Fibrous mastopathy of the mammary glands how to treat. How to tame hormones and relieve the symptoms of fibrous mastopathy? The structure and regulation of the mammary glands

According to statistics, 50% of women face fibrous mastopathy. Almost every patient who visited the office of a gynecologist or mammologist noticed the first signs of the disease, although not all of them enter the active phase of development.

Fibrous mastopathy of the mammary glands - what is it and what is the danger

The term "fibrous mastopathy" implies pathological fibrocystic changes in the connective tissue of the mammary glands, inside which one or more benign neoplasms are formed. For a long period, they may not make themselves felt.

But despite their apparent harmlessness, tumors are very dangerous. In the advanced phase of development, they can even lead to the occurrence of breast cancer. To develop the right treatment strategy, it is necessary to take into account the form of the disease and the severity of its course.

Why does the chest hurt - video

Forms of fibrous mastopathy and their differences from each other

The disease is usually divided into several forms, each of which has its own characteristics and characteristics:

Diffuse mastopathy.
- Glandular fibrous mastopathy is most often found in young women and young girls. It is characterized by pronounced PMS (premenstrual syndrome), accompanied by swelling, soreness and increased sensitivity of the breast. After the end of menstruation, unpleasant symptoms disappear, but only for a while - until the start of the next menstruation.
- Fibro-adenomatous mastopathy is characterized by the presence of nodes in one or both mammary glands. On palpation in the area of their location, there is a strong discomfort, but without significant pain. The neoplasm itself is not attached to the nipple, so it easily moves from one point to another.
- Fibrofatty mastopathy is characterized by complete replacement of glandular tissue with adipose and connective tissue. The pain is pulling or squeezing. She does not allow a woman to sleep and lead a normal life. It occurs, as a rule, a few days before the onset of menstruation, and after it ends, it gradually subsides. Often this form of mastopathy occurs during menopause or menopause.
Focal mastopathy develops when measures were not taken in time to treat the diffuse form of the disease. It poses a serious danger to a woman's health, since it tends to provoke the development cancerous tumors.

Mastopathy can be unilateral or bilateral. In the first case, only one mammary gland is involved in the pathological process, in the second, both are affected. Moreover, seals can have different size, cause dissimilar pain and bring significant discomfort. The diseased gland increases in size and sags, which becomes the first alarm signal for a woman.

Causes of the development of the disease and factors affecting the course of the disease

The main reason for the development of the disease is hormonal disbalance. It can occur due to a number of adverse factors:

multiple abortions;
malnutrition;
infertility;
sedentary lifestyle, etc.

In addition, unfavorable heredity, previous diseases of the ovaries, appendages and liver can provoke mastopathy. Frequent stress, nervous breakdowns, experiences - these are the main psychosomatic "causative agents" of the disease.

Not the last role is played by iodine deficiency in the body. To reduce the risk of developing dangerous complications, an iodine mesh is often used. But it is effective only if the patient does not have other severe manifestations. fibrous mastopathy.

Late pregnancy (or lack thereof) directly affects the hormonal background of a woman and can affect the work of not only the mammary glands, but also some internal organs.

Smoking, uncontrolled use of alcoholic beverages or drugs is another common cause of the development of the disease. However, bad habits often lead to more serious consequences than the formation of seals or knots in the chest. Cancer of the mammary glands or cervix is the most frequent and dangerous pathology provoked by bad habits. Under the influence of nicotine, ethyl alcohol and narcotic substances, the reproductive function is inhibited, which leads to an imbalance of hormones in the body. It is for this reason that the use of the above substances is very undesirable if a woman wants to become a happy mother in the future.

Symptoms and signs

Pain is the first thing that should alert a woman. It can be pulling, stabbing, cutting or bursting. It all depends on the shape of the neoplasm and its size.

Other associated signs:

The presence of seals in one or both mammary glands, when pressed, pain or discomfort is felt. The knots move easily, causing discomfort.
Enlarged lymph nodes in the armpits.
Noticeable change in the size of the affected breast.
White or yellowish (color of colostrum) discharge from the nipples that appears shortly before the onset of menstruation and disappears after they end. In some cases, fluid is released regardless of the onset of menstruation.
On palpation, the absence of Koenig's symptom is observed (in the horizontal position, seals in the mammary glands are not palpable).

In addition to the general clinical manifestations of the disease, there are also echo-signs of the disease (diffuse form of development). Only a specialist can determine them after an ultrasound of the mammary glands.

The examination helps to accurately determine the location of the neoplasm, its size, quantity, and type (cyst, fibroadenoma, etc.). If it becomes necessary to conduct an ultrasound scan, it is better to do it on the 5th day from the start of the menstrual cycle - this will give more accurate results and complete information about the condition of the affected mammary gland.

Noticing the first anxiety symptoms need to seek medical attention. Doctors say that timely treatment reduces the risk of the disease moving from a benign to a malignant phase of development. Self-medication is inappropriate - it can lead to dangerous complications.

Modern and effective methods of diagnosing the disease

Before proceeding with the treatment of pathology, the doctor must collect a complete history, based on the following stages of the diagnosis:

Questioning the patient and examining the mammary glands. The mammologist needs to establish exactly whether there are neoplasms inside, how much the affected breast has increased in size (with unilateral fibrous mastopathy). At the same stage, a thorough examination of the nipples is performed. The doctor checks for discharge from them. After that, the doctor performs palpation of the armpits in order to confirm or exclude enlargement of the lymph nodes.
Mammography. Diagnostic test (X-ray) of the mammary glands, performed using a special medical device - a mammograph. The procedure is carried out in direct and oblique projection. It is advisable to perform such a manipulation on the 7-10th day from the beginning of the menstrual cycle. Based on the results of mammography, the doctor is able to classify the severity of the disease and its form.
Ultrasound of the mammary glands. Considered the most safe method diagnosis of mastopathy.
If cancer is suspected, a biopsy is performed. The principle of the method is to insert a thin needle into the tissues of the affected mammary gland in order to reject a small piece of them, which will subsequently be examined for the presence of cancer cells.
Hormonal studies. They help to establish the level of estrogen and progesterone in a woman's body. If necessary, thyroid and adrenal hormones are also checked.
Ultrasound of the pelvic organs. The study is necessary to confirm / exclude pathologies or malfunction of the ovaries. A consultation with a gynecologist is indicated.
Examination for the presence of liver diseases.

Often, experts resort to such an analysis as a swab from the nipple. It allows you to differentiate fibrous mastopathy from the following pathologies:

Actinomycosis (bacterial lesion of the mammary glands, which proceeds with the formation of abscesses and small granulomas).
Tuberculosis.
Syphilis of the mammary glands.
Cancer.

If the disease is difficult to diagnose, the patient is referred for an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging).

The above diagnostic methods allow not only to determine the severity of the disease and its course, but also give the doctor the opportunity to prescribe an effective treatment with a minimal risk of complications.

Treatment

Complete recovery today is one of the most difficult tasks. Therapy is carried out taking into account the age of the patient, the severity of the process and often lasts more than a year, so you need to be patient. Treatment happens:

conservative;
operational.

In addition, the right lifestyle and a complete diet will contribute to a speedy recovery. Additionally, it is recommended to use effective recipes of traditional medicine.

Medical treatment

Therapy can be hormonal or non-hormonal. One of its courses lasts from 3 to 6 months.

Non-hormonal treatment of the disease involves taking the following groups of drugs:

Vitamin complexes (Aevit, Triovit). The course lasts quite a long time and is indicated for women whose disease is not running.
Iodine preparations (Jodomarin). Before use, you should consult with an endocrinologist to rule out problems with the thyroid gland.
Sedatives or antidepressants (Valerian extract, Novo-Passit, Fluoxetine) aimed at stabilizing the patient's psychological state (if the disease was caused by stress).
Painkillers. Use Diclak, Diclofenac, Naklofen - for quick elimination pain.
Anti-inflammatory and anti-edematous drugs (Lidase).
Drugs with immunomodulatory properties (Polyoxidonium, Likopid).
Phytotherapeutic preparations (Mamoklam, Indinol). It is recommended to use only as an additional method.

Hormonal treatment of fibrous mastopathy of the mammary glands includes taking:

Gestagenov. progesterone. They are prescribed in the second half of the menstrual cycle (for example, Duphaston, Progestogel, Norkolut, breast rubbing gel).
Androgens (for women over 45) (for example, Methyltestosterone).

Hormonal drugs - a proven method of treatment

Duphaston practically does not cause side effects
Progestogel does not affect the liver and kidneys, does not accumulate in other tissues and organs
Norkolut is an effective progestogen drug

weight gain;
voice change;
disruption of the menstrual cycle;
hearing impairment;
arterial hypertension.

Surgery

Surgical treatment is carried out only as a last resort, when the neoplasm is in the stage of transition to a malignant tumor or has already developed into breast cancer. An important role is played by the number of seals, their diameter and the size of the areas of the chest affected by them.

During the operation, neoplasms are excised for the purpose of their further cytological examination. If the diagnosis of "breast cancer" is confirmed, then the amount of tissue to be removed expands significantly.

After the surgical intervention, the patient must undergo a long period of rehabilitation, adhering to all the recommendations of the attending physician. This will significantly reduce the risk of relapse or completely eliminate it.

Diet for mastopathy

After determining the diagnosis, the doctor prescribes a special diet to stop the process of tumor development and relieve unpleasant accompanying symptoms. The regime implies strict adherence to several important rules:

Eliminate fat from the diet. They need to be replaced with foods rich in fiber: cereals and beans, for example.
Reduce your calorie intake. To do this, you can get a special notebook where you need to record the calorie content of foods consumed throughout the day.
Preference is given to vegetable fats rather than animal fats.
Eat foods rich in vitamins A, B, C, E.
Limit the use of table salt.

Traditional medicine recipes

Traditional medicine offers its own, no less effective, methods of treating fibrous mastopathy. They can be used only at those stages of the development of the disease when surgical intervention is not required. Throughout the entire period of therapy, it is necessary to regularly visit a doctor so as not to aggravate the situation.

Elderberry juice helps to get rid of the problem forever, and not for a short period of time, like some well-known methods of traditional medicine. You need to use it 30 minutes before a meal as follows: drink 1 tablespoon of juice from the berries with plenty of water (drink in small sips). The course of treatment lasts from 4 to 6 months. After 60 days, the course is repeated. During this time, all symptoms of mastopathy completely disappear.

Apricot kernels. The therapeutic effect comes due to the content in the grains a large number vitamin B17. Core out 5-10 apricot kernels Dry naturally, out of direct sunlight. You need to chew them 2 pcs. 3 times a day without drinking water. The course of therapy lasts until complete recovery (at least 3 months).

The root of the red brush (Rhodiola cold) is another well-known remedy in the fight against various forms of mastopathy. Used as a decoction. It helps to reduce neoplasms or their complete disappearance, reduce pain and discomfort during menstruation, and stop discharge from the nipples. Two tablespoons of the root of the plant are poured into 500 ml of water and boiled over low heat for 15 minutes. Then the broth is filtered and allowed to cool. Take 100 ml 3 times a day. You can add honey or sugar if you like. Store the decoction for no more than 3 days. The plant contains flavonoids, essential oils, minerals, salts and organic acids

Treatment prognosis, possible complications and consequences

Fibrous mastopathy is a serious disease requiring urgent treatment. If the disease was detected on time, the patient has a chance to get rid of it without resorting to surgical intervention.

Complications after an illness can be unpredictable, up to the appearance of malignant tumors.

No less dangerous are the possible recurrences of fibrous mastopathy. The disease tends to return if the course of treatment has not been completed to the end, or the woman neglects methods of prevention.

Prevention and lifestyle

To prevent and reduce discomfort during treatment, a woman needs:

lead healthy lifestyle life;
to refuse from bad habits;
go in for sports (Pilates, fitness, aerobics);
spend more time outdoors;
avoid wearing tight or uncomfortable bras;
timely undergo an examination by a gynecologist and a mammologist for the presence of neoplasms or seals in the mammary glands, ovarian pathologies.

All these tips will help protect not only from mastopathy, but also reduce the risk of developing more serious and dangerous diseases.

So that such a disease does not break in like a hurricane, a woman is obliged to tirelessly monitor her well-being and the health of the mammary glands. Each representative of the fair sex should remember that no one can take care of this better than herself. Do not neglect even the most, at first glance, insignificant signals of your body - what if they are a sign of the development of a serious pathology?

Fibrocystic mastopathy is a common disease of the mammary glands, occurring in reproductive age. It is characterized by a disturbed ratio of epithelial cells and connective tissue fibers in the mammary gland, which leads to a change in its histological structure and the formation of cysts of various sizes.

The basis for the development of fibrous mastopathy is a hormonal imbalance, characterized by an increased level of estrogen, incl.their metabolites and a decrease in the progesterone saturation of the woman's body.

Reasons for the development of fibrous mastopathy

Fibrocystic mastopathy is considered as one of the manifestations of hormonal disorders in female body. Its development is often associated with psycho-emotional stresses that affect the central link in the regulation of the menstrual cycle.

As a result, the formation of FSH and LH is disrupted, which predisposes to progesterone deficiency (absolute - the total progesterone content in the body is reduced, or relative - the total progesterone content is normal, but it is reduced in percentage terms, while estrogens are increased). This leads to the development of the pathological process of fibrous mastopathy in the tissues of the mammary gland.

Normally, progesterone has a significant effect on the condition of the breast. This hormone has a number of physiological effects:

Prevention of increased capillary permeability, which is caused by estrogens;

Reducing the swelling of connective tissue fibers (elastic and collagen) that develops in the second phase of the cycle;

Inhibition of cell division.

The effects of estrogens are in many ways the opposite of those discussed above. These hormones (especially estradiol):

Increase the activity of cell division in the ducts and in the connective tissue of the mammary glands, leading to hypertrophy (increase in size) and hyperplasia (increase in number);

· Increase blood supply and stimulate the growth of new vessels, causing increased swelling of the tissue;

Enhance hydration of connective tissue.

Increased proliferation in the mammary gland associated with excess estrogen (absolute or relative) is realized through the following mechanisms:

Immediate direct stimulation when the hormone binds to the corresponding receptors located on the surface of the cell nucleus;

· Induction of formation of growth factors;

· Suppression of the activity of proliferation-inhibiting factors.

Therefore, therapeutic measures aimed at reducing the production of estrogens and blocking their binding to receptors are quite effective in the treatment of fibrosis. cystic mastopathy. They affect the main pathogenetic mechanisms of this disease. Its hormonal nature is also confirmed by such facts as:

Spontaneous regression of fibrocystic mastopathy after the complete cessation of menstrual function (menopause);

Re-development of cystic and fibrotic changes in the mammary gland in case of taking estrogen-containing drugs during menopause.

Suppression of proliferative signs when a progesterone component is added to them. Therefore, modern drugs for replacement therapy always combined (estrogen + progesterone).

Excessive cell division within the ducts leads to their obstruction. The alveolar epithelium continues to produce a secret, but it remains inside the lobules, because. is not output due to an existing mechanical obstruction. This leads to an increase in the size of the lobules and the formation of cavities (cysts). In the case of accession of the bacterial flora, an abscess develops (purulent inflammation).

Symptoms of fibrous mastopathy

Up to a certain point, fibrocystic mastopathy is asymptomatic. However, trouble in the female hormonal system can be suspected by the presence of an irregular cycle or other menstrual disorders:

- profuse menstruation;

long-lasting menstruation;

Severe pain during menstrual days;

intermenstrual spotting or bleeding.

These symptoms indicate an excess of estrogen and a lack of progesterone in the female body. An objective assessment of these disorders allows a blood test to determine the level of hormones.

Fibrocystic mastopathy also has specific symptoms:

· Pain in the mammary glands, especially pronounced on the eve of menstruation. They are associated with increased vascularization observed against the background of progesterone deficiency;

Increased breast density;

Swelling of the mammary glands;

Isolation of a pathological secret (not determined in all patients with this diagnosis).

In some cases pain syndrome in the area of the mammary glands is not associated with their pathology. This can cause diagnostic errors when osteochondrosis, periarteritis of the humeroscapular and other diseases occur under the guise of mastopathy. It is possible to make a differential diagnosis according to the clinical picture. In these pathological processes, pain is characterized as follows:

Character - burning, shooting or stabbing;

There is no connection between pain syndrome and menstrual phases;

Increased pain after psycho-emotional stress and physical activity.

Diagnosis of mastopathy

Diagnosis of fibrocystic mastopathy consists of 3 main stages. The first is an ultrasound scan of the breast (ultrasound). It is recommended for women every year, especially after 35 years. A local increase in acoustic density is regarded as an ultrasound criterion for fibrocystic mastopathy.To improve diagnostic accuracy, it is recommended to carry out ultrasound scanning in different phases of the cycle (for dynamic study of the picture).

It should be noted that the isolated presence of small cysts in the breast tissue is not a variant of pathology. It can also be seen as normal. If cysts of minimal size are found, the mammologist should not make a diagnosis of mastopathy. The revealed signs in the conclusion are interpreted as "cystic" changes.

At the second stage, mammography is shown - an x-ray examination of the mammary glands. From this study, a diagnostic search can begin in women over 40 years of age, for whom it is recommended once a year. The information content of mammography is lower in women with increased physiological density of the mammary glands. However, their density depends not only on individual characteristics, but also on the menstrual phase. So, it rises in the luteal phase (after the 15th day of the cycle and before menstruation). Therefore, it is better to perform mammography in the follicular phase, i.e. up to the 15th day from the start of menstruation. The same is true with ultrasound.

Histological examination is the third stage, which is not recommended for all patients. It is necessary for the final diagnosis of a benign pathological process (benign changes, precancerous or malignant). However, to obtain the most reliable results, a biopsy should be performed on certain days of the cycle. Optimal time the same follicular phase is considered (after the end of menstruation and until the 15th day). It is not characterized by cell division, programmed cell death and edema of the stroma. These processes, observed in other phases of the menstrual cycle, can cause an increased percentage of diagnostic errors.

Types of fibrotic mastopathy

Fibrocystic mastopathy is a group of heterogeneous diseases. Based on the x-ray picture (mammography), they are classified into 6 forms:

1. Adenosis, in which there is a predominance of the glandular component. This form is most common in young women (20 to 27 years old).

2. Diffuse fibrosis - connective tissue stroma predominates. It increases the number of collagen fibers, and elastic almost completely disappear. The alveoli are “immured” with a dense stroma, which is not able to stretch if necessary (for example, during lactation). Therefore, with this form, breast compaction is most pronounced. Diffuse fibrosis is often diagnosed in women with diabetes mellitus, in which oral hypoglycemic drugs are ineffective (insulin-dependent type). In the English-language literature, this condition has received a separate name - fibrous diabetic breast disease.

3. Cystic form, which is characterized by diffuse compaction of the glands, combined with local. Cysts are well demarcated from the surrounding tissue, they have clear boundaries and a smooth surface (tuberosity is suspicious in relation to the malignancy of the process).

4. Mixed form - a combined increase in glands and stroma with the formation of small cysts. It is diagnosed in 40% of cases, being the most common in all age groups. The increased interest of doctors in this form is explained by the possibility of malignancy (development of breast cancer). In this case, the risk depends on the degree of proliferation. If it is absent, then the probability of cancer is not more than 0.9%, with moderate proliferation - 2%, and with severe - 31%.

5. Sclerosing adenosis - proliferation of connective tissue in enlarged glands;

6. Nodular form - local accumulations of collagen and elastic fibers.

Treatment of mastopathy

Treatment of fibrocystic mastopathy is still a difficult task. The recommended hormonal preparations are not able to completely normalize the histological picture of the mammary glands. In addition, they are not without side effects, and after their cancellation, intensive cell proliferation (relapse of the disease) is observed. Therefore, scientists of the world are working on the creation of a unique drug mabustin for the treatment of mastopathy, which should have a number of properties:

Effectively suppress uncontrolled cell proliferation and prevent relapse (regardless of further medication);

Do not call adverse reactions;

Suppress the production of estrogens in the liver;

Reduce the synthesis of estrogens in the ovaries and adrenal glands;

Do not affect the level of your own progesterone;

・Don't change hormonal regulation organs with the exception of the mammary glands;

Do not cause endometrial atrophy, which develops in the case of long-term use of progesterone drugs (atrophy leads to "breakthrough" bleeding).

One of the tasks of modern mammology is the early detection of mastopathy and the timely appointment of conservative therapy. This allows you to reduce the number of operations performed for breast cysts. big size. However, to date, the frequency of such surgical interventions in this diagnosis is 10-15%. Conservative treatment of mastopathy at the present level is carried out in a complex manner. It includes areas such as:

Normalization of the psychological state of a woman (auto-training, psychological consultation);

· Vitamin therapy;

Enzymes;

· Hormones and their analogues, including biologically active complexes based on indole-3 carbinol;

Anesthesia, if the pain syndrome is accompanied by a violation of the general status of a woman.

Medical treatment is carried out for a long time. One course is from 3 to 6 months. However, after the abolition of hormones in a large percentage of cases, a relapse of the disease is observed within a year. Therefore, great importance is attached to the dynamic monitoring of patients. They should regularly visit a mammologist for early detection of hyperplastic processes in the mammary glands and timely start of a new course of therapy. This will reduce its duration and the total dosage of the drug. At the same time, women should attach great importance to the psycho-emotional background, because its normalization affects the cause of the disease, preventing its development.

According to statistics - studies at diagnosis

According to statistics, almost half of all modern women of childbearing age are diagnosed with mastopathy. One of the varieties of this disease is a fibrous form of lesions of the mammary glands.Treatment of fibrous mastopathy >>>

Fibrous mastopathy - based on a review of the Mabusten Women's Bulletin provided by Bradner Deword GmbH

It occupies one of the first places in a number of diseases of the female breast in terms of the frequency of occurrence. In itself, it is benign, but sometimes it degenerates into a cancerous tumor, which necessitates constant monitoring of health when making a diagnosis.

What is fibrous mastopathy of the mammary glands, how dangerous is it

Fibrous mastopathy of the mammary glands (fibroadenomatosis) is a disease in which the connective tissue of these organs grows. Moreover, the fibrous structure of growths predominates.

Reference. fibrous tissue is one of the types of connective tissue with high tensile strength. It consists of polysaccharides, proteins and water, there are practically no living cells in it.

The ICD disease code is “No. 60 Benign breast dysplasia”. The latter definition inspires hope because of the indication of the benign nature of the tumor. However, in isolated cases, the degeneration of formations into oncology is possible, especially when the disease was diagnosed a long time ago, and the woman did not receive any treatment.

Essence, causes and features of fibrous mastopathy - video

Fibrous-adenomatous, glandular-fibrous, unilateral, bilateral and other forms of mastopathy

The disease in question can take one of the following forms:

fibrous-adenomatous. It is formed as a result of focal growth of the glandular tissue of the breast with the inclusion of fibrous tissues. The latter often turn into scars. It occurs due to hormonal disruptions in the body of a woman. Easily diagnosed during the initial examination by a doctor: seals are palpable on palpation;
fibro-fatty (or involution). Occurs with the onset of menopause and is a process of replacement of glandular tissue with adipose and connective tissue. The glandular tissue becomes unnecessary for the body, since all reproductive functions are lost, so involution can be called a natural process;
glandular fibrous. One of the most common forms of the disease, which most often degenerates into a cancerous tumor. Palpation reveals small lesions. Often there is a deformation of the breast, which loses its shape. The nature of this type of mastopathy is hormonal (excess estrogen);
one-sided and two-sided. The classification of mastopathy into unilateral and bilateral speaks only of the location of the tumor - it is located only in one mammary gland or in both;
diffuse. The initial stage of the disease, in which nodules and other neoplasms have not yet formed. The tumor has no clear boundaries and structure. With this form, the disease is not dangerous;
focal. Usually develops against a background of diffuse. At this stage, the tumor is finally formed and is a clear knot or seal. It can turn into cancer.

Causes and factors of the development of the disease

The main reason lies in the violation of hormonal balance. And this can lead to:

abortions, before which the woman's body was preparing for pregnancy (in particular, we are talking about changes in the glandular tissue);
genital infections;
long absence of sexual life;
the presence of endocrine diseases;
frequent stress;
poor heredity, when close blood relatives (mother, sister, etc.) suffered from this disease.

Take note! Fibrous mastopathy occurs due to increased production of estrogens with a simultaneous lack of progesterone. Therefore, it is extremely important to maintain health at least once a year to take tests to determine the level of these hormones in the blood. This is especially true for women who are concerned about discomfort and the presence of seals in the mammary glands.

Symptoms and signs of the disease

Symptoms of fibrous mastopathy are divided into primary and secondary. Primary mild, often sick women do not pay attention to them and do not go to the doctor. These include:

pain in the mammary gland (especially during periods of menstruation);
an increase in breast volume, swelling, a feeling of "full breasts";
tension in the chest, aching and pulling pains.

When the development of the disease has already gone far and, for example, has passed into the stage of focal mastopathy, the following symptoms are observed:

permanent chest pain (at any time of the cycle);
the presence of tangible seals in the chest, with pressure on which pain is felt;
the appearance of discharge from the nipples.

In addition to the above symptoms, when making a diagnosis, the data obtained from ultrasound of the mammary glands (echo-signs) are at the forefront. They are often enough to make a correct diagnosis.

Ultrasound will show:

a decrease in the thickness of the layer of glandular breast tissue;
indicators of the density of breast tissues that do not correspond to the normative values;
violations in the structure of breast tissue;
the presence of cavities with liquid;
the presence of dense formations.

Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of fibrous mastopathy

Diagnosis of the disease is extremely important, because if left untreated, some of its forms degenerate into cancer. Although this transformation sometimes takes a long period of time - up to 20 years, a woman with mastopathy should be constantly under the supervision of a doctor.

The main methods for diagnosing the disease in question today:

Often, diagnosis is limited to these two methods. But when the diagnosis is in doubt, the doctor may prescribe extended tests, including:

puncture, when a small part of the formation tissue is taken and its nature is determined - malignant or not;
blood test for tumor marker CA 15-3;
MRI - magnetic resonance imaging, the purpose of which is to identify malignant neoplasms, no matter how small they are.

CA 15–3 is the main tumor marker of the mammary glands. With an increase in concentration, the presence of a neoplasm can be suspected, but negative values \u200b\u200bdo not exclude pathology, so it is imperative to conduct studies in dynamics.

How to treat pathology

Among the variety of drugs for the treatment of fibrous mastopathy, there are groups of hormonal and non-hormonal drugs. Hormonal medications may include:

androgens (methyltestosterone, testobromlecit, danazol, etc.). Androgens are male sex hormones that are normally present in small amounts in the female body. They are prescribed to women aged 45-50 years and older. These drugs have a sedative effect on the central nervous system. Also, androgens are prescribed in the event that mastopathy was the result of endometriosis. Here the task of this hormone is to suppress the function of producing pituitary hormones;
progestogens (Progestogel gel containing natural progesterone, etc.). Progestogens are, in fact, progesterone, the lack of which is noted in mastopathy. The meaning of taking these drugs is to saturate the body with progesterone and normalize the hormonal background;
antiestrogens (Tamoxifen, etc.), which inhibit the growth of estrogens and prevent their influence on tumor development. They are aimed at correcting the mechanism of occurrence and progression of the disease;
drugs that suppress the production of prolactin (Bromocriptine, etc.).

Non-hormonal treatments for this disease do not necessarily mean medication and include:

reception vitamin complexes containing vitamins A, E and C;
taking sedatives (evening pills, Novopassit, etc.);
homeopathic remedies (EDAS drops, etc.);
phytotherapy (herbal treatment);
physiotherapy procedures;
local treatment with Dimexide or Novocaine.

Local exposure, according to many doctors, is no less effective than medicinal.

For example, most patients with mastopathy note the positive effect of compresses with Dimexide, which is diluted in a ratio of 1: 4 with water, then the tissue is moistened in the solution and applied to the sore breast for 30 minutes (no more). The procedure is recommended to be repeated every other day and carried out in a course - no more than 2 weeks. Such compresses significantly reduce chest pain.

Medical treatment - photo gallery

Bromocriptine inhibits prolactin production Dimexide is used for compresses EDAS drops - homeopathic remedy Novopassit is an effective and mild sedative. Progestogel saturates the body with progesterone and normalizes hormonal levels Tamoxifen inhibits the growth of estrogen

Surgical intervention

When the disease is too advanced, a surgical intervention, i.e., an operation, becomes an indispensable condition for recovery.

Operations are performed when:

tumor growth is rapidly progressing;
the disease is accompanied by constant severe pain.

In the nodal form, the node is removed, but the organ itself is preserved. With the multiple nature of the nodes, a mastectomy is performed - complete removal mammary gland with adjacent tissues.

It is important to note that surgery is not a cure, but only a way to prevent serious complications.

As in the preoperative period, after surgery, therapy should be continued. medications, support the body with folk remedies and follow a diet.

Traditional medicine for fibrous mastopathy

Applying folk remedies for the treatment of such a serious disease, do not forget that they are not able to completely replace traditional methods, but serve as an addition to the main therapy.

Popular folk remedies include:

flax seed, containing phytoestrogens, contributes to the normalization of hormonal balance. You can use both linseed oil and ground seeds. Oil is taken on an empty stomach for 1-2 tbsp. l. in 30 min. before meals. The seeds are ground and the resulting powder is consumed 2-3 times a day, 1 tbsp each, washed down with water. The course of admission is unlimited;
elderberry juice, which is drunk 1/3 cup 3 times a day for 30 minutes. before meals. The course of treatment is 1 month, the course is repeated every six months. This remedy is rich in vitamins and antioxidants that promote the resorption of tumors;
infusions of herbs containing phytoestrogens - mint, wormwood, sage, valerian root and many others, the names of which are easy to learn from reference books. You can drink an infusion of one herb, but it is much more effective to make a collection of 3 or more plants. Prepare the product well in a thermos. So the herbs do not boil and keep maximum amount useful substances. For cooking:
- you need to take 2 tbsp. l. herbal collection, place in a thermos;
- pour 2 cups boiling water, leave to infuse for 3-4 hours under a closed lid;
- strain and drink 1/3-1/4 cup 2 times a day before meals.

Folk remedies - photo gallery

Flaxseed contributes to the normalization of hormonal balance Elderberry is rich in vitamins and antioxidants Mint contains phytoestrogens

Diet for fibrotic mastopathy is an important condition for recovery and prevention of tumor recurrence after surgery. The most important thing in it is limiting the consumption of animal fats, which provoke the rapid growth of estrogens, which, in turn, lead to the progression of the tumor. You also need to give up smoked and salty foods.

It is useful to use as much as possible:

white cabbage;
broccoli;
raspberries;
blueberries;
apricots;
citrus fruits.

In general, the basis of the diet should be vegetables, fruits, low-fat dairy products and lean meats.

You need to be careful when eating soy and products containing it, because they promote the growth of estrogens.

We must not forget about the inclusion in the diet at least 2-3 times a week of fatty fish (mackerel, salmon, salmon, etc.), which contain a large amount of OMEGA-3 - a substance that positively affects the female hormonal background.

Vegetables rich in antioxidants, such as beets and spinach, will help in the immediate fight against tumor and, if consumed regularly, may reverse the development of the disease.

A unique set of natural substances makes citrus fruits very beneficial for health Blueberries are high in antioxidants
Broccoli contains sulforaphane. It has an antitumor effect and helps to cope with various diseases chest Apricots are rich in potassium and calcium

Treatment prognosis and possible complications

The treatment prognosis is very favorable, provided that the patient is continuously monitored by a doctor so as not to miss the moment when the tumor begins to grow, or it turns into a malignant form.

The disease does not pose a threat to life, but every effort must be made to achieve the correct diagnosis, and this requires a comprehensive examination. At dangerous forms pathology, such as focal, an operation will be required, the timeliness of which will determine the safety of the mammary glands and the occurrence of complications (prolonged healing of postoperative sutures, discharge of pus from the wound, etc.).

Prevention

An important role in prevention is played by self-examination of the mammary glands for the detection of seals. It should be carried out from the 6th to the 12th day of the cycle. In the presence of nodular formations, cones, it is necessary to urgently consult a doctor.

Prevention of the disease also consists in maintaining a regular sexual life, timely treatment of genital infections, and regulating the emotional background.

Healthy lifestyle, proper nutrition, taking vitamins, giving up bad habits will also help maintain normal hormonal balance and reduce the possibility of developing mastopathy to a minimum.

Thus, fibrous mastopathy is a non-dangerous disease, subject to constant monitoring by a doctor and receiving adequate treatment. Some of its forms require more careful and continuous monitoring, since they more often than others degenerate into a cancerous tumor (focal form, etc.). The success of treatment is guaranteed if an integrated approach is used, that is, medications and alternative methods of treatment are combined. In no case should you self-medicate and limit yourself to herbal medicine. It is imperative to follow all the doctor's instructions and undergo preventive examinations at least 2 times a year.

Every third or fourth woman of childbearing age from 30 to 45 years old is faced with a common pathology affecting the mammary glands, with a long and incomprehensible name. Therefore, you should find out in time what fibrocystic mastopathy is from a medical point of view.

Fibrocystic disease or fibrocystic mastopathy of the mammary glands (FCM) is a focal formation with a non-malignant condition of breast tissues, which is formed against the background of an imbalance of hormones produced by the body, in which cystic formations and nodes appear various forms, structures and sizes. In this case, an abnormal relationship is observed between the epithelium and connective tissue in the gland, both due to proliferation (growth) and due to atrophy (reduction).

To understand what fibrous mastopathy and cystic mastopathy of the mammary glands are, you need to imagine the structure of the gland.

The mammary gland is formed by three types of tissue, the ratio of which is directly affected by age, hormonal fluctuations, and the state of the reproductive organs. What are these fabrics?

The parenchyma is directly the glandular tissue itself, divided into lobes.
Stroma is a connective frame tissue that is located between the lobes and lobules.
The stroma and parenchyma are enveloped and protected by adipose tissue.

Most often cystic and fibrotic changes mammary glands are observed in the parenchyma, less often under the influence of hormones, stromal fibrosis occurs.

The diffuse process is defined in medicine as extensive, affecting a large array of breast tissue.

Fibrous - means an abnormal growth of the connective tissue of the mammary gland. Such stromal fibrosis can disrupt the structure of the lobes and ducts, leading to the appearance of abnormal structures in them.

The term cystic denotes the appearance characteristic of mastopathy.

Causes

The main causes of fibrocystic mastopathy of the mammary glands are due to an imbalance of hormones - a lack of progesterone, an abnormally high production of estradiol, prolactin, somatotropin and prostaglandins. Deviations from the normal ratio between the amounts of these hormones lead to fibrocystic changes in the mammary gland.

Glandular mastopathy appears after a fairly long period of time, since a combination of factors provocateurs of hormonal disorders and their long-term influence is required.

Such factors provocateurs of fibrocystic changes include:

premature puberty in girls, because early (up to 11-12 years old) menarche (the first menstrual cycle) gives too high a hormonal load on the body, which also affects the condition of the mammary glands;
menopause later than 55 years due to prolonged exposure to hormones on fibrous adipose tissue;
frequent abortions and miscarriages (due to abrupt hormonal changes);
lack of childbirth and pregnancy in general;
gynecological diseases depending on hormonal disorders (endometriosis, menstrual dysfunction);
short breastfeeding period breast milk, refusal of breastfeeding in general;
hereditary factor (on the mother's side);
age over 35 - 38 years;
frequent or prolonged stressful situations, often provoking endocrine disorders;
obesity (hormonal activity of adipose tissue leads to hyperproduction of estrogen);
neoplasms in the hypothalamus, (these tumors can disrupt the proper production of estrogen, FSH and LH);
diseases of the liver, genitourinary organs, thyroid gland (hypo- and hyperthyroidism, thyrotoxicosis), diabetes mellitus;
trauma, compression, inflammation of the mammary glands;
uncontrolled intake of hormonal drugs, birth control pills;
iodine deficiency;
sluggish intimate life, lack of orgasms (blood stagnation occurs in the vessels of the reproductive organs, causing ovarian dysfunction and subsequent changes in hormonal levels).

General symptoms

The severity of symptoms of fibrous mastopathy is determined by the form of pathology and concomitant internal diseases.

The following main features dominate in diagnosing mastopathy of the mammary glands:

Mastodynia (soreness of the mammary glands).

At the first stage of the disease, every tenth woman has pain in the mammary glands before menstruation, and this manifestation is falsely considered as a sign of premenstrual syndrome.

The pain is moderate, intense, has a different character (stabbing, aching, jerking), which is associated with the depth and activity of the process. With severe pain, it is sometimes impossible to touch the chest. After menstruation, the pain subsides, but as the mastopathy deepens, they become permanent, and their degree depends on the phase monthly cycle.

Swelling of the mammary glands (engorgement) associated with stagnation of blood in the veins.
Discharge from the breast.

This characteristic symptom of the disease manifests itself only in half of the patients, indicating the defeat of the fibrocystic process of the milk ducts.

Most often, the amount of discharge from the mammary gland is insignificant, and the fluid appears spontaneously or when the nipple is squeezed. The contents resemble watery colostrum. Greenish, yellow color indicates the development of infection. A menacing symptom is the appearance of a brownish bloody fluid from the nipple, which raises the suspicion of possible damage, capillary lesions, tumor development and requires immediate examination.

Enlargement, soreness and tension of the lymph nodes closest to the chest. This symptom is usually mild.
Depression, tearfulness, emotional instability, irritability (especially often manifested in pain).
The appearance of mobile and fixed seals, nodes in the thickness of the mammary gland, on palpation of which the diagnosis of fibrocystic mastopathy is made during a routine examination by a mammologist.

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Forms and types of mastopathy

The classification of glandular mastopathy of the mammary gland provides for the allocation of the main forms of pathology: and nodular.

Initial stage for both forms

The primary stage of the disease is characterized by the development of limited processes in the chest.

When painful changes are limited to a certain area, focal breast fibrosis is diagnosed. In this case, seals with dimensions of 20-30 mm (more often single ones) of a round, oval shape are usually formed in the upper outer and inner quadrant (zone) of the gland.

It is in this area that the thickness of fibrous-adipose tissue is especially pronounced, a large number of lymph nodes and large vessels are located, around which inflammatory and tumor processes occur. Such local fibrosis of the mammary gland is considered as the initial stage of deep multiplication of fibrocytes (stromal cells).

The leading causes of such a pathology are considered to be an excessive release of estrogen and a lack of progesterone, as well as a violation of neurohumoral regulation (the relationship between metabolic processes and neurogenic activity).

Fibrous form and its types

Adenosis, in which hyperplasia (growth) of the glandular epithelium of the lobes and milk ducts is pronounced. At the same time, the tissue of the organ retains its structure, and the excessive growth of the parenchyma is characterized by a significant increase in the size of the breast.

Manifestations of adenosis of the mammary glands can be moderately tolerable (in girls) and pronounced, which manifest themselves in the development of a sclerosing variety of adenosis. It is characterized by damage to the breast by accumulations of microcalcifications (salt deposits), with a certain degree of probability of the appearance of potential foci of cancerous degeneration of cells.

Fibroadenomatosis is a fibrous mastopathy of the mammary glands, in which the fibrous component dominates. It is characterized by growths of the stroma, and in a later stage - multiple appearance. This is a benign cystic formation of the mammary gland - round, mobile, with a fairly clear contour and density, the appearance of which means that the disease has passed into a nodular form.

Fibrous pathology includes periductal fibrosis (plasmocytic), more common in women during menopause. With it, growths in the form of infiltrates (clusters) of plasma cells form around the milk ducts. Perivascular fibrosis is a type of periductal form, in which around the milk ducts, blood and lymphatic vessels there is an abnormal growth of the stroma in the form of seals from collagen fibers.

Separately, it is necessary to highlight the state of fibro-fatty involution (reverse development). This is a physiological (not pathological) process in the mammary glands when a woman reaches the age menopause in normal terms. The essence of the ongoing structural changes is the replacement of parenchyma cells with connective and adipose tissue cells.

Leading signs of fibrous mastopathy:

change in color and sensitivity of the skin over the affected area;
heaviness, bursting;
colostrum-like discharge from the nipple (colorless to colored);
moderate pulling pains, aggravated before "menstruation" with a possible return to the armpit and shoulder;
determination by palpation of enlarged, tense mammary glands with a noticeable allocation of lobes and fine granularity.

cystic form

With cystic mastopathy, small cavity structures form in the mammary gland.

The main signs of fibrocystic mastopathy in this form are:

single and multiple small neoplasms in the form of dense blisters, well defined when probing in a vertical position;
tension of the mammary glands;
sometimes - significant soreness of the seals when probing;
a slight increase in formations with this type of mastopathy and axillary lymph nodes before menstruation;
the formation of dense strands (linear stranded fibrosis).

According to the intensity of changes, fibro-fatty and glandular-cystic mastopathy is divided into degrees: minor, moderate and severe, and its types depend on the nature of structural changes in the tissues.

The cystic form often includes fibroadenomatosis with a dominant cystic rather than fibrous component, as well as linear (interlobular) fibrosis, in which nodes and strand structures are formed against the background of stroma growth between the lobes and inside the ducts. At the same time, clear echo signs of fibrocystic mastopathy are revealed on ultrasound.

Mixed form of fibrocystic mastopathy

This type of mastopathy often occurs in a mixed form, differing in a combination of fibro-fatty and cystic forms of the disease and their characteristic features. Fibrous disease of the mammary gland is well defined independently and can be seen on the pictures during mammography.

Nodular mastopathy

Nodular mastopathy or localized adenomatosis in most cases is a further development of the disease. of this type is a focal form of the disease, which in oncology is considered as a precancerous process. Knots in the tissues are easily palpable.

The types of nodular mastopathy include:

cystic formations;
fibroadenoma with a dominant cystic component;
papillomas inside the milk ducts;
leaf-shaped tumors;
hamartoma, lipogranuloma, lipoma, angioma.

Features of nodular formations

If the nodes are of cystic origin, then they have a dense elastic structure, clear contours and a shape delimited from adjacent tissues.
Nodes in the form of foci of seals are probed as formations with pronounced lobes without obvious boundaries.
The dimensions of the foci of seals reach 60 - 70 mm.
The pain syndrome is either insignificant or absent.
They can be single, multiple, detected on one or both sides (two-sided FCM).
Before the menstrual cycle, seals may increase, swell, and become painful.
It is difficult to palpate if the patient is in a horizontal position during examination.
Peripheral lymph nodes are not enlarged.

Bilateral mastopathy

The defeat of the fibro-fatty and glandular tissue of both glands means that bilateral fibro-cystic mastopathy develops, indicating a persistent and serious hormonal disorder. Therefore, treatment involves the mandatory normalization of the level and ratio of hormones, as well as identifying the cause of such an imbalance, including dysfunction of the ovaries, the pituitary-hypothalamus system, the thyroid gland, and the adrenal glands.

The bilateral process almost doubles the risk of cancerous degeneration of diseased cells.

What is dangerous fibrous mastopathy

Initially, glandular mastopathy was not considered as a condition with a high risk of oncology.

But medical practice and research have revealed that breast fibrosis should be considered and treated as an intermediate precancerous condition that can, with varying degrees of probability, lead to malignancy (acquiring the properties of a malignant tumor by cells).

At an early stage, the disease responds well to therapy, so it is recommended that all diagnostic procedures at the mammologist and start treatment of fibrocystic mastopathy without waiting for complications.

Nodular pathology can be proliferating (progressive) and non-proliferating.

The proliferative form is more often unfavorable, when the tissue actively grows with the formation of neoplasms in the milk ducts and on the inner walls of the cavity structures, with the further development of cystadenopapillomas. Such changes carry the threat of malignant degeneration.

Diagnostics

Before prescribing diagnostic measures, the doctor will examine, palpate the chest and take an anamnesis. Already during the initial examination, the patient can be diagnosed with asymmetry of the mammary glands, edema, venous pattern, changes in the position and shape of the nipples.

Palpation of the chest should be carried out in the first phase of the monthly cycle. Probing is carried out in two positions - standing and lying down. This is due to the fact that some neoplasms can be detected only in one of the positions of the body. Also, during the examination, the doctor may squeeze the nipples to determine the presence or absence of discharge.

To confirm the diagnosis, the following studies may be prescribed:

mammography;
Ultrasound of the mammary gland and pelvic organs;
puncture. Puncture biopsy is necessary in order to differentiate FCM from, cancerous tumors and other formations. During this procedure, the specialist will take a fragment of the neoplasm, which will later be sent for histological examination;
determining the level of hormones;
blood chemistry;
ductography;
pneumocystography;
thermography;
MRI or CT.

Medical treatment of FCM

In order for the treatment of mastopathy to be as effective as possible, it is necessary to conduct a thorough diagnosis, according to the results of which the doctor will prescribe complex therapy. Conservative treatment can be carried out with the help of non-hormonal or hormonal drugs.

Non-hormonal drugs that are used to treat FCM:

Vitamins. Vitamin A has an antiestrogenic effect, vitamin E enhances the action of progesterone, vitamin B6 reduces the concentration of prolactin, vitamin P and vitamin C strengthen the walls of blood vessels, relieve swelling of the gland, improve blood circulation in it. All of these vitamins have a positive effect on the functioning of the liver, namely, estrogens are inactivated in it.
Iodine preparations normalize the functioning of the thyroid gland, and also participate in the synthesis of its hormones. In this connection, doctors prescribe Iodine active, Iodomarin.
Sedatives and adaptogens. Sedative drugs- valerian, motherwort, peony tincture improve the psycho-emotional state of a woman, minimize the effect of stress on the body. Adaptogens (Rhodiola rosea, Eleutherococcus) increase immunity, have a positive effect on metabolism and normalize liver function.
Phytopreparations (Mastodinon, Remens, Cyclodinon) stabilize the hormonal background, reduce the production of prolactin, stop pathological processes in the mammary gland.
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (Nise, Indomethacin, Diclofenac) relieve swelling and reduce pain by reducing the concentration of prostaglandins.
Diuretics (kidney tea, lingonberry leaf or Lasix) relieve pain by removing excess fluid from the body, which leads to a decrease in swelling.

Hormonal Therapy:

Gestagens (Pregnil, Utrozhestan, Norkolut, Dufaston). Preparations of this group reduce the production of estrogens in the second phase of the menstrual cycle. Experts recommend taking these drugs for at least 4-6 months. Also, gestagens are prescribed for local use (Progestogel gel). This gel must be applied to the mammary glands for several months. This use ensures 90% absorption of progesterone and eliminates possible side effects seen with oral administration.
Prolactin production inhibitors (Parlodel). It is prescribed for overt hyperprolactinemia.
Androgens (Danazol, Methyltestosterone, Testobromlecit). They are prescribed for older women.
Antiestrogens (Tamoxifen).
Combined oral contraceptives(Rigevidon, Marvelon). These medications are recommended for women under 35 who have irregularities in the second phase of the menstrual cycle.

Methods for removing neoplasms in the breast

An operation to remove fibrocystic mastopathy is rarely prescribed. Surgical intervention it is advisable in the absence of a positive effect from conservative treatment or in the case when there is a suspicion of a malignant process in the mammary gland.

Also, the removal operation is indispensable in the following cases:

a woman or girl is diagnosed with nodular fibrocystic mastopathy in the late stage;
the presence of painful sensations that interfere with the patient;
inflammatory process;
suppuration of neoplasms in the chest or their rupture.

Operations to remove fibrocystic mastopathy are carried out in the following ways:

Enucleation. In this case, surgeons remove the neoplasm itself, while healthy breast tissue is not affected.
sectoral resection. Together with the formation, part of the affected tissue is removed.
Radical resection (the mammary gland is completely removed).

With fibrocystic mastopathy, enucleation is often used. This intervention lasts no more than an hour, after which the woman is left in the hospital for several hours for medical supervision. If no complications have arisen during this period, then she is discharged home. Postoperative sutures are removed after 10-12 days.

Consequences and recovery after surgery

AT recovery period After the operation, it is recommended to strictly follow all the recommendations of the attending physician:

Regularly change the dressing and treat postoperative sutures to speed up the healing process of wounds and prevent infection.
Take all prescribed by the doctor medications. These can be antibiotics, hormonal agents, agents for accelerating tissue regeneration, anti-inflammatory drugs.
Keep calm. Bed rest must be observed for at least 4-5 days to prevent the sutures from coming apart.
Eat properly and fully, follow a diet prescribed by a specialist.

At the time appointed by the doctor, the patient must undergo a medical examination, during which the stitches will be removed and a further course of therapy will be prescribed.

As a rule, the recovery period after removal of fibrocystic mastopathy passes without complications. The trace after the operation remains hardly noticeable, it can be quickly eliminated with the help of modern medical cosmetology.

But even after the operation, it is necessary to regularly undergo examinations by a mammologist, since the risk of cell degeneration into a malignant tumor still exists.

Since the removal of fibrocystic neoplasms in the chest is still an operation, it can provoke the following complications:

bleeding;
the appearance of a hematoma in the chest cavity;
inflammation and suppuration of the wound;
asymmetry of the mammary glands;
atrophy of the pectoral muscle;
nerve or vascular injury.

A recurrence of the disease can be observed in the presence of foci of pathologically altered tissue, which can occur with an incorrectly defined border of surgical intervention.

If the disease is not treated in a timely manner, the consequences of FKM can be very serious. The most dangerous complication of the disease may be breast cancer. The initial stages of the malignant process are usually non-invasive, and important organs are not affected, so the early stages are treated quite successfully. But in medicine, there are cases when cancer is invasive, and then the following forms of oncology may occur:

Ductal cancer, which is localized in the wall of the duct. Characterized rapid growth. The tumor in a short time can spread outside the lactiferous duct.
Lobular cancer initially affects the breast tissue, but gradually extends beyond it.
Inflammatory cancer is rare. It has a similar clinical picture with mastitis, which is why it is so important differential diagnosis.
Ulcerative form of cancer (Paget's cancer).

Prevention and contraindications

First of all, the prevention of fibrocystic mastopathy is to eliminate the underlying diseases that give impetus to its development. It is also necessary to exclude external provoking factors.

Every woman must regularly conduct an independent examination of the mammary glands and, if the shape of the breast changes, soreness, discharge from the nipples and other alarming signs appear, immediately seek advice from a mammologist.

It is important for girls to choose the right bra - it is desirable that it be made of natural fabrics, and also that it does not deform or strongly compress the mammary glands.

Good prevention of fibrocystic mastopathy is childbirth and a long period breastfeeding. It is necessary to avoid abortions, live a full sexual life, try not to react to stressful situations, eat right and lead an active lifestyle. Patients are advised to give up coffee, strong tea, flour and sweets. Many doctors associate the occurrence of fibrous structures in the chest with abnormalities in the work of the intestines, so girls should eliminate constipation, normalize the bacterial flora.

In the presence of fibrocystic mastopathy, it is not recommended to drink alcohol, smoke and heat the mammary glands (visit saunas and baths).

Fibrocystic mastopathy is a pathology that requires immediate treatment. Delay and uncontrolled medication can only worsen a woman's condition and lead to transformation. benign neoplasm into malignant.

Fibrous mastopathy of the mammary glands is pathological condition, in which there is an unnatural growth of the connective tissue of the glands with the dominance of the fibrous structure. Breast diseases should be taken very seriously, since any process of this localization can serve as an impetus for the development of pathologies that are more dangerous to health and life, in particular, the appearance of malignant tumors. In order to prevent the occurrence of the disease and, moreover, complications, it is necessary to know as much information as possible about mastopathy.

ICD-10 code

N60 Benign dysplasia of breast

Causes of fibrous mastopathy of the mammary glands

The main causes of fibrous mastopathy of the mammary glands are a failure in the production of hormones, a lack of progesterone and increased production of estrogen in the female body.

Hormonal balance is an important component of a woman's physical and reproductive health. Disorders of it can occur due to many factors:

artificial termination of pregnancy (when hormonal changes body of a pregnant woman has already begun, glandular tissues mammary glands are in preparation for important mission- feeding the child; forced suppression of such a process is likely to lead to the development of mastopathy;
pathology of the reproductive system (inflammatory processes in the genital area, especially chronic and infectious etiology);
prolonged absence of sexual intercourse;
menstrual disorders (with normal course cycle usually there is a decrease or increase in the level of certain hormones depending on the phase; menstrual disorders are usually associated with a mismatch in the amount of hormones for a given period of the cycle);
any endocrine pathology (dysfunction of the thyroid gland, the presence of diabetes mellitus, obesity) can affect such hormone-sensitive organs as the mammary glands;
the natural purpose of a woman - the birth of children - favorably affects the natural hormonal background; the long-term absence of pregnancies, sexual life, the forced cessation of breastfeeding adversely affects the state of the mammary glands;
repetitive stressful situations also lead to hormonal imbalance and can trigger the development of mastopathy;
bad habits (cigarettes, alcohol) do not favor normal hormonal function;
abuse of solarium and tanning, especially topless sunbathing;
hereditary factor.

Symptoms of fibrous mastopathy of the mammary glands

Fibrous mastopathy is a pathological condition that sooner or later occurs in almost every second woman. Initial signs diseases are not particularly pronounced and are often ignored by patients. Such manifestations can be:

soreness of the breast during the luteal phase and during menstruation;
full breast condition, a noticeable increase in volume;
feeling of discomfort and pressure in the mammary glands.

A pronounced premenstrual syndrome should also alert a woman, as this may signal the presence of certain hormonal problems.

With the progression of the process, more vivid symptoms of fibrous mastopathy of the mammary glands appear:

significant ongoing soreness of the breasts, or one of them, and the pain no longer depends on the period of the menstrual cycle;
appear in the chest painful lumps, unpleasant sensations are aggravated by palpation of the glands;
there may be a serous secretion from the nipple.

If these symptoms are detected, it is necessary to immediately see a gynecologist or mammologist.

Forms

Fibrocystic mastopathy of the mammary glands

Fibrocystic mastopathy of the mammary glands is characterized by excessive growth of the tissues of the lobules and the formation of seals that have clear boundaries within the glandular lobule. This form of breast disease is most common in middle-aged women, and can occur on one or two glands at the same time.

Due to hormonal disorders, the periodicity of changes in the physiology of gland tissues is also disturbed, which favors the development of the fibrocystic form of the disease. The disease can occur against the background of violations of the processes of ovulation, menstruation and reproductive function.

The fibrocystic nature of the pathology is manifested by the formation in the glandular organ of tumor-like formations of various diameters from 0.2 to several centimeters, located locally or remotely from each other. These formations are not soldered to the surrounding tissues, they have some mobility during palpation. There is no enlargement of peripheral lymph nodes.

With the end of menstruation, cystic formations usually do not disappear, increasing in size over time and causing more and more discomfort. These manifestations must be differentiated from oncological diseases.

Diffuse fibrous mastopathy of the mammary glands

Diffuse fibrous mastopathy of the mammary glands is determined by fibrosis of the epithelial tissues of the organ and the formation of single or multiple intracanal cystic tumors, more often in old age. Sometimes you can observe various manifestations of growth and dysplasia of the lobular structure of the mammary glands, the phenomenon of connective tissue fibrosis (the formation of seals with the development of scar tissue changes).

The diffuse form of the disease is characterized by severe pain when feeling the glands. Palpation can determine signs of diffuse tissue compaction, the presence of small cystic formations of a round or oblong shape, elastic consistency. Such cysts can practically disappear at the end of menstruation, reappearing with the beginning of the cycle. There is constant discomfort, which does not depend on the frequency of the cycle, as well as symptoms such as a feeling of fullness of the mammary glands, the presence of a uniform compaction of tissues, homogeneous elongated formations are felt on palpation.

Diagnosis of fibrous mastopathy of the mammary glands

Diagnosis of fibrous mastopathy of the mammary glands begins with a visual examination, palpation examination. If necessary, prescribe mammography, ultrasound, puncture biopsy of fibromatous nodes, cytology of the taken material.

It is more expedient to carry out a visual examination in the first phase of the cycle after the cessation of menstrual flow, since the second phase, aggravated by premenstrual syndrome, can provoke erroneous symptoms.

External examination includes an assessment of the symmetry of the contour of organs, the uniformity of the skin. Visual examination is carried out in different angles in the supine and standing position of the patient. Attention should be paid to the state of peripheral lymph nodes.

The ultrasound method of research is quite informative regarding the tissue structure of the mammary glands, which makes it possible to determine the nature of the formations, their size and location, and also provides the possibility of simultaneous examination of nearby lymph nodes.

The mammographic method is the obtaining of an x-ray of the breast, performed from different angles.

The method is quite effective, but it has a number of contraindications for use: this is pregnancy and the period of breastfeeding, as well as the young age of the subject. Mammography is not recommended more than once every two years.

The diagnosis of fibrous mastopathy should be made only on the basis of a comprehensive examination of the patient.

Treatment of fibrous mastopathy of the mammary glands

Treatment of fibrous mastopathy of the mammary glands is usually carried out on an outpatient basis under the supervision of a doctor, therapeutic methods are prescribed taking into account the age of the patient, her hormonal state and the degree of development of the disease.

Taking hormonal drugs is possible to stabilize the level of hormones in the body. Such drugs are prescribed after passing the necessary tests for the content of progesterone, estradiol, prolactin in the blood during a specific period of the menstrual cycle:

progestogel gel liniment contains progesterone, is applied topically (on the skin of the mammary glands);
livial is a hormone replacement therapy used during menopause;
utrozhestan, duphaston - natural and synthetic analogues of progesterone;
Tamoxifen is a strong antiestrogen used in the treatment of cystic, fibrotic and other formations, including in oncology.

Restorative therapy is aimed at increasing the body's immune defenses. For these purposes, the use of complex preparations containing vitamins and trace elements is indicated.

In the presence of a psychological factor in the development of mastopathy, they resort to the appointment of sedatives and tonics (preparations of motherwort, valerian, hops).

Uncomplicated forms of the disease are quite effectively cured by the appointment of phytopreparations (phytolon, klamin, mastodinone).

In cases where conservative treatment fails positive result, removal of fibrous nodes is carried out in an operative way.

Good support in the treatment of fibrous mastopathy is traditional medicine:

effective application to the affected breast of fresh cabbage leaves or burdock leaves (shiny side inward), promotes resorption of formations;
lubrication of the mammary glands burdock oil(1 part ground burdock root mixed with 3 parts olive oil, insist in heat for 10 days, then strain and store in the refrigerator);
hemlock tea - drink constantly until the symptoms disappear;
an infusion of equal parts of peppermint, dill seeds, chamomile flowers and valerian root in a glass of boiling water, take half a glass three times a day.

The treatment of mastopathy also involves the appointment of a specific diet with the restriction of coffee drinks, chocolate and hot spices, it is welcome to take a large amount of liquid in the form of herbal teas and mineral non-carbonated water.

Prevention

Prevention of fibrous mastopathy of the mammary glands is the best way to avoid unpleasant disease. It includes maintaining a healthy, fulfilling sexual life, maintaining psychological balance, timely treatment of pathological processes in the reproductive system.

A woman should take full responsibility for the possible consequences of a forced abortion, and also avoid any factors that provoke changes in the hormonal background in the body.

A healthy lifestyle, good nutrition, avoidance of alcoholic beverages and smoking significantly strengthen the immune system and contribute to the opposition of protective forces in the emergence of the pathological process.

Periodic self-examination of the mammary glands, carried out approximately from the sixth to the twelfth day of the cycle, allows you to detect pathology in time and start treatment in a timely manner. Special attention on examination, one should pay attention to the symmetry of the glands, changes in the shape of the breast, the color of the skin, the presence of enlarged lymph nodes in the armpit. If suspicious seals or secretory discharge from the nipples are found, it is necessary to be examined by a qualified gynecologist or mammologist.

Forecast

The prognosis of fibrous mastopathy of the mammary glands, subject to timely treatment, is mostly favorable, although repeated relapses of the disease are not excluded, including after prompt removal cystic formations. The presence of a history of mastopathy requires a periodic examination by a mammologist in the future in order to avoid the recurrence of the pathology.

For the life of the patient, the manifestations of the disease do not pose a danger, however, uncured, existing for a long time, mastopathy poses a danger of degeneration of the pathological focus into a malignant formation, which is why timely adequate treatment is an extremely important link in a successful prognosis.

In addition, it should be noted that the treatment of fibrous mastopathy on early stages development is much easier and more effective than the same treatment of an advanced form of the disease.

The mammary gland is a very delicate and vulnerable organ that requires a caring and attentive attitude. Careful prevention and compliance medical advice, regular self-examinations and medical consultations will save women from such an unpleasant pathology as fibrous mastopathy of the mammary glands.