Health is one of the most important components of human happiness and one of the leading conditions for successful social and economic development. Realization of intellectual, moral, spiritual, physical and reproductive potential is possible only in a healthy society.
The concept itself "health" in English it sounds like Health from Whole(Anglo-Saxon) - whole, complete, which already implies the complexity, integrity and multidimensionality of this state.
Galen in the 11th century BC. defined health as a state “in which we do not experience pain and which does not interfere with the functions of our daily life: participating in leadership, washing, drinking, eating and doing everything else we want.”
Back in the early 40s of the 20th century, the concept of “health” was given the following definition: “A person who is distinguished by harmonious development and is well adapted to the physical and social environment around him can be considered healthy. Health does not simply mean the absence of disease: it is something positive, it is a cheerful and willing fulfillment of the responsibilities that life imposes on a person” (G. Sigerist, edited by: E.A. Ovcharov, 2002).
The founder of valeology I.I. Brechman (1966) considered human health “as the ability to maintain age-appropriate stability in the face of sudden changes in the quantitative and qualitative parameters of the triune flow of sensory, verbal and structural information.”
In 1985, the World Health Organization (WHO) adopted the concept of “Health for all by the year 2000,” which determined the strategy and tactics of all developed countries to create conditions for ensuring and developing public health.
According to experts from the World Health Organization (WHO), health is a state of complete physical, spiritual and social well-being, and not just the absence of disease and physical defects.
According to leading Russian scientists, this definition is vague. For example, A.G. Shchedrina offers the following formulation: “Health is a holistic multidimensional dynamic state(including its positive and negative indicators), which develops... in the conditions of a specific social and ecological environment and allows a person... to carry out his biological and social functions.”
Analyzing these formulations, it can be noted that the first of them considers health in static terms, as something given, i.e. You either have health or you don’t. The second definition represents health in dynamics, shows that health is formed as the body develops; Moreover, the definition emphasizes that health is genetically programmed. Whether the program is implemented depends on specific biological and social factors (i.e., the surrounding biological environment and upbringing), under the influence of which a person will live and develop. Obviously, here we are talking about the fact that although health has innate prerequisites (positive or negative), it is formed during a long ontogenesis, starting from the moment of fertilization of the egg (conception).
S.Ya. Chikin (1976) sees health as the harmonious interaction and functioning of all organs and systems of a person with his physical perfection and normal psyche, allowing him to actively participate in socially useful work.
One of the founders of space biology and medicine P.M. Baevsky (1979) considered the determining factor of health to be the adaptability of the organism: “The ability of the human body to adapt to changes in the environment, freely interacting with it, based on the biological, psychological and social essence of man.”
N.D. Graevskaya (1979) in the concept of “health” includes an assessment of the level of functional capabilities of the body, the range of its compensatory-adaptive reactions in extreme conditions, i.e. the ability to adapt to increased environmental demands without pathological manifestations.
Thus, taking into account the biosocial essence of man, Yu.P. Lisitsyn (1986) considers human health as a harmonious unity of biological and social qualities determined by congenital and acquired mechanisms.
V.P. Kaznacheev (1980) defines human health as the process of maintaining and developing his biological, physiological and psychological capabilities, optimal social activity with maximum life expectancy. At the same time, attention is drawn to the need to create such conditions and such hygienic systems that would ensure not only the preservation of human health, but also its development.
ON THE. Agadzhanyan (1979, 2006), studying human biological rhythms, concludes that health is an optimal balance of interconnected endogenous rhythms physiological processes and their compliance with external cyclical changes.
Famous cardiac surgeon N.M. Amosov (1987) considered health as “the level of functional capabilities of the organism, the range of its compensatory and adaptive reactions in extreme conditions, i.e. level of reserve capabilities of the body."
At present, there is no experimental justification given by E.N. Weiner’s definition of health: “Health is a state of the body that gives a person the opportunity to realize his genetic program to the maximum extent in the conditions of the sociocultural existence of a given person” (E.N. Weiner, 1998). However, not only the degree of implementation of the human genetic program, but also functional purpose genes have not yet been studied.
The physiological (medico-biological) approach, based on the basic principles of the body’s vital activity, was the basis for determining the health of R.I. Aizman (1997): “Health is the body’s ability to maintain its psychophysiological stability (homeostasis) in conditions of adaptation to various environmental factors and stress.”
Modern definition of health
The modern concept of health allows us to identify its main components - physical, psychological and behavioral.
Physical the component includes the level of growth and development of organs and systems of the body, as well as the current state of their functioning. The basis of this process are morphological and functional transformations and reserves that ensure physical performance and adequate adaptation of a person to external conditions.
Psychological component is a state of the mental sphere, which is determined by motivational-emotional, mental and moral-spiritual components. Its basis is a state of emotional and cognitive comfort, which ensures mental performance and adequate behavior of a person. This state is determined by both biological and social needs, as well as the possibilities of satisfying these needs.
Behavioral component is the external manifestation of a person’s condition. It is expressed in the degree of adequacy of behavior and the ability to communicate. It is based on a life position (active, passive, aggressive) and interpersonal relationships, which determine the adequacy of interaction with the external environment (biological and social) and the ability to work effectively.
Modern living conditions place increased demands on the health of young people. Therefore, the main thing for young people is to be healthy.
Concepts of health and illness
The most important task of the state and society as a whole is to take care of the health of the population. When asked what health is, the answer most often follows is that it is the absence of disease, good health, i.e. health is usually defined by the absence of disease. Therefore, the concept of disease must first be defined. Understanding the concepts of “health” and “illness” is not easy. Most often, a disease means a change, damage, defect, etc., i.e., everything that leads to disruption of life.
There are many definitions of the concept of disease: disruption of normal life activity, adaptation to the environment (disadaptation), functions of the body or its parts, connections of the body with the external environment, homeostasis (constancy of the internal environment of the body), inability to fully perform human functions, etc. There are many theories the occurrence of diseases: social (disease is the result of social maladaptation), energetic (disease occurs due to an imbalance of energy in the human body), biological (the basis of the disease is a violation of the correspondence of the biological rhythms of the body with natural rhythms), etc.
According to the classification of the World Health Organization disease - this is life disrupted in its course by damage to the structure and function of the body under the influence of external and internal factors when mobilizing its compensatory and adaptive mechanisms. The disease is characterized by a general or particular decrease in adaptability to the environment and restrictions on the patient’s freedom of life.
Before talking about health, we should understand the dual essence of man: on the one hand, man is an integral part of the biological world (man is Homo sapiens, a subtype of vertebrates, a class of primates, a class of mammals - the highest level of development of organisms on Earth), on the other hand, man is a social being (social), capable of producing and using tools and changing the world around him. This creature has consciousness as a function of a highly organized brain and articulate speech.
Philosophers and doctors Ancient world They considered man to be a similarity to nature, the world, and the cosmos. - this is a microcosm in the macrocosm, it consists of the same elements: water, air, fire, etc. Consequently, health is the balance of these elements, and disease is a violation of this balance. Some ancient thinkers, as a result of observing the lives of people, their way and living conditions, formed beliefs about the role of social factors in human life. As medicine, history and other sciences developed, more and more observations and evidence of the importance of social factors in human life accumulated. This especially developed during the Renaissance, when activities spiritual world, communication between people, i.e. social principles, are reflected in philosophical and scientific works.
These views received their greatest development during the Enlightenment. Thus, Helvetius wrote that man is an animal with a special external organization that allows him to use weapons and tools. But scientists of that time interpreted the social principle in man incompletely, only as an external manifestation of a person’s bodily connection with the environment.
Supporters of opposing views on the essence of man, in fact, shared the views of K. Marx: “The essence of man is the totality of social relations.” F. Engels described man more fully and objectively: “The essence of man manifests itself in two ways: as natural (i.e. biological) and as public relations(i.e. social).” The inseparability of the biological and the social in man is reflected in Marx’s Capital: “By influencing external nature and changing it, he (man) at the same time changes his own nature.”
The relationship between the social and the biological in a person is the main thing in understanding the nature of health and illness.
Ancient doctors saw the origins of health and the causes of diseases not only in the mixing of elements of the body, but also in the behavior of people, their habits, traditions, i.e. conditions and lifestyle. Even attempts were made to establish a correspondence between the specifics of the disease and the nature of work (Galen and Celje distinguished between the diseases of masters and slaves).
Utopian socialists saw the guarantee of good health for the people of their fictional cities in ideally organized living conditions and social order.
French Encyclopedist philosophers of the Enlightenment more than once pointed out the dependence of people's health on social conditions.
English doctors and sanitary inspectors of the 19th century. in their reports they repeatedly cited examples of the harmful effects of harsh working conditions on the health of workers.
Progressive domestic figures of medicine of the second half of the 19th century V. presented thousands of evidence of the adverse effects of working and living conditions on workers' health. The primary importance of social conditions in shaping the health of the population has become the subject of study of social hygiene since the beginning of the 20th century.
Determining the relationship between social and biological principles in a person makes it possible to identify their influence on human health. Just as in the essence of man himself it is impossible to separate the biological from the social, so it is impossible to separate the biological and social components of health. The health and illness of an individual are fundamentally biological. But general biological qualities are not fundamental; they are mediated by the social conditions of his life, which are decisive. Not only in the works of individual researchers, but also in documents of international medical organizations, they talk about the social conditioning of health, that is, the primary impact on health of social conditions and factors.
Social conditions are a form of manifestation of production relations, a method of social production, the socio-economic system and political structure of society.
Social factors - it is a manifestation of social conditions for specific person: working conditions, rest, housing, food, education, upbringing, etc.
The WHO Constitution defines health as “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease.” But it should be said that there is no single definition now. We can offer the following options for defining health, proposed by Yu.P. Lisitsyn: health is a harmonious unity of biological and social qualities caused by congenital and acquired biological and social influences (disease is a violation of this unity); a state that allows you to lead an unconstrained life, fully perform human functions (primarily labor), lead a healthy lifestyle, that is, experience mental, physical and social well-being.
Individual health - individual health. It is assessed by personal well-being, the presence or absence of diseases, physical condition, etc.
Group Health - health of individual communities of people: age, professional, etc.
Population health - health of people living in a certain territory.
The most difficult thing to define is public health. Public health reflects the health of the individuals who make up society, but is not the sum of the health of individuals. Even the WHO has not yet proposed a concise and succinct definition of public health. “Public health is a state of society that provides conditions for an active productive lifestyle, not constrained by physical and mental illness, that is, this is something without which society cannot create material and spiritual values, this is the wealth of society” (Yu. P. Lisitsyn).
Public health potential - a measure of the quantity and quality of human health and its reserves accumulated by society.
Public Health Index - the ratio of healthy and unhealthy lifestyles of the population.
WHO experts consider the percentage of gross national product (GNP) spent on health care as public health criteria; accessibility to primary health care; infant mortality rate; average life expectancy, etc.
Methods for studying population health include: statistical, sociological (questionnaires, interviews, family-based comprehensive survey), expert method, etc.
A science that studies the patterns of occurrence and development of diseases, individual pathological processes and conditions.
Obstetric pathology-section P., studying the patterns of occurrence and development of complications of pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period.
Military pathology-section of P. and military medicine, studying combat injuries of people, as well as the peculiarities of the occurrence, development and course of various pathological processes in them in conditions of war and passage military service in war and peacetime.
Geographic pathology- section of P., which studies the patterns of the occurrence of diseases, pathological processes and conditions associated with geographical factors.
Humoral pathology(historical; p. hurnoralis) - a direction in P. that explains the occurrence of diseases by changes in the composition of the internal environment of the body.
Cellular pathology(historical) - see Cellular pathology.
Clinical pathology-cm. Private pathology.
Constellational pathology(historical) - direction in P., which considered the occurrence of diseases as a result of the influence of a combination (constellation) of various external and internal factors without clearly identifying the main etiological aspects.
Corticovisceral pathology(historical) - a direction in P. that explained the occurrence of a number of diseases by disruption of cortical-subcortical relationships and neurohumoral regulation of the functions of internal organs.
Molecular pathology(p. molecularis) is a section of P. that studies the patterns of occurrence and development of pathological processes at the molecular level.
General pathology(p. generalis) - a section of P. that studies the general patterns of the occurrence, course and outcome of diseases, pathological processes and conditions.
Relational pathology(historical) - a direction in P., which in the study of diseases was limited to the analysis of connections between various protective and pathological reactions of the body.
Pathology is joint(historical; lat. solidus dense) - a direction in P., according to which the essence of all diseases (as opposed to humoral P.) consists in primary changes in the composition of the dense parts of the body; variety of P. s. is cellular P.
Special pathology- see Private pathology.
Functional pathology(p. functionalis) - a direction in P., according to which functional disorders have a dominant role in pathogenesis.
Cellular pathology(historical; p. cellularis; synonym: Virchow's cellular pathology, P. cellular) - a direction in P. that considered the cell as the material substrate of the disease, and the disease itself as a certain sum of lesions of many individual cells.
Private pathology(p. specialis; synonym: P. clinical, P. special) - a section of P. that studies the patterns of occurrence and development of individual diseases, pathological processes and conditions.
Evolutionary pathology-- section of P., studying in a comparative aspect diseases, pathological processes and conditions of representatives of the animal and plant world at different stages of evolutionary development.
Experimental pathology(p. experimentalis) - a direction in P., the main method of which is the modeling of pathological processes and diseases on experimental animals.
General pathology serves primarily to study the biological aspects of medical problems and the very essence of human diseases. The main goal of both general pathology as a whole and its individual sections is to develop a coherent doctrine of the disease. First of all, practical medicine urgently needs this: only relying on such teaching can one develop the scientific foundations for the prevention of diseases, give a correct assessment of the first clinical manifestations of the disease, clearly imagine the essence of its various periods, including relapses, and, as a result, increase rationality and the effectiveness of medical intervention.
General pathology at the present stage of development consists of three sections. One of them includes information about such issues as the periodization of the disease, the causes of its occurrence, the mechanism of development and recovery, the significance of the constitution, heredity, reactivity, etc.
The study of pathology in the course of sports medicine is necessary for students of institutes and departments of physical education of universities, primarily because athletes and schoolchildren often encounter a variety of diseases and changes in the musculoskeletal system. In some cases, this is due to the fact that, with insufficient medical supervision, people who already have certain diseases or health conditions begin to engage in physical education and sports; in others, deviations in the state of health arise already in the process of playing sports. The occurrence of injuries and diseases in athletes is facilitated by training without taking into account their health and functional status, age, gender and other factors.
In order to correctly decide the question of whether to continue training or stop it immediately, whether to consult a doctor or provide the athlete with some first aid, etc., it is important for the teacher to know the main manifestations of pathology, to understand the causes and mechanisms of disease development.
Without knowing the general patterns of the occurrence of pathological processes, it is impossible to understand the changes that occur in the body of athletes due to certain diseases. Familiarity with specific pathology is also necessary when studying the use of physical culture means for therapeutic purposes in the rehabilitation system for various injuries and diseases, etc.
Knowing what health is, what disease is and under what conditions it occurs is an essential factor in the prevention of diseases and injuries during physical education and sports.
Health is a state of the body in which it is biologically complete, able to work, the functions of all its components and systems are balanced, and there are no painful manifestations. The main sign of health is the level of adaptation of the body to environmental conditions, physical and psycho-emotional stress.
High adaptability of the body to changes in the external environment is necessary for athletes when training and participating in competitions.
It should be noted that there is no boundary between normal and pathological. There are various transitional stages between health and disease. The disease usually occurs in cases where the body is subjected to excessive physical and psycho-emotional stress or when adaptive functions are reduced. Then morphofunctional changes occur, often turning into disease or leading to injury to the musculoskeletal system.
Disease is a process of transformation of a normal state into a pathological one, associated with reactively determined changes in the degree of compensatory-adaptive self-regulation of living systems. The norm is a measure of the vital activity of an organism in given specific environmental conditions, within which changes in physiological processes are maintained at the optimal level of functioning of homeostatic self-regulation. The disease is associated with the transformation of the normal state of a living system into a pathological one, that is, with the transition to a new qualitative state.
Any disease is a damage to the entire body. According to the nature of the course of the disease, they are divided into acute, subacute and chronic. Acute disease begins suddenly, immediately appear brightly severe symptoms. Under acute illness proceeds more sluggishly. Chronic illness lasts for many months or years. Sometimes an acute disease becomes chronic. This is facilitated by insufficiently active treatment, and in sports - early resumption of training or participation in competitions.
The concept of disease includes the idea of a pathological process and a pathological condition.
A pathological process is the body’s reaction to a pathogenic irritation, which is based on a violation of the function of an organ or its structure. During illness, various pathological processes can occur, for example, fever and inflammation of the glands with sore throat, fever and cough with pneumonia, etc.
A pathological condition is one of the stages of a pathological process or its consequence. Example pathological condition there may be rheumatism, which subsequently leads to heart disease, myocarditis, etc.
Identifying and studying the causes of diseases serve as the basis for prevention. Most often, diseases arise as a result of exposure to external factors. However, diseases can also arise from internal causes within the body itself. External reasons- hypothermia, overheating, radiation, malnutrition, etc. - change the internal state of the body, resulting in a decrease in immunity and resistance to pathogenic factors. Internal causes of the disease are associated with heredity, constitution, reactivity, immunity, etc.
Pathogenesis is the study of the mechanisms of occurrence, development and course of a disease. The pathological process can develop at various levels: molecular, tissue, organ, and finally, take over the entire system. It should be noted that in the body all cells, tissues and organs are inextricably linked. Therefore, there are no local diseases, the whole body is always sick. This implies the basic principle of treatment: it is necessary to treat not the disease, but the patient.
During each disease, the following periods are distinguished: 1 - hidden, or latent; 2 - prodromal, or the period of harbingers of the disease; 3 - period of advanced course of the disease; 4 - period of completion of the disease.
The latent period is the time from the introduction of a pathogenic agent into the body until the first manifestations of the disease. At infectious diseases The latent period is called incubation.
The prodromal period manifests itself in malaise, headache, chills, fever, etc.
The period of the developed course for each disease has certain manifestations and is characterized by a combination of certain symptoms. The set of symptoms is called a symptom complex or syndrome.
The period of completion of the disease varies: recovery with restoration of functions, transition to chronic form, complication or death.
When metabolic disorders occur in the body, various changes occur. It is known that all tissues require oxygen and nutrients for the timely elimination of metabolites. Process of assimilation nutrients is called assimilation, the process of decay is called dissimilation. Tissue nutrition is provided by the adaptive-trophic influence of the central nervous system.
Assimilation is a combination of the following processes of creating living matter: receiving substances necessary for the body from the external environment; transformation of substances into compounds acceptable to body tissues; synthesis of cells, enzymes and other regulatory compounds and replacement of obsolete ones with new ones; synthesis of simple formations into more complex compounds; deposition of reserves.
Dissimilation is a set of the following processes of decay of living matter: mobilization of the body's reserves; breaking down more complex compounds into simpler ones; decay of obsolete tissue and cellular elements; breakdown of energy-rich compounds along with the release of energy; elimination of waste products from the body.
Other sections of the fundamentals of human pathology are dystrophy, circulatory disorders, inflammation, regeneration, etc.
Dystrophy manifests itself in disruption of tissue metabolism, leading to structural changes in tissues and cells. Therefore, dystrophy is considered as one of the types of damage. The direct cause of the development of dystrophy can be violations of cellular or extracellular mechanisms. Among them are the following: disorders of cell autoregulation, leading to energy deficiency and disruption of enzymatic processes in the cell; disruption of the trophic transport systems, causing hypoxia, which becomes leading in the pathogenesis of discirculatory dystrophies; disorders of endocrine or nervous regulation of trophism that underlie endocrine and nervous dystrophies.
Dystrophies are divided into parenchymal, mesenchymal and mixed; for protein, fat, carbohydrate and mineral; for acquired and hereditary; into general and local.
It is known that various injuries and diseases nervous system cause various changes in tissues. Atrophy is a decrease in volume and a decrease in the functional activity of organs and tissues due to the death of cellular and tissue elements during any pathological process due to impaired tissue nutrition or a long-term decrease in the degree of their involvement in the general physiological process.
Hypertrophy is an increase in an organ or part of it due to an increase in the volume and number of cells. There may be vicarious hypertrophy; hormonal; true; compensatory; corrective, when the function of another organ located with it in a single functional system changes; false; neurohumoral; regenerative; physiological.
Athletes who systematically train in cyclic sports may develop myocardial hypertrophy, that is, an enlargement of the heart muscle. Moreover: today it is believed that every athlete has myocardial hypertrophy in initial stage. Myocardial hypertrophy, crossing certain boundaries, contributes to increased heart function, as was previously thought.
Various unfavorable factors play a decisive role in the development of myocardial hypertrophy in athletes: participation in competitions and training in a painful state or after illness, the presence of chronic foci of infections. The basis of pathological hypertrophy is the deterioration of blood supply to the heart muscle, dystrophic changes that lead to a deterioration in myocardial contractility and, consequently, to a decrease in athletic performance.
Quite often, when training in areas with a hot and humid climate, or excessive use of baths, a violation of water and mineral metabolism occurs in the athlete’s body. This manifests itself in changes in the acid-base state, electrolyte, water-salt and other indicators of homeostasis.
The acid-base state ensures the normal functioning of the cell with a constant volume, composition and pH of body fluids. The acidity or alkalinity of solutions depends on the concentration of H4; an increase in it makes the solution acidic, a decrease makes it alkaline. The extracellular fluid is slightly alkaline, and its pH is in the range of 7.35-7.45.
Water-salt metabolism is a set of processes of distribution of water and electrolytes between the extra- and intracellular spaces of the body, as well as between the body and the external environment. The distribution of water in the body is inseparably linked with electrolyte metabolism.
Water-electrolyte homeostasis is the maintenance of constancy of osmotic volumetric and ionic balance of extra- and intracellular body fluids using reflex mechanisms.
Water balance is the relationship between the amounts of water entering and leaving the body.
Athletes, especially those training in cyclic sports, experience march fractures bones, cramps, etc. Athletes who lose weight using pharmacological agents and baths often experience serious disturbances in mineral metabolism.
Necrosis is the death of a part of a living organism, the irreversible cessation of the vital activity of its elements. This is not just a local reaction of a cell, tissue or organ to damage, but a complete cessation of their vital functions.
Necrosis as a biological phenomenon cannot be considered only pathological process, since it is a necessary moment in the development and functioning of the body. Cells of the epidermis of the skin, the epithelium of the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract, and some glandular organs are constantly dying. Physiological autolysis is widespread in the body as a necessary part of the self-renewal system at the cellular, tissue and organ levels, but has different biological significance.
Necrosis as a pathological phenomenon can cause irreversible changes in the body, including death. Clinically, necrosis is expressed in specific diseases: myocardial infarction, gangrene of the limb, etc. In addition, necrosis can be a component, pathogenetic link another process or disease.
The transition of an organ, tissue or cell from one qualitative state to another should be considered as a whole, cumulatively, and not by assessing and recording changes in a part.
Introduction……………………………………………………………………...…………3
1 The concept of health…………………………………………………………………………………4
1.1 The concept of health and its criteria…………………………………………...4
1.2 The concept of a healthy lifestyle……………………………………………………16
2 Components of a healthy lifestyle……………………………………….27
2.1 Rational human nutrition……………………………………………………...27
2.2 Hardening………………………………………………………………………………….28
2.3 Physical education…………………………………………………….30
2.4 Personal hygiene and daily routine……………………………………………………….33
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………….35
List of references………………………………………………………………...36
Introduction
Health is an invaluable asset not only for every person, but also for the entire society. When meeting, parting with loved ones and dear people we wish them good and good health, as this is the main condition and guarantee of a full and happy life. Health helps us fulfill our plans, successfully solve the main tasks of life, overcome difficulties, and, if necessary, significant overloads. Good health, wisely maintained and strengthened by the person himself, ensures a long and active life.
Scientific evidence suggests that most people, when followed hygiene rules it is possible to live up to 100 years or more.
Unfortunately, many people do not follow the simplest, science-based norms of a healthy lifestyle. Some people, succumbing to the addiction of smoking and alcohol, actively shorten their lives.
Physical education is designed to educate a person and transfer accumulated knowledge, skills and abilities from the older generation to the younger. It acts as a relatively independent part, aimed at creating conditions and prerequisites for effective labor and social activities. This determines the specifics of the tasks of physical education.
Physical education is understood as a process, the essence of which is to manage the physical development of a person, “in his physical education and the implementation on this basis of connections between by various parties development for the purpose of comprehensive harmonious improvement of the individual.
The purpose of this work is to study the concept of “health” and the components of a healthy lifestyle.
1 The concept of “Health”
1.1 The concept of health and its criteria
At all times, among all peoples of the world, physical and mental health has been and is an enduring value of man and society. Even in ancient times, it was understood by doctors and philosophers as the main condition for the free activity of man, his perfection.
But, despite the great value attached to health, the concept of “health” has not had a specific scientific definition for a long time. And currently there are different approaches to its definition. Moreover, the majority of authors: philosophers, physicians, psychologists (Yu.A. Aleksandrovsky, 1976; V.H. Vasilenko, 1985; V.P. Kaznacheev, 1975; V.V. Nikolaeva, 1991; V.M. Vorobyov, 1995 ) regarding this phenomenon, they agree with each other only on one thing, that now there is no single, generally accepted, scientifically based concept of “individual health”.
The earliest definition of health is that of Alcmaeon, which has its supporters to this day: “Health is the harmony of oppositely directed forces.” Cicero described health as the correct balance of various states of mind. The Stoics and Epicureans valued health above all else, contrasting it with enthusiasm and the desire for everything immoderate and dangerous. The Epicureans believed that health is complete contentment provided that all needs are fully satisfied. According to K. Jaspers, psychiatrists view health as the ability to realize “the natural innate potential of human vocation.” There are other formulations: health - a person’s acquisition of his own self, “realization of the Self,” full and harmonious inclusion in the community of people. K. Rogers M., 1994. also perceives a healthy person as mobile, open, and not constantly using defensive reactions, independent of external influences and relying on himself. Optimally actualized, such a person constantly lives in every new moment of life. This person is flexible and adapts well to changing conditions, is tolerant of others, emotional and reflective.
F. Perls considers a person as a whole, believing that mental health is associated with the maturity of the individual, manifested in the ability to recognize one’s own needs, constructive behavior, healthy adaptability and the ability to take responsibility for oneself. A mature and healthy personality is authentic, spontaneous and internally free.
S. Freud believed that a psychologically healthy person is one who is able to reconcile the principle of pleasure with the principle of reality.
According to C. G. Jung, a person who has assimilated the contents of his unconscious and is free from capture by any archetype can be healthy. From W. Reich's point of view, neurotic and psychosomatic disorders are interpreted as a consequence of stagnation of biological energy. Therefore, a healthy state is characterized by the free flow of energy.
The Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO) states that health is not only the absence of disease and physical defects, but a state of complete social and spiritual well-being. In the corresponding volume of the 2nd edition of the BME, it is defined as a state of the human body when the functions of all its organs and systems are balanced with the external environment and there are no painful changes. This definition is based on the category of health status, which is assessed according to three criteria: somatic, social and personal. Somatic - perfection of self-regulation in the body, harmony of physiological processes, maximum adaptation to the environment. Social - a measure of ability to work, social activity, a person’s active attitude to the world. A personal characteristic implies a person’s life strategy, the degree of his dominance over the circumstances of life.
Arshavsky I.A. emphasizes that the organism throughout its development is not in a state of balance or equilibrium with the environment. On the contrary, being a non-equilibrium system, the organism constantly changes the forms of its interaction with environmental conditions throughout its development. G.L. Apanasenko points out that, considering a person as a bioenergy-information system, characterized by a pyramidal structure of subsystems, which include the body, psyche and spiritual element, the concept of health implies the harmony of this system.
Violations at any level affect the stability of the entire system. G.A. Kuraev, S.K. Sergeev and Yu.V. Shlenov emphasize that many definitions of health are based on the fact that the human body must resist, adapt, overcome, preserve, expand its capabilities, etc. The authors note that with this understanding of health, a person is viewed as a militant creature located in an aggressive natural and social environment. But the biological environment does not give rise to an organism that is not supported by it, and if this happens, then such an organism is doomed already at the beginning of its development. Researchers propose to define health based on the basic functions of the human body (implementation of the genetic unconditional reflex program, instinctive activity, generative function, congenital and acquired nervous activity). According to this, health can be defined. As the ability of interacting systems of the body to ensure the implementation of genetic programs of unconditioned reflex, instinctive processes, generative functions, mental activity and phenotypic behavior, aimed at the social and cultural spheres of life.
For a philosophical consideration of health, it is important to understand that it reflects the necessity arising from the essence of phenomena, and illness is an accident that does not have a universal character. Thus, modern medicine deals primarily with random phenomena - diseases, and not with health, which is natural and necessary (Brechman I.I.).
I.A. Gundarov and V.A. Palessky note: “When defining health, one should take into account the opinion that health and illness do not correlate with each other according to the principle of dichotomy: either there is or not; either a person is healthy or sick.
Health appears as a life continuum from 0 to 1, on which it is always present, although different quantities. Even a seriously ill person has a certain amount of health, although it is very little. Absolutely complete loss of health is tantamount to death.”
The vast majority of works emphasize that absolute health is an abstraction. Human health is not only a medical-biological, but primarily a social category, ultimately determined by the nature and nature of social relations, social conditions and factors depending on the method of social production.
N.V. Yakovleva identifies several approaches to determining health, which can be traced in applied research. One of them is the “by contradiction” approach, in which health is viewed as the absence of disease. Within the framework of this approach, research is carried out in medical psychology and personality psychology, especially performed by doctors. Naturally, such a consideration of the “health” phenomenon cannot be exhaustive. Various authors cite the following disadvantages of this understanding of health: 1) in considering health as a non-disease, there is initially a logical error, since the definition of the concept through negation cannot be considered complete; 2) this approach is subjective, since it sees health as the denial of all known diseases, but at the same time all unknown diseases remain behind; 3) such a definition is descriptive and mechanistic in nature, which does not allow revealing the essence of the phenomenon of individual health, its features and dynamics. Yu. P. Lisitsyn notes: “We can conclude that health is more than the absence of illnesses and injuries, it is the opportunity to fully work, relax, in a word, to perform human functions, to live freely and joyfully.
The second approach is characterized by N.V. Yakovleva as a complex analytical one. IN in this case When studying health, individual factors that influence health are identified by calculating correlations. Then the frequency of occurrence of this factor in the living environment of a particular person is analyzed and on the basis of this a conclusion is made about his health. The author points out the following disadvantages of this approach: the possibility that a specific factor is insufficient to make a conclusion about human health; the absence of a single abstract standard of health as the sum of a set of factors; the absence of a single quantitative expression of a particular trait characterizing human health.
As an alternative to previous approaches to the study of health problems, a systematic approach is considered, the principles of which are: refusal to define health as a non-disease; highlighting systemic rather than isolated health criteria (gestalt criteria of the human health system) Mandatory study of the dynamics of the system, highlighting the zone of proximal development, showing how plastic the system is under various influences, i.e. how possible is its self-correction or correction; transition from identifying certain types to individual modeling.
A.Ya. Ivanyushkin offers 3 levels to describe the value of health: 1) biological - initial health presupposes the perfection of self-regulation of the body, the harmony of physiological processes and, as a consequence, a minimum of adaptation; 2) social - health is a measure of social activity, a person’s active attitude to the world; 3) personal, psychological - health is not the absence of illness, but rather its denial, in the sense of overcoming it. Health in this case acts not only as a state of the body, but as a “strategy of human life.”
I. Illich notes that “health determines the process of adaptation: ... creates the opportunity to adapt to a changing external environment, to growth and aging, to treatment for disorders, suffering and peaceful expectation of death (Brechman I.I.). Health as the ability to adapt to environmental conditions, which is the result of interaction with the environment, is considered by R. M. Baevsky and A. P. Berseneva. In general, it has become a tradition in Russian literature to connect the state of health, illness and transitional states between them with the level of adaptation. L. Kh. Garkavi and E. B. Kvakina consider health, pre-nosological conditions and transitional states between them from the perspective of the theory of nonspecific adaptive reactions. The state of health in this case is characterized by harmonious anti-stress reactions of calm and increased activation.
I. I. Brekhman emphasizes that health is not the absence of disease, but the physical, social and psychological harmony of a person, friendly relationships with other people, with nature and with oneself. He writes that “human health is the ability to maintain age-appropriate stability in the face of sudden changes in the quantitative and qualitative parameters of the triune source of sensory, verbal and structural information.”
The understanding of health as a state of equilibrium, a balance between a person’s adaptive capabilities (health potential) and constantly changing environmental conditions was proposed by the academician (V.P. Petlenko 1997).
One of the founders of valeology, T. F. Akbashev, calls health a characteristic of the reserve vitality of a person, which is given by nature and is realized or not realized by man.
When defining the concept of “health,” the question of its norm often arises. At the same time, the very concept of norm is debatable. Thus, in the article “norm”, published in the second edition of the BME, this phenomenon is considered as symbol balance of the human body, its individual organs and functions in environmental conditions. Then health is defined as the balance of the organism and its environment, and disease is defined as an imbalance with the environment. But, as I. I. Brekhman notes, the organism is never in a state of equilibrium with the environment, since otherwise development would cease, and therefore the possibility of further life. V. P. Petlenko, criticizing this definition norms, proposes to understand it as the biological optimum of a living system, i.e. the interval of its optimal functioning, which has moving boundaries, within which the optimal connection with the environment and the consistency of all functions of the body are maintained. And then functioning within the optimal range should be considered normal, which will be considered as the health of the body. According to V.M. Dilman, it is in principle impossible to talk about the health of the body and its normality, because individual development is a pathology, a deviation from the norm, which can only be attributed to the age of 20-25, characterized by the minimum frequency of major human diseases. I. I. Brekhman, considering the problem of health as one of the global problems of humanity, points out the illegality of such an approach. He notes that the concept of normal remains abstract because it means a condition that precedes a disease, and it may not be the same in different people. When defining health, the author moves away from the relative and contradictory category of norm towards understanding health from the standpoint of quality. He says that the health problem, like all global problems, arises in a crisis situation. According to A. Peccei, “... the sources of this crisis lie within, and not outside, the human being, considered as an individual and as a collective. And the solution to all these problems must come, first of all, from changes in the person himself, his inner essence.
P. L. Kapitsa closely connects health with the “quality” of people in a given society, which can be judged by life expectancy, reduction in diseases, crime and drug addiction.
N. M. Amosov drew attention to the fact that the health of the body is determined by its quantity, which can be assessed by the maximum productivity of organs while maintaining the qualitative limits of their functions. But maximum performance can be achieved through high energy expenditure and endurance work, i.e. through overcoming fatigue and can have negative consequences for the body. In addition, appropriate criteria have not yet been developed to judge the qualitative limits of the functioning of various organs and their systems. Thus, this definition requires clarification. A similar approach to understanding health is proposed by M. E. Teleshevskaya and N. I. Pogibko, who consider this phenomenon as the ability of the human body to refract the entire set of natural and social factors that make up the human living conditions, without disturbing harmony physiological mechanisms and systems that ensure normal human functioning. N.D. Lakosina and G.K. Ushakov define health as the structural and functional safety of human organs and systems, high individual adaptability of the body to the physical and social environment, and as the preservation of usual well-being.
V.P. Kaznacheev points out that the health of an individual “can be defined as a dynamic state (process) of the preservation and development of biological, physiological and psychological functions, optimal working capacity and social activity with maximum life expectancy”, as a “valeological process of formation of the body and personality” . In his opinion, this definition takes into account the fullness of the fulfillment of the basic socio-biological functions and life goals of the individual. Along with the health of an individual, V.P. Kaznacheev proposes to consider the health of the population, which he understands “as a process of socio-historical development of vitality - biological and psychosocial - of the population in a number of generations, increasing working capacity and productivity of collective labor, growing ecological dominance, improving the species Homo sapiens." The health criteria of the human population, in addition to the individual properties of the people composing it, include the birth rate, the health of the offspring, genetic diversity, the adaptability of the population to climatic and geographical conditions, and the readiness to perform diverse tasks. social roles, age structure, etc.
I. I. Brekhman, speaking about the problem of health, notes that it very often occupies in the hierarchy of human values far from the first place, which is given to the material benefits of life, career, success, etc. V.P. Kaznacheev considers the possible hierarchy of needs (goals) in animals and humans, pointing out that for humans, in the first place is “... performing social and labor activities with a maximum active life expectancy. Preservation of genetic material. Reproduction of full-fledged offspring. Ensuring the preservation and development of the health of this and future generations. Thus, the author emphasizes that health should take first place in the hierarchy of human needs.
So, health is considered as an integrative characteristic of a person, covering both his inner world and all the uniqueness of relationships with the environment and including physical, mental, social and spiritual aspects; as a state of equilibrium, balance between human adaptive capabilities and constantly changing environmental conditions. Moreover, it should not be considered as an end in itself; it is only a means for the fullest realization of a person’s life potential.
Observations and experiments have long allowed doctors and researchers to divide the factors influencing human health into biological and social. This division has received philosophical support in the understanding of man as a biosocial being. For doctors, first of all, social factors include living conditions, level of material security and education, family composition, etc. Among the biological factors are the age of the mother when the child was born, the age of the father, the characteristics of pregnancy and childbirth, and the physical characteristics of the child at birth. Psychological factors are also considered as a result of biological and social factors. Yu.P. Lisitsyn, considering health risk factors, points to bad habits (smoking, alcohol consumption, poor diet), environmental pollution, as well as “psychological pollution” (strong emotional experiences, distress) and genetic factors. For example, it has been found that prolonged distress suppresses the immune system, making them more vulnerable to infections and malignant tumors; In addition, when people who are reactive and easily angered are stressed, large amounts of stress hormones are released into the blood, which are believed to accelerate the formation of plaque on the walls of the coronary arteries.
G. A. Apanasenko proposes to distinguish between several groups of health factors that respectively determine its reproduction, formation, functioning, consumption and restoration, and also characterize health as a process and as a state. Thus, the factors (indicators) of health reproduction include: the state of the gene pool, the state reproductive function parents, its implementation, the health of parents, the presence of legal acts protecting the gene pool and pregnant women, etc. The author considers lifestyle factors, which include the level of production and labor productivity; the degree of satisfaction of material and cultural needs; general educational and cultural levels; features of nutrition, physical activity, interpersonal relationships; bad habits, etc., as well as the state of the environment. The author considers the culture and nature of production, the social activity of the individual, the state of the moral environment, etc. as factors in health consumption. Recreation, treatment, and rehabilitation serve to restore health.
As I. I. Brekhman notes, in the conditions of the modern scientific and technological revolution, a large number of reasons lead to a certain disorganization of natural foundations effective living personality, a crisis of emotionality, the main manifestations of which are emotional disharmony, alienation and immaturity of feelings, leading to deterioration of health and illness. The author states that a person’s attitude towards a long healthy life is of great importance for health. To maintain and improve health, a person should, even more than to get rid of diseases, adopt a new attitude towards his life and work.
As already noted, culture can be considered as one of the health factors. According to V.S. Semenov, culture expresses the measure of a person’s awareness and mastery of his relationships to himself, to society, nature, as well as the degree and level of self-regulation of his essential potentials. If our ancestors were largely defenseless against various diseases due to their ignorance, and this state of affairs was partly saved only by various taboos, then modern man knows disproportionately more than his predecessors about nature, his own body, diseases, health risk factors, and lives in much better conditions.
But, despite this, the morbidity rate is quite high, and quite often people suffer from diseases for the prevention of which it is enough to lead a certain lifestyle. I. I. Brekhman explains this situation by the fact that “very often people do not know what they are able to do with themselves, what huge reserves of physical and mental health they have, whether they can preserve and use them, up to increasing the duration of an active and happy life " The author points out that despite general literacy, people simply do not know a lot, and if they do know, they do not follow the rules of a healthy life. He writes: “For health you need knowledge that would become being.”
V. Soloukhin considers the problem of the connection between culture and health as follows: cultured person cannot afford to be sick; therefore, the high level of morbidity among the population (especially such chronic diseases as atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, diabetes, etc.), the increase in the number of overweight people, as well as smokers and alcohol drinkers, is an indicator of the low level of their culture.
O. S. Vasilyeva, paying attention to the presence of a number of components of health, in particular, such as physical, mental, social and spiritual health, considers the factors that have a predominant influence on each of them. Thus, the main factors influencing physical health include: nutrition, breathing, physical activity, hardening, and hygiene procedures. Mental health is primarily affected by a person’s system of relationships to himself, other people, and life in general; his life goals and values, personal characteristics. The social health of an individual depends on the correspondence of personal and professional self-determination, satisfaction with family and social status, flexibility of life strategies and their compliance with the sociocultural situation (economic, social and psychological conditions). And finally, spiritual health, which is the purpose of life, is influenced by high morality, meaningfulness and fulfillment of life, creative relationships and harmony with oneself and the world around us, Love and Faith. At the same time, the author emphasizes that considering these factors as separately influencing each component of health is quite conditional, since they are all closely interconnected.
So, as already noted, human health depends on many factors: hereditary, socio-economic, environmental, and the activities of the healthcare system. But a special place among them is occupied by a person’s way of life.
1.2 The concept of a healthy lifestyle
Human health is more than 50%, according to different sources depends on his lifestyle. D. U. Nistryan writes: “According to some researchers, human health depends 60% on his lifestyle, 20% on the environment and only 8% on medicine.” According to WHO, human health is 50-55% determined by conditions and lifestyle, 25% by environmental conditions, 15-20% by genetic factors, and only 10-15% by the activities of the health care system.
There are different approaches to defining the concept of “lifestyle”.
Thus, a number of authors believe that lifestyle is a biosocial category that determines the type of life activity in the spiritual and material spheres of human life. According to Yu. P. Lisitsyn, “a way of life is a certain, historically determined type, type of life activity or a certain way of activity in the material and non-material (spiritual) spheres of people’s life.” In this case, lifestyle is understood as a category that reflects the most general and typical ways of material and spiritual life of people, taken in unity with natural and social conditions.
In another approach, the concept of lifestyle is considered as an integral way of being of an individual in the external and internal world, as “a system of relationships between a person and himself and factors of the external environment,” where the system of relationships between a person and himself is a complex set of actions and experiences, the presence of useful habits , strengthening the natural resource of health, the absence of harmful ones that destroy it.
Most Western researchers define lifestyle as “a broad category that includes individual forms of behavior, activity and the realization of one’s capabilities in work, Everyday life and cultural customs characteristic of a particular socio-economic structure.”
A. M. Izutkin and G. Ts. Tsaregorodtsev present the structure of a lifestyle in the form of the following elements: “1) transformative activity aimed at changing nature, society and the person himself; 2) ways to satisfy material and spiritual needs; 3) forms of people’s participation in social and political activities and in government; 4) cognitive activity at the level of theoretical, empirical and value-oriented knowledge; 5) communicative activity, including communication between people in society and its subsystems (people, class, family, etc.); 6) medical and pedagogical activities aimed at the physical and spiritual development of a person.” Yu. P. Lisitsyn, N. V. Polunina, E. N. Savelyeva and others propose such components (aspects) of lifestyle as production, socio-political, non-work, and medical activities. Other authors include in the concept of lifestyle a person’s work activity, social, psycho-intellectual, physical activity, communication and everyday relationships, habits, routine, rhythm, pace of life, features of work, rest and communication.
Yu. P. Lisitsyn, based on the classifications of lifestyle by I. V. Bestuzhev-Lada and other domestic sociologists and philosophers, identifies four categories in lifestyle: “... economic - “standard of living”, sociological - “quality of life”, socio-psychological - “lifestyle” and socio-economic - “way of life”. The standard of living or level of well-being characterizes the size, as well as the structure of material and spiritual needs, thus the quantitative, measurable side of living conditions. Lifestyle means order public life, life, culture, within the framework of which people’s life activities take place. Lifestyle refers to individual characteristics of behavior as one of the manifestations of life activity. The quality of life is an assessment of the qualitative side of living conditions; this is an indicator of the level of comfort, satisfaction with work, communication, etc. According to Yu. P. Lisitsyn, human health largely depends on the style and way of life.
Since ancient times, even before the emergence of professional medicine, people have noticed the impact on health of the nature of work, habits, customs, as well as beliefs, thoughts, and experiences. Famous doctors from different countries paid attention to the peculiarities of work and life of their patients, linking the occurrence of illnesses with this.
If we turn to the historical aspect of the emergence of ideas about a healthy lifestyle, then for the first time they begin to take shape in the East.
Already in ancient India 6 centuries BC. The Vedas formulate the basic principles of leading a healthy lifestyle. One of them is achieving a stable mental balance. The first and indispensable condition for achieving this balance was complete internal freedom, the absence of a person’s rigid dependence on physical and psychological factors of the environment. Another path leading to the establishment internal balance, was considered the path of the heart, the path of love. In bhakti yoga, love, which gives freedom, was understood not as love for an individual person, for a group of people, but as love for all living things in this world as the highest expression of the essence of being. The third way to achieve inner freedom - the path of reason, reason - was proposed by Jana Yoga, which claims that none of the yogas should give up knowledge, because it increases vital stability.
Eastern philosophy has always placed emphasis on the unity of the mental and physical in man. Thus, Chinese thinkers believed that disharmony in the body arises as a result of mental disharmony.
They identified five painful moods: anger and hot temper, “cloudedness” with emotions, concern and despondency, sadness and sadness, fear and anxiety. The tendency to such moods, they believed, disrupts and paralyzes the energy of both individual organs and the entire organism as a whole, shortening a person’s life. Joy gives harmonious elasticity to the body’s energy flows and prolongs life.
In Tibetan medicine, in the famous treatise “Zhud-shi”, ignorance was considered common cause all diseases. Ignorance gives rise to a sick lifestyle, eternal dissatisfaction, leads to painful, pessimistic experiences, harmful passions, unfair anger, disapproval towards people. Moderation in everything, naturalness and overcoming ignorance are the main components of a healthy lifestyle that determine a person’s physical and mental well-being.
Eastern philosophy is based on an understanding of man as a whole, inextricably linked with his immediate environment, nature, space, and is focused on maintaining health and identifying the enormous capabilities of man to resist illnesses.
Ideas about a healthy lifestyle are also found in ancient philosophy. Thinkers of the ancient period try to highlight in this phenomenon specific elements. For example, Hippocrates in his treatise “On a Healthy Lifestyle” considers this phenomenon as a kind of harmony, which should be strived for by observing a number of preventive measures. He focuses mainly on the physical health of a person. Democritus largely describes spiritual health, which is a “good state of mind” in which the soul is in peace and balance, not disturbed by any passions, fears or other experiences.
The ancient world had its own traditions of leading a healthy lifestyle. Good health was the main criterion for ensuring the intellectual development of the younger generation. Thus, young men who were physically poorly developed did not have the right to higher education. IN Ancient Greece The cult of the body is elevated within the framework of state laws, and there is a strict system of physical education.
During this period, the first concepts of a healthy lifestyle appear: “know yourself,” “take care of yourself.” According to the latter concept, each person must have a certain course of action, carried out in relation to himself and including caring for himself, changing, transforming himself. The peculiarity of the ancient period is that the physical component of a healthy lifestyle came to the fore, pushing the spiritual into the background. In Eastern philosophy, the inextricable connection between the spiritual and physical state of a person is clearly visible. Health here is seen as “a necessary level of perfection and the highest value.” The principles of Eastern medicine are based on the attitude towards a person as an individual. It is expressed in the forms of dialogue between the doctor and the patient from the angles in which he sees himself, because no one except the person himself can change his lifestyle, habits, attitude towards life and illness. This approach is based on the fact that many diseases are of a functional nature and their symptoms are signals of serious emotional and social problems. But in any case, a person acts as an active participant in maintaining and acquiring health. Therefore, the foundations of Eastern medicine especially emphasize that the health problem cannot be solved only by advanced technical means of diagnosis and treatment. It should be approached taking into account the individual attitude to health, including awareness of oneself and one’s own lifestyle. This aspect has been largely lost in modern medicine, which considers illness as a violation of the well-being of a person’s physical condition, the presence of specific, local abnormalities in organs and tissues, and the patient as a passive person receiving certain instructions in the development of which he did not participate.
In Western and Russian science, the problem of a healthy lifestyle was addressed by such doctors and thinkers as F. Bacon, B. Spinoza, H. De Roy, J. La Mettrie, P. J. Cabanis, M. Lomonosov, A. Radishchev.
The 20th century gave humanity a lot: electricity, television, modern transport. But at the same time, the end of the century is characterized by a deep discrepancy between the natural, social and spiritual foundations of man and his living environment. Significant changes have occurred in human consciousness: if previously he was both a producer and a consumer of various goods, now these functions have been separated, which is reflected in the attitude of our contemporary to his health. In former times, a person, “consuming” his health in hard physical labor and in the fight against the forces of nature, was well aware that he himself must take care of its restoration. Now people think that health is as constant as electricity and water supply, that it will always be there.
I.I. Brekhman notes: “The achievements of the scientific and technological revolution alone will not reduce the gap between a person’s adaptive capabilities and changes in the natural and social-production environment of his habitat. The greater the automation of production and conditioning of the living environment, the less trained the body’s defenses will be. Having given birth to its production activities environmental problem“Concerned about preserving nature on a planetary scale, man has forgotten that he is part of nature and directs his efforts mainly to preserving and improving the environment.” Thus, humanity is faced with the task not to engage in utopian plans to protect people from all possible pathogenic influences, but to ensure their health in real-life conditions.
To maintain and restore health, it is not enough to passively wait for the nature of the body to do its job sooner or later. A person himself needs to do some work in this direction. But, unfortunately, most people realize the value of health only when a serious threat to health arises or it is largely lost, as a result of which the motivation arises to cure the disease and restore health. But positive motivation for improving health among healthy people is clearly not enough. I. I. Brekhman identifies two possible reasons This: a person is not aware of his health, does not know the size of his reserves and puts off taking care of it until later, for retirement or in case of illness. At the same time, a healthy person can and should focus his lifestyle on the positive experiences of the older generation and the negative experiences of sick people. However, this approach does not work for everyone and is not strong enough. Many people, by their image and behavior, not only contribute to health, but destroy it.
Yu. P. Lisitsyn notes that a healthy lifestyle is not just everything that has a beneficial effect on people’s health. In this case, we are talking about all the components of different types of activities aimed at protecting and improving health. The author points out that the concept of a healthy lifestyle is not limited to individual forms of medical and social activity (eradicating bad habits, following hygienic norms and rules, health education, seeking treatment or advice from medical institutions, observing work, rest, nutrition and many others, although they all reflect certain aspects of a healthy lifestyle. “A healthy... lifestyle is, first of all, the activity, activity of an individual, a group of people, a society, using material and spiritual conditions and opportunities in the interests of health, harmonious physical and spiritual development of man.”
Polunina also identifies a number of criteria for a healthy lifestyle, which include, for example, a harmonious combination of biological and social in a person, hygienic justification for forms of behavior, non-specific and active ways of adapting the human body and psyche to unfavorable conditions of nature and the social environment. B. N. Chumakov notes that a healthy lifestyle includes typical forms and methods of people’s daily life activities, which strengthen and improve the body’s reserve capabilities. At the same time, the concept of a healthy lifestyle is much broader than a work and rest regime, a nutritional system, various hardening and developmental exercises; it also includes a system of relationships to oneself, to another person, to life in general, as well as the meaningfulness of being, life goals and values.
In practice, when determining individual criteria and goals for a healthy lifestyle, there are two alternative approaches. The goal of the traditional approach is to achieve the same behavior by everyone, which is considered correct: stopping smoking and drinking alcohol, increasing physical activity, limiting dietary intake of saturated fats and table salt, maintaining body weight within the recommended limits. The effectiveness of promoting a healthy lifestyle and mass health promotion is assessed by the number of people adhering to the recommended behavior. But, as practice shows, the incidence inevitably turns out to be different with the same behavior of people with different genes and phenotypes. The obvious disadvantage of this approach is that it may lead to equality of behavior among people, but not to equality of ultimate health.
Another approach has completely different guidelines, and a style of behavior that leads a person to the desired duration and required quality of life is considered healthy. Given that all people are different, they need to behave differently throughout their lives. I. A. Gundarov and V. A. Palessky state: “A healthy lifestyle, in principle, cannot and should not be identical. Any behavior should be assessed as healthy if it leads to the achievement of the desired health outcome.” With this approach, the criterion for the effectiveness of creating a healthy lifestyle is not behavior, but a real increase in the amount of health. Consequently, if a person's health does not improve, despite seemingly reasonable, cultural, socially useful behavior, it cannot be considered healthy. To assess the amount of health in this approach, a technique has been developed that gives a person the opportunity, taking into account the health index and his position on the health scale, to decide for himself what behavior is considered healthy. So, within the framework of this approach, a healthy lifestyle is determined based on individual criteria, personal choice of the most preferable health measures and monitoring their effectiveness. Consequently, for persons with a large amount of health, any lifestyle that is usual for them will be quite healthy.
In valeopsychology, i.e. health psychology, developing at the intersection of valeology and psychology, involves purposeful, consistent work to return a person to himself, a person’s mastery of his body, soul, spirit, mind, and the development of an “inner observer” (the ability to hear, see, feel). To understand and accept yourself you need to “touch” and pay attention to your inner world.
By getting to know ourselves, listening to ourselves, we are already on the path to creating health. This requires awareness of personal responsibility for life and, in particular, for health. For thousands of years, man put his body in the hands of doctors, and gradually it ceased to be the subject of his personal care. Man has ceased to be responsible for the strength and health of his body and soul. As a result of this, “the soul of man is darkness.”
And the only way to free consciousness from illusions and imposed patterns of life is our own experience.
Every person needs to believe that he has all the capabilities to strengthen his own life potential and increase resistance to various pathogenic and stressful factors. As V.I. Belov writes, referring primarily to physical health, one can “achieve superhealth and longevity regardless of what stage of illness or pre-illness a person is in.” The author also provides methods and techniques for increasing the level of mental health at the disposal of everyone who is ready to become the creator of their own health. J. Rainwater, emphasizing the responsibility of a person for his own health and the great possibilities of each in shaping the latter, points out: “What kind of health each of us has depends largely on our behavior in the past - on how we breathed and moved, how we ate what thoughts and attitudes they preferred. Today, now we determine our health in the future. We are responsible for it ourselves!” A person should reorient himself from treating diseases, i.e. “pulling out weeds”, taking care of your health; understand that the cause of ill health is not primarily poor nutrition, uncomfortable life, environmental pollution, lack of proper medical care, but in a person’s indifference to himself, in the liberation, thanks to civilization, of a person from efforts on himself, the consequence of which was the destruction of the body’s defenses. Thus, increasing the level of health is associated not with the development of medicine, but with the conscious, intelligent work of the person himself to restore and develop life resources, to transform a healthy lifestyle into a fundamental component of the self-image. To improve and develop health, it is important to learn to be healthy and to be creative to one’s own health, to develop the need, ability and determination to create health with one’s own hands using one’s own internal reserves, and not other people’s efforts and external conditions. “Nature has endowed humans with perfect life support and control systems, which are clearly established mechanisms that regulate the activities of various organs, tissues and cells at various levels in close interaction between the central nervous and endocrine systems. The functioning of the body according to the principle of a self-regulating system, taking into account the state of the external and internal environment, makes it possible to carry out gradual training, as well as training and education of various organs and systems in order to increase its reserve capabilities.” As E. Charlton notes, previously it was believed that information about the health consequences of a certain style of behavior would be enough to form an appropriate attitude towards it and change in the desired direction. He emphasizes that this approach did not take into account many of the social and psychological factors involved in decision making, as well as the availability of decision-making skills. The author sees the possibility of changing lifestyle and attitude towards one’s health in demonstrating the immediate consequences of unwanted behavior. As a number of authors note, in the formation of a healthy lifestyle and maintaining the health of an individual, creativity is of great importance, permeating all life processes and having a beneficial effect on them. Thus, F.V. Vasilyuk argues that only the values of creativity have the ability to turn destructive potential events into points spiritual growth and increasing health. V. A. Lishchuk believes that the development of a person’s spiritual world and his creative abilities contribute to changing lifestyles, maintaining and increasing health.
So, health largely depends on lifestyle, however, when talking about a healthy lifestyle, we primarily mean the absence of bad habits. This is, of course, a necessary, but not at all sufficient condition. The main thing in a healthy lifestyle is the active creation of health, including all its components. Thus, the concept of a healthy lifestyle is much broader than the absence of bad habits, work and rest schedule, nutrition system, various hardening and developmental exercises; it also includes a system of relationships to oneself, to another person, to life in general, as well as the meaningfulness of being, life goals and values, etc. Consequently, to create health, it is necessary both to expand ideas about health and disease, and to skillfully use the entire range of factors influencing various components of health (physical, mental, social and spiritual), mastery of health-improving, restorative, nature-conforming methods and technologies, and the formation of an attitude towards healthy lifestyle.
Based on the above, we can conclude that the concept of a healthy lifestyle is multifaceted and not yet sufficiently developed. At the same time, at the level of ordinary consciousness, ideas about a healthy lifestyle have existed for many centuries.
2 Components of a healthy lifestyle
2.1Rational human nutrition
One of the components of a healthy lifestyle is balanced nutrition. When talking about it, you should remember two basic laws, the violation of which is dangerous to health.
The first law is the balance of energy received and consumed. If the body receives more energy than it expends, that is, if we receive more food than is necessary for normal human development, for work and well-being, we become fat. Now more than a third of our country, including children, has excess weight. And there is only one reason - excess nutrition, which ultimately leads to atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, a number of other ailments.
Second law - correspondence chemical composition diet to the physiological needs of the body in nutrients Oh. The diet should be varied and meet the needs for proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and dietary fiber. Many of these substances are irreplaceable because they are not formed in the body, but come only with food. The absence of at least one of them, for example, vitamin C, leads to illness and even death. We get B vitamins mainly from wholemeal bread, and the source of vitamin A and other fat-soluble vitamins are dairy products, fish oil, and liver.
Not every one of us knows that we need to learn a culture of reasonable consumption and refrain from the temptation to take another piece delicious product giving extra calories or causing an imbalance. After all, any deviation from the laws rational nutrition leads to poor health. The human body consumes energy not only during periods of physical activity (during work, playing sports, etc.), but also in a state of relative rest (during sleep, lying down), when energy is used to maintain the physiological functions of the body by maintaining a constant body temperature. It has been established that a healthy middle-aged person with normal body weight consumes 7 kilocalories per hour for every kilogram of body weight.
The first rule in any natural nutrition system should be: - Eating only when you feel hungry.
Refusal to eat in case of pain, mental and physical malaise, fever and elevated temperature bodies.
Refusal to eat immediately before bed, as well as before and after serious work, physical or mental.
It is very important to have free time to digest food. The idea that exercise after eating helps digestion is a grave mistake.
Meals should consist of mixed foods that are sources of proteins, fats and carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. Only in this case is it possible to achieve a balanced ratio of nutrients and essential nutritional factors, to ensure not only a high level of digestion and absorption of nutrients, but also their transportation to tissues and cells, their complete absorption at the cellular level.
Rational nutrition ensures proper growth and formation of the body, helps maintain health, high performance and prolong life.
People suffering from chronic diseases need to follow a diet.
2.2 Hardening
For effective recovery and disease prevention, it is necessary to train and improve, first of all, the most valuable quality - endurance, in combination with hardening and other components of a healthy lifestyle, which will provide the growing body with a reliable shield against many diseases.
In Russia, hardening has long been widespread. An example would be village baths with steam and snow baths. However, these days, most people do nothing to harden both themselves and their children. Moreover, many parents, out of fear of catching a child’s cold, from the first days of his life begin to engage in passive protection against colds: they wrap him up, close the windows, etc. Such “care” for children does not create conditions for good adaptation to changing environmental temperatures. On the contrary, it contributes to the weakening of their health, which leads to colds. Therefore, the problem of finding and developing effective hardening methods remains one of the most important. But the benefits of hardening from an early age have been proven by extensive practical experience and are based on solid scientific evidence.
Widely known various ways hardening - from air baths to dousing with cold water. The usefulness of these procedures is beyond doubt. Since time immemorial it has been known that walking barefoot is a wonderful hardening agent. Winter swimming is the highest form of hardening. To achieve it, a person must go through all the stages of hardening.
The effectiveness of hardening increases when using special temperature influences and procedures. Everyone should know the basic principles of their correct use: systematicity and consistency; accounting individual characteristics, health conditions and emotional reactions to the procedure.
Another effective hardening agent can and should be a contrast shower before and after physical exercise. Contrast showers train the neurovascular system of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, improving physical thermoregulation, and have a stimulating effect on the central nervous mechanisms. Experience shows the high hardening and healing value of a contrast shower for both adults and children. It also works well as a stimulant of the nervous system, relieving fatigue and increasing performance.
Hardening is a powerful healing tool. It allows you to avoid many diseases, prolong life for many years, and maintain high performance. Hardening has a general strengthening effect on the body, increases the tone of the nervous system, improves blood circulation, and normalizes metabolism.
2.3 Physical education
There is only one way to achieve human harmony - systematic exercise. In addition, it has been experimentally proven that regular physical education, which is rationally included in the work and rest regime, not only promotes health, but also significantly increases the efficiency of production activities. However, not all motor actions performed in everyday life and work are physical exercises. They can only be movements specially selected to influence various organs and systems, development physical qualities, correction of physique defects.
Physical exercise will have a positive effect if the exercises are followed certain rules. It is necessary to monitor your health - this is necessary in order not to cause harm to yourself when engaging in physical exercise. If there are disorders of the cardiovascular system, exercise that requires significant stress can lead to a deterioration in heart function.
You should not exercise immediately after illness. It is necessary to withstand a certain period for the body’s functions to be restored - only then physical education will be beneficial.
When performing physical exercises, the human body reacts to a given load with responses. The activity of all organs and systems is activated, as a result of which energy resources are consumed, the mobility of nervous processes increases, and the muscular and osseous-ligamentous systems are strengthened. Thus, it improves physical fitness engaged in and as a result of this, a state of the body is achieved when the loads are easily tolerated, and previously inaccessible results in various types of physical exercises become the norm. You always feel good, want to exercise, are in high spirits and sleep well. With proper and regular exercise, your fitness improves from year to year, and you will be in good shape for a long time.
Changes in physiological functions are also caused by other environmental factors and depend on the time of year and the content of vitamins and mineral salts in food products. The combination of all these factors (stimulants of varying effectiveness) has either a stimulating or depressing effect on a person’s well-being and the course of vital processes in his body. Naturally, a person should adapt to natural phenomena and the rhythm of their fluctuations. Psychophysical exercises and hardening of the body help a person reduce dependence on weather conditions and weather changes, and contribute to his harmonious unity with nature.
For the normal functioning of the brain, not only oxygen and nutrition are needed, but also information from the senses. The novelty of impressions, which evokes positive emotions, especially stimulates the psyche. Under the influence of the beauty of nature, a person calms down, and this helps him to escape from everyday trifles. Balanced, he acquires the ability to look around him as if through a magnifying glass. Resentment, haste, nervousness, so frequent in our lives, dissolve in the great tranquility of nature and its endless expanses.
It is very important to note the favorable state of the air environment during muscular activity, including during physical exercise, since this increases pulmonary ventilation, heat generation, etc. In sports practice, sanitary and hygienic air tests make it possible to take timely necessary measures providing maximum conditions for those involved in physical education and sports.
It should be remembered that the supply of the required amount of clean air into the room and the removal of air contaminated with waste products is important and necessary.
Based on the regulations, as a result of many years of experience in the field of sports medicine, the main tasks of exercise and sports hygiene are clearly defined. This is the study and improvement of environmental conditions in which physical education and sports take place, and the development of hygienic measures that promote health, increase efficiency, endurance, and increase sports achievements. As noted earlier, physical exercise does not affect any organ or system in isolation, but the entire body as a whole. However, the improvement of the functions of its various systems does not occur to the same extent. Particularly obvious are the changes in the muscular system. They are expressed in increasing muscle volume, enhancing metabolic processes, and improving the functions of the respiratory apparatus. In close interaction with the respiratory organs, the cardiovascular system is also improved. Physical exercise stimulates metabolism, increases strength, mobility and balance of nervous processes. In this regard, the hygienic importance of physical exercise increases if it is carried out outdoors. Under these conditions, their overall health-improving effect increases, they have a hardening effect, especially if classes are conducted at low temperatures air. At the same time, such indicators of physical development as chest excursion and vital capacity of the lungs improve. When conducting classes in cold conditions, the thermoregulatory function improves, sensitivity to cold decreases, and the possibility of developing colds decreases. In addition to the beneficial effects of cold air on health, there is an increase in the effectiveness of training, which is explained by the high intensity and density of physical exercise. Physical activity should be standardized taking into account age characteristics and meteorological factors.
Speaking about the hygiene of physical exercises, one cannot help but recall morning exercises and the role of the physical education break. The purpose of morning exercises is to accelerate the body’s transition from sleep to wakefulness, to the upcoming work, and to provide a general healing effect. Gymnastic exercises should be performed in a well-ventilated room, with an open window or vent, and, if possible, in the open air. Charging should be combined with an air bath. After finishing the gymnastics, wiping or dousing the body with cool water is useful. Physical education breaks are carried out at school and at work; they are one of the main forms of active recreation.
2.4 Personal hygiene and daily routine
An important element of a healthy lifestyle is personal hygiene. It includes a rational daily regimen, body care, hygiene of clothes and shoes. The daily routine is also of particular importance. When followed correctly and strictly, a clear rhythm of the body’s functioning is developed. And this, in turn, creates best conditions for work and recovery.
Uneven living, working and living conditions, individual differences between people do not allow us to recommend one daily regimen for everyone. However, its basic provisions must be observed by everyone: performing various types of activities at strictly defined times, correct alternation of work and rest, regular meals. Particular attention should be paid to sleep - the main and irreplaceable form of rest. Constant lack of sleep is dangerous because it can cause exhaustion of the nervous system, weakening of the body's defenses, decreased performance, and deterioration of well-being.
The study of morbidity has led to the conclusion that the cause of the vast majority of diseases is various violations of the regime. Chaotic eating at different times inevitably leads to gastrointestinal diseases, going to bed at different times leads to insomnia and nervous exhaustion, and disruption of the planned distribution of work and rest reduces performance.
The regime has not only health-improving, but also educational significance. Strict adherence to it fosters such qualities as discipline, accuracy, organization, and determination. The regime allows a person to rationally use every hour, every minute of his time, which significantly expands the possibility of a versatile and meaningful life. Each person should develop a regime based on the specific conditions of their life.
It is important to follow the following daily routine: Get up at the same time every day, do regular morning exercises, eat at set hours, alternate mental work with physical exercise, observe the rules of personal hygiene, keep your body, clothes, shoes clean, work and sleep in good conditions. ventilated area, go to bed at the same time!
Conclusion
Health is the first and most important need of a person, determining his ability to work and ensuring the harmonious development of the individual.
Health helps us fulfill our plans, successfully solve the main tasks of life, overcome difficulties, and, if necessary, significant overloads. Good health, wisely maintained and strengthened by the person himself, ensures a long and active life.
Bibliography
1. Zolinov V.F. Physical education of an adult. L., 1984
2. G. L. Apanasenko. Healthy lifestyle. L., 1988
3. B. M. Lipovetsky. Play sports!!! M., 1985
4. N. M. Amosov, Ya. A. Bendet. Human health M., 1984
5. E. A. Pirogova. Environment and people Minsk, 1989
2.1. concepts of health and illness
The most important task of the state and society as a whole is to take care of the health of the population. When asked what health is, the answer most often follows is that it is the absence of disease, good health, i.e. health is usually defined by the absence of disease. Therefore, the concept of disease must first be defined.
There are many definitions of the concept of disease: disruption of normal functioning, adaptation to the environment (disadaptation), functions of the body or its parts, connections of the body with the external environment, homeostasis (constancy of the internal environment of the body), inability to fully perform human functions.
According to the classification of the World Health Organization, a disease is a life disrupted in its course by damage to the structure and function of the body under the influence of external and internal factors during the mobilization of its compensatory and adaptive mechanisms. The disease is characterized by a general or particular decrease in adaptability to the environment and restrictions on the patient’s freedom of life.
Before talking about health, we should understand the dual essence of man: on the one hand, man is an integral part of the biological world (man is homo sapiens, a subtype of vertebrates, a class of primates, a class of mammals - the highest level of development of organisms on Earth), on the other hand , man is a social being (social), capable of producing and using tools and changing the world around him. This creature has consciousness as a function of a highly organized brain and articulate speech.
Philosophers and doctors of the Ancient world considered man to be a similarity to nature, the world, and the cosmos. Man is a microcosm in the macrocosm, he consists of the same elements: water, air, fire, etc. Consequently, health is the balance of these elements, and disease is a violation of this balance. Some ancient thinkers, as a result of observing the lives of people, their way and living conditions, formed beliefs about the role of social factors in human life. As medicine, history and other sciences developed, more and more observations and evidence of the importance of social factors in human life accumulated. This especially developed during the Renaissance, when activity, the spiritual world, communication between people, i.e., social principles, were reflected in philosophical and scientific works.
These views received their greatest development during the Enlightenment. Thus, Helvetius wrote that man is an animal with a special external organization that allows him to use weapons and tools. But scientists of that time interpreted the social principle in man incompletely, only as an external manifestation of a person’s bodily connection with the environment.
Supporters of opposing views on the essence of man essentially shared the views of K. Marx: “The essence of man is the totality of social relations.” F. Engels described man more fully and objectively: “The essence of man manifests itself in two ways: as a natural (i.e. biological) and as a social relationship (i.e. social).” The inseparability of the biological and social in man is reflected in “Capital” by K. Marx: “By influencing external nature and changing it, he (man) at the same time changes his own nature.”
The relationship between the social and the biological in a person is the main thing in understanding the nature of health and illness.
Ancient doctors saw the origins of health and the causes of diseases not only in the mixing of elements of the body, but also in the behavior of people, their habits, conditions and lifestyle. Even attempts were made to establish a correspondence between the specifics of the disease and the nature of work.
Utopian socialists saw the guarantee of good health for people in their fictional cities and excellent living conditions. French Encyclopedist philosophers of the Enlightenment more than once pointed out the dependence of people's health on social conditions. English doctors and sanitary inspectors of the 19th century. in their reports they repeatedly cited examples of the harmful effects of harsh working conditions on the health of workers. Progressive domestic figures of medicine of the second half of the 19th century. presented thousands of evidence of the adverse effects of working and living conditions on workers' health. The primary importance of social conditions in shaping the health of the population has become the subject of study of social hygiene since the beginning of the 20th century.
Determining the relationship between social and biological principles in a person makes it possible to identify their influence on human health. Just as in the essence of man himself it is impossible to separate the biological from the social, so it is impossible to separate the biological and social components of health. The health and illness of an individual are fundamentally biological. But general biological qualities are not fundamental; they are mediated by the social conditions of his life. Not only in the works of individual researchers, but also in documents of international medical organizations, they talk about the social conditioning of health, that is, the primary impact on health of social conditions and factors.
Social conditions are the form of manifestation of production relations, the method of social production, the socio-economic system and the political structure of society. Social factors are a manifestation of social conditions for a particular person: working conditions, rest, housing, food, education, upbringing, etc.
The WHO Constitution defines health as “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease.” But it should be said that there is no single definition now. We can offer the following options for defining health, proposed by Yu.P. Lisitsyn: harmonious unity of biological and social qualities caused by congenital and acquired biological and social influences (illness is a violation of this unity); a state that allows you to lead an unconstrained life, fully perform human functions (primarily labor), lead a healthy lifestyle, that is, experience mental, physical and social well-being.
Individual health is the health of an individual. It is assessed by personal well-being, the presence or absence of diseases, physical condition, etc. Group health - the health of individual communities of people: age, professional, etc. Population health is the health of people living in a certain territory.
The most difficult thing to define is public health. Public health reflects the health of the individuals who make up society, but is not the sum of the health of individuals. Even the WHO has not yet proposed a concise and succinct definition of public health. “Public health is a state of society that provides conditions for an active productive lifestyle, not constrained by physical and mental illness, i.e., it is something without which society cannot create material and spiritual values, this is the wealth of society” (Yu .P.Lisitsin).
Public health potential is a measure of the quantity and quality of people’s health and its reserves accumulated by society. Public health index - the ratio of healthy and unhealthy lifestyles of the population.
WHO experts consider public health criteria to be: the percentage of gross national product (GNP) spent on healthcare; accessibility to primary health care; infant mortality rate; average life expectancy, etc.
Methods for studying population health include: medical-statistical, sociological (questioning, interviewing, family-based comprehensive survey), expert, organized experiment.
Human health is a complex, multidimensional, integral concept. It is central to the corporate culture of an entire professional group - healthcare and medical workers, students of medical universities and colleges. IN modern conditions when the process of urbanization and boom technical progress has covered most spheres of human life, the problem of health, both individual and public, is becoming increasingly important. It is health that is absolutely necessary, although not a sufficient condition for the positive existence and development of an individual and social communities, including humanity as a whole. The right to health has recently appeared in the list of human rights guaranteed by the Constitutions of a number of countries. Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states: “Everyone has the right to an adequate standard of living, including food, clothing, housing, medical care and necessary social services necessary to maintain the health and well-being of himself and his family." In the “Constitution of the Russian Federation” a similar article (41) also establishes the right of a Russian citizen to health care. There is a program of state guarantees, expressed in financial standards and in the volume of medical care, which the state guarantees to the population free of charge.
The state has a vested interest in the health of its population. Health is ensured by the main social institutions - healthcare and medicine. They formulate the fundamental categories “health”, “disease”; the concept of the nation's health is being built; tactics for achieving the goals are determined.
Human health and illness are a complex socially determined phenomenon that combines biological and social properties. This complex conglomerate in itself is also adjusted by the influence of environmental factors. IN " Explanatory dictionary Russian language" edited by Ozhegov we read: "Health is the normal state of a properly functioning intact organism" or "correct, normal activity of the body." In modern scientific literature there are more than a hundred definitions and approaches to this concept. Most of the meaning boils down to the following: health is the absence of disease; health and normality are identical concepts.. This concept is known as “medico-biological”, it is based on « germ theory of disease,” which dominated medical thinking in the 19th century. Medicine viewed a person as a complex mechanism, disease as a consequence of the breakdown of this mechanism, as a condition preceding death. This idea is not new; even the ancient poet Nazon wrote that illness is a softened death. Health is interpreted as a normal state, as a state of freedom from physical and mental defects or diseases. Thus, disease becomes the ultimate goal of medicine. The biomedical model, despite advances in understanding the mechanism of the disease and drug methods for its correction until complete cure, is still insufficient. In everyday life, health is understood only as the absence of disease. It turns out that both in everyday consciousness and in some part of the scientific literature, health is defined through the concept of “illness.” This means that markers of pathology dominate and indicators reflecting the quality and quantity of personal and public health are minimized. Currently, along with the theory of pathology, there is also a theory of health - valeology, which has not received either public recognition or institutional status in our country.
The World Health Organization in 1948 gave the following definition: “ Health is a state of complete physical, spiritual and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." WHO has proclaimed the principle that “the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is a fundamental right of every person.” This principle is the main ethical and professional value of all doctors and medical students. Thus, health is a socially determined phenomenon, representing a harmonious interaction biological and social qualities In other words, health has a biosocial status.
It should also be noted that there is sociotic characteristics, since health is the most important, natural, enduring value for all groups and strata without exception. Moreover, the higher the place of a person or group in the social hierarchy, the more realized this value is both socially and materially secure. The latest conditions (social and material well-being) make it possible to more fully and intensively realize diversity human needs and opportunities.
It is very interesting and useful psychological interpretation of health. For a long time, the problem of health was not a priority in the research interests of psychology. Rather, on the contrary, general reasoning algorithms were repeated. 20th century psychology reveled in the phenomenology of human suffering, internal conflict and crisis. Through paintings mental disorders, the methodology of psychotherapy was formed by the most popular theories of Z. Freud, A. Adler, K. Jung. In other words, illness, psychopathology was the beginning of the construction of fundamental psychological theories of personality. Illness and intrapersonal conflict seemed much more interesting than the ability to maintain health and mental well-being. This turned out to be the reason for a rather long period of absence in psychology of a holistic, structured and reasoned psychological theory health. Today psychologists offer their own model of a healthy personality. According to this concept, “...a healthy person is capable of independently, i.e. on the basis of one’s own intrapersonal resources, maintain the structural and procedural consistency of the psyche, ensure assimilation life experience and integration of the individual, to achieve full self-realization.” (Vasilieva O.S., Filatov F.R. “Health Psychology” R/D., 2005) In other words, healthy is not the one who does not have problems, but the one who is able to solve them.
Socio-economic health status is a necessary condition for working capacity and labor efficiency. The degree of remuneration depends on labor productivity in all areas (mental and physical). This, in turn, determines the level of satisfaction of all human needs. Health, in some cases, predetermines the possibility of joining work and using it as a source of material well-being.
Today, medical practice actively uses the intermediate term “practically healthy,” thereby predetermining another option for interpreting health. The approach to the category “health” as discrete, mosaic, consisting of the concepts “healthy”, “virtually healthy” and “sick”, is rather functional and more suitable for everyday use, since it is extremely simplified. Healthy means, in a subjective sense, capable of performing biological and social functions. Even if a person already has pathological changes and processes in his body, but they allow him to engage in socially useful activities, medicine states that he is “virtually healthy.” This is a borderline state, when somatic or mental problems are already present, but do not significantly affect the person’s well-being and performance. But over time, pathology leads to disruption of physiological, psychological, social and economic functions. Thus, we can say that disease is a process of disruption of human life, and therefore life support.
Disease can also be interpreted multidimensionally. For example, from the employer’s perspective, illness is the inability of an employee to perform his professional functions. The biologist sees in disease a violation of the body’s biological rhythms, the pace life processes and reactions, and the pathologist – a violation of physiological life support processes. Finally, for the patient himself, illness means a change in the lifestyle of himself and his family, often a reassessment of the entire system of values and priorities.
Essentially, the concepts of health and illness go far beyond the scope of medicine, although most people associate the word “illness” only with medicine. These conditions are determined by lifestyle, environmental safety of the habitat, nutritional structure and living conditions, the nature of work, recreation opportunities, socio-psychological climate, a sense of protection from medicine, the state and society.
In world practice, it is customary to distinguish 4 levels of health assessment:
Level 1 – individual health ( individual health);
Level 2 – health of small social groups or ethnic groups (group health);
Level 3 – population health (people living in certain administrative-territorial units - villages, cities, regions, etc.);
Level 4 – public health – the health of society, the people of an entire state, a continent, the population as a whole.
Health and illness are largely determined by so-called risk factors. A risk factor is a potentially hazardous health condition of a behavioral, social, genetic, environmental and climatic nature. Unlike the direct causes of the disease (injuries, viruses, lack of any microelements, etc.), they act indirectly, creating a negative background that contributes to the onset and progression of the disease. The famous Russian scientist, academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences Yu.P. Lisitsin built a hierarchy of risk factors in relation to health. The first group of the most significant risk factors (determining 49-53% of the quality of health) includes conditions that shape lifestyle:
Smoking, drinking alcohol;
Addiction;
Poor nutrition;
Distress (stressful situations);
Unfavorable working environment;
Physical inactivity;
Uncomfortable living conditions;
Excessive and incorrect use of medications;
The fragility of the family institution;
Loneliness;
High level of urbanization.
The second most important group is genetic and biological factors, the proportion of which is approximately 18-22%:
The presence of hereditary diseases;
Predisposition to so-called degenerative diseases.
The third group (occupying about 17-20%) – conditions associated with the external environment:
Air pollution;
Poor quality or no drinking water;
Soil degeneration and pollution;
Increased heliocosmic, radiation, magnetic and other radiation;
Climate change.
The fourth group of risk factors is conditions related directly to healthcare and medicine (their share varies from total number - 8-10%):
Ineffectiveness of preventive measures;
Low quality of medical care;
An insufficient amount medical institutions;
Late provision of medical care.
When analyzing factors influencing public health, it is customary to distinguish them as follows:
1. Socio-economic (material status, working conditions, educational and cultural level);
2. Socio-biological (gender, age, genetic predispositions etc.);
3. Ecological and climatic;
4. Organizational and medical.
PUBLIC HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE,
In the 20th century, in an increasingly complex society and rapidly developing science, a new direction emerged that had a long history of combining medical and social problems - public health and healthcare. It analyzes the complex influence of various factors on the health of an individual and on the health of the entire population. The dominant interest is not in the specific disease of a particular person, but in the formation of health large quantity people (village, city, ethnic group, nation, etc.). Currently, this scientific activity has acquired clear contours with its inherent object and subject of study, called in our country “public health and healthcare” . The first name “social hygiene” has been used since the 19th century along with others - “preventive medicine”, “social medicine”, “theory of health care”, “theory and practice of public health”. “preventive and social medicine” as opposed to punitive medicine. So, V.O. Portugalov, wrote, “the degree of morbidity and mortality of humanity is determined by the existing conditions of social life. It is not punitive (therapeutic) medicine, no matter how perfect it reaches, that will save humanity from the consuming evil (diseases), but only preventive medicine, which consists in improving social life And as preventive medicine or social hygiene comes into its own and spreads its power, as its influence, significance, and, most importantly, its application on a wide scale increase, punitive medicine will weaken. "There is also social hygiene, public hygiene, which regulates the relationship of a person to society and the responsibilities or relationship of society to a person." In 1922, the founder of Soviet healthcare N.A. Semashko determined that « social hygiene studies health issues from a social point of view, i.e. analyzes the influence of social factors on the health of the entire population and its individual groups, outlines not only individual, but also social measures aimed at preserving or restoring the health of the population
The words of the great Russian doctor N.I. remain relevant as before. Pirogov: “Reducing mortality among the masses depends on the efficient, energetic and rational application of administrative and hygienic measures against the initial development of diseases... The future of public medicine is in the hands of state and scientific administration, and not in medical technology . Only by going hand in hand with rational government orders in all sectors of the national economy and education can medicine help reduce the spread and prevent diseases, and then through this indirect way, and not through treatment, can it help reduce the mortality of the masses." From his social-hygienic position, he came to understand healthcare as the most important public and state social institution.
Discoveries in the fields of sociology, anthropology, biology, and psychology have made the understanding of the social conditionality of many diseases, as well as the importance of the social consequences of mass diseases, generally significant. The process of institutionalization of social hygiene has become total and irreversible.
In Russia in 1922 they had already developed learning programs and social hygiene benefits. At Moscow University N.A. Semashko organized the Department of Social Hygiene. In subsequent years, similar departments were established in other higher medical institutions.
The political engagement characteristic of our state of that period began to penetrate all spheres of social life, including, oddly enough, the sphere of social hygiene. The naive logic that in a socialist state based on social justice there are no objective social reasons for illness has become legitimate. Its official political status was manifested in the renaming of the departments of social hygiene into departments of health care organization. With the weakening of official ideological guidelines came a sober understanding that human health is determined by real, and not declared, conditions of public life. Have been used over rational methods solutions to health problems Soviet people. Sociological research, mathematical and logical modeling, system analysis, expert assessment, automated system management, etc.
In 1994, the subject “social hygiene” was renamed social medicine, and in 1999 - “public health and public health”. The new name more specifically and adequately reflects the content of the subject, its independence and importance in the system of preventive disciplines. This subject summarizes data on the state of public health, giving doctors a comprehensive understanding of the objective state of affairs in medicine and healthcare and the necessary policies in the field of health protection.
Today, the range of scientific and educational interests of “public health and healthcare” includes courses on the history of medicine, pharmacy and healthcare; on biomedical ethics; in medical informatics; in social (general) epidemiology; on theory and organization of health care; in economics; management; marketing and legal foundations of healthcare
Within the framework of social hygiene, social epidemiology, public health and healthcare, another science arose - medical sociology. It is generally accepted that the sociology of medicine arose after the Second World War in the USA and Great Britain. The methodological basis for it was the structural-functional school (T. Parsons, T. Mills, S. Lipset). In the 20th century, through the efforts of a number of doctors, social scientists, and philosophers, a separate sphere of problems in medical sociology began to be identified. Today its importance in solving a number of medical problems is growing.
In Russia, the emergence of the sociology of medicine is still associated with the activities of N.A. Semashko within the framework of social hygiene. The beginning of the scientific and practical activities of the sociology of medicine coincided with the post-revolutionary period of political euphoria, when it was believed that radical socio-political changes in our society were destroying the objective basis of diseases. In reality, the decline in disease was a worldwide cultural process. Scabies, tuberculosis, smallpox, household syphilis and other infectious diseases were defeated not only in the Soviet state, but almost throughout the world.
Industrialization and urbanization of the Soviet state brought with them the so-called “civilization diseases.” Of course, it was no longer possible to explain them, let alone overcome them, by political methods. They demanded a different conceptual attitude towards themselves. There is a need for medical sociology with its multifactorial nature in determining the causes of morbidity (multi-casuality). She studies the complex of social factors leading to disease. Its task is to search and analyze those connections and relationships that predetermine human behavior; everyday, social, political factors determined by his place in the social hierarchy. In the arsenal of the sociology of medicine is the ability to subject a predicative analysis (understanding of the properties) of an individual, a group (for example, a student), a community of people (city, ethnic group), or a social institution (family, state). And also give a certain forecast or trajectory of behavior that is beneficial or detrimental to health. Interpretation of statistical data, observation of the state of different size population groups require special, narrowly differentiated professional skills of medical sociology. In the majority Western countries This kind of work has been going on since the 60s.
In the USA, an organization called “State Public Health” studies changes in the medical and social sphere of society and publishes the results of sociological research. In this country, medical sociology acquired the status of an exact experimental science. It is based on general sociology, applied sociology, basic concepts of medicine and its own developed system of concepts. She has her own subject of study - the interface between society and medicine. Although the same segment is interested in epidemiology, medical statistics, social hygiene, demography, healthcare organization.
A special place among them is occupied by “clinical epidemiology,” which gained recognition in the second half of the last century. Governments around the world, attempting to provide high-quality health care, have faced increasing difficulties in controlling health care costs. The mismatch between health care demand and health care resources has led to the need to use information on the clinical effectiveness of various interventions when choosing priorities. Clinical epidemiology – is a science that allows prediction for each individual patient based on studying the course of the disease in similar cases using strict scientific methods. Help for a specific patient is considered in the context of the large population to which the patient belongs (R. Fletcher, S. Fletcher, E. Wagner “Clinical Epidemiology”). The main goal of clinical epidemiology is to introduce methods of clinical observation and sociological data analysis that ensure the right decisions are made.
There are two possible practical directions in the study of problems of medical sociology:
Sociological problems within medicine (for example, clinical epidemiology). This means that the results of the joint work of sociologists, qualified doctors and medical institutions can be used by any doctor in the treatment process.
Sociological problems relevant to medicine. In this direction, research into socio-cultural changes that determine the human factor in medicine is relevant. They make it possible to analyze the organization of medical treatment activities in the interpersonal interaction “doctor-patient”. In these studies, the most effective method is the one developed by the American sociologist T. Parsons. He considered it necessary to overcome the narrowness of the doctor's somatic model with a model of health and disease based on research American society. This pragmatic algorithm of action is also relevant for solving modern healthcare problems in Russia.
Healthcare performs organizational, social, and regulatory functions. It is “the activities of society, its representatives, its institutions and organizations (political, economic, public, state, private, religious, philanthropic, etc.), including medical ones, for the protection of health...Healthcare - social function society and medicine for the protection and promotion of health" (Yu.P. Lisitsin "Public health and healthcare"). The main subjects of health-preserving activities are the state, society, and population. As for the fundamental principles of healthcare, they were adequately formulated back in 1970 by the USSR delegation at the WHO World Assembly in the report “Basic principles for the development of national healthcare” in the following provisions:
1. Proclamation of the responsibility of the state and society for health protection.
2. Organization of rational training of national health care personnel and awareness by all medical workers of their high social responsibility to society.
3. Development of healthcare primarily based on the widespread implementation of measures aimed at developing public and individual prevention.
4. Providing the entire population of the country with the highest possible level of qualified, publicly accessible preventive and therapeutic care.
5. Widespread use in every country of the achievements of medical science and healthcare practice.
6. Health education and involvement of a wide range of people in all programs, which is an expression of the personal and collective responsibility of all members of society for the protection of people's health.
Despite the past four decades, these principles remain relevant not only for our country, but also for many others. Of these, the main one was and remains the principle of prevention. There is a differentiation of prevention into:
Individual (personal)
Social (identifying the causes of diseases and injuries, eradicating or smoothing out acute clinical manifestations in individuals, groups and the entire population)
Primary (measures to neutralize the immediate causes of the disease)
Secondary (influence on conditions contributing to the occurrence and development of the disease).
Primary and secondary prevention include vaccination, adherence to work and rest schedules, nutritional structure, physical and intellectual activity, etc.
Prevention, of course, is not limited to individual measures. The most complete definition was given by N.Ya. Semashko, generalizing it to the level of public concern for health “through the implementation of socio-economic measures to improve, transform working conditions, living conditions, the very way of life of the population, aimed at protecting the health of the population, preventing causes and risk factors diseases and injuries, for the implementation of certain social policies.” Those. the preventive direction in healthcare comes down to a system of medical and socio-economic measures. Preventive medical, sanitary and hygienic measures are specific to healthcare. Meanwhile, human health and especially public health largely depend on circumstances that are poorly controlled by healthcare. For example, from climatic, geographical, stratification, cultural, ethnic, religious features, and finally, from lifestyle.
Lifestyle – the method, forms and conditions of individual and collective human life (labor, everyday, socio-political and cultural), typical for specific historical socio-economic relations. (Sociological Encyclopedic Dictionary. - M., 2000) There are collective and individual lifestyles. In the structure of a lifestyle there are elements regulated by a person, depending on him (to smoke or not to smoke, to eat fast food or not) and external conditions and reasons (the economic level of the country, climatic conditions, religious traditions, social stratification, etc.).
Lifestyle is an integral concept that reflects the level and quality of life. The standard of living and quality of life are important for both general and medical sociology. A.V. Reshetnikov gives them the following definition: standard of living this is a socio-economic category that expresses the degree of satisfaction of the material and cultural needs of the population of a country (or a separate region), classes and social groups, families, individuals in the sense of provision of consumer goods, characterized primarily by quantitative indicators abstracted from their qualitative meaning.
The quality of life – this is a combination of material, social, demographic, etc. living conditions and their level of development. Quality of life can also be interpreted as a subjective perception and assessment of one’s life. In contrast to the concept of “standard of living,” quality of life includes the level of democratization, the state of public health and the state of the environment, educational opportunities, and the degree of security etc. (Sociological encyclopedic dictionary. M., 2000)
Elements of lifestyle that have a positive effect on health collectively form healthy lifestyle. This term is increasingly used in our country, but there is no generally accepted definition yet. The common sense of everyday consciousness allows us to briefly formulate the definition of a healthy lifestyle as any type of activity that has a beneficial effect on health. The term activity is very broad, multidimensional, including collective and personal activities, as well as labor, leisure, physical, intellectual, social, and medical activities. It is especially worth highlighting medical activity, since this type of activity is an indicator of the general medical culture of each member of society: know some medical basics, undergo regular medical examinations and immediately begin treatment if any problems are identified, etc.
