Old Russian words and their meaning. Dictionary of obsolete words (based on the works of the school curriculum)

Vocabulary is the collection of all the words we use. A separate group in vocabulary can be considered old words... There are many of them in the Russian language, and they belong to different historical eras.

What are old words

Since the language is an integral part of the history of the people, then the words that are used in this language are of historical value. Ancient words and their meaning can tell a lot about what events took place in the life of the people in a particular era and which of them had great importance... Ancient, or obsolete, words are not actively used in our time, but are present in the lexical stock of the people, recorded in dictionaries and reference books. They can often be found in works of art.

For example, in the poem by Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin we read the following passage:

"In the crowd of mighty sons,

With friends, in a high gridnitsa

Vladimir the sun was feasting

The youngest daughter he gave

For the brave prince Ruslan ".

There is the word "gridnitsa" here. Now it is not used, but in the era of Prince Vladimir it meant a large room in which the prince, along with his warriors, arranged festivities and feasts.

Historisms

Ancient words and their designations are of different kinds. According to scientists, they are divided into two large groups.

Historicisms are words that are now not actively used for the reason that the concepts they denote have fallen out of use. For example, "caftan", "chain mail", armor ", etc. Archaisms are words that denote concepts familiar to us in other words, for example, lips - lips, cheeks - cheeks, neck - neck.

In modern speech, as a rule, they are not used. which are incomprehensible to many, are not typical for our everyday speech. But they do not disappear completely from use. Historians and archaisms are used by writers in order to truthfully tell about the past of the people, with the help of these words they convey the flavor of the era. Historicisms can truthfully tell us about what happened once in other eras in our homeland.

Archaisms

Unlike historicisms, archaisms denote those phenomena that we encounter in modern life. it Clever words, and their meanings do not differ from the meanings of words familiar to us, only they sound differently. Archaisms are different. There are some that differ from ordinary words only in some peculiarities in spelling and pronunciation. For example, hail and city, gold and gold, young - young. These are phonetic archaisms. There were many such words in the 19th century. This is a klob (club), a store (curtain).

There is a group of archaisms with outdated suffixes, for example, museum (museum), assistance (assistance), fisherman (fisherman). Most often we come across lexical archaisms, for example, eye - eye, right hand - right hand, shuitsa - left hand.

Like historicisms, archaisms are used to create a special world in fiction. So, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin often used archaic vocabulary to give pathos to his works. This is clearly seen in the example of the poem "The Prophet".

Words from Ancient Russia

Ancient Russia gave a lot modern culture... But then there was a special lexical environment, some words from which have survived and in A, some are no longer used at all. Old outdated Russian words from that era give us an idea of ​​the origin

For example, old curse words. Some of them very accurately reflect the negative qualities of a person. Pustobrekh is a chatterbox, ryuma is a crybaby, an oily forehead is a fool, zhuhrya is a disheveled person.

The meaning of old Russian words sometimes differed from the meanings of the same root in modern language... We all know the words "leap" and "leap", they mean fast movement in space. The Old Russian word "sig" meant the smallest unit of time measurement. In one instant, there were 160 whitefish. The largest dimension was considered to be "far distance", which was equal to 1, 4

Ancient words and their meanings are being discussed by scholars. The names of coins that were used in Ancient Rus... For coins that appeared in the eighth and ninth centuries in Russia and were brought from the names "kuna", "nogat" and "rezana" were used. Then the first Russian coins appeared - goldsmiths and silver coins.

Obsolete words from the 12th and 13th centuries

The pre-Mongol period in Russia, 12-13 centuries, is characterized by the development of architecture, which was then called architecture. Accordingly, a layer of vocabulary associated with the construction and erection of buildings appeared then. Some of the words that appeared then remained in the modern language, but the meaning of the old Russian words has changed over this time.

The basis of life in Russia in the 12th century was the fortress, which was then called "Detinets". A little later, in the 14th century, the term "Kremlin" appeared, which then also meant the city. The word "kremlin" can be an example of how old obsolete Russian words change. If now there is only one Kremlin, this is the residence of the head of state, then there were many kremlins.

In the 11th and 12th centuries, cities and fortresses of wood were built in Russia. But they could not resist the onslaught of the Mongol-Tatars. The Mongols, having come to conquer the lands, simply swept away the wooden fortresses. Novgorod and Pskov survived. For the first time the word "Kremlin" appears in the Tver chronicle of 1317. Its synonym is the old word "kremnik". Then the kremlins were built in Moscow, Tula and Kolomna.

Socio-aesthetic role of archaisms in classical fiction

Ancient words, the discussion of which is often found in scientific articles, were often used by Russian writers in order to make the speech of their fiction more expressive. Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin in his article described the process of creating "Boris Godunov": "I tried to guess the language of that time."

Mikhail Yurievich Lermontov also used ancient words in his works, and their meaning exactly corresponded to the realities of the time from where they were taken. Most of the old words appear in his work "Song of Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich". These are, for example, "you know", "oh you goy you are", ali ". Also, Alexander Nikolaevich Ostrovsky writes works in which there are many ancient words. These are "Dmitry the Pretender", "Voevoda", "Kozma Zakharyich Minin-Sukhoruk".

The role of words from past eras in modern literature

Archaisms remained popular in the literature of the 20th century. Let us recall the famous work of Ilf and Petrov "Twelve Chairs". Here the old words and their meaning have a special, humorous connotation.

For example, in the description of Ostap Bender's visit to the village of Vasyuki, there is a phrase "One-eyed did not take his only eye off his grandmaster's shoes." Archaisms with Church Slavonic coloring are also used in another episode: “Father Fyodor was hungry. He wanted wealth. "

when using historicisms and archaisms

Historicisms and archaisms can greatly decorate fiction but their inept use is laughable. Ancient words, the discussion of which often becomes very lively, as a rule, cannot be used in everyday speech. If you start asking a passerby: “Why is your neck open in winter?”, He will not understand you (meaning the neck).

In newspaper speech, there is also an inappropriate use of historicisms and archaisms. For example: "The headmaster of the school welcomed young teachers who came to practice." The word "greeted" is synonymous with the word "greeted." Sometimes schoolchildren insert archaisms into their compositions and thus make sentences not very clear and even ridiculous. For example: "Olya came running in tears and told Tatyana Ivanovna about her offense." Therefore, if you want to use old words, meaning, interpretation, their meaning should be absolutely clear to you.

Obsolete words in fantasy and science fiction

Everyone knows that genres such as fantasy and science fiction have gained immense popularity in our time. It turns out that in the works of the fantasy genre, ancient words are widely used, and their meaning is not always clear to the modern reader.

Such concepts as "gonfalon" and "finger", the reader can understand. But sometimes there are more Difficult words, such as "lump" and "nozzle". It must be said that publishers do not always approve of the excessive use of archaisms. But there are works in which the authors successfully find application of historicisms and archaisms. These are works from the "Slavic fantasy" series. For example, the novels of Maria Stepanova "Valkyrie", Tatiana Korostyshevskaya "Mother of four winds", Maria Semenova "Volkodav", Denis Novozhilov " Far Far Away kingdom... War for the throne. "

We often find obsolete words in classical literature. Footnotes and explanations are often given to them, since these words are not used in modern language, and many may not know their meanings.

Examples of obsolete words:

inda - even

lanita - cheeks

saryn - rabble, crowd

week - week

lying - lazy

Obsolete words include archaisms and historicisms. These are words that are rarely used in living modern speech or are found only in the literary works of writers of past centuries. Obsolete words are classified as passive vocabulary of the modern Russian language.

Archaisms are characterized by the fact that, as a rule, they have synonyms in modern speech.

Examples of archaisms:

hand - palm,

vyya - neck;

belts - shoulders,

sail - sail,

piit is a poet,

fisherman - fisherman,

mouth - lips.

Historicisms, as you might guess from the name of these words, are associated with a certain era in the history of the country and are the names of those objects that have already disappeared, and the word, as a reminder to descendants, remained in literature, archival documents or periodicals of those years.

Here are some examples of obsolete words - historicisms:

kulak - a well-to-do peasant in the 20-30s of the last century;

workers 'faculty - workers' faculty;

rabfak, rabfak - students of the rabfak.

Among historicisms, there are many old names for monetary units, measures of length and weight, names of objects and clothes, etc., for example:

club, pood, verst, arshin, dime, student, haulers, policemen, coachman, tavern, etc.

Obsolete words mean those words that, due to the time interval, have left the previously habitual active use, but they have been preserved in a passive dictionary and, to a greater extent, remain understandable to native speakers.

Among obsolete words, two types are distinguished: archaisms and historicisms.

For example, Lanits - on the Old Russian cheeks. The hand is the palm. Dolu - down, below. Eyes are eyes. The forehead is the forehead. Or an archaic address - my dear sir :-). Virgo is a girl. There is such a word - zasupon - tuck / shirt /. Burned up - ran with someone. This is a folk speech, the last two words I heard from my grandmother / Smolensk region /.

To what has already been written by other authors, I can add that even now used words can be considered obsolete if in former times they were used in different meanings than in the present. Such words are called semantic archaisms.

Archaisms.

The lad is a teenage boy.

The young woman is a teenage girl.

Stargazer is an astrologer.

The actor is an actor.

A creature is a living being.

Shame is a sight to behold.

The vulgar is ordinary.

Domovina is a coffin.

The goldsmith is a jeweler.

To hope is to hope.

Dark is blind.

The crown is a wreath.

Supper - supper.

Vitia is an orator.

This is this.

To rest is to fall asleep.

Grad is a city.

Arap - Negro.

The innocent is the innocent.

The lamb is a lamb.

The husband is a mature man.

Scoundrel - not fit for military service.

Fornication - a brothel.

The abode is a monastery.

Historicisms.

Educational program, berkovets, carriage, rattletrap, stagecoach, serf, october, pioneer, bast shoes, inquisition, posadnik, Komsomol, torch, archer.

The works of the classics of the 18th - 19th centuries are full of outdated words. The meaning is not always clear.

The poet Pushkin has a blue woman. Obsolete word. So a nun.

He's got half. The word occurs in the conversation of old villagers. A bed for sleeping on the stove.

An obsolete word is used today.

Obsolete words, or ARCHAISMS, designate such objects, phenomena and concepts that have not disappeared from our modern life, but continue to exist in it, but under a different name. That is, they are designated with modern words.

A lot of archaisms are known. And they are given in dictionaries.

Here is Ozhegov's dictionary in front of me. I open the page at random - and immediately come across obsolete words: lanita- cheek; lapotnik- peasant; word dealer used in the meaning reseller and horse trader.

I close the dictionary. What can I remember myself?

This is not difficult to do if you remember some of the expressions and phrases of our famous classic writers. For example, A, P, Chekhov have the following appeal: THE WISE Secretary! That is wise.

From a poem by A.S. Pushkin Prophet everyone knows the lines:

I think that it is not worth translating the highlighted obsolete words into the modern language, because we all know them from the school curriculum.

Here are some more outdated words: full - captivity; shelom - helmet; scab - infantryman; tuga - longing, sadness; right hand - right hand; watchman - watchman; finger - finger; being - existing; thief - thief, robber, etc.

I repeat that there are a lot of archaisms, both native Russian, Old Slavonic, and borrowed.

It is simply impossible to list them within the framework of this project.

Obsolete words (this is the name for words that were used quite actively before, but now they are rarely or not used at all in the meanings in which they used to be) in the Russian language there are a lot. Because the process of obsolescence is constant. Such words are sometimes even subdivided into obsolete and obsolete.

Here is some of them:

Screen... Archaism. Many have now thought about screenshots, which are abbreviated as screens. But it turns out that this was the name given to small chests and stacks. For example, if Dostoevsky had lived not in the 190th century, but earlier, he would have called the old woman's box (packing), from which Raskolnikov pulled out money and jewelry, a screen. From the word hide.

Mattress... Archaism. And that was the name of the nuns. By the color of their clothes.

Belenkaya... Historicism. This substantivized adjective once meant a banknote with a denomination of 25 rubles.

Evil... Archaic meaning. This word was widespread nowadays outdated meaning rich fertile. From the word cereal.

Asp is a poisonous snake, yelling - plowing, namale - soap, ahead of time - in advance, big - senior, krinitsa - well, finger - finger, get out - dress up, little hoop - handkerchief, nicoli - never, once - once.

Obsolete words are divided into historicisms and archaisms, we will give examples of both.

Histories:

uyezd, boyar, volost, king, clerk, altyn.

Archiaisms:

belly - life,

mirror - mirror,

hand - palm.

eye - eye,

cold - cold.

Read about the difference between these two groups of obsolete words here.

Nurullaev Rubin and Duisenova Dinara.

Each person has his own small homeland - the place where we were born, where our ancestors lived, where our roots are. For some it is a big city, for others it is a small village, for others it is a small village. Unfortunately, these roots are now completely forgotten, and this is a whole cultural "layer" of past generations. "Without knowledge of the past, there is no present." V recent times however, interest in the past began to awaken. But the story is relentless. Small ones are disappearing these days settlements, which sometimes existed for 300 - 400 years. Documents, home archives, obsolete words that have acquired a new meaning over time are dying. For example: the belly is a farm animal, the belly is a part of the body. Lesson - damage, evil eye, lesson at school. And the new generation knows them under a new meaning. Some words have multiple meanings. For example: Pechera is a cave, Pechera is a river. Ore is blood, ore is a mineral. This could be due to the large number of nationalities and their subsequent displacement. And along with all this, the gap between the past and the future deepens. This gap is extremely difficult to trace. The current generation of schoolchildren and their grandparents use different colloquial speech.

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Regional Scientific and Practical Conference "Step into the Future"

Research work on the Russian language

on this topic

"Using obsolete words in everyday life"

The work was completed by students of the 10th grade

MCOU "Osypnobugorskaya secondary school"

Privolzhsky district, with. Waste Hillock

Nurullaev Rubin and

Duysenova Dinara.

Academic Supervisor: Kirichenko

Svetlana Georgievna,

teacher of Russian language and literature

2013

Routing

Theme scientific work- "Using obsolete words in everyday life"

School: MCOU "Osypnobugorskaya secondary school"

Information about scientific supervisors - Kirichenko Svetlana Georgievna

Information about the presented work:

Type of work - abstract and research

The presence in the introduction of the object, subject, goals, objectives of the study - +

Availability of a work plan - +

The number of sources in the bibliographic list -

Preliminary approbation of work - school conference

Research period - October-January

Scientific adviser: Kirichenko S.G.

Head of the institution: Halmetova G.A.

Plan research work

1. Research work plan. page 3
2. Introduction. page 5
3. Purpose of work p. 5
4. Hypothesis, p. 5
5. Relevance and significance of the work p. 5
6. Objectives page 5
7. Introduction. page 6.
8. Chapter I " Historical reference Privolzhsky district ". Page 6.

Chapter II "Why are there so many different languages?" page 7.

1. Chapter II "Obsolete Words". page 8.
2. Sociological survey. p11
3. Knowledge of obsolete words. P. 12
4. Use of words based on different age categories. 13
5. Dependence of the use of words, taking into account age characteristics. P. 15
6. Lists of people by recognition category. P. 16
7. .List of words that have different meanings. P. 17
8. Competition "The best expert on obsolete words." 19
9. Conclusion. page 20
10. Bibliography. p. 21
11. Appendix p. 22

Introduction

Each person has his own small homeland - the place where we were born, where our ancestors lived, where our roots are. For some it is a big city, for others it is a small village, for others it is a small village. Unfortunately, these roots are now completely forgotten, and this is a whole cultural "layer" of past generations. "Without knowledge of the past, there is no present." Recently, however, interest in the past has begun to awaken. But the story is relentless. Nowadays, small settlements disappear, which sometimes existed for 300 - 400 years. Documents, home archives, obsolete words that have acquired a new meaning over time are dying. For example: the belly is a farm animal, the belly is a part of the body. Lesson - damage, evil eye, lesson at school. And the new generation knows them under a new meaning. Some words have multiple meanings. For example: Pechera is a cave, Pechera is a river. Ore is blood, ore is a mineral. This could be due to the large number of nationalities and their subsequent displacement. And along with all this, the gap between the past and the future deepens. This gap is extremely difficult to trace. The current generation of schoolchildren and their grandparents use different colloquial speech.

Purpose of work: Learn how obsolete words are used in everyday life.

Hypothesis: We assumed that words are used, but less every year.

Relevance and significance of the work:Without knowledge of the past, there is no present.

The novelty of the work: preservation of outdated words as history, memory of their small homeland.

Tasks: 1) Study the literature on this topic.

2) Conduct a sociological survey.

3) Find out the degree of use of words in the form of graphs and

Tables.

Introduction. Historical background of the Volga region

Privolzhsky district - municipality in the southeastern partAstrakhan regionOf Russia.

Privolzhsky district is located in the southeastern partAstrakhan regionin the delta of the Volga River and is bordered in the north byNarimanovsky and Krasnoyarsk regions, in the east with Volodarsky districtand the territory of the cityAstrakhan... The area of ​​the district is 840.9 km².

On the basis of the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR "On the formation of the Volga region in the Astrakhan region" fromThe 20th of October1980 year- in the Astrakhan region, the Privolzhsky district was formed, with the center in the villageNachalovo, at the expense of a part of the territoryNarimanov districtAstrakhan region. 39 rural settlements.

The population is 40.1 thousand people.

Why are there so many different languages?

The development of language as a means of communication is regulated by two opposing tendencies: divergence (divergence)

convergence (convergence). These tendencies are closely related to each other and each separate segment of the historical development of the language give way to each other in terms of communication. This is manifested in the fact that the collapse of the once single linguistic community causes linguistic divergence: new linguistic features that appear in the speech of one of the separated tribes do not apply to the language of the remaining separated groups, and this leads to the accumulation of linguistic differences between them. This is how dialects of a variety of a once common language are formed.

Speech is the smallest unit of dialectal division of language. In all dialects, the linguistic landscape is considered. The dialects are combined into adverbs, larger territorial units.

Unfamiliar words, moreover, in each locality, their own, special. These are regional or dialectal words. They are not part of the national language, but are used only in dialects, and not everywhere, but only in a certain territory. That is why all modern languages ​​in different territories of their distribution are represented by local dialects (in our time - only in rural areas), reflecting the ancient fragmentation of the population of different regions.

Over a long period of isolated development, so many differences can accumulate that different dialects can develop into different languages... On the contrary, in the case of the unification of tribes, the integration of dialects inevitably begins, which is expressed in the smoothing out of linguistic differences, the spread of new linguistic features to the speech of all groups of the population included in such an association. Due to the large number of nationalities, the words acquired different meanings.

For example: trouble is very, trouble is hard, difficult.

Bereznik - birch forest, bereznik - boletus mushroom.

A blooper is a slow person, a blooper is to leave quickly, a blooper is a small fish.

Obsolete words

The words of our vocabulary by the time of their appearance in the language can be very different. The vast majority of old words are included in the active vocabulary, are used by us often and, due to their constant functioning in speech, are not recognized by the old (cf. the proto-Slavic words father, white, carry, when, himself, house, sky, etc.). Moreover, they form the basis of modern actual vocabulary, although it is being replenished with new words very intensively. At the same time, among the words that are old in terms of the time of appearance (even relatively recent), there is also a very significant group of words that are used rarely, in certain conditions, in other words, are outdated.

Obsolete wordscan be divided into two groups: 1) historicisms; 2) archaisms.

Historisms (from the Greek historia - a story about past events) - these are words denoting the names of such objects and phenomena that ceased to exist as a result of the development of society. For example:

“Now they were petitioners ... "

The highlighted word is historicism. It has no synonyms in modern Russian. The meaning can be explained only by resorting to an encyclopedic description. This is how they are presented in explanatory dictionaries:

1. Chelobity, -I, cf. 1. In ancient Russia: bow to the ground with a forehead touching the ground. 2. In ancient Russia: a written request.
2. Chelobitchik, -a, m. In ancient Russia: the one who submitted the petition. Complaining, oh, f. In ancient Russia: petition (in the 2nd meaning), Stolnik, -a, m. In ancient Russia: a courtier, a degree lower than a boyar, originally a courtier, who served at the prince's or Tsar's table).

The reason for the appearance of historicisms in the language is in the change in everyday life, customs, in the development of technology, science, and culture. Some things and relationships are replaced by others. For example, with the disappearance of such types of clothing as an armyak, a camisole, a caftan, the names of these types of clothing disappeared from the Russian language; they can now be found only in historical descriptions. Forever gone, along with the corresponding concepts, the words: serf, rent, corvee and others associated with serfdom in Russia.

Archaisms (from the Greek archaios - ancient) - these are words that have gone out of use due to their replacement with new ones, for example: Lanits - cheeks, loins - lower back, right hand - right hand, tight - sadness, verses - poems, ramen - shoulders. They all have synonyms in modern Russian.

Archaisms can differ from a modern synonym word in different ways: a different lexical meaning(guest - merchant, belly - life), different grammatical design(perform - perform, at the ball - at the ball), a different morpheme composition(friendship is friendship, fisherman - fisherman), other phonetic features(gishpanish - Spanish, mirror - mirror) .Some words are completely obsolete, but have modern synonyms: so that - that, destruction - destruction, harm, hope - to hope and firmly believe. To clarify the meaning of such words when working with the text of a work of art, it is necessary to use an explanatory dictionary or a dictionary of obsolete words. This will help to avoid mistakes in the interpretation of the text.

The reason for the appearance of archaisms is in the development of the language, in the renewal of its vocabulary: some words are replaced by others.

The words displaced from use do not disappear without a trace: they are necessary in historical novels and essays - to recreate the life and linguistic flavor of the era.

Sometimes obsolete words begin to be used in a new meaning. So, the word returned to the modern Russian language dynasty ... Previously, it could only be combined with such definitions as royal, monarchical. Now they talk and write about working-class dynasties, dynasties of miners, meaning families with an "inherited" profession.

We became interested in the population living on the territory of the Osypnobugorsk village council, since during the study of the material it turned out that outdated words are made up of dialects of different peoples, their customs, way of life, with the development of technology. And this is due to the emergence of historicisms and archaisms in the language.

Having studied the nationalities of the population of our village, we brought our research into the diagram:

It can be seen from this diagram that people of different nationalities live on the territory of the Osypnobugorsk village council, which is 3140 people. Most of them are occupied by Tatars. From this, it can be assumed that the obsolete words that were used and are used in this territory were formed due to the merging and smoothing of linguistic differences, and the spread of new linguistic features that formed new words.

Sociological survey

The next stage of research work was a sociological survey among residents of the village of Osypnoy Bugor belonging to different age groups.

3 groups were identified. A total of 100 people were interviewed.

The first group includes people under 11 years old (grade 4). Only 53 people.It was interesting to find out if the proposed words are used by this age category, because basically everything modern is of value to them.

The second age category included people from 12 to 15 (grades 6 - 9) years old. Total 33 people... A feature of this age is the transition of children's views to a more serious understanding of life.

The third age category included people aged 16-17 (grades 10-11). Only 17 people.At this age, people are increasingly beginning to appreciate the customs, traditions of their ancestors. More and more often they remember their past, evaluating their actions with a new look.

The questions of the questionnaire were proposed.

Questions:

1) Do they know the words presented?

2) What words are used?

3) How did you know about them?

We gave different words to each group.

See Appendix 1

Knowledge of obsolete words

Table 1

Use of words taking into account different age categories.

table 2

In the table, you can distribute the use of words in this way. Before 11 years old, 65% know words

They know these words because

1) Heard them from their parents.

2) Remember them.

55% of words are not used.

12 - 15 years old 75% actually do not use because the words are old, but now it's fashionable to use Western words: cool, otpad, super, O.K. etc., and the old words are forgotten.

16 - 17 years old know 50%, heard from relatives and began to use these words. But they have a peculiar pronunciation. They are rarely consumed.

Dependence of the use of words on age characteristics

The graph shows that the percentage of words used is decreasing and it can be assumed that the next generation will completely stop using these words, because they are not studied and are spoken quite rarely. Thus, a large layer of the cultural life of the village may disappear.

People Lists by Recognition Category

Conclusion: The table shows that most people know the words from relatives. There are people who know words from books. A small percentage of people who learned the words from the villagers.

List of words that have different meanings

During the course of our research, we examined additional information on this word list. It turned out that these words have different meanings... It depends on the territory and characteristics of the culture of the population, a given area.

Bajit 1. Predict.

Obrosikha Ilyinsk.

2. Lead in the game.

Musonkino Karag.

Bayat 1. Transition. Interpret, narrate, tell anything. Plishkari Yel.

2. Convene.

Berezovka Us.

Z. Scold.

N. Zalesnaya Wasp.

Kamenka 1. Blackberry.

VilvaSol.

2. A weed plant with regular yellow small flowers and bitter - sour juice, used as a remedy; celandine.

OsokinoSalt.

Oryol Us R. Romanovo Us.

Z. About a retarded young man.

RakinoCherd.

Lesson 1. Job assigned for a specific period. Gubdor Krasnov.

SvalovaSalt.

2.Tax

Lensk Kungur ..

On the territory of our village, many words coincide in meaning and pronunciation. This suggests that the traditions and customs of the population of this territory are very closely intertwined. This also applies to language features.

Each village in the Volga region has its own flavor. V this case these are words that were used only in our village.

Competition "The best expert on obsolete words"

To preserve obsolete words, we held a competition for the title of "The best expert on obsolete words", which were used on the territory of the Osypnobugorsk village council.

Conclusion: not all students were interested in the competition. And since the younger generation is not interested in the past, the problem of linking generations arises.

Conclusion

The following conclusions can be drawn from the research work:

1) The formation of the linguistic characteristics of the villagers has come a long historical path.

2) The folding of traditions, customs and rituals occurred due to the development of several archaeological cultures in this area.

H) The formation of modern peoples is the result of the political and economic unification of tribes or population groups.

4) Due to the large number of nationalities, the words acquired different meanings.

5) The pronunciation and meaning of words are passed down from generation to generation from parents to children. Less commonly recognized from books.

6) Depending on the age, the use of these words decreases.

We believe that it is necessary to know the outdated words of our area, because this is our culture, our history.

The work resulted in the book "Obsolete Words in Pictures"

Suggested methods for saving words:

1) Opening a linguistic circle on the basis of the school.

2) Conducting school holidays using outdated words.

3) Carrying out events in the museum using antiques.

Bibliography

1.G.N. Chagin “Peoples and cultures of Astrakhan XIX - XX centuries. "Astrakhan, 1986"

2.I.S.Kaptsugovich "A book for reading on the history of Astrakhan" Astrakhan book publishing house, 1992

3. Textbook "Modern Russian language" Publishing house "Prosveshchenie" 2005

4. Internet resources.

5. Dictionary of dialects p. Waste Hillock.

Application

Appendix 1. Sociological survey.

Vocabulary for grade 4

Chest of drawers - a low wardrobe with drawers for linen or small items,

Azure - light - blue color, blue,

Pass on by word of mouth - to communicate something to another person,

Epic is a blade of grass, a stalk of grass,

Buried - hid,

If only if,

By the side of the sea - by the sea bay,

Bright purple - red,

Hickey - someone is hugging from the cold,

Printed gingerbread - gingerbread with printed drawings, letters,

Biryuk is a beast, a bear,

Tenetnik - cobweb, spider.

Vocabulary for grades 6-9

Bayat - talk, talk,

Holik - broom,

Kamenka - stove in the bath,

Zenitsa - eye, pupil,

Alcot - hunger

Postreloonok - fidget, mischievous,

Dol is the same as the valley,

Bazhit - predict

Altyn is a three-kopeck coin,

Arshin - measure of length (0.71 m)

Evening - evening

Neck is the neck

Right hand - right hand

Esen - autumn

Otkul - from where,

Sadness is pain

Tyn is a hedge

Chabert is a neighbor.

Vocabulary for grades 10-11

Pantaloons - trousers,

Bazhit - to predict.

Bayat - talk, talk.

Weng - cry.

Veres is a juniper.

Gasnik is a lace.

Holik is a broom.

Is - is.

Kamenka is a stove in a bathhouse.

Swinging - swing.

Nozem - manure.

The window is a window.

Uglan is a boy

Run away - run away

Lesson - damage, evil eye.

Faishonka - kerchief,

The seine is a big fishing net

Incense is a pleasant, aromatic scent.

Obsolete words are special group words that, for one reason or another, are not used in modern speech. They fall into two categories - historicism and archaism. Both of these groups are similar to each other, but still have several significant differences.

Historisms

These include words denoting special things, positions, phenomena that have ceased to exist in modern world, but took place earlier. An example of such words is a boyar, voivode, petitioner, estate. They do not have synonyms in the modern language, and you can find out their meaning only from an explanatory dictionary. Basically, such obsolete words refer to the description of everyday life, culture, economy, hierarchy, military and political relations of ancient times.

So, for example, petition is: 1) bow with the forehead touching the ground; or 2) a written request. A steward is a courtier who is one degree lower than the boyar, who usually served at the boyar or royal table.

Most of all, outdated historicism words are found among the names associated with military themes, as well as those related to household items and clothing: chain mail, visor, redoubt, pishchal, endova, prosak, armyak, sevalka, camisole.

Here are some examples of sentences containing obsolete words. "The petitioners came to the tsar and complained about the commander, and said that they were taking away their estates from them, and then handing them out; the nobles, stewards and boyar children also complained that the governors were taking their palace villages. , asked for bread and money salaries. "

Currently, one of the many groups of historicisms are those that arose during the formation of the USSR: food detachment, Budyonnovtsy, educational program, commander, NEP, disenfranchised, NEPman, Makhnovist, surplus appropriation.

Archaisms

Obsolete languages ​​are distinguished into another large group - archaisms. They are, in fact, a subgroup of historicisms - they also include words that have become obsolete. But their main difference is that they can be replaced by synonyms, which are common and used today words. Here are the bows, right hand, loins, verses, tug, ramen. Accordingly, their modern counterparts are cheeks, right arm, lower back, poetry, sadness, shoulders.

There are several basic differences between archaism and its synonym. They may differ:

a) lexical meaning (belly - life, guest - merchant);

b) grammatical design (at the ball - at the ball, perform - perform);

c) (fisherman - fisherman, friendship - friendship);

In order to correctly use archaism in a sentence and avoid confusion, use an explanatory dictionary or a dictionary of obsolete words.

And here are examples of sentences containing archaisms: "In Moscow, there lived okolnichy, boyars, clerks, whom Bolotnikov threatened to turn into commoners or to kill them, and put nameless people in their place; there also lived industrialists and wealthy merchants, courtyards, money, whose shops - everything was given to the poor. "

In this passage, the following words are archaisms: commoner, courtyard (in the sense of an economy), shop (commercial enterprise), nameless. It is easy to see that there are also historicisms here: okolnichy, boyar.

Outdated words perfectly convey the characteristic historicity, make literary text colorful and bright. But for correct and appropriate use, you must always check with an explanatory dictionary so that flamboyant phrases do not end up turning into nonsense.

Archaisms are words that have fallen out of use due to the appearance of new words. But their synonyms are in modern Russian. For example:
the right hand is the right hand, the cheeks are the cheeks, the ramen is the shoulders, the loins are the lower back, and so on.

But, it is worth noting that archaisms, nevertheless, may differ from modern synonymous words. These differences can be in the morpheme composition (fisherman - fisherman, friendship - friendship), in their lexical meaning(belly - life, guest - merchant,), in grammatical design (at the ball - at the ball, perform - perform) and phonetic features (mirror - mirror, gishpan - Spanish). Many words are completely out of date, but still they have modern synonyms. For example: harm - death or harm, hope - hope and firmly believe, in order - that. And to avoid possible mistakes in the interpretation of these words, when working with works of fiction, it is strongly recommended to use a dictionary of outdated words and dialect phrases, or an explanatory dictionary.

Histories are words that denote such phenomena or objects that have completely disappeared or ceased to exist as a result further development society.
Many words have become historicisms that denoted various household items of our ancestors, phenomena and things that were somehow connected with the economy of the past, the old culture, the socio-political system that once existed. Many historicisms are found among words that, in one way or another, are related to military topics.

For example:
Redoubt, chain mail, visor, squeak, and so on.
Most of the obsolete words call garments and household items: prosak, svets, endova, camisole, armyak.

Also, historicisms can be attributed to words that denote titles, professions, positions, classes that once existed in Russia: tsar, lackey, boyar, steward, equestrian, barge haule, tinker and so on. Manufacturing activities such as horse tram and manufactory. Phenomena of patriarchal life: purchase, rent, corvee and others. Disappeared technologies such as mead and tinning.

The words that arose in the Soviet era also became historicisms. These include such words as: food detachment, NEP, Makhnovist, educational program, Budenovite and many others.

Sometimes it is very difficult to distinguish between archaisms and historicisms. This is due to both the revival of the cultural traditions of Russia, and with frequent use these words in proverbs and sayings, as well as other works of folk art. These words include words denoting measures of length or measurement of weight, calling Christian and religious holidays and others and others.

Abiye - immediately, since, when.
Aby - so that.
Lamb - lamb, lamb.
Az is the pronoun "I" or the name of the first letter of the alphabet.
Az, beeches, vedi - the names of the first letters of the Slavic alphabet.
Aki - how, because, like, like, like.
Altyn - old silver coin in denominations of three kopecks.
You hunger - from the word "hunger" - to want greedily.
An, even - if, meanwhile, after all.
Anbar (barn) - a structure for storing bread or goods.
Araka - wheat vodka
Arapchik is a Dutch ducat.
Argamak is an oriental thoroughbred horse, a racehorse: at a wedding - a horse under a saddle, and not in a harness
Armyak - men's outerwear made of woolen or woolen fabric.
Arshin is a Russian measure of length equal to 0.71 m; a ruler, a bar of this length for measuring.
If, if, when.

Grandma - four sheaves of oats - ears up, covered with the fifth - ears down - from the rain.
Badog - batog, stick, staff, whip.
Bazheny - beloved, from the word "bazhat" - to love, desire, have an inclination.
Bazlan - roar, scream.
Barber is a barber, hairdresser.
Barda - thick, remnants from the drive of bread wine, used for fattening livestock.
Corvee is the free forced labor of serfs who worked with their own implements on the farm of the landowner, landowner. In addition, the corvee peasants paid the landowner various natural taxes, supplying him with hay, oats, firewood, oil, poultry, etc. week. The decree of Paul I (1797) on the three-day corvee was of a recommendatory nature and in most cases was ignored by the landowners.
Baskoy is handsome, smart.
Bass - short form from the word "Basque" - beautiful, handsome, decorated.
Bastion is an earthen or stone fortification that forms a ledge on a rampart.
Basurman is a hostile and unfriendly name for a Mohammedan, as well as for a Gentile in general, a foreigner.
Batalha (battle) - battle, battle.
Bahar is a talker, a fluff.
Bayat - talk, chat, converse.
Watch - take care; be on guard, alert.
Fluency is speed.
Timelessness - trouble, ordeal, time.
A steelyard is a hand scale with an unequal lever and a moving fulcrum.
Unusual - not knowing customs, everyday rules, decency.
Bela mozhaiskaya - an old Russian variety of bulk apples
Belmes (Tatar "belmes") - you don't understand anything, you don't understand anything at all.
Berdo belongs to the weaving mill.
Care is caution.
Taking - a burden, heaviness, burden; armful, as much as you can hug with your hands.
Unspeakable - certainly, undoubtedly, incessantly.
Shameless - shameless.
Becheva - strong rope, rope; rope pull - the movement of a vessel by a rope, which was pulled along the shore by people or horses.
Beets - precious stone type of ruby
A tag is a stick or plate on which marks and notes are placed with notches or paint.
Biryuk is a beast, a bear.
Broken loaves - whipped cream dough for rolls
To beat with a forehead - to bow low; to ask for something; present a gift, accompanying the offering with a request.
To bet is to argue for a win.
The Annunciation is a Christian holiday in honor of the Mother of God (March 25, O.S.).
Good - kind, good.
Bo - for, because.
Bobyl is a lonely, homeless, poor peasant.
Boden - butt, a spur on the legs of a rooster.
Bozhedom is a keeper at a cemetery, a gravedigger, a watchman, a headman of a home for the elderly and disabled.
Blockhead - a statue, idol, block.
Boris and Gleb are Christian saints, whose day was celebrated on May 2 according to Art. Art.
Bortnik - a person engaged in forest beekeeping (from the word "board" - a hollow tree in which bees nest).
Botalo - bell, bell tongue, beat.
Bochag is a deep puddle, a pothole, a pit filled with water.
The hawk maker is a drunkard.
Branny - patterned (about fabric).
Bratina - a small bowl, a goblet with a spherical body, served for drinking round
Brothers - brother, a vessel for beer.
Brutal - food, food, food, edible.
Delirium, delusional - a small seine, which is used to fish together, walking ford.
Will - if, if, when, if.
Guerak is a dry ravine.
Buza - rock salt that was given to animals.
A mace is a sign of commanding power, also a weapon (club) or a knob.
Burachok is a box, a small box made of birch bark.
Buchenie - from the word "buchit" - soak, whitewash the canvases.
Buyava, buyevo - cemetery, grave.
Epic is a blade of grass, a stalk of grass.
Bylichka - a story about evil spirits, the reliability of which is not in doubt.

Vadit - to lure, attract, accustom.
It is important - hard, hard.
Shafts are waves.
Vandysh - smelt, dried fish like a ruff
Jew's harp ("on a mound, on a jew's harp") - perhaps from "Worg" - a clearing overgrown with tall grass; mowed, open place in the forest.
Variukha, Varvara is a Christian saint, whose day was celebrated on December 4, according to Art. Art.
The sergeant-major is a senior non-commissioned officer in a cavalry squadron.
Vashchets is your grace.
Introduction - introduction, a Christian holiday in honor of the Mother of God (November 21, O.S.).
Suddenly - again, for the second time.
Vedrina - from the word "bucket" - clear, warm, dry weather (not winter).
Bucket - clear, calm weather.
Knowledge - good manners, courtesy, politeness.
Vekoshniki - pies seasoned with meat and fish leftovers.
Great Thursday - Thursday at last week Great Lent (before Easter).
Veres is a juniper.
Veretier is a rough hemp fabric.
Vereya (spindle, vereika, vereyushka) - a pillar on which the gate is hung; jamb at the door, gate.
One verst is a verst.
A skewer is a rod on which meat is fried, turning it over the fire.
Vertep - a cave; brothel; a large box with puppets, controlled from below through the slots in the floor of the box, in which performances on the theme of the Nativity of Christ were played.
Versha is a fishing equipment made of twigs.
Vershnik is a horseman; riding in front on horseback.
Veselko - stirrer.
Vechka is a copper saucepan.
Evening - last night, yesterday.
Hanged (mushrooms, meat, etc.) - dried.
Viklina - tops.
Guilt is the reason, the reason.
Vitsa, vichka - twig, twig, whip.
Clearly - exactly, actually.
The driver is the leader of the bear.
Voight is a foreman in a rural district, an elected headman.
The wave is wool.
Vologa - meat broth, any fatty liquid food.
Drag - from the word "drag", a path on the watershed, along which loads and boats are dragged.
A haircoat is a female headdress, a net made of gold or silver thread with trimming (more often not a festive one, like a kika, but an everyday one), a kind of a hat.
Drags - stems, straws, blades; the upper part of the sheaf with ears.
Vorovin - a shoe dratva, also a rope, a lasso.
Vorogukha, Vorogusha - a sorcerer, fortune-teller, intruder.
Voronets - a bar in a hut, serving as a regiment.
Voronogray - fortune telling by the cry of a raven; a book describing such signs will.
The patrimony is the ancestral property of the landowner, which is inherited.
In vain - in vain.
The enemy is the devil, the devil.
A temporary worker is a person who has achieved power and a high position in the state thanks to his personal closeness to the monarch.
A temporary worker is a person who has reached a high position by chance.
Vskuy - in vain, in vain, in vain.
Drive away - in pursuit.
In vain - in vain, in vain.
Outside - from the outside, not being in a close relationship.
Elected - elected by voting.
I will take it out - always, at any time, incessantly.
Wii (viry, iriy) is a wondrous, promised, warm side, somewhere far away by the sea, accessible only to birds and snakes.
Howl - meal time, also food portion, food portion.
Vyalitsa is a blizzard.
Vyuschiy is the greater, the highest.

Guy is an oak grove, a grove, a small deciduous forest.
Galloon - gold or silver tinsel braid.
Garrison - military units located in a city or fortress.
Garchik - pot, crinka.
Gatki, gat - flooring made of logs or brushwood in a muddy place. Roll up - lay down the hammer.
Gashnik - belt, belt, drawstring for tying pants.
Guards - select privileged troops; military units serving as guards for sovereigns or military leaders.
Gehenna is hell.
General - a military rank of the first, second, third or fourth classes according to the Table of Ranks.
Lieutenant General - a general rank of the third class, under Catherine II, corresponding to the rank of lieutenant general according to the Peter's Table of Ranks.
George - Christian Saint George the Victorious; Egoriy-Veshniy (April 23) and Egoriev (Yuryev) Day (November 26, O.S.) are holidays in his honor.
Going - disappearing, disappearing.
Glazetovy - sewn from brocade (varieties of brocade with gold and silver patterns woven on it).
Gleno - shin, ankle.
Goveino - fasting (Mrs. goveyno - Assumption fast, etc.)
To speak - to fast, to abstain from food.
Speaking - speech.
Gogol is a diving duck bird.
Godin - good clear weather, bucket.
To be good - to marvel, admire, stare; stare, gape eyes; scoff, scoff.
Years go - live years, from the word "year" - live.
Golbchik - golbets, a partition in the form of a closet in a hut between the stove and the floors, a hot stove with steps for access to the stove and shelves, and with a hole in the underground.
Golde, goldobit - talk noisily, shout, scold.
Holik is a broom without leaves.
Golitsy - leather mittens without a woolen lining.
Dutchman - gold pieces, beaten at the St. Petersburg Mint.
Golomya is an open sea.
Gol - ragged, naked, beggars.
Woe is up.
Gorka is a graveyard, a place where the ministers of the church lived.
A throated hat - sewn from very thin fur taken from the neck of an animal; in shape - a high straight hat with a crown expanding upward.
An upper room is a room usually located on the top floor of a house.
The upper room is a clean half of the hut.
Fever, delirium tremens; fever is a serious illness with intense fever and chills; delirium tremens - here: a state of painful delirium with high temperature or temporary insanity.
The guest is the guest.
Diploma - letter; official document, a decree giving someone the right to do something.
Hryvnia - a dime; in ancient Russia, the monetary unit is a silver or gold ingot weighing about a pound.
A grosh is an old two-kopeck coin.
Grumant is an old Russian name for the Spitsbergen archipelago, discovered by our Pomors in the 15th century.
Grun, gruna - quiet horse trot.
A bed is a pole, a pole, suspended or attached lying, a crossbar, a perch in a hut, from wall to wall.
Guba - bay, backwater.
The governor is the ruler of the province.
Spongy cheeses - curd knocked down with sour cream.
The horn is a three-stringed violin without notches on the sides of the body. Threshing floor - room, shed for compressed bread; threshing platform.
A gouge is a loop that holds the shafts and an arc together.
Gouges with garlic - boiled rolls.
The threshing floor is a place for storing bread in sheaves and threshing, covered current.
Gunya, gunka - old, worn clothes.

Dave - recently.
The janitor is the hostess of the inn.
The brother-in-law is the husband's brother.
Maiden - a room in landowners' houses where serf courtyard girls lived and worked.
Nine - nine days.
Deja - dough for dough, dough; a tub in which bread dough is kneaded.
Actors are actors.
Del is a division.
Delenka is a woman constantly busy with business and needlework.
Dennitsa - morning dawn.
Money - an old coin in denominations of two half or half a kopeck; money, capital, wealth.
Gum, right hand - right, right hand.
Ten - ten times.
Divy - wild.
Officer's Diploma - a certificate of honor for an officer's rank.
Dmitriev Saturday is the day of remembrance of the dead (between October 18 and 26), established by Dmitry Donskoy in 1380 after the Battle of Kulikovo.
Bottom - disease internal organs, bone aches, hernia.
Today - now, now, today.
Dobrokhot is a well-wisher, a patron.
Suffers - should, should, should, decently.
Sufficient is enough.
Argument - denunciation, denunciation, complaint.
Satisfied, satisfied - as much as you want, as much as you need, enough.
Dokuka is an annoying request, also boring, boring business.
Top up - overpower.
Dolon is a palm.
Share - a plot, share, allotment, lot; fate, destiny, fate.
Domovina is a coffin.
Dondeje - as long as.
The bottom is a plank on which the spinner sits and into which the comb and tow is inserted.
To correct - to demand a filing, a debt.
Dor is a rough shingle.
Roads are a very thin oriental silk fabric.
Dosyulny - old, former.
Doha - a fur coat with fur in and out.
Dragoon is a warrior of cavalry units, operating both on horseback and on foot.
Chunks are thin planks chipped from wood.
Dresva - coarse sand, which is used when cleaning unpainted floors, walls, benches.
Drolya is sweet, dear, beloved.
A friend is a wedding manager invited by the groom.
Oak - young oak, oak, shelf, staff, rod, twig.
Dubnik is an oak bark, necessary for various household tasks, including tanning leather.
Smoky bellows are sacks made from steamed skins (and therefore especially soft).
Smoke - groin.
Drawbar - a single shaft, reinforced to the front axle for turning the cart, when paired harness.
The deacon is the deacon's wife.
Uncle is a servant assigned to supervise a boy in noble families.

Eudokea - Christian St. Evdokia, whose day was celebrated on March 1 according to Art. Art.
When - when.
The one-child is the only son of his parents.
Ride is food.
Hedgehog - which.
Every day - every day, every day.
Fir - olive oil, which was used in the church service.
Helen is a deer.
Eliko - how much.
Christmas tree - a spruce branch on the roof or above the door of the hut - a sign that there is a tavern in it.
Yeloza is a fidget, a sneak, a flatterer.
Eltsy - different kind curly cookies.
Endova - a wide vessel with a sock for pouring liquids.
Epancha - an old long and wide cloak, bedspread.
Eremey - Christian prophet Jeremiah, whose day was celebrated on May 1; Christian Apostle Erma, whose day was celebrated on May 31.
Yernishny - from "Yernik": small, undersized forest, small birch bush.
Erofeich - bitter wine; vodka infused with herbs.
Yerkat on the belly - from the word "yerkat" - to swear, swear.
Food - food, food.
Food is food.
Nature is nature.
Etchi - yes.

Zhalnik - cemetery, graves, churchyard.
Iron - fetters, chains, shackles.
Impertinence - lack of simplicity and naturalness; mannerism.
Lots are lots.
Lives - it happens.
Belly - life, property; soul; livestock.
Bellies - living creatures, prosperity, wealth.
They live - they do.
Lived - a living place, a premise.
Fat is good, property; good, free life.
Zhitnik - rye or barley baked bread.
Zhito - any bread in grain or on the vine; barley (north), unmilled rye (south), any spring bread (east).
Stubble - harvest, harvesting of grain; strip after squeezed bread.
Zhupan is an old semi-caftan.
Grumpy - grumpy.
Zhyvelvei, gall, zhol - an abscess, swelling on the body.

Continuation