A healthy lifestyle and proper nutrition are two things that are inextricably linked. It is impossible to maintain a healthy lifestyle by going to McDonald's after a run. Healthy and healthy eating is essential if you want to be energetic and happy. Our world is developing very quickly. Sometimes, in the daily rush, we forget about the most important thing: about our health. Scientists have shown that healthy and proper nutrition directly affects life expectancy. Therefore, in today's article we will provide a menu for proper and healthy nutrition.
Healthy eating principles
The very first rule of healthy eating is to eat more often. Try to have a hearty breakfast and then eat 4-5 times a day. This way you can avoid overeating and control the amount of food you eat.
The second rule: stop eating white bread and pastries every day. This is not about giving up sweets altogether. The fact is that whole grain flour is healthier than wheat flour. In white flour of the first grade, there is no useful fiber and vitamin of group B. Healthy and proper nutrition means eating food that is not deposited in toxins and toxins. Wheat flour, with improper digestion, forms toxins, which subsequently lead to disruption of the entire gastrointestinal tract.
Third rule: diversify your diet. See what you usually have on your desk. These are 4-7 dishes, repeated in different variations. One has only to include a new dish in your daily diet, and your mood will immediately rise. Replace the side dish with a vegetable mixture for a healthy and tasty casserole. Don't limit your imagination!
These simple rules of healthy eating will help you lead a healthy lifestyle.
Healthy and healthy food menu
Healthy and proper nutrition has become quite a hot topic on television and in the press. But how to put together the right menu so that it is balanced and healthy? For an example of a varied and healthy diet, see below.
Take ½ cup of cereal and fill them with 1 cup of low-fat yogurt. Add a medium sized apple, cinnamon and some honey.
Second breakfast (snack):
Eat one banana and several almonds.
Make a delicious tuna salad. For this salad, we need to take the following ingredients:
- 200 grams of tuna in its own juice, and the liquid must be drained;
- 1 cup finely chopped lettuce or cabbage
- 1 tablespoon low-fat dressing (mustard and olive oil can be used, but not mayonnaise)
- 2 whole grain breads
- 2 tomatoes;
- half a bell pepper, cut into slices;
All components of the salad just need to be mixed.
Low-fat yogurt, some kind of fruit (kiwi, pear, pomelo, orange).
100 grams of chicken meat (preferably boiled), 1 cup of fresh spinach, 100 grams of boiled green beans, buckwheat (no more than 100 grams).
The menu can vary as you wish. For example, for breakfast, you can make yourself hot sandwiches with cheese and tomatoes, or eat 100 grams of cottage cheese with 2 tablespoons of sour cream. For lunch, you can add brown, brown rice or buckwheat to a light salad. It is also useful to eat vegetable soups for lunch. For dinner, you can make a vegetable casserole or fish.
Don't overload your stomach with red meat. It is very difficult to digest. It is best to eliminate it altogether from your diet, replacing it with poultry and fish. You will immediately feel the improvement in the work of the gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular system. Gradually introduce the principles of healthy and proper nutrition into your life: it is not that difficult. Be healthy!
In the concept of the right to claim, there are two inextricably linked powers. The right to claim includes the right to bring a claim and the right to have it satisfied. Thus, in the right to a claim there are two parties, two powers: the procedural side (the right to bring a claim) and the substantive side (the right to satisfy the claim). Both powers are closely related. The right to claim is an independent subjective right of the plaintiff. If the plaintiff has the right to bring a claim and the right to satisfy the claim, then his violated or contested right will receive proper judicial protection.
The constitutional right to judicial protection is realized in the right to claim. The right to a claim is not the violated subjective right of the plaintiff itself, but the possibility of obtaining protection of this right in a certain procedural order, in a claim form *.
* Cm.: Dobrovolsky A.A.The claim form of protection of rights. P. 77.
The presence or absence of the right to bring a claim is verified upon acceptance of the statement of claim. If the plaintiff does not have the right to bring a claim, then the judge refuses to accept the statement of claim. The substantive side of the right to claim, i.e. the right to satisfaction of the claim is checked and found out in the course of legal proceedings *. If the right of the plaintiff is justified from both the legal and the factual sides, then the plaintiff has the right to satisfy the claim. At the same time, an interested person may have the right to bring a claim and, at the same time, have no right to satisfy the claim **. So, the expiration of the limitation period is the basis for refusing the claim, since the plaintiff has no right to satisfy the claim (clause 6 of the resolution of the Plenum of the RF Armed Forces and the Plenum of the RF Supreme Arbitration Court No. 15/18 “On some issues related to the application of the norms of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation on the limitation period ").
* On the material legal theory of the right to claim, its criticism, see: Ryazanovekia E.A.Unity process. M., 1996.S. 13-15.
** In the literature, an opinion is expressed about the existence of a right to a claim in the material sense and a right to a claim in a procedural sense. However, this position has not received sufficiently convincing arguments, since in this presentation it is essentially about the right to sue and the right to satisfy the claim.
In the theory of civil procedure, the right to bring a claim, that is, the right to initiate a process, is associated with the presence of the prerequisites for the right to bring a claim.
A distinction is made between general and specific prerequisites for the right to sue. The following prerequisites are common to all categories of cases:
The plaintiff must have civil legal standing, i.e. the ability to be a party to the process. Civil procedural legal capacity is the ability to have civil procedural rights and to bear obligations (Art. 36 of the Code of Civil Procedure). It is closely related to civil legal capacity (part 1 of article 17 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). Since all citizens have legal capacity from the moment of birth, then from that moment they can be parties to the case. In practice, this premise is important for organizations enjoying the rights of a legal entity. However, in cases stipulated by law, legal capacity may be held by organizations that do not have the status of a legal entity.
Subjects of a dispute in a court of general jurisdiction may be legal entities that are non-profit organizations, if the dispute with their participation is not of an economic nature *;
The statement of claim must be subject to consideration and resolution in civil proceedings. Since the application is considered and resolved in a different court order; the application was filed in defense of the rights, freedoms or legitimate interests of another person by a state body, local government, organization or citizen who is not granted such a right by this Code or other federal laws (part 1 of article 143 of the Code of Civil Procedure of the Russian Federation). Sometimes this prerequisite of the right to bring a claim is interpreted as the jurisdiction of the case to the court.
* RF BVS. 1999. No. 3. P. 23.
The correct definition of jurisdiction is important for resolving the issue of accepting the statement of claim to the court proceedings. The jurisdiction of a case to a court of general jurisdiction is a prerequisite for the consideration of civil cases. Courts quite often face the problem of jurisdiction as one of the prerequisites for the right to bring a claim, the presence or absence of which leads to the acceptance or refusal to accept the statement of claim.
The courts make mistakes when deciding on the refusal to accept the application due to the fact that the dispute is not subject to the court of general jurisdiction. So, in a specific case, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation indicated: "... the refusal of the court to accept the application of the Notary Chamber in defense of the interests of notaries hiring in private practice for the lack of jurisdiction of the dispute is not based on the law" *;
The next precondition is the absence of a final court decision on a dispute between the same parties on the same subject and on the same grounds, or the absence of a court ruling to terminate the proceedings in connection with the acceptance of the plaintiff's refusal from the claim or approval of the amicable agreement of the parties (cl. 2 article 134 of the Code of Civil Procedure of the Russian Federation) **;
Another prerequisite for the right to bring a claim is a decision of the arbitral tribunal that has become binding on the parties and is adopted in a dispute between the same parties, on the same subject matter and on the same grounds, except in cases where the court refused to issue a writ of execution for the enforcement of the arbitral tribunal's decision (part 3 of article 134 of the Code of Civil Procedure of the Russian Federation).
* RF BVS. P. 3.
** Ibid. 2001. No. 8. S. 2-3; No. 9. P. 2; No. 1. From 22.
Before accepting the refusal of the plaintiff from the claim or approving the amicable agreement of the parties, the court explains to them the legal consequences associated with the refusal of the plaintiff from the claim, including the impossibility of a second appeal to the court in a dispute between the same parties, about the same subject and on the same basis. As follows from this provision of the law, the consequences of rejection of the claim are explained only to the plaintiff, and not to the parties. Therefore, the consequences of the termination of proceedings in the case due to the refusal of the plaintiff from the claim, provided for by the law, concern only the plaintiff and not the defendant.
The consequences of the refusal of the plaintiff from the claim do not deprive the defendant of the right to bring a similar claim to court.
The first two prerequisites are called positive prerequisites for the right to sue, the rest are negative prerequisites.
In addition to the general prerequisites for the right to bring an action, there are also special prerequisites for certain categories of disputes. Their essence lies in the fact that for some categories of civil cases an out-of-court preliminary procedure for resolving a dispute has been established before the interested person can apply to the court for protection of the violated or disputed right. In accordance with Art. 17 of the Family Code of the Russian Federation, the consent of the wife during pregnancy and within a year after the birth of the child to divorce at the request of her spouse is a special prerequisite for this category of cases *.
* See, for example: RF Air Force. 1999. No. 10. S. 12; 1999. No. 11. P. 14; Scientific and practical commentary on the Code of Civil Procedure of the RSFSR. S. 206-207; Commentary on the resolutions of the Plenum of the RF Armed Forces on civil cases. S. 29-306.
The legal consequences of the absence of the prerequisites for the right to bring an action are that if their absence is revealed during the initiation of the case, the judge must refuse to accept the application. In the event that one of the prerequisites is found to be absent at the stage of the consideration of the case, the proceedings on the case must be terminated (part 1.2 of article 220 of the Code of Civil Procedure of the Russian Federation)
Faith and trust are inextricably linked energies that keep you flowing. Helping you move to acceptance and allowing (the knowledge that everything and always happens in Divine perfection), they anchor the energy of the world in your life. Dear ones, it is faith and trust, a firm conviction and the knowledge that you are all loved and always surrounded by care and support, that you are always provided with our guidance, that will help you find satisfaction in life. You will be able to enjoy a beautiful dance with the Universe and experience more magic than you can imagine.
Archangel Gabriel
What part of your day is devoted to fun? Forty percent? Twenty percent? Zero percent? Too many of you see fun as something secondary, something that can only be experienced sometimes.
Many of you are accustomed to believe that pleasure and fun are frivolous, that they fade into the background as you mature. Let me show you why this way of thinking is wrong.
It is by following your passion that you go to your own goal. As you have fun and enjoyment, you feel completely alive, fully present in the Now Moment. It is through passion and the Moment of Now that your Soul can bring you into alignment and draw you to the next, most suitable adventure for you.
It is by following the path of joy that you continue to grow and expand, gain experience and develop. When you stop giving up on yourself and start respecting your own desires and needs, you flourish energetically, which positively affects all areas of your life.
Do you understand? By pushing fun and pleasure into the background, you are doing yourself a disservice. Make them your top priority again, and you will return to the fulfilling life that we always wish you.
Archangel Gabriel
When you ask Spirit for help in solving a problem, and then immediately move to the energies of acceptance and flow, you focus on finding the solution you need quickly and effectively. When you ask Spirit for help but continue to resist movement, you remain in the energy of the problem. Do you understand? Flow is the fastest way to achieve the desired result.
Archangel Gabriel
Judgment is the energy of observation combined with a sense of superiority and "separateness." Observation itself allows you to see other people's behavior and learn from their experiences, while remaining in the energies of acceptance and oneness. Isn't it time to respect other people, however they choose to express their own sacred journey?
Archangel Gabriel
The idea that you need struggle to grow and develop is based on the belief that you need to earn a sense of your worth. What if the true work is simply to accept your intrinsic worth, your Divine plan, your truth as an individualized aspect of Source? This is what we call finding our way Home, to ourselves. And it is from this space that you can understand that you have everything that you have ever had and will need. And all that remains for you is just BE.
Archangel Gabriel
Dear ones, we urge you to stop for a second and ask yourself, what difficulties do you expect from life? Do you think it will be hard for you to find love? Is it hard to heal, is it hard to achieve enlightenment? Is it hard to pay the bills?
We ask you to take this opportunity to reconsider your expectations. Why do you expect it to be difficult? Because it was like this before? Is it because all your experience tells you so? However, you do not need to perpetuate it.
All of you are doing such a wonderful job, gradually becoming conscious creators! Allow yourself to truly become aware of your own expectations and adjust them in accordance with your current state, and not with who you were when you first entered this existence. You are infinitely powerful and you can create without looking back at old fears and patterns. You can do this by realizing your own limitations and allowing yourself to create space for something much larger than what you have in the past.
Archangel Gabriel
Part 6.
inventions and work organization. Together these three factors are rational. None of them could independently create modern technology. Each of these factors has its origins and is therefore associated with a number of problems independent of other factors. "
1. Natural sciences create their own world, completely without thinking r. technique. There are natural scientific discoveries of extraordinary importance, which at least at the beginning, and perhaps even in general, remain technically indifferent. However, even ge scientific discoveries, which by themselves can be used in technology, are not immediately applied. They also need technical insight to be of immediate benefit. Only Morse * managed to create a telegraph. The relationship between science and technology cannot be foreseen in advance.
2. The spirit of invention can create the extraordinary even outside the framework of specifically modern science. Much of what was created by primitive peoples - for example, the boomerang - is amazing; numerous discoveries have been made in China (eg porcelain, lacquer, silk, paper, typography, compass and gunpowder). However, it is no less surprising that the traditional character of hard work is simultaneously preserved there, while this could easily have been avoided with the help of the simplest, from our point of view, mechanical discoveries. One gets the impression that a certain thoughtlessness inherent in human nature forces him to maintain a certain inexpediency in his activities. However, over the past century and a half, despite this traditionally connectedness, an enormous number of discoveries have been made in all areas, which in essence have long been in the realm of the possible and could well have been made without modern science. These include, for example, heating of various types, including central heating, cooking utensils and many household items, medical devices such as an ophthalmoscope. For other discoveries, the conclusions of modern science were a necessary prerequisite, although, in essence, they could well have been carried out using the previous means. These are the majority of anti-epidemic measures, operations with the use of anesthesia and antiseptic agents. The traditional inertia in everyday life and a patient attitude towards the inconvenient and inexpedient seem to be overcome in our time by the spirit of invention.
This should be attributed as a specifically modern feature and systematicity in inventions. Now, discoveries are no longer made by chance in one area or another by individual people, technical discoveries are part of a certain unified developing process in which countless people take part. Sometimes a few fundamental inventive acts serve as an impetus for further discoveries. In its greatest part, invention is reduced to the improvement of the discoveries made, to their constant development
and expanding their scope. Everything becomes anonymous. The achievements of one person are drowned in the achievements of the team. This is how, for example, the bicycle and the car were improved in a relatively short time.
What is technically useful should also be economically useful. However, the spirit of invention, as such, is independent of this compulsion. Resolute impulses make him create a second world, as it were. However, what he creates acquires its technical realization only to the extent that it is dictated by economic success in the framework of free competition or the decision of a will with a despotic power.
3. Organization of work becomes a social and political problem. If the production of not only luxury goods, but also of everyday mass consumption goods is carried out by a machine, then most people are drawn into this production process, into this labor serving machines, as a link in machinery. If almost all people become links in the technical labor process , then the organization of labor turns into a problem of human existence.Since the main thing for a person is not technology, but a person and technology should serve a person, and not a person to technology, then on the basis of modern technology a socio-political process has arisen, which consists in the fact that the previous subordination man as a labor force for any technical and economic goals was replaced by a passionate desire to turn this attitude around, to give it the opposite character.
In order to understand the meaning of such requirements, it is necessary to clearly imagine the essence of labor, first in general, then in its change by means of a revolution accomplished by technology.
61 Essence of Labor
Everything that is carried out by means of technology always requires the application of labor. And wherever a person works, he applies technology. The type of technique determines the nature of the work. Changes in technology also change work. A fundamental transformation of technology leads to a fundamental transformation of labor.
Only the changes that took place in the 19th century raised the problem of technology and labor before people. Never before have technology and labor been considered so comprehensively and thoroughly.
First, we will define what labor is, as such, and what it has been at all times. Only with an application of this scale can one understand what the specifics of labor in the new technical world are.
Definition of labor. Labor can be defined in three ways: Labor as an expenditure of physical strength.
Labor as a planned activity.
Labor as an essential property of a person that distinguishes him from an animal; it consists in the fact that man creates his own world.
First, labor as an expenditure of physical strength. This tension
muscles, which leads to fatigue and exhaustion. In this sense, an animal works in the same way as a person.
Secondly, labor as a planned activity. It is an activity with a specific intention and purpose. Tension is deliberately directed towards finding a means to satisfy needs. This work already distinguishes man from animal.
The animal satisfies its needs directly in the natural world. It finds what it needs to meet its needs, ready. Man, however, can satisfy his needs only through conscious and pre-planned mediation. This mediation occurs through labor. Man finds material for labor, it is true, in nature, but not this existing in nature, but only processed material, is suitable for satisfying his needs.
The animal, by virtue of instinct, devours and destroys; labor produces tools, creates something permanent, products, creations. Already the tool breaks the direct connection between man and nature. By recycling an item, it protects it from destruction.
Natural dexterity is not enough for work. Genuine skill is acquired by knowing the general rules of labor.
Labor can be physical and mental. Mental work is more difficult than physical work. To do what a person is trained and what he does almost automatically is much easier than the tasks of mental work. We willingly move from creative work to automatic work, from mental to physical. On days when a scientist is not capable of creativity, he may well write reviews and advise.
Thirdly, labor as the main aspect of human existence. It transforms the previously discovered natural world into the human world. This is the decisive difference between man and animal. The human environment in its entirety is always a world inadvertently created by joint labor. The world of man, the totality of conditions in which he lives, grows out of joint labor; hence the need for the division of labor and its organization.
Division of labor. A person cannot do everything. Each process requires a special skill. Someone with specialized knowledge in a given industry can produce better quality and higher quality product than a layman. In addition, not everyone has the necessary funds and materials. Therefore, joint labor activity necessarily leads to the division of labor, because labor is necessarily composed of various operations.
Depending on the nature of work, the working strata of society differ from each other. They are different in their type, morals, convictions, and concepts of honor. These are peasants, artisans, merchants, etc. A connection is established between a person and his labor.
Labour Organization. Where there is a division of labor, joint work is needed. My special type of work can make sense only if I am a participant in labor activity in a society where complementary operations are performed in the labor process. Labor makes sense when there is an organization of labor.
It develops partly spontaneously without any plan under the influence of the market, but partly according to a specific plan through the division of labor. The nature of a society essentially depends on whether its organization as a whole is connected with a plan or with a free market.
Since the products produced under the division of labor are transformed from a directly consumed product into a commodity, they must be exchanged, marketed, or distributed to consumers. This requires some abstract value. It's called money. The value of the goods in money is either freely added up in the market, or is set in accordance with the plan.
Nowadays it has become quite obvious that the structure of society and the life of people in all its ramifications depend on the nature of labor and its division. Hegel already understood this, and Marx and Engels developed this proposition in their theory, which has epoch-making significance.
The task of a special historical and sociological study is to show how far this connection extends and to what extent it is conditioned or limited by other - for example, religious and political - reasons.
To raise this connection to the rank of a monocausal understanding of human history is certainly wrong. However, the fact that after the works of Marx and Engels such an attempt was made is explained by the enormous, more than ever tangible, significance that this connection has acquired in our era.
There is no doubt that the division of labor and its organization affect important structures in our life and our society. However, the decisive factor for the consciousness of all working subjects is what they produce, for what purpose, for what reason and how it is reflected in the consciousness of each working subject. When considering these issues, they usually proceed too confidently from the premise that labor is supposedly determined by the need to satisfy the totality of human needs for food, clothing, housing, etc. - this is a correct, but by no means exhaustive, explanation.
The desire to work, if it is not just a desire to use the strength of our muscles or our skill, is due to the realization that we are participating in creating our environment. The worker recognizes himself in the mirror of what he has produced. He is overwhelmed by the joy of feeling that he lives a common life with other people in the world they have built together, participates in the creation of something firmly in existence.
However, there is much more to work. Hegel speaks of “religious activity that creates pious deeds that are not intended to achieve the ultimate goal ... Such activity is here a cult as such. This activity, the meaning of which is in pure creation and in continuity, is its own goal and therefore cannot be suspended ... "This labor activity finds its expression in a variety of forms -" from a simple movement of the body in dance to colossal, surpassing all our ideas monuments ... All these creations also belong to the sphere of sacrifice. Activity, as such, in general is nothing but a rejection of something, but no longer from external things, but from internal subjectivity ... In this creation, the sacrifice has the character of spiritual activity, and it contains tension, which is the denial of special self-awareness holds the goal contained in the inner depths and in the representation and creates an external expression for the content ”(14).
Thus, Hegel points to such possibilities and such importance of labor, which are now almost forgotten. The division of the products of labor into those that serve the satisfaction of vital needs and those that are luxuries indicates a superficial understanding of the meaning of labor. The meaning of labor is much deeper. It is precisely the fact that, with such a division, falls under the heading of luxury - products that are not necessary to support life - that conceals the most essential, namely, how and in what quality a person creates his world, in which he is aware of himself, being itself, transcendence and your essence.
These are brief remarks about labor in general. We now turn again to the question of what changes modern technology has brought to this area.
Labor after a revolution by modern technology. I. Technique reduces labor costs, but at the same time increases its intensity. Technology aims to reduce labor costs. The work of human muscles must be replaced by the work of machines, constant mental stress, the automatism of apparatus. Every great discovery relieves muscle and thinking tension. However, the boundary in the technical implementation of any discovery is always that there remains a type of labor that only a person can perform, which cannot be replaced by technology, and that new, previously unknown types of labor are constantly emerging. After all, cars have to be built all the time. And even if machines become almost independent creatures, somewhere else - for maintenance, control and repair - human labor must be used, it is also necessary for the procurement of processed raw materials. Thus, labor is simply pushed into other areas. It changes, not eliminates. Somewhere there remains the primordial painful work, which no technique can replace.
Consequently, technology really makes labor easier, but it also opens up new possibilities for the production of products, and generates new needs with its successes. Along with the growth of needs, new types of labor arise, and labor costs increase. what is most important is that technology, creating new types of weapons, introduces means of destruction into the world, which force, on the one hand, to constantly increase the stocks of weapons, on the other, to constantly restore what has turned into a chaotic accumulation of ruins, and therefore increases the demand for workers force to the extreme.
On the whole, in the conditions of our present situation, it is highly doubtful the assertion that the use of technology does indeed lead to the facilitation and reduction of labor; rather, one might conclude that technology forces man to exert himself to the utmost. In the beginning, at any rate, modern technology led to a significant increase in labor expended. Despite this, the principle of reducing labor, which physically destroys a person, is actually contained in technical capabilities, and it is modern technology that is associated with the implementation of the idea of \u200b\u200bever more liberating a person from the burden of physical labor, increasing his leisure time for the free development of his abilities.
2. Technique changes the nature of work. The greatness of creative creation is opposed in the technical world by the dependence of the non-creative application of the results of these creative searches. Discovery arises as a result of leisure, sudden insight, perseverance, and its application requires repetitive work, routine, reliability.
In mechanized labor, the observation and maintenance of machines is positively assessed; a disciplined, thoughtful, meaningful attitude is developed; satisfaction from reasonable activity and skill; even a love for cars can arise. However, the complete automation of labor has a negative impact on a large number of people who are forced to constantly repeat the same operations on a moving conveyor; the weariness of this completely empty work, which only causes weariness, does not become an intolerable burden only for people who are completely stupid by nature.
Hegel had already seen the consequences of the jump from ordinary tools to the machine. First of all, this is significant progress; an instrument of labor is still something inert, a thing that I use in my activity, as it were, formally, and at the same time I myself turn into a thing, for in this case the source of strength is a person. The machine, on the other hand, is an independent instrument, with its help man deceives nature, forcing it to work for himself.
However, deception takes revenge on the deceiver: “By influencing nature by means of machines ... man is not freed from the necessary -
to work ... He removes his labor from nature, does not oppose it as a living thing ... The labor that remains for a person becomes the more mechanical, and the more mechanical the labor, the less value it has and the more a person has to work. " “Labor is becoming more and more lifeless, ... the abilities of the individual are immeasurably more limited, the consciousness of the factory worker is brought to an extreme degree of stupidity; the connection of a particular type of labor with the entire mass of human needs becomes a completely unforeseen blind accident, and sometimes some completely distant operation suddenly interrupts the labor activity of a whole group of people who, thanks to it, satisfied their needs, makes it unnecessary and unusable. "
3. Technique requires a fairly large organization. Only at enterprises of significant size can the technical goal be achieved and sufficiently economically realized. What this value should be is set in each individual case, depending on the nature of production. But then the question arises - to what extent can large organizations increase, the number of which is quite large, without uniting in a monopoly and at the same time extracting the necessary profit in a free market? To what extent can one proceed from the possibility of a planned arrangement outside the framework of the legal framework of one global enterprise, in which everything would be correlated with each other and in certain areas not too much and not too little would be produced.
In both cases, in these large enterprises, a person is completely dependent on the large organization in which he works and on the place that he occupies in it. Just as in machine production there is no joy of individual creation, ownership of the tools of manual labor and the production of goods by personal order disappear there. For the vast majority of people, the perspective of labor, its purpose and meaning are lost. What is happening exceeds the measure of human understanding.
The double dependence of labor on machines and on the organization of labor, which, in turn, is a kind of machine, leads to the fact that man himself becomes, as it were, a part of the machine. Inventors and organizers busy creating new production units are rare exceptions - they still continue to improve the machine. On the contrary, more and more people are forced to turn into components of the machine.
Technization is spreading ever more widely from the subordination of nature to the subordination of the entire life of man, to bureaucratic management of everything - to the subordination of politics, even games and entertainment, which are carried out in the mainstream of familiar forms of life, but no longer as an expression of an internal impulse. A person no longer knows what to do with his leisure time if his free time is not filled with technically organized activities, perhaps
only he is inclined, while resting, to simply indulge in slumber and dreams.
The life of a person as a part of a machine is most easily characterized by comparing it with his previous life: a person loses his roots; loses soil and homeland in order to find a place in the car; moreover, even the house and plot of land given to him are likened to machines, they are transient, interchangeable - this is no longer a landscape, not a previous stay at home. The surface of the globe is turning into a machine landscape before our eyes. The horizon of human life is unusually narrowing both in relation to the past and in relation to the future; a person loses traditions and stops looking for the ultimate goal, he lives only in the present. But this present becomes more and more empty as it ceases to rely on the substance of memory and to conceal the possibilities of the future that are already growing in it. Labor turns into a simple expenditure of strength with constant tension and haste, after which exhaustion sets in - both remain unconscious. In a state of fatigue, only instincts, the need for entertainment and sensation act. Movies and newspapers fill a person's life, he listens to the news and watches films, and all this bears the character of mechanical conventionality. The increase in consumer goods created by technology contributes to the fact that all this mass of people seems to grow endlessly, and during the century in which we live, the number of people populating the globe will undoubtedly increase many times.
The transformation of a person into a part of a huge mechanism is manifested in an attempt to understand the essence of a person through the so-called tests. Varieties of individual qualities are tested, then people are classified by numbers and values, arranged in accordance with the data obtained by groups, types, hierarchy of ranks. And although a person as a person resists this transformation of him into a replaceable material, this ordering with the help of rubrics, the logic of things compels the whole world to resort to these methods of classification. Moreover, classifiers are people too. Who classifies the classifiers? The classifiers themselves become part of the mechanism. Apparatus and measurements are used by them mechanically.
The feeling of being drawn into a mechanism alien to him was expressed by a 22-year-old lieutenant in the US Air Force when he was interviewed for the highest honors for outstanding combat service. He said: “I feel like a gear in a huge hellish machine. The more I think about it, the more it seems to me that from the day of my birth I have always been a gear in this or that mechanism. Every time I tried to do what I wanted, something much bigger than me came out and moved me to some place intended for me. I will not say that it was pleasant, but it is exactly so. "
c) Assessment of labor and technology
Assessment of labor. There have long been conflicting judgments about the meaning of labor. The Greeks despised physical labor, considering it the lot of the ignorant masses. A real person is an aristocrat; he does not work, has leisure, is engaged in politics, participates in competitions, goes to war, creates spiritual values. Jews and Christians saw labor as a punishment for the fall. Man is expelled from paradise, he bears the consequences of the Fall and must eat his bread in the sweat of his brow. Pascal further reinforces this understanding: work is not only a burden; he distracts a person from his real tasks; labor reflects the emptiness of worldly affairs, the false significance of activity; labor leads to entertainment and, seducing a person, hides from him what is essential to him. Protestants, on the other hand, see work as a blessing. Milton describes the happiness of people expelled from paradise: "Before them lay a vast, distant world, Where they could choose a calm place, Having the providence of the Lord as their leader"
Archangel Michael says to Adam: “Join only knowledge and work. Then you will leave without any regret
paradise, you will carry something even more blissful "(15)
Calvinism sees in the success of work a proof of being chosen. The concept of duty as a worldly vocation was later retained as a consequence of the religious concept and without religion. On this basis, the joy of labor, the blessing of labor, labor honor and successful creation as a measure of human value have developed. Hence the requirement: "He who does not work, he does not eat", as well as the blessing bestowed by labor: "Work and do not despair."
In the modern world, the acceptance of labor is universal. However, as soon as labor became an expression of the direct dignity of a person, an assertion of his human essence, a double aspect of labor appeared: on the one hand, the ideal of a working person, on the other, a picture of real average labor activity, in which a person alienates himself by the very nature and routine of his work.
From this duality arises an impulsive desire to change the world of people, so that a person, creating the integrity of his world, finds the right type of his labor activity. False, alienating a person from himself, exploiting him, forced labor must be overcome. The yardstick should
serve what Hegel pointed out: "The infinite right of the subject is that he finds himself at peace in his activity and in his work" (16).
The problem of labor in its interaction with the dignity, claims and duty of a person is reduced to a gross simplification, if we proceed from only one type of labor. In reality, labor in the variety of its types is unusually different in its significance, in the degree of consumption of the products it produces, in its organization, type of management, orders and their implementation, in the general spiritual mood and solidarity of those working in this area. Therefore, the tasks of changing the nature of work in order to assert human dignity cannot be solved on the basis of one principle, and are reduced to a common denominator. These tasks boil down to the following: changing the nature of labor in its concrete implementation and in certain material conditions in order to give it a greater humanity; changing the organization of work to introduce elements of freedom into its structure, into the system of administration and subordination; changing society to make the distribution of material wealth more equitable and to affirm the importance of each person as an individual and according to the results of his work All these problems have arisen as a result of the transformation of labor and forms of life that technology has introduced. An assessment of modern labor is impossible without an assessment of modern technology. The burden of labor, as such, becomes even heavier with the introduction of modern technology, but it may also be associated with the chances of completing the assigned tasks.
Assessment of modern technology. For the past 100 years, technology has been either glorified, despised, or viewed with horror.
In the XIX century. there were inventors with an irrepressible creative impulse, and there were workers who fiercely destroyed machines.
The initial enthusiasm contained the meaning that has survived to this day and, according to Dessauer, is the idea of \u200b\u200bthe formation of the environment, realized by the creative ability of man, who, like God, discovered the eternal ideas of creation and realized them in the form of the second nature. In this case, the “spirit of technology” is no longer only a means, but also an all-encompassing realization of the originally given, genuine and true human environment. A certain original world is growing up. Technique is no longer only an external being, but a sphere of spiritual life that has arisen due to an internal decision. With such inspiration, it seems unlikely that "world-changing power is nothing more than a means to accomplish other people's goals."
If Dessauer is right, then a completely new environment is emerging, created by man from the very spirit of technology. In the crises of our time, when the old foundations are crumbling, this environment, according to Dessauer, has not yet found adequate to it.
forms. It manifests itself in the approaches, while the whole at the stage of this creative transition appears to be anarchy and ruins. Perhaps, Dessauer believes, the idea of \u200b\u200ba new human environment is contained in the technology of the modern type and the development of technology is not infinite, but is aimed at some kind of completion, which will turn out to be the completion of a new type, the material basis of human existence.
This point of view is opposed by another: the development of technology does not lead to liberation from the power of nature by means of domination over her, but to the destruction of not only nature, but also man. The destruction of all living things, which does not know any barriers, ultimately leads to total destruction. The horror of technology, which already at the initial stage of its development seized many outstanding people, was the insight of the truth.
There is a third, different from the two extreme points of view described here. According to this point of view, the technique is neutral. In itself it is neither good nor evil, but it can be used for good and for evil. it itself lacks any idea, be it the idea of \u200b\u200bcompletion, be it the infernal idea of \u200b\u200bdestruction. Both have completely different origins, are rooted in man, and only this gives meaning to technology.
At the moment, it is already characteristic that in Europe the Promethean enthusiasm for technology has almost disappeared, although this did not paralyze the spirit of invention. The danger arising from childhood joy at the success of technology already belongs to the past or has become the lot of primitive peoples who are only now getting to know technology and learn to use it.
However, in the age of technology, the goal and completion of which have neither clarity nor certainty, there arises, at least at first, that fusion and that dual new formation, certain moments of which we will try to highlight here.
Remoteness from nature and new closeness to nature. Man breaks out of his original "natural" environment. The first step in humanity was the domestication that was perfect by man himself. And until the last century, it remained a convenient, visible, real human environment, a kind of integrity.
Now a new environment is being created, in which the “natural environment”, already dependent and relative, must be recreated in one way or another, on a fundamentally different basis.
In technical activity, the main thing is to produce. The goal, and with it the technical equipment, is paramount for consciousness: on the contrary, what is given by nature recedes into darkness. The nature that man sees in front of him in his technical activity is that mechanical and invisible, known by research (for example, electricity), with which I can indirectly operate within the unchanging framework of a mechanical environment.
Anyone who has not mastered this knowledge and is limited only by its practical application, including electricity, driving around
electric trains, performs primitive actions without the slightest idea of \u200b\u200bwhat, in essence, is happening. Thus, people can, without entering into any relationship with nature, serve technology that they do not understand, at least in a number of areas, whereas in former times, skill, skill and physical dexterity were needed to control mechanical forces, natural technology.
\\ 1 The nature of this technique requires, however, in many areas a proper proximity to it. A number of technical devices - from a typewriter to a car and even more so an airplane - require special physical dexterity. But this is almost always one-sided, partial and limited in its application of agility and physical endurance, and not the result of general physical training (it is enough to imagine the difference between a cyclist and a pedestrian). Further, in order to use technical equipment, knowledge is necessary.
In practical terms, the ability to use technical knowledge is essential in order to always correctly find those points of application that allow you to achieve the goal, and so that, if the device fails, do not engage in handicraft, but make repairs efficiently and methodically correctly.
Thus, technology can either flatter us, living in its sphere, from nature - pushing it aside by the senseless, mechanical use of technical achievements, or bring us closer to the known nature, invisible.
But technology not only brings us closer to nature, cognized in physical categories. Technology opens up before us a new world and new possibilities of existence in the world, and in this world - a new closeness to nature.
a) First of all, the beauty of technical products. Vehicles, machines, technical products "for everyday use reach the perfection of their forms. In technical production, growth and creation of the second nature is actually taking place. The question arises, what is the beauty of a successfully executed technical object. Not only in expediency, but in the fact that this thing completely enters into human existence.And, of course, this beauty does not consist in excessively rich ornamentation and unnecessary decorations - on the contrary, they seem rather ugly - but in something that allows you to feel the necessity of nature, the necessity of , which first clearly appears in the creation of human hands, and then is caught in the unconscious creation of life (in the structures of an animal organism and plants). These inherent decisions of the thing itself are revealed as if in an effort to follow the eternal, originally given forms.
b) Next, technology creates a huge expansion of real vision. Thanks to her, in the small and the great, that which is hidden from the direct perception of a person becomes PrimGM. Telescope microscope does not exist in nature, but they open up in front
us a completely new world of nature. Thanks to vehicles, technology makes a person almost ubiquitous, he can move in all directions - if he is not hindered in this by the state, war or politics - and on the spot delve into what can be cognized, seen, heard. Now a person at his home faces in images and sounds that which was previously perceived in insufficiently distinct, false representations, which seemed scarce and fantastic, or was generally outside the sphere of knowledge. The gramophone and the film remember what ever happened. Observability expands infinitely in all directions and reaches previously unthinkable subtleties.
c) And finally, a new attitude is laid. Our spatial awareness has expanded with the advent of modern media and communications to the limits of our planet. Before our eyes is a globe filled with daily messages from everywhere. The real interweaving of forces and interests on the globe makes it a closed integrity.
In the technical world, for man, there are, therefore, new opportunities, a specific pleasure from the achievements of technology, the expansion of knowledge about the world thanks to technology, the presence of the entire planet and all the elements of existence in a specific experience, the transition to an easily realized domination over matter, in order to thereby arrive at pure experience in the realm of the sublime. However, today this is still a rare exception.
A new closeness to nature requires from a person, in addition to skill, also a sovereign ability to create a layer of his contemplation in this sphere alien to nature from a directly non-existent whole, a certain unconditional presence. Here the spirit decides everything.
A much more frequent phenomenon is immersion in meaningless existence, empty functioning as a part of a mechanism, alienation in automaticity, loss of one's own essence in an effort to dissipate, growth of unconsciousness and, as the only way out, excitation of the nervous system.
Misconception about the boundaries of technology. The evaluation of a technique depends on what_from it jkayt. The distinctness of such an estimate of the presumed a.saex-pi ^ tdii ^ p prprpgtyanllrnir? the boundaries of technology.
The connection of the organism with the environment is the more perfect, the more developed is the property of the nervous system to analyze, to isolate signals from the external environment that act on the organism, and to synthesize, combine those of them that coincide with any of its activities. Abundant information coming from the internal environment of the body is also subjected to analysis and synthesis.
Using the example of human sensation and perception of parts of an object and the whole object as a whole, I.M. Sechenov proved the unity of the mechanisms of analytical and synthetic activity. A child, for example, sees in a picture an image of a person, his entire figure and at the same time notices that a person consists of a head, neck, arms, etc. This is achieved thanks to his ability "... to feel every point of the visible object separately from others and at the same time all at once."
Each analyzer system carries out three levels of analysis and synthesis of stimuli:
1) in receptors - the simplest form of separating signals from the external and internal environment of the body, encoding them into nerve impulses and sending them to the overlying sections;
2) in subcortical structures - a more complex form of isolating and combining stimuli of various kinds of unconditioned reflexes and signals of conditioned reflexes, which are realized in the mechanisms of the relationship between the higher and lower parts of the central nervous system, i.e. analysis and synthesis, which began in the receptors of the sense organs, continue in the thalamus, hypothalamus, reticular formation and other subcortical structures. So, at the level of the midbrain, the novelty of these stimuli will be assessed (analysis) and a whole series of adaptive reactions will arise: turning the head towards sound, listening, etc. (synthesis - sensory excitations will be combined with motor excitations);
3) in the cerebral cortex - the highest form of analysis and synthesis of signals coming from all analyzers, as a result of which systems of temporary connections are created, which form the basis of IRI, images, concepts, semantic distinction of words are formed, etc.
Analysis and synthesis are carried out according to a specific program, fixed by both innate and acquired nervous mechanisms.
To understand the mechanisms of analytical and synthetic activity of the brain, I.P. Pavlov's ideas about the cerebral cortex as a mosaic of inhibitory and excitatory points and at the same time as a dynamic system (stereotype) of these points, as well as cortical systemicity in the form of the process of combining the "points" of excitation and inhibition into the system. The systemic nature of the brain expresses its ability for higher synthesis. The physiological mechanism of this ability is provided by the following three properties of GNI:
a) the interaction of complex reflexes according to the laws of irradiation and induction;
b) preservation of traces of signals that create continuity between individual components of the system;
c) consolidation of the emerging connections in the form of new conditioned reflexes to complexes. Consistency creates the integrity of perception.
Finally, one of the well-known general mechanisms of analytic-synthetic activity is the "switching" of conditioned reflexes, first described by E.A. Asratyan.
Conditioned reflex switching is a form of variability in conditioned reflex activity, in which the same stimulus changes its signal value from a change in the situation. This means that under the influence of the situation, there is a change from one conditioned reflex activity to another. Switching is a more complex type of analytic-synthetic activity of the cerebral cortex in comparison with a dynamic stereotype, a chain conditioned reflex and adjustment.
The physiological mechanism of conditioned reflex switching has not yet been established. It is possible that it is based on complex processes of synthesis of various conditioned reflexes. It is also possible that a temporary connection is initially formed between the cortical point of the conditioned signal and the cortical representation of unconditional reinforcement, and then between it and the switching agent, and finally between the cortical points of the conditioned and reinforcing signals.
In human activity, the switching process is very important. In pedagogical activity, the teacher working with younger students especially often has to meet with him. Pupils in these classes often find it difficult to move from one operation to another in the mainstream of one activity, and from one lesson to another (for example, from reading to writing, from writing to arithmetic). Insufficient switchability of students is often qualified by teachers as a manifestation of inattention, distraction, and distraction. However, this is not always the case. Violation of switching is very undesirable, because it causes the student to lag behind the teacher's presentation of the lesson content, in connection with which further weakening of attention occurs. Therefore, switchability as a manifestation of flexibility and lability of thinking should be educated and developed in students.
In a child, the analytical and synthetic activity of the brain is usually insufficiently developed. Young children learn to speak relatively quickly, but they are completely unable to isolate parts of words, for example, to break syllables into sounds (weak analysis). With even greater difficulty, they manage to compose individual words or at least syllables from letters (weakness of synthesis). It is important to consider these circumstances when teaching children to write. Usually attention is paid to the development of synthetic brain activity. Children are given cubes with the image of letters, they are forced to add syllables and words from them. However, learning progresses slowly because the analytical activity of the children's brains is not taken into account. For an adult it doesn't cost anything to decide what sounds the syllables "yes", "ra", "mu" are made of, but for a child it is a lot of work. He cannot separate a vowel from a consonant. Therefore, at the beginning of training, it is recommended to break words into separate syllables, and then syllables into sounds.
Thus, the principle of analysis and synthesis covers the entire GNI and, therefore, all mental phenomena. Analysis and synthesis are difficult for a person due to the presence of verbal thinking. The main component of human analysis and synthesis is speech motor analysis and synthesis. Any kind of analysis of stimuli occurs with the active participation of the orienting reflex.
Analysis and synthesis occurring in the cerebral cortex are divided into lower and higher. Lower analysis and synthesis is inherent in the first signaling system. Higher analysis and synthesis is an analysis and synthesis carried out by the joint activity of the first and second signal systems with the obligatory awareness of the subject relations of reality by a person.
Any process of analysis and synthesis necessarily includes as a component its final phase - the results of action. Brain analysis and synthesis generate mental phenomena.
Dynamic stereotype Is a system of conditioned and unconditioned reflexes, which is a single functional complex. In other words, a dynamic stereotype is a relatively stable and long-term system of temporary connections that is formed in the cerebral cortex in response to the implementation of the same types of activity at the same time, in the same sequence from day to day, i.e. ... it is a series of automatic actions or a series of conditioned reflexes brought to an automatic state. DS can exist for a long time without any reinforcement.
The physiological basis for the formation of the initial stage of a dynamic stereotype is conditioned reflexes for a while. But the mechanisms of the dynamic stereotype have not yet been deeply studied.
DS plays an important role in the education and upbringing of children ... If a child goes to bed and wakes up every day at the same time, eats breakfast and lunch, performs morning exercises, conducts hardening procedures, etc., then the child develops a reflex for a while. The consistent repetition of these actions forms in the child a dynamic stereotype of nervous processes in the cerebral cortex.
It can be considered that the reason for what is called student overload is of a functional nature and is caused not only by the dosage and difficulty of educational tasks, but also by the negative attitude of teachers towards the dynamic stereotype as the most important physiological basis of learning. Teachers do not always manage to structure a lesson so that it represents a dynamic stereotype system. If the content of each new lesson was organically linked with the previous and subsequent into a single movable system, which allowed, if necessary, to make changes to it, as a dynamic stereotype, and not as a simple addition, then the work of students would be so much easier that it is no longer would cause overload.
Strengthening a dynamic stereotype is the physiological basis of a person's inclinations, which have received the designation of habits in psychology. Habits are acquired by a person in different ways, but, as a rule, without sufficient incentives and often completely spontaneously. However, according to the mechanism of a dynamic stereotype, not only such, but also purposeful habits are formed. These include the daily routine developed by the student.
Each habit is developed and strengthened through conditioned reflex training. In this case, external and internal stimuli serve as starting signals for them. For example, we do morning exercises not only because we are used to it, but also because we see sports equipment, which in our minds are associated with morning exercises. This habit is reinforced by both the morning exercise itself and the feeling of satisfaction that comes after it.
From a physiological point of view, skills are dynamic stereotypes, in other words, chains of conditioned reflexes. A well-developed skill loses its connection with the second signaling system, which is the physiological basis of consciousness only if a mistake is made, i.e. a movement is carried out that does not achieve the desired result, an orienting reflex appears. The excitations that arise during this disinhibit the inhibited connections of the automatic skill, and it is again carried out under the control of the second signaling system, or, in psychological terms, consciousness. Now the error is corrected and the necessary conditioned reflex movement is carried out.
The dynamic stereotype of a person includes not only a large number of various motor skills and habits, but also a habitual way of thinking, beliefs, ideas about surrounding events.
Modernity requires a reworking of familiar views, and sometimes - and strong convictions, i.e. a situation is created when it is necessary to move from one dynamic stereotype to another. And this is associated with the appearance of corresponding unpleasant feelings. In this case, our nervous system does not always easily cope with life's task. The difficulty lies in the fact that before developing a new attitude towards reality (a new life stereotype), it is required to destroy the old attitude towards it. Therefore, some people find it rather difficult to restructure any element of a life stereotype, not to mention the restructuring of ideas and beliefs. It is difficult to alter stereotypes even in childhood.
I.P. Pavlov came to the conclusion that emotional states can depend on whether a dynamic stereotype is supported or not. While maintaining a dynamic stereotype, positive emotions are usually manifested, and when the stereotype is changed, negative ones.
It should be noted that in the implementation of complex stereotypes, tuning is of great importance, i.e. such a state of readiness for activity, which is formed by the mechanism of temporary connection. The emergence of conditioned reflex attunement can be seen in students dividing study subjects into favorite and unloved. A schoolchild goes to a lesson to a teacher teaching a favorite subject with desire, and this can be seen in his good mood. A student often goes to a lesson with a teacher of an unloved subject, and maybe even an unloved teacher, with a bad, sometimes even depressed mood. The reason for this behavior of the student lies in the conditioned reflex setting from the complex of the classroom environment, the essence of the subject, the teacher's behavior. The dissimilar situation also gives rise to different attitudes.
