, watered, understood, arrived, tore, removed, created, tore, removed.

Note:

The exception is feminine past tense verbs with the prefix YOU-, which draws the emphasis: Poured, called ;

For the verbs put, sneak, send, send, send, the emphasis in the feminine form of the past tense does NOT fall on the ending A, but remains on the basis: put, stole, sent, sent, sent.

5. In one of the sentences below, the highlighted word is used INCORRECTLY. Correct the lexical error by choosing a paronym for the highlighted word. Write down the chosen word.

The jury returned a GUILTY verdict in the case.

Experiments have shown that when lightning strikes soil containing silicates and ORGANIC carbon, a tangle of silicon fibers and silicon carbide is formed.

“He was a very HIDDEN man who knew how to remain silent,” recalled the writer’s contemporaries.

Inside the Soviets, instead of democracy, the DICTATE of the Bolsheviks was established.

I am ready to forgive even cruelty if I see compassion COMING from the one who is talking about it.

Answer: secretive.

Paronyms are words with the same root, belonging to the same part of speech, similar in sound, but having different lexical meanings: addresser - addressee; ignorant - ignorant; put on - put on, etc.

Members of paronymic pairs

They have different lexical meanings;

Combined with different words.

ACCUSED- participle from ch. accuse, one who is found guilty. Examples of use: accused of theft, accused of lying, accused of embezzling funds, accused of a crime, innocently accused, accused of murder.	ACCUSATIVE- containing an accusation. Examples of use: accusatory speech, guilty verdict, indictment, accusatory party.
ORGANIC. 1. (special) Belonging to the plant or animal world, relating to living organisms. 2. Concerning the internal structure of a person, his body, his organs. 3. Concerning the very essence of something, radical. 4. (trans.) Intrinsic to someone.	ORGANIC. Having deep roots in a personal or social organism, inherent in someone or something, not accidental, naturally arising from something; whole, inseparable.
SECRETIVE. Not inclined to share his thoughts, experiences, intentions with others, not frank. Synonym: closed. Antonyms: frank, sincere. Secretive: a person; ~th person; ~th creature; ~s people; ~ character.	HIDDEN. Secret, not clearly visible. Antonym: obvious. Hidden: meaning, hint; ~ enmity, irony, pain; ~ excitement, observation; ~th power; ~th temperament; ~ opportunities, reserves, thoughts, intrigues; ~th enemy.
DICTATION(ped.). Written work consisting of recording dictated text. Examples: class, control, visual, difficult, easy dictation	DICTATE- a requirement, an instruction dictated by one, strong point and imposed for unconditional execution on the other, weaker side. Examples: Roman dictate;
ORIGINAL- initial. Examples: starting point, level of knowledge	OUTGOING- document flow term. Examples: outgoing number, document

The correct answer is " SECRETIVE", not inclined to share his thoughts and experiences with others.

6. In one of the words highlighted below, an error was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.

WILL ERASE from the board

sing ZVONCHE

V A HUNDRED AND A HUNDRED meters

two pairs SOCKS

Not DROPING not a word

Answer: having spoken

Algorithm for completing the task:

To complete this task you need a good knowledge of theory.

1. Formation and use of the nominative and genitive cases plural nouns (For most masculine nouns ending in a hard consonant ( orange, tomato, fly agaric, computer, sock ), the ending is typical -OV in the shape of genitive case plural: oranges, tomatoes, fly agarics, computers, socks etc).

2. Use of the numerals one and a half, one and a half hundred ( Numerals one and a half and one and a half hundred in all indirect cases, except for the accusative, have the form one and a half, one and a half hundred ).

3. Formation and use of degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs

Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs

comparative adjective		Superlative adjective
Suffixes: -EE, -E, -SHE STRONG HER LOUD E JUNIOR E	MORE LESS MORE PERSISTENT LESS DIFFICULT	Suffixes: -AYSH-, -EYSH- DEEP AISH II NICE N EIS II	MOST MOST LEAST MOST KIND MOST DANGEROUS
Comparative adverb degree		Superlative adverb
Suffixes -EE, -E, -SHE ACCURATE HER VYSH E THINSH E	MORE AND LESS MORE EXACTLY MORE HIGH MORE THIN		Pronoun ALL + simple form comparative degree MORE PRECISELY ALL HIGHER ALL THINner ALL

Comparative degrees of adjectives and adverbs differ from each other according to their syntactic functions in a sentence: comparative the adjective acts as a predicate of a personal sentence, a modifier and, very rarely, a subject; comparative degree of an adverb - in the role of circumstance.

There was a mistake in the word " uttering" This is a gerund formed from a perfective verb. Perfect participles are formed by adding a suffix -V- to the basics of the vowel infinitive: push - pushing, come - having arrived, look - after looking.

We also offer to your attention work program for teaching materials Gusarova I.V. (basic and advanced levels) for grades 10-11.

From the fifth grade you can already start working work program for teaching materials of R.I. Albetkova in Russian literature.

7. Establish a correspondence between grammatical errors and the sentences in which they were made: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS

A) incorrect use of the case form of a noun

with a pretext

B) incorrect construction of a sentence with an adverbial phrase

C) disruption of the connection between subject and predicate

D) incorrect construction of sentences with indirect speech

D) violation in the construction of sentences with homogeneous members

OFFERS

1) In 1915, Charlie Chaplin participated in the Charlie Chaplin look-alike competition in San Francisco, but he not only did not win, but did not even make it to the finals.

2) The student told his teacher that I had not yet prepared for the answer.

3) In Nekrasov’s poem “ Railway"presents a picture of people's life.

4) Turning back, it seemed to me that the dog was still following me, but there was no one.

5) Many years ago, here, in the very center of the village, there was a wooden church, and everyone who saw it admired the elegance of the building.

6) From June 1, commuter trains will depart according to the summer schedule.

7) The beast carefully made its way along the road leading to the village and along which it had walked more than once.

8) A squad of rescuers advanced towards the group of tourists.

9) All parcels sent abroad undergo strict epidemiological control.

Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

Answer:

A.8. Errors associated with incorrect use of the CASE FORM of a NOUN WITH A PREPOSITION.

B.4. Errors in constructing sentences with participial phrases.

A sentence that is grammatically incorrect is one in which the action expressed by a predicate verb and the action expressed expressed by a gerund are committed by different persons.

AT 5. Errors associated with a violation of the connection between the SUBJECT and the SUBJECT.

In complex sentences built according to the model “ THOSE WHO... », « EVERYONE WHO... ", with the subject WHO, the verb-predicate is placed in singular, and with subjects TE (ALL), predicate verbs are used in the plural.

D.2. Errors in constructing sentences with INDIRECT SPEECH.

When translating direct speech into indirect speech, it is unacceptable to use the personal pronoun “I” in the subordinate part: pronouns and verbs in the first person form should be replaced with pronouns and verbs in the third person form.

D 7. Errors in constructing sentences with HOMOGENEOUS MEMBERS.

The error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members (sentence 7) is that in a series homogeneous members various syntactic structures are included. You need: either two participial phrases, or two homogeneous subordinate clauses.

8. Identify the word in which the unstressed alternating vowel of the root is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter.

Noteworthy

near..native (station)

hug..mother

Sat..regulate

analog..gical

Answer: hug

Algorithm for completing the task:

1) Select test words for each word, remembering that among them there may be vocabulary words, the unstressed vowel at the root of which requires memorization.

If you find words that have a vowel being tested in the root, or dictionary words, you can cross them out, as they will not be the correct answer

2) Read all the words carefully and find among them a word with an alternating vowel in the root:

GAR - GOR; ZAR - ZOR; CLAN - CLONE; TVAR - CREATIVE; LAG- LOG; BIR - BER; PIR - PER; DIR - DER; TIR - TER; WORLD - MER; BLIST - SHINE; STEEL - STEEL; JIG - BURN; CHIT - CHIT; KAS - KOS A; (I) - IM (IN); RAST - RASCH - ROS; JACK - SKOCCH; MAC - MOC; EQUAL - EQUAL; PLAV - PLOV; CHA - CHIN; MY - MIN; ZHA - bench press; NY - NIM; KLYA - WEDGE.

Things to remember:

1. Tested unstressed vowels in the root of the word

(in the unstressed position at the root of the word the same vowel is written as under stress in words with the same root or forms of this word: noteworthy - notice; save - carefully; analogous - analogy).

2. Alternating vowels in the root of the word (Hug - hug).

9. Identify the row in which the same letter is missing in both words. Write out these words by inserting the missing letter.

pr..miracle, pr..gate (interpret)

pr..smear (with glue), pr..grandfather

not..bending, ..give

about..chalk, between..grove

under..yachy, over..eat

Answer: unbending, surrender

To complete the task correctly, you must know the following spelling rules:

Spelling of unchangeable prefixes: (always written the same way. You need to know them by sight: in-, in-, inzo-, you-, do-, for-, iso-, on-, over-, necessary-, not-, under-, o-, about-, about-, over-, over- , sub-, sub-, pra-, pre-, pro-, dis-, s-, co- . In the word “smear” (with glue) write the prefix PRO-, and in the word “great-grandfather” - PRA-)

Spelling of variable prefixes ending in -3 And -WITH(the prefix is ​​written with the letter Z if the root begins with a vowel or a voiced consonant, and with the letter S if the root begins with a voiceless consonant (k, p, s, t - a word for remembering “KaPuST”: without-/bes-, who-/res- (up-/sun-), from-/is-, bottom-/nis-, times-/ras, rose-/ros-, through/through (through/through) ;

Spelling of prefixes PRE- And AT-: (so as not to make a mistake in spelling the prefix AT- or PRE- in a word, you should know their meaning. These prefixes are considered semantic, that is, the choice in their spelling is based on the meaning of the prefixes, which they contribute to the lexical meaning of the word. So the root of the word “quirk” turns out to be a morpheme -MIRACLE-: Quirk-Wonderful-Wonderful. ... The semantics (meaning) of the prefix PRI- in a word is unclear, so we remember the spelling of this prefix in a given word. And in the word “misinterpret” the choice of prefix depends on lexical meaning words. Words with prefixes PRE-/PRI-, which are pronounced the same, but have different lexical meanings that determine the choice of prefix: in in this case- “false, distorted”, so we choose the prefix PRE-);

Spelling I, Y after prefixes (if the prefix ends in a consonant, then AND the root changes to Y: a game- draw , famous - unknown , story - background .

But, after the prefixes of inter-, super- and foreign language prefixes dez-, counter-, post-, sub-, super-, trans-, pan- And does not change: ultra-refined, inter-institutional, disinfection, counter-play, post-impressionism, trans-Indian, pan-Islamism.

Excl.: charge);

Spelling separators Kommersant And b signs (dividing Kommersant written only after consonant prefixes before letters e, e, yu, i, denoting two sounds (the sound [th’] appears): entrance, overeat. Inside the word, before the letters e, e, i, yu, i(not after the prefix!): curtain, serious, nightingale, blizzard, peasant, clerk (cf. clerk) etc. write b).

The prefix is ​​missing from the words “unbending” and “surrender” WITH-. There is no prefix Z-. The prefix C- does not change. Formally, the prefix C- is used in combinations sb, sg, sd, szh, sk, sch.

10. Write down the word in which the letter I is written in place of the gap.

nomadic

suede

outshine

thoughtful...

Answer: Thoughtful

This is an adjective, the spelling is in the suffix. Adjective name suffixes –LIV-, -CHIV-, are always written with the letter I.

Adjectives have suffixes -A LION-,-CHEV- can not be.

Reasoning algorithm:

1) Determine in which part of the word the letter is missing: in the ending or in the suffix.

2) If a vowel is missing from the ending, then use the indefinite form of the verb to determine its conjugation:

vowels are written in the personal endings of verbs of the first conjugation E, U ;

vowels are written in the personal endings of verbs of the second conjugation I, A (Z) .

3) If a vowel is missing in the suffix, then analyze the nature of the spelling:

· missing vowel in participle suffixes ushch, yushch, ushch, yashch, im, eat (ohm) .

· missing vowel before participle suffix vsh, nn.

4) Spelling of participle suffixes ushch, yushch, ushch, yashch, im, eat (ohm) depends on the conjugation of the original verb:

· in participles formed from verbs of the first conjugation, suffixes are written ush, yush, eat(om) ;

· in participles formed from verbs of the second conjugation, suffixes are written yash, yash, them.

5) Spelling vowels before participle suffixes Vsh And nn depends on yat - yat or it - there the infinitive form of the original verb ends:

· if the original verb ends in at or yat, then before nn in passive past participles the vowel a(я) is retained;

· if the original verb ends in it or eat , then before nn only written e ;

before the suffix Vsh the same vowel is retained as before the ending t in an indefinite form.

Help: Put the verb into the 3rd person plural. (What are THEY doing? What will THEY do?) ending -ut-ut – verb 1 conjugation - a letter should be written at the endings E ,

Ending - at-yat - verb 2 conjugations - a letter should be written at the endings AND .

11. Write down the word in which the letter Y is written in place of the gap.

hopeful

(they) are offended...

(patients) recovered..t

sealed

(they) visit..t

Answer: They will be offended

It is a verb derived from the verb "OFFEND", relating to the second conjugation. See table:

Conjugation of verbs

II conjugation	I conjugation	Heterogeneous conjugates
1) All verbs end in –it, except shave And lay . 2) and 11 more verbs: Drive, hold, breathe, offend. Hear, see, hate. And depend and endure. And also look, twirl . You will remember, friends, them on -E- cannot be conjugated.	1) all other verbs, except for differently conjugated ones; 2) plus verbs shave And lay	want, run, honor

12. Determine the sentence in which NOT is written together with the word.

Open the brackets and write down this word.

We lived poorly, constantly (NOT) EATED, and exchanged the things we brought with us for food.

My trained eye determined that the area was (UN)INHABITABLE, but I still decided to look for at least some signs of human presence.

It is still far (UN)CLEAR whether such an evaluation criterion is applicable to everyone and to the same extent.

The zoo is accepting (NOT) SOLD OUT fruits for the New Year, which will be enjoyed by elephants, kangaroos, bears and artiodactyls.

She is an amazing Russian actress, he is a (UN)KNOWN genius teacher, and both are true servants of the theater.

Answer: They were malnourished, because.:

UNDER-- a complex prefix indicating incompleteness, lack of action or quality, for example, underfill, under-release, underdeveloped . It consists of two independently used elements: prefixes before- , denoting achievement of a goal, completion of an action ( finish, get there, finish reading, survive ), and particles Not-, which negates what "before" denotes ( not enough to eat, not enough to eat …).

Verbs with UNDER- Incompleteness of action, manifested in the absence of a sufficient norm, is associated in verbs

1) with a lack of quantity of something ( not enough, not enough, not enough, not enough ),

2) with a lack of extension of something in time ( underexpose, undersing, undersleep, underexposure ),

3) with insufficient intensity of action ( overlook, overlook, underhear, undersee ).

The most numerous is the first group of verbs. Among the verbs with UNDER- there are those who are without NOT not used (n to bother, to misunderstand, to underuse, to underestimate, to dislike, to mishear, to be perplexed, to miss... ) Verbs to solicit, to understand, to further use, to overestimate, to cherish, to hear, to understand, to account... are absent in the language.

It should be remembered that the writing rules NOT with different parts of speech can be grouped as follows:

		Apart
	If the word without NOT is not used: indignant, indignant, indignant, fable	If there is a contrast with the conjunction a Not true, but a lie
	If you can replace it with synonyms without NOT: not wide - narrow	If the word with NOT contains the words far, at all, not at all, not at all, not at all beautiful
	There is NO preposition between NOT and the pronoun: No one, no one	With verbs and gerunds: didn’t know, not knowing
		With attachments not + until not fully done can't finish watching the movie, can't get it home She didn’t finish and fell silent.
		WITH short participles: not_closed
		Pronouns HAVE a preposition No one, no one
Exceptions: not in moderation, not as an example, not for good, not in a hurry, not to taste, not within one’s strength, not according to one’s gut, not by hand, etc.; b) neither give nor take, neither be nor me, neither here nor there, neither light nor dawn, nor for anything about nothing, not the bottom, not a tire, not for a sniff of tobacco, not for a penny, etc. not one (nobody) - not one (many), not once (never) - more than once (often).

13. Identify the sentence in which both highlighted words are writtenFULL. Open the brackets and write down these two words.

Examining evidence (BECAUSE OF preceded by the announcement of documents formulating the accusation, and ALSO) discussion of the procedure for examining evidence.

Nihilistic philosophy does not allow any (OVER)PERSONAL values ​​on which a person could rely, TO) justify your existence.

(FIRSTLY , everything must be fair, so the spoils must be divided (EQUALLY .

(DESPITE despite the hostility of critics, Turgenev was extremely popular among Russian readers: his novels enjoyed enormous fame even ( AT FIRST XX century.

The theater was (WHITE)STONE building with a high porch and SO (SAME) tall oak doors.

Answer: Superpersonal, to

Adjective " SUPERPERSONAL "is written together, because

The first part of a compound adjective " ABOVE » enters the value of exceeding the usual measure, limit;

Word " TO " is a conjunction and can be replaced with a synonym.

Reasoning algorithm:

1) Read the sentence, think about its meaning.

2) Determine which part of speech the highlighted word belongs to.

Unions so that, too, also, but, moreover, moreover, so, therefore written together; they can be replaced with synonyms of the same part of speech.

Words of other parts of speech similar in sound to these conjunctions that, the same, in the same way, for that, with that, and so, from that are written separately. They consist of two components: one of them (would) can either be removed from the sentence or rearranged to another place; another component ( that, that, with which, so, that ) replace with other words.

Derivative prepositions are written together: AS A RESULT = because of , IN VIEW = because of , ABOUT = O , TOWARD = To , DESPITE = contrary to .

Derivative prepositions are written separately: DURING = IN CONTINUATION, IN CONTRAST, FINALLY , FOR .

For merged, hyphenated or separate writing adverbs, apply the appropriate rules.

Derivative prepositions - during E: There was no news for a year. (time value)

Nouns with prepositions - during AND(what?) rivers. She spoke for an hour. Watch the continuation AND(what?) series. In contrast E from others (used with from). As a result E= due to

Nouns with prepositions - go up (refers to the verb),

Climb to the top of the mountain.

Participles with negation

Despite the rain, we left the city (even though it was raining). Despite the bad weather, we went hiking.

14. Indicate the number(s) in whose place(s) NN is written.

The young officers assigned to the regiment were spoiled (2) by a soft attitude towards them during the training period and knew absolutely (3) nothing about the true (4) life of ordinary soldiers.

Answer: 1,3,4.

The word "appointed" is the passive past participle should be written NN

1. The word “spoiled” is a short form (except for the masculine form) of an adjective with a qualitative meaning that matches in form the passive participles of the past tense of perfective verbs, written with nn

2. The word “True” - NN - because it is formed at the junction of a stem ending in the letter N, and suffix N

Reasoning algorithm:

1 Determine which part of speech the word with the missing letter belongs to;

2.Apply spelling rule N And NN in the suffix of this part of speech.

Noun: NN

1. If the root of a word ends in N , and the suffix begins with N: raspberry(raspberries)

2.If noun. derived from adj., having NN, or from the participle: soreness (sick), spoiled (spoiled)

3. Remember: homeless woman

1. In words formed from nouns that have suffixes -in-, -an-, -yang- : peat bog (from noun peat)

2. In words formed from adj. with one N : student (from adj. scientist), martyr, worker

3. In words: crimson (crimson), hemp (hemp), dumpling (boiled), smoked meats (smoked), kostyanika (bone), wisdom (sophisticated), Maslenitsa (butter), fescue (oat), hotel (living room), drovyanik (wood-burning), cleverness (clever), great martyr

Adjective:

1. noun -H+ -H -: pocket

2. -HE N- , -ENN- : commission, cranberry! windless

3. exceptions with -YANN-: GLASS, TIN, WOODEN

Yunnats (young naturalists)

4. -IN- : goose , exception WINDY (day, person)

5. -AN- (-YAN-) : leather Remember: young; crimson, ruddy, zealous, drunk, spicy (historical suf. -YAN- ); lamb, pork, blue, green, single, vigorous .

The same amount is written in short adjectives n, how much and in full

foggy distance - foggy distance, windy girl - windy girl

Participles:

N - NN IN SUFFIXES OF PARTICIPLES AND VERBAL ADJECTIVES

1. There is a prefix: sifted flour (except for the attachment Not-)

But: wholemeal flour

1. There is a prefix Not-: unsifted flour

2. No ¬, but there is ZS: flour sifted through a sieve

3. No ¬: sifted flour

4. there is a suffix -ova-/-eva-: pickles

Exceptions: forged, chewed, pecked (-ov-, -ev- are part of the root)

5. Formed from an unprefixed perfective verb:

Solved problem (decide - what to do?) But: a wounded soldier, wounded in the leg! Although wounded, the soldier remained in service.

The women immediately hung up the laundry. (Passive parables, because they retain a verbal meaning, indicate a temporary state, and not a permanent attribute-quality)., windless

Exception: wounded, windy

6. These same words in their literal meaning will be participles: named play, finished work.

7. When a participle changes into an adjective, the lexical meaning of the word can change: a smart child, an uninvited guest, a sworn brother, a jailed father, a dowry, Forgiveness Sunday, a finished man.

Exceptions: cutesy, desired, unheard of, unprecedented, sacred, unexpected, unforeseen, accidental, deliberate, slow, awake, swaggering, minted.

8. The spelling does not change in the composition difficult words: gold-woven, broken-broken, the word everything as a whole has the meaning adj. (high degree of quality), and not the meaning “adj. + participle."

9. Short participles: the girl is spoiled

SHOULD BE DIFFERENTIATED

Short adjective

The girl is well-mannered (herself – short adjective). Can be replaced with a full adjective: well-mannered.

Short Communion

The girl was raised in an orphanage (by whom?) - a short parable. Replaced with a verb: the girl was raised.

Exist. ? cr. ???

The matter has been thought out (what?) from all sides. Thought out - predicate.

15.Place punctuation marks. List two sentences that require ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) His relatives and colleagues and numerous friends came to congratulate the hero of the day.

2) The romantic hero finds an equal beginning only in communication with the elements: with the world of the ocean or sea, mountains or coastal cliffs.

3) In the excerpt from Bunin’s Antonov Apples, one senses not so much the author’s desire to be a landowner as the desire to be free from petty matters.

4) Constant movement and striving towards other limits is the essence of creative life, and this is exactly what Pasternak wrote about in one of his poems.

5) In the morning the east lit up with a blush and the small clouds turned a delicate color.

Answer:2,3

2-sentence - repeating conjunction OR with homogeneous terms.

3rd sentence - conjunction " as much as", which expresses a comparison under constraint; same as " not to the same extent... as" A punctuation mark is placed between parts of a sentence (before the second part of the conjunction).

Reasoning algorithm:

1. Find homogeneous members in the sentence.

2. Determine what conjunctions connect them:

· if it is a single connecting or dividing conjunction (and, or, either, yes (= and) , no comma is placed in front of it;

· if it is a double union ( both... and; not so much..., but; not only but; although... but ), a comma is placed only before the second part of a double conjunction;

· if these are repeating conjunctions, then a comma is placed only in front of those that are between homogeneous members;

· a comma is always placed before adversative conjunctions between homogeneous members.

3. Check if the sentence contains homogeneous members connected in pairs. Remember: if homogeneous members in a sentence are connected in pairs, then a comma is placed between the paired groups and only one.

16. Place all punctuation marks. Indicate the number(s) that should be replaced by a comma(s) in the sentence.

Mathematics (1) originated in Ancient Greece (2) has two “parents” - logic and geometry, therefore (3) without understanding (4) the nature of the “parents” (5) its essence cannot be understood.

Answer: a) 1,2 - participial phrase, standing after the word being defined, b)3,4- gerund (single)

Reasoning algorithm:

Participial phrase answers questions Which? which? which? which?;

The participle answers questions what did you do? doing what? And denotes an additional action with a predicate verb; participial phrase answers questions How? When? Why?

*the placement of punctuation marks in a participial phrase depends on its location in relation to the noun being defined;

*adverbial phrases are always highlighted in writing with commas;

*homogeneous definitions and circumstances, expressed by participial and participial phrases and connected by a single conjunction AND, are not separated by a comma.

Reasoning algorithm:

1) Find the participles and participial phrases, correctly defining their boundaries. Always separated by commas.

2) Determine what position in the sentence the participial phrase occupies ( BEFORE- is not separated by commas. AFTER the defined word – highlighted

3) Check if the sentence contains homogeneous members with the conjunction I, expressed by participial or participial phrases. There is no comma before the conjunction I.

Difficult cases of punctuation in participial and participial phrases.

	Participial	Participial turnover.
	Stands out participial phrase meaning reason or concession: Connected with the great poet by cordial friendship, Zhukovsky was very upset about his death (he was worried because he was connected by friendship - the meaning of reason).	Do not stand out single gerunds, standing after the predicate, if they are circumstances of the manner of action, as well as those close in function to adverbs: He walked with a limp. Reading lying down is harmful.
	Not separated by comma homogeneous participial and participial phrases connected by a single connecting or dividing conjunction: Pletnev’s selflessness, who worked in the name of the greatness of Russian literature and understood the uniqueness of Pushkin’s phenomenon, is striking. They walked, looking around warily and without saying a word.
	Expressions with words are not highlighted STARTING WITH, BASED ON(they can be omitted without compromising the meaning): We begin work STARTING next week. Phraseologisms that include adverbial phrases are not highlighted: They listened to his story WITH BEATHING BREATH.

17. Place all missing punctuation marks. Indicate the number(s) that should be replaced by a comma(s) in the sentences.

Winds (1) winds (2) snowy (3) winds (4)

Notice my past life.

I want to be a bright boy

Or a flower from a meadow border.

I (5) would like (6) to hear horses snore

Hugging a nearby bush.

Raise your (7) you (8) moon paws (9)

My sadness goes to heaven like a bucket.

(S. Yesenin)

Answer: 1,2,4 is an appeal

8.9 is an appeal

Remember: introductory words can be removed from a sentence without changing the main idea of ​​the syntactic structure. Use the technique of eliminating highlighted words.

Reasoning algorithm:

1) Check whether the highlighted words are introductory.

· Introductory words can be removed from the sentence or replaced with synonymous introductory words; they are separated by commas.

· Members of a sentence that are homonymous with introductory words cannot be removed without changing the meaning of the syntactic structure; they are not separated by commas.

Remember that the following words are not introductory and are not separated by commas: as if, as if, perhaps, for the most part, as if, literally, in addition, after all, ultimately, it seems, hardly, anyway, after all, even, precisely, sometimes, as if, besides, only, meanwhile, for sure, extremely, I suppose , certainly, definitely, partly, at least, truly, still, therefore, simply, albeit, decisively, nevertheless, only, allegedly.

18. Place all punctuation marks. Indicate the number(s) that should be replaced by a comma(s) in the sentence.

Chekhov seemed unable to keep in focus for a long time the pattern of life (1) the essence (2) of which (3) his genius (4) picked out everywhere, so he became a master of short stories.

Answer: 1.4 - subordinate clauses are separated

Reasoning algorithm:

1. Find the grammatical basis of the sentence.

2. Determine the boundaries of the main and subordinate parts.

3. Read the sentence, observing the selected signs. This will help identify an incorrectly found solution or, conversely, confirm the correct choice.

Remember! As a rule, this task presents complex sentences with subordinate clauses, in them conjunction word which stands not at the beginning of the subordinate clause, but in the middle of it, therefore A comma is not placed before a conjunctive word. (1. Eliminate the numbers around the word “which”

4. Attention to the conjunction I). Determine what it connects: parts of a complex sentence - a comma, homogeneous members of a sentence - no comma.

19. Place all punctuation marks. Indicate the number(s) that should be replaced by a comma(s) in the sentence.

How nice it is to look at a ship with white sails from afar (1) and (2) when you get into this web of gear (3) from which (4) there is no way (5) and see everything from the inside (6) you immediately recognize the superiority of the steamship over the sailboat.

Answer: put commas

3-the subordinate clause has ended, a new one begins

5-between parts of a complex sentence

6-end of subordinate clause

Reasoning algorithm:

1. Identify the grammatical bases in the sentence.

2. Determine the boundaries of simple sentences as part of a complex syntactic structure.

3. See how these parts are connected to each other.

4. Find out if it is present in the sentence union I , and if it is present in the sentence, determine what it connects:

· If homogeneous members, then there is a comma before it not placed;

· If parts of a complex sentence, then in front of him a comma is placed.

5. Find 2 unions nearby: what if, what when, and if, and although, but when, so that if, and when:

· A comma is NOT placed between conjunctions if the words follow in the sentence then, yes, but

· A comma is placed between conjunctions if not SO, SO, BUT

Read the text and complete tasks 20–24.

(1) The sky was overcast with evil clouds, the rain sadly pounded the windows and made me sad. (2) In a thoughtful pose, with his vest unbuttoned and his hands in his pockets, the owner of the city pawnshop, Polikarp Semyonovich Iudin, stood at the window and looked at the gloomy street.

(3) “Well, what is our life? - he reasoned in unison with the crying sky. - (4) What is she? (5) Some kind of book with a lot of pages on which more suffering and grief are written than joys... (6) Why was it given to us? (7) After all, God, the good and omnipotent, did not create the world for sorrows! (8) But it turns out the other way around. (9) There are more tears than laughter..."

(10) Judah took his right hand out of his pocket and scratched the back of his head.

(11) “Well,” he continued thoughtfully, “in terms of the universe, obviously, there was no poverty, corruption and shame, but in reality they exist. (12) They were created by humanity itself. (13) It itself gave birth to this scourge. (14) And for what, one might ask, for what?”

(15) He took out left hand and sadly passed it over his face.

(16) “But how easily one could help people’s grief: one would only have to lift a finger. (17 For example, a rich woman is coming funeral procession. (18) A set of horses in black blankets is carrying a magnificent coffin, and a line of carriages is driving almost a mile behind. (19) The torchbearers step forward with lanterns. (20) Cardboard coats of arms are dangling from the horses: an important person is being buried, the dignitary must have died. (21) Has he done at least one good deed in his entire life? (22) Did you warm the poor man? (23) Of course not... tinsel!

- (24) What do you want, Semyon Ivanovich?

- (25) Yes, I find it difficult to evaluate the costume. (26) In my opinion, it is impossible to give more than six rubles for it. (27) And she asks for seven; He says the kids are sick and need to be treated.

- (28) And six rubles will be too much. (29) Don’t give more than five, otherwise we’ll go bankrupt. (30) Just take a good look around to see if there are any holes or spots left somewhere... (31) “Okay, sir, so this is life that makes you think about human nature. (32) Behind the rich hearse is a cart, on which a pine coffin is loaded. (33) Only one old woman trudges behind her, splashing through the mud. (34) This old woman, perhaps, is burying her breadwinner son... (35) But let me ask if the lady sitting in the carriage will give her even a penny? (36) Of course, he won’t give it, although maybe he will express his condolences... (37) What else is there?”

- (38) The old woman brought a fur coat... how much should I give?

- (39) Rabbit fur... (40) Nothing, strong, worth five rubles. (41) Give three rubles, and interest, of course, forward... (42) “Where, in fact, are people, where are their hearts? (43) The poor are dying, but the rich don’t even care..."

(44) Judah pressed his forehead to the cold glass and thought. (45) Large, shiny, crocodile tears appeared in his eyes.

(according to A.P. Chekhov*)

*Alexander Pavlovich Chekhov (1855–1913) - Russian writer, prose writer, publicist, elder brother of Anton Pavlovich Chekhov.

20. Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Please provide answer numbers.

1) Polikarp Semyonovich Iudin is one of the ordinary employees of the city pawnshop.

2) The woman who gave the suit to the pawn shop had sick children.

3) In the city pawn shop of Judah, interest is taken in advance.

4) The owner of the city pawnshop is worried about the fate of the people, so he is ready to do charity work.

5) One old woman went to a pawnshop to sell a hare’s fur coat, because she was very poor and needed money for a funeral.

To complete the task, use the following algorithm:

· Read the text carefully

Find in it confirmation or refutation of this or that statement

· Choose the correct answers

Let's consider how this algorithm can be applied to complete this task.

The first answer is unfaithful, because Polikarp Semyonovich Iudin is the owner of the city pawnshop (proposal No. 2)

Statement stated in the fourth answer option is exactly the opposite of what the author says in the text itself. So this answer incorrect.

In the fifth version the answer contains only part of the correct information (the old woman was poor), but she did not need the money for a funeral

So answer number 5 too incorrect.

Statement No. 2 is correct: “He says the kids are sick and need to be treated” (sentence 27). This loyal answer.

Statement No. 3 is correct: “Give me three rubles, and the interest, of course, will be forward...” (sentence No. 41). This loyal answer.

Therefore, the correct answer is: 2.3

21. Which of the following statements are true? Please provide answer numbers.

1) Sentence 2 contains a description.

2) Sentences 11–14 present the narrative.

3) Proposition 23 contains an answer to the question formulated

in sentences 21–22.

4) Sentences 34–36 present the reasoning

5) Proposition 45 explains the reason for what is said in sentence 44.

Algorithm for completing the task:

Read the suggested fragments carefully;

Remember that the description shows, describes.

Varieties of description:

1) description of an object, person (its characteristics)

2) description of the place

3) description of the state of the environment

4) description of the state of the person (person)

5) description of actions

The narrative tells about the actions and deeds of the hero. We can trace a series of events that follow each other (was, is, will be).

Reasoning is built according to the scheme: thesis, evidence, conclusion.

Attention! There is not always a clear thesis statement in a passage. But if there is an explanation, a discussion of any event, phenomenon, then this reasoning, not storytelling. The presence of rhetorical questions and rhetorical exclamations, introductory words will tell you that this is reasoning.

Determine what type of speech each fragment belongs to

Let's try to apply this algorithm.

1) Sentence 2 contains a description.

“In a thoughtful pose, with his vest unbuttoned and his hands in his pockets, the owner of the city pawnshop, Polikarp Semyonovich Iudin, stood at the window and looked at the gloomy street.”

The fragment describes the pose and clothing. We “see” this hero.

So this one the answer is correct

2) Sentences 11–14 present the narrative.

(11) “Well,” he continued thoughtfully, “in terms of the universe, obviously, there was no poverty, corruption and shame, but in reality they exist. (12) They were created by humanity itself. (13) It itself gave birth to this scourge. (14) And for what, one might ask, for what?”

This answer incorrect. In this passage, the hero talks about the universe, poverty, and humanity. It contains an introductory word, a rhetorical question. So, uh then the reasoning.

3) Proposition 23 contains the answer to the question formulated in sentences 21–22.

(21) Has he done at least one good deed in his entire life? (22) Did you warm the poor man? (23) Of course not... tinsel! Question, question and answer. This correct answer.

4) Sentences 34–36 present reasoning.

(34) This old woman, perhaps, is burying her breadwinner son... (35) But let me ask if the lady sitting in the carriage will give her even a penny? (36) Of course, he won’t, although maybe he will express his condolences...

This is the correct answer. The hero talks about kindness and condolences. We observe in this fragment introductory words, a rhetorical question.

5) Proposition 45 explains the reason for what is said in sentence 44.

(44) Judah pressed his forehead to the cold glass and thought. (45) Large, shiny, crocodile tears appeared in his eyes.

A series of actions: he pressed his forehead, thought, and tears came out. So this answer incorrect, This narration.

Therefore, the correct answer is: 134

22. From sentences 39–45, write down antonyms (antonymous pair).

Algorithm for completing the task:

1. Remember what antonyms are.

Antonyms are words that belong to the same part of speech, differ in spelling and sound, and mean directly opposite concepts.

Do not forget about contextual antonyms, which are the individual stylistic use of a particular word... In general use, these words do not stand in antonymic relationships with each other. Thus, in the context of A. Pushkin’s novel “Eugene Onegin,” the words “wave” and “stone,” “poetry” and “prose,” “ice” and “fire” are antonyms.

3. Define the specified lexical item

4. Choose the correct answer

(43) The poor are dying, but the rich don’t even care..."

These are nouns with the opposite lexical meaning.

Therefore, we write out: poor people, rich people

23. Among sentences 15–23, find one(s) that is related to the previous one using a coordinating conjunction and a personal pronoun. Write the number(s) of this sentence(s).

Reasoning algorithm:

Remember what types of conjunctions there are (coordinating and subordinating)

1. Find coordinating conjunction

2. Remember the categories of pronouns

3. Find a personal pronoun

4. See which sentence contains both a coordinating conjunction and a personal pronoun

Coordinating Conjunctions

Connecting and, yes(=and), neither, nor, too, also

Nasty a, but, yes (=but), but, however, same

Separating or, either, so-and-so, either... or, not that... not that

Personal pronouns (initial form)

	Unit h./pl. h.
	he, she, it/they

Case forms

			He she it
			His, her, his
			Him, her, him
			His, her, his
			To them, to them, to them
			About him, about her, about him

Attention! Case forms of personal pronouns HER, HIS, THEM coincide with possessive pronouns HER, HIS, THEM. How to distinguish?

For the initial form and question:

saw (who?) her, him, them .

Initial form: she, he, it, they.

Therefore, it is a personal pronoun.

Her, his, theirs books (R.p.).

Initial form: her, him, them books.

Books (whose?) her, his, theirs.

Therefore, these are possessive pronouns.

(20) Cardboard coats of arms are dangling from the horses: an important person is being buried, the dignitary must have died. (21) Has he done at least one good deed in his entire life?

24. Read a fragment of a review based on the text that you analyzed while completing tasks 20–23. This fragment examines the linguistic features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Insert into the blanks (A, B, C, D) the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list. Write down the corresponding number in the table under each letter.

Chekhov's stories are compact in form and deep in content, and the author avoids direct value judgments- his voice sounds quiet, but at the same time firmly and clearly. This is facilitated by a complex composition and, of course, a competent selection of visual and expressive means. In the presented fragment it is worth noting the trope - (A)__________ (“angry clouds” in sentence 1, “gloomy street” in sentence 2), lexical device - (B)__________ (“hanging out” in sentence 20, “we’ll burn out” in sentence 29 , “travels, spanking...” in sentence 33), syntactic means - (B)__________ (sentences 3, 14, 21). It is worth paying attention to such a technique as (G)__________ (sentence 11), which becomes, perhaps, one of the main ones in the construction of this text.”

List of terms

1) phraseological units

2) antithesis

3) epithets

4) colloquial vocabulary

6) interrogative sentences

7) lexical repetition

8) hyperbole

9) synecdoche

Reasoning algorithm:

Let's divide all terms into 3 groups

There is a hint in the first task:mark the trope.

Trails - words and expressions used by the author of the text in a figurative meaning.

Let's remember the tropes: personification, epithet, comparison, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, litotes, irony, periphrasis.

Let's see which of them are in the list of terms: epithet, synecdoche, hyperbole - this is first group

Let's remember the definitions: Hyperbole is an excessive exaggeration of certain properties of the depicted object. Synecdoche is a type of metonymy when the name of a part is used instead of the name of the whole or vice versa. An epithet is a figurative, emotional and evaluative definition.

Hyperbole and synecdoche are not appropriate.

« Evil clouds», « gloomy street" is a figurative, emotional-evaluative definition expressed by an adjective.

Therefore this epithet.

The second task deals with lexical means.

We add to our list: synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, neologisms, archaisms, historicisms, phraseological units, aphorisms, dialectisms, professionalisms, colloquial vocabulary.

The list of terms includes: Phraseologisms - a stable combination of words, the meaning of which is determined as a whole, and not by the meaning of the individual words included in it.

Colloquial vocabulary gives speech a character of ease and some reduction (rudeness, familiarity, playfulness).

Phraseologisms and colloquial vocabulary are second group

• The words “hanging out”, “burning out”, “tragging, splashing...” refer to colloquial vocabulary.

Therefore, the answer is: No. 4

In task “B” they ask about a syntactic device.

• Let’s remember the syntactic means of expressiveness and look at what is in the list of terms:

antithesis, inversion, gradation, oxymoron, parcellation, anaphora, epiphora, rhetorical question, interrogative sentences, rhetorical appeal, ellipsis, lexical repetition, question-answer form, syntactic parallelism, homogeneous members of the sentence.

• The list of terms includes:

Antithesis is a sharp opposition of concepts, thoughts, images.

Interrogative sentences are a question that is posed in order to obtain an answer.

Lexical repetition is the deliberate repetition of the same word or phrase.

Homogeneous members of a sentence are listed actions, objects, signs.

Antithesis, interrogative sentences, lexical repetition. homogeneous members of the sentence are the third group.

(3) “Well, what is our life? - he reasoned in unison with the crying sky. - (4) What is she? (21) Has he done at least one good deed in his entire life?

These are interrogative sentences.

Therefore, answer #6

I propose to complete task “D” by the method of elimination.

1) phraseological units

2) antithesis

3) epithets

4) colloquial vocabulary

5) series of homogeneous members of the sentence

6) interrogative sentences

7) lexical repetition

8) hyperbole

9) synecdoche

(11) “Well,” he continued thoughtfully, “in terms of the universe, obviously, there was no poverty, corruption and shame, but in reality they exist.

The text is based on opposition. The thoughts and deeds of the hero of the story are contrasted.

Therefore, answer "No. 2"

Fill out the table: A- 3, B- 4, C- 6, D- 2

25. Write an essay based on the text you read.

State one of the problems delivered author of the text.

Comment on the formulated problem. Include in your comment two illustrative examples from the text you read that you think are important for understanding the problem in the source text (avoid excessive quoting).

Formulate the position of the author (storyteller). Write whether you agree or disagree with the point of view of the author of the text you read. Explain why. Argue your opinion, relying primarily on reading experience, as well as knowledge and life observations (the first two arguments are taken into account).

The volume of the essay is at least 150 words.

Work written without reference to the text read (not based on this text) is not graded. If the essay is a retelling or a complete rewrite of the original text without any

Now I want to offer a unique "cheat sheet". I’ll explain how easy it is to complete task No. 7.

How to easily complete task No. 7

As an example for commentary, I will take the task proposed in the demo version for 2016.

Russian language Unified State Examination

Task No. 3. Working with a dictionary entry

Enriching your vocabulary!

Words, words... How many of them have appeared in the Russian language over just the last few decades. Thousands of new words, often with multiple meanings. How to understand their meaning? Is it even possible to keep up with time rushing by so quickly, giving a person more and more new words?

Of course available. You need a great desire to be aware of everything new, modern, to keep up with the times, to constantly replenish your lexicon, especially in the area in which the activity is related.

It is no coincidence that a new type of task was included in the Unified State Exam in Russian in 2015 - working with a dictionary entry.

Word form- this is a morphological variety of a word, which contains a number of grammatical meanings characteristic of this particular part of speech.

On Unified State Examination in Russian language task No. 6 will be is associated with word forms that contain grammatical inconsistent features of parts of speech, because it is in their use that errors are made. By the form of the word we can determine:

for nouns – number, case

for adjectives - gender, number, case

Verbs have tense, person (present and future tense), gender (singular past tense)

Pronouns have gender, number, case (not all categories of pronouns have these features)

For numerals - gender (for ordinal numbers), number, case.

Rear No. 7. Errors in sentence construction

Competent speech always attracts people around you. It’s nice to hear a clear, concise, reasoned speech from your interlocutor.

Unfortunately, mistakes are often made in the construction of sentences and phrases. Of course, you need to learn to avoid them, speak correctly, competently.

On Unified State Examination in Russian language in task No. 7 of 2015 you need to establish a correspondence between the sentences given in the first column and the errors made in them, given in the second.

Let's first look at some of the types of errors that can occur in this task.