The full scope of first medical aid includes emergency and measures that can be delayed. Definition and list of first aid measures First aid measures include everything except

INSTRUCTIONS

FOR PROVIDING FIRST AID

1. General Provisions

1.1. First aid is a set of measures aimed at restoring or preserving the life and health of the victim. It should be provided by someone who is next to the victim (mutual aid), or by the victim himself (self-help) until a medical worker arrives.

1.2. Responsibility for organizing training in first aid medical care in a health organization is assigned to the manager and/or responsible officials.

1.3. In order for first aid to be effective, the health organization must have:

First aid kits with a set of necessary medications and medical supplies to provide first aid;

Posters depicting methods of providing first aid to victims of accidents and artificial respiration and external cardiac massage.

1.4. The person providing assistance must know the main signs of vital signs important functions human body, and also be able to free the victim from the effects of dangerous and harmful factors, assess the condition of the victim, determine the sequence of first aid techniques used, and, if necessary, use available means when providing assistance and transporting the victim.

1.5. The sequence of actions when providing first aid to a victim:

Elimination of the impact of dangerous and harmful factors on the victim’s body (releasing him from the action electric current, extinguishing burning clothing, removing from water, etc.);

Assessment of the victim’s condition;

Determining the nature of the injury that poses the greatest threat to the life of the victim, and the sequence of actions to save him;

Performance necessary measures to rescue the victim in order of urgency (restoring airway patency; performing artificial respiration, external cardiac massage; stopping bleeding; immobilizing the fracture site; applying a bandage, etc.);

Maintaining the victim’s basic vital functions until medical personnel arrive;

Calling an ambulance medical care or a doctor, or taking measures to transport the victim to the nearest medical organization.

1.6. If it is impossible to call medical personnel to the scene of the incident, it is necessary to ensure the transportation of the victim to the nearest medical facility. The victim can only be transported if breathing and pulse are stable.

1.7. In the event that the victim’s condition does not allow him to be transported, it is necessary to maintain his basic vital functions until a medical professional arrives.

2. Signs to determine the health status of the victim

2.1. Signs by which you can quickly determine the health status of the victim are as follows::

Consciousness: clear, absent, impaired (the victim is inhibited or excited);

Color of the skin and visible mucous membranes (lips, eyes) : pink, bluish, pale.

Breathing: normal, absent, impaired (irregular, shallow, wheezing);

Pulse in the carotid arteries: well defined (rhythm correct or incorrect), poorly defined, absent;

Pupils: dilated, constricted.

3. Complex of resuscitation measures

If the victim has no consciousness, breathing, pulse, the skin is bluish, and the pupils are dilated, you should immediately begin to restore the vital functions of the body by performing artificial respiration and external cardiac massage. It is necessary to note the time of cessation of breathing and blood circulation in the victim, the time of the start of artificial respiration and external cardiac massage, as well as the duration of resuscitation measures and report this information to the arriving medical personnel.

3.1. Artificial respiration.

Artificial respiration is carried out in cases where the victim is not breathing or breathing very poorly (rarely, convulsively, as if with a sob), and also if his breathing is constantly deteriorating, regardless of what caused it: electric shock, poisoning, drowning, etc. d. Most effective way artificial respiration is a “mouth to mouth” or “mouth to nose” method, since this ensures that a sufficient volume of air enters the victim’s lungs.

The “mouth to mouth” or “mouth to nose” method is based on the use of air exhaled by the person providing assistance, which is forcibly supplied into Airways the victim and is physiologically suitable for the victim to breathe. Air can be blown through gauze, a scarf, etc. This method of artificial respiration allows you to easily control the flow of air into the victim’s lungs by the expansion of the chest after inflation and its subsequent collapse as a result of passive exhalation.

To carry out artificial respiration, the victim should be laid on his back, unbuttoned clothing that restricts breathing and ensure the patency of the upper respiratory tract, which in the supine position and in an unconscious state is closed by a sunken tongue. In addition, there may be foreign contents in the oral cavity (vomit, sand, silt, grass, etc.) that must be removed index finger, wrapped in a scarf (cloth) or bandage, turning the victim's head to one side.

After this, the person providing assistance is located on the side of the victim’s head, puts one hand under his neck, and with the palm of the other hand presses on the forehead, throwing his head back as much as possible. In this case, the root of the tongue rises and clears the entrance to the larynx, and the victim’s mouth opens. The person providing assistance leans towards the victim’s face and takes a deep breath. open mouth, then completely tightly covers the victim’s open mouth with his lips and exhales vigorously, blowing air into his mouth with some effort; at the same time, he covers the victim’s nose with his cheek or the fingers of his hand on the forehead. In this case, be sure to observe the victim’s chest, which should rise. As soon as rib cage rose, the air injection is stopped, the person providing assistance raises his head, and the victim exhales passively. In order for the exhalation to be deeper, you can gently press your hand on the chest to help the air leave the victim’s lungs.

If the victim’s pulse is well determined and only artificial respiration is necessary, then the interval between artificial breaths should be 5 s, which corresponds to a breathing rate of 12 times per minute.

In addition to chest expansion good indicator The effectiveness of artificial respiration can be due to the pinking of the skin and mucous membranes, as well as the emergence of the victim from an unconscious state and the appearance of independent breathing.

When performing artificial respiration, the person providing assistance must ensure that the blown air enters the lungs and not the victim’s stomach. If air gets into the stomach, as evidenced by bloating in the stomach, gently press the palm of your hand on the stomach between the sternum and the navel. This may cause vomiting, so it is necessary to turn the victim's head and shoulders to one side (preferably to the left) to clear his mouth and throat.

If the victim’s jaws are clenched tightly and it is not possible to open his mouth, artificial respiration should be performed using the “mouth to nose” method.

For young children, air is blown into the mouth and nose at the same time. How smaller child, the less air he needs to inhale and the more often he should inflate compared to an adult (up to 15-18 times per minute).

When the first weak breaths appear in the victim, artificial respiration should be timed to coincide with the moment he begins to inhale spontaneously.

Stop artificial respiration after the victim has restored sufficiently deep and rhythmic spontaneous breathing.

You cannot refuse to provide assistance to the victim and consider him dead in the absence of such signs of life as breathing or pulse. Only a medical professional has the right to make a conclusion about the death of the victim.

3.2. External cardiac massage.

The indication for external cardiac massage is cardiac arrest, which is characterized by a combination of the following symptoms: pallor or cyanosis of the skin, loss of consciousness, absence of a pulse in the carotid arteries, cessation of breathing or convulsive, irregular breaths. In case of cardiac arrest, without wasting a second, the victim must be laid on a flat, hard base: a bench, the floor, or, in extreme cases, a board placed under his back.

If one person is providing assistance, he is located on the side of the victim and, bending over, makes two quick energetic blows (using the “mouth to mouth” or “mouth to nose” method), then unbends, remaining on the same side of the victim, palm Places one hand on the lower half of the sternum (stepping two fingers higher from its lower edge), and lifts the fingers. He places the palm of his second hand on top of the first across or lengthwise and presses, helping by tilting his body. When applying pressure, your hands should be straightened at the elbow joints.

The pressure should be applied in quick bursts so as to displace the sternum by 4-5 cm, the duration of pressure is no more than 0.5 s, the interval between individual pressures is no more than 0.5 s.

During pauses, the hands are not removed from the sternum (if two people are providing assistance), the fingers remain raised, and the arms are fully straightened at the elbow joints.

If the revival is carried out by one person, then for every two deep blows (inhalations) he makes 15 pressures on the sternum, then again makes two blows and again repeats 15 pressures, etc. In a minute it is necessary to make at least 60 pressures and 12 blows, i.e. i.e. perform 72 manipulations, so the pace of resuscitation measures must be high.

Experience shows that the most time is spent on artificial respiration. Insufflation should not be delayed: as soon as the victim’s chest expands, it must be stopped.

When external cardiac massage is performed correctly, each pressure on the sternum causes a pulse to appear in the arteries.

Those providing assistance should periodically monitor the correctness and effectiveness of external cardiac massage by the appearance of a pulse in the carotid or femoral arteries. When performing resuscitation by one person, he should interrupt the cardiac massage for 2-3 seconds every 2 minutes. to determine the pulse on carotid artery.

If two people are involved in resuscitation, then the pulse in the carotid artery is controlled by the one who performs artificial respiration. The appearance of a pulse during a break in the massage indicates the restoration of heart activity (the presence of blood circulation). In this case, you should immediately stop cardiac massage, but continue artificial respiration until stable independent breathing appears. If there is no pulse, you must continue to massage the heart.

Artificial respiration and external massage heart tests must be carried out until the recovery of stable independent breathing and cardiac activity in the victim or before his transfer to medical personnel.

A prolonged absence of a pulse when other signs of revitalization of the body appear (spontaneous breathing, constriction of the pupils, attempts by the victim to move his arms and legs, etc.) is a sign of cardiac fibrillation. In these cases, it is necessary to continue to perform artificial respiration and cardiac massage on the victim until he is transferred to medical personnel.

4. First aid for various types damage to the child's body

4.1. Wound .

Rendering first first aid In case of injury, the following rules must be strictly observed.

It is forbidden:

Wash the wound with water or any other medicinal substance, cover it with powder and lubricate it with ointments, as this prevents the healing of the wound, causes suppuration and contributes to the introduction of dirt into it from the surface of the skin;

It is impossible to remove sand, earth, etc. from the wound, since it is impossible to remove everything that contaminates the wound yourself;

Remove blood clots, remnants of clothing, etc. from the wound, as this can cause severe bleeding;

Cover wounds with duct tape or webbing to prevent tetanus infection.

Need to:

The person providing assistance should wash their hands or lubricate their fingers with iodine;

Carefully remove dirt from the skin around the wound; the cleaned area of skin should be lubricated with iodine;

Open the dressing package in your first aid kit according to the instructions printed on its wrapper.

When applied dressing material You should not touch with your hands that part of it that should be applied directly to the wound.

If dressing package for some reason it didn’t turn out, you can use a clean scarf, cloth, etc. for bandaging). Do not apply cotton directly to the wound. Add iodine to the area of the tissue that is applied directly to the wound to obtain a spot larger than the wound, and then place the fabric on the wound;

If possible, contact a medical organization as soon as possible, especially if the wound is contaminated with soil.

4.2. Bleeding .

4.2.1. Internal bleeding.

Internal bleeding is recognized by appearance the victim (he turns pale; sticky sweat appears on the skin; breathing is frequent, intermittent, the pulse is rapid and weak).

Need to:

Lay the victim down or give him a semi-sitting position;

Ensure complete rest;

Apply cold to the suspected site of bleeding;

Call a doctor or healthcare professional immediately.

It is forbidden:

Give the victim something to drink if damage to the abdominal organs is suspected.

4.2.2. External bleeding.

Need to:

a) if not heavy bleeding:

Lubricate the skin around the wound with iodine;

Apply dressing material, cotton wool to the wound and bandage tightly;

Without removing the applied dressing, apply additional layers of gauze and cotton wool over it and bandage tightly if bleeding continues;

b) with severe bleeding:

Depending on the location of the wound, to quickly stop, press the arteries to the underlying bone above the wound along the blood flow in the most effective places (temporal artery; occipital artery; carotid artery; subclavian artery; axillary artery; brachial artery; radial artery; ulnar artery; femoral artery; femoral artery in the middle of the thigh; popliteal artery; dorsal artery of the foot; posterior tibial artery);

If there is severe bleeding from a wounded limb, bend it at the joint above the wound site, if there is no fracture of this limb. Place a wad of cotton wool, gauze, etc. into the hole formed during bending, bend the joint until it stops and secure the bend of the joint with a belt, scarf, and other materials;

In case of severe bleeding from a wounded limb, apply a tourniquet above the wound (closer to the body), wrapping the limb at the site of application of the tourniquet with a soft pad (gauze, scarf, etc.). The pre-bleeding vessel should be pressed with your fingers to the underlying bone. The tourniquet is applied correctly, if the pulsation of the vessel below the place of its application is not detected, the limb turns pale. The tourniquet can be applied by stretching (elastic special tourniquet) and twisting (tie, rolled scarf, towel);

The victim with a tourniquet applied is taken to the hospital as quickly as possible. medical institution.

It is forbidden:

Tighten the tourniquet too tightly, as you can damage the muscles, compress the nerve fibers and cause paralysis of the limb;

Apply the tourniquet for more than 2 hours in warm weather, and for more than 1 hour in cold weather, since there is a danger of tissue necrosis. If there is a need to leave the tourniquet longer, then you need to remove it for 10-15 minutes, first pressing the vessel with your finger above the bleeding site, and then reapply it to new areas of the skin.

4.3. Electric shock.

Need to:

Release the victim from the electric current as quickly as possible;

Take measures to separate the victim from live parts if it is not possible to quickly turn off the electrical installation. To do this, you can: use any dry, non-conductive object (stick, board, rope, etc.); pull the victim away from live parts by his personal clothing if it is dry and comes off the body; cut the wire with an ax with a dry wooden handle; use an object that conducts electric current, wrapping it in the place of contact with the rescuer’s hands with dry cloth, felt, etc.;

Remove the victim from the danger zone to a distance of at least 8 m from the live part (wire);

In accordance with the condition of the victim, provide first aid, including resuscitation (artificial respiration and chest compressions). Regardless of the subjective well-being of the victim, take him to a medical facility.

It is forbidden:

Forget about personal safety measures when providing assistance to an electric shock victim. Particular care must be taken when moving in an area where a live part (wire, etc.) lies on the ground. It is necessary to move in the zone of spreading of a ground fault current using protective equipment for insulation from the ground (dielectric protective equipment, dry boards, etc.) or without using protective equipment, moving your feet along the ground and without lifting them from one another.

4.4. Fractures, dislocations, bruises, sprains .

4.4.1. For fractures you need:

Provide the victim with immobilization (creation of rest) of the broken bone;

For open fractures, stop bleeding and apply a sterile bandage;

Apply a splint (standard or made from available material - plywood, boards, sticks, etc.). If there are no objects with which to immobilize the fracture site, it is bandaged to a healthy part of the body (damaged arm to the chest, damaged leg to a healthy one, etc.);

At closed fracture Leave a thin layer of clothing at the splint site. Remove the remaining layers of clothing or shoes without aggravating the victim’s situation (for example, cut them);

Apply cold to the fracture site to reduce pain;

Deliver the victim to a medical facility, creating a calm position for the injured part of the body during transportation and transfer to medical personnel.

It is forbidden:

Remove clothes and shoes from the victim naturally if this leads to additional physical impact(squeezing, pressing) on the fracture site.

4.4.2. In case of dislocation it is necessary:

Ensure complete immobility of the damaged part using a splint (standard or made from improvised material);

Deliver the victim to a medical facility, ensuring immobilization.

It is forbidden:

Try to reduce the dislocation yourself. Only a medical professional should do this.

4.4.3. For bruises you need:

Create peace for the bruised area;

Apply “cold” to the injury site;

Apply a tight bandage.

It is forbidden:

Lubricate the bruised area with iodine, rub it and apply a warm compress.

4.4.4. If you sprain your ligaments, you should:

Bandage the injured limb tightly and provide it with rest;

Apply “cold” to the injury site;

Create conditions to ensure blood circulation (raise the injured leg, hang the injured arm on a scarf to the neck).

It is forbidden:

Carry out procedures that may lead to heating of the injured area.

4.4.5. With a skull fracture(signs: bleeding from the ears and mouth, unconsciousness) and with a concussion (signs: headache, nausea, vomiting, loss of consciousness) need to:

Eliminate the harmful effects of the situation (frost, heat, being on the roadway, etc.);

Move the victim in compliance with the rules of safe transportation to a comfortable place;

Lay the victim on his back, if vomiting occurs, turn his head to the side;

Secure the head on both sides with clothing rolls;

If choking occurs due to tongue retraction, push out lower jaw forward and support her in this position;

If there is a wound, apply a tight sterile bandage;

Put “cold”;

Ensure complete rest until the doctor arrives;

Provide qualified medical care as quickly as possible (call medical workers, provide appropriate transportation).

It is forbidden:

Give the victim any medications yourself;

Talk to the victim;

Allow the victim to get up and move around.

4.4.6. In case of spinal injury(signs: sharp pain in the spine, inability to bend the back and turn) need to:

Carefully, without lifting the victim, slip a wide board or other object of similar function under his back, or turn the victim face down and strictly ensure that his body does not bend in any position (to avoid damage to the spinal cord);

Avoid any stress on the spinal muscles;

Ensure complete rest.

It is forbidden:

Turn the victim on his side, sit him down, put him on his feet;

Place on a soft, elastic bedding.

4.5. For burns you need:

For first-degree burns (redness and soreness of the skin), cut the clothes and shoes on the burned area and carefully remove it, moisten the burned area with alcohol, a weak solution of potassium permanganate, and other cooling and disinfecting lotions, then go to a medical facility;

At burns II, III and IV degrees (blisters, necrosis of the skin and deep-lying tissues), apply a dry sterile bandage, wrap the affected area of skin in a clean cloth, sheet, etc., seek medical help. If burnt pieces of clothing adhere to the burnt skin, apply a sterile bandage over them;

If the victim shows signs of shock, immediately give him 20 drops of valerian tincture or another similar remedy to drink;

If your eyes are burned, apply cold lotions from the solution. boric acid(half a teaspoon of acid per glass of water);

At chemical burn rinse the affected area with water, treat it with neutralizing solutions: for acid burns - a solution of baking soda (1 teaspoon per glass of water); for a burn with alkali - a solution of boric acid (1 teaspoon per glass of water) or a solution acetic acid(table vinegar, half diluted with water).

It is forbidden:

Touch burned areas of the skin with your hands or lubricate them with ointments, fats, and other means;

Open bubbles;

Remove substances, materials, dirt, mastic, clothing, etc., adhering to the burned area.

4.6. With thermal and sunstroke need to:

Quickly move the victim to a cool place;

Lay on your back, placing a bundle under your head (can be made from clothes);

Unbutton or remove clothing that restricts breathing;

Wet your head and chest cold water;

Apply cold lotions to the surface of the skin where many blood vessels are concentrated (forehead, parietal area, etc.);

If the person is conscious, give him something to drink cold tea, cold salted water;

If breathing is impaired and there is no pulse, perform artificial respiration and external cardiac massage;

Provide peace;

Call ambulance or deliver the victim to a medical facility (depending on the state of health).

It is forbidden:

4.7. In case of food poisoning you need:

Give the victim to drink at least 3-4 glasses of water and a pink solution of potassium permanganate, followed by inducing vomiting;

Repeat gastric lavage several times;

Give the victim activated carbon;

Give him warm tea, put him to bed, cover him warmly (until medical personnel arrive);

If breathing and blood circulation are impaired, begin artificial respiration and external cardiac massage.

It is forbidden:

Leave the victim unattended until the ambulance arrives and is delivered to a medical facility.

4.8. For frostbite you need:

In case of slight freezing, immediately rub and warm the cooled area to eliminate vascular spasm (eliminating the possibility of damage skin, his injuries);

In case of loss of sensitivity, whitening of the skin, do not allow rapid warming of hypothermic areas of the body when the victim is indoors, use heat-insulating bandages (cotton-gauze, wool, etc.) on the affected areas;

Ensure the immobility of hypothermic arms, legs, and body (for this you can resort to splinting);

Leave the heat-insulating bandage until a feeling of heat appears and the sensitivity of the supercooled skin is restored, then give hot sweet tea to drink;

In case of general hypothermia, immediately transport the victim to the nearest medical facility without removing heat-insulating bandages and means (in particular, you should not remove frozen shoes, you can only wrap your feet in a padded jacket, etc.).

It is forbidden:

Tear off or puncture the formed blisters, as this threatens suppuration.

4.9. When hit foreign bodies into organs and tissues need to contact a medical professional or medical organization.

You can remove a foreign body yourself only if there is sufficient confidence that this can be done easily, completely and without serious consequences.

4.10. When a person drowns, you need to:

Act thoughtfully, calmly and carefully;

The person providing assistance must not only swim and dive well, but also know the techniques of transporting the victim and be able to free himself from his grip;

Urgently call an ambulance or a doctor;

If possible, quickly clean the mouth and throat (open the mouth, remove any sand that has fallen in, carefully stretch out the tongue and secure it to the chin with a bandage or scarf, the ends of which are tied at the back of the head);

Remove water from the respiratory tract (place the victim with his stomach on his knee, head and legs hanging down; pat him on the back);

If, after removing the water, the victim is unconscious, there is no pulse in the carotid arteries, and is not breathing, begin artificial respiration and external cardiac massage. Carry out until full recovery breathing or stop when obvious signs deaths that must be certified by a doctor;

When breathing and consciousness are restored, wrap up, warm, drink hot, strong coffee, tea (give an adult 1-2 tablespoons of vodka);

Ensure complete rest until the doctor arrives.

It is forbidden:

Until the doctor arrives, leave the victim alone (without attention), even if there is a clear visible improvement in health.

4.11. For bites.

4.11.1. For snake and poisonous insect bites, you should:

Suck out the poison from the wound as soon as possible (this procedure is not dangerous for the person providing assistance);

Limit the victim’s mobility to slow the spread of the poison;

Provide plenty of fluids;

Deliver the victim to a medical facility. Transport only in a lying position.

It is forbidden:

Apply a tourniquet to the bitten limb;

Cauterize the bite site;

Make cuts for better removal of the poison;

Give the victim alcohol.

4.11.2. In case of animal bites you need:

Lubricate the skin around the bite (scratch) with iodine;

Apply a sterile bandage;

The victim should be sent to a medical organization for vaccination against rabies.

4.11.3. If you are bitten or stung by insects (bees, wasps, etc.), you must:

Remove the sting;

Put “cold” on the site of swelling;

Give to the victim a large number of drinking;

At allergic reactions for insect poison, give the victim 1-2 tablets of diphenhydramine and 20-25 drops of cordiamine, cover the victim warm heating pads and urgently deliver to a medical organization;

In case of respiratory failure and cardiac arrest, perform artificial respiration and external cardiac massage.

It is forbidden:

The victim should take alcohol, as it promotes vascular permeability, the poison is retained in the cells, and swelling increases.

First aid is a set of urgent measures aimed at saving a person’s life. An accident, a sudden attack of illness, poisoning - in these and others emergency situations competent first aid is required.

According to the law, first aid is not medical - it is provided before the arrival of doctors or the delivery of the victim to the hospital. First aid can be provided by anyone who is near the victim at a critical moment. For some categories of citizens, providing first aid is an official duty. We are talking about police officers, traffic police and the Ministry of Emergency Situations, military personnel, and firefighters.

The ability to provide first aid is a basic but very important skill. It can save someone's life. Here are 10 basic first aid skills.

First aid algorithm

In order not to get confused and provide first aid correctly, it is important to follow the following sequence of actions:

Make sure that when providing first aid you are not in danger and you are not putting yourself in danger.
Ensure the safety of the victim and others (for example, remove the victim from a burning car).
Check the victim for signs of life (pulse, breathing, reaction of pupils to light) and consciousness. To check breathing, you need to tilt the victim's head back, lean towards his mouth and nose and try to hear or feel breathing. To detect the pulse, you need to place your fingertips on the victim’s carotid artery. To assess consciousness, it is necessary (if possible) to take the victim by the shoulders, gently shake him and ask a question.
Call specialists: from the city - 03 (ambulance) or 01 (rescue).
Provide emergency first aid. Depending on the situation, this could be:
- restoration of airway patency;
- cardiopulmonary resuscitation;
- stopping bleeding and other measures.
Provide the victim with physical and psychological comfort and wait for specialists to arrive.

Artificial respiration

Artificial pulmonary ventilation (ALV) is the introduction of air (or oxygen) into a person’s respiratory tract in order to restore natural ventilation of the lungs. Refers to basic resuscitation measures.

Typical situations requiring mechanical ventilation:

car accident;
accident on the water;
electric shock and others.

Exist various ways Ventilation The most effective means of providing first aid to a non-specialist are mouth-to-mouth and mouth-to-nose artificial respiration.

If, upon examination of the victim, natural breathing is not detected, artificial ventilation of the lungs must be performed immediately.

Mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration technique

Ensure patency of the upper respiratory tract. Turn the victim's head to the side and use your finger to remove mucus, blood, foreign objects. Check the victim's nasal passages and clear them if necessary.
Tilt the victim's head back, holding the neck with one hand.
Do not change the position of the victim’s head if there is a spinal injury!
Place a napkin, handkerchief, piece of cloth or gauze over the victim's mouth to protect yourself from infections. Pinch the victim's nose with your thumb and index finger. Take a deep breath and press your lips firmly against the victim's mouth. Exhale into the victim's lungs.
The first 5–10 exhalations should be quick (in 20–30 seconds), then 12–15 exhalations per minute.
Observe the movement of the victim's chest. If the victim’s chest rises when he inhales air, then you are doing everything right.

Indirect cardiac massage

If there is no pulse along with breathing, it is necessary to perform an indirect cardiac massage.

Indirect (closed) cardiac massage, or chest compression, is the compression of the heart muscles between the sternum and the spine in order to maintain a person’s blood circulation during cardiac arrest. Refers to basic resuscitation measures.

Attention! You cannot perform a closed cardiac massage if there is a pulse.

Indirect cardiac massage technique

Place the victim on a flat, hard surface. Chest compressions should not be performed on beds or other soft surfaces.
Determine the location of the victim xiphoid process. The xiphoid process is the shortest and narrowest part of the sternum, its end.
Measure 2–4 cm up from the xiphoid process - this is the point of compression.
Place the heel of your palm on the compression point. Wherein thumb should point to either the chin or abdomen of the victim, depending on the location of the resuscitator. Place your other palm on top of one hand, clasping your fingers. Pressure is applied strictly with the base of the palm - your fingers should not touch the victim’s sternum.
Perform rhythmic chest thrusts strongly, smoothly, strictly vertically, using the weight of the upper half of your body. Frequency - 100–110 pressures per minute. In this case, the chest should bend by 3–4 cm.
For infants, indirect cardiac massage is performed with the index and middle finger of one hand. For teenagers - with the palm of one hand.

If mechanical ventilation is performed simultaneously with closed cardiac massage, every two breaths should alternate with 30 compressions on the chest.

If during resuscitation measures the victim regains breathing or has a pulse, stop providing first aid and place the person on his side with his palm under his head. Monitor his condition until paramedics arrive.

Heimlich maneuver

When food or foreign bodies enter the trachea, it becomes blocked (fully or partially) - the person suffocates.

Signs of a blocked airway:

Lack of full breathing. If the windpipe is not completely blocked, the person coughs; if completely, he holds on to the throat.
Inability to speak.
Blue discoloration of facial skin, swelling of neck vessels.

Airway clearance is most often carried out using the Heimlich method.

Stand behind the victim.
Grasp it with your hands, clasping them together, just above the navel, under the costal arch.
Press firmly on the victim's abdomen while sharply bending your elbows.
Do not squeeze the victim's chest, with the exception of pregnant women, for whom pressure is applied to the lower chest.
Repeat the dose several times until the airways are clear.

If the victim has lost consciousness and fallen, place him on his back, sit on his hips and press on the costal arches with both hands.

To remove foreign bodies from the child’s respiratory tract, you need to turn him on his stomach and pat him 2-3 times between the shoulder blades. Be very careful. Even if your baby coughs quickly, consult a doctor for a medical examination.

Bleeding

Control of bleeding is measures aimed at stopping blood loss. When providing first aid, we are talking about stopping external bleeding. Depending on the type of vessel, capillary, venous and arterial bleeding are distinguished.

Stopping capillary bleeding is carried out by applying an aseptic bandage, and also, if the arms or legs are injured, by raising the limbs above the level of the body.

In case of venous bleeding, a pressure bandage is applied. To do this, wound tamponade is performed: gauze is applied to the wound, several layers of cotton wool are placed on top of it (if there is no cotton wool, a clean towel), and bandaged tightly. The veins compressed by such a bandage quickly thrombose, and the bleeding stops. If the pressure bandage gets wet, apply firm pressure with the palm of your hand.

To stop arterial bleeding, the artery must be clamped.

Artery clamping technique: Press the artery firmly with your fingers or fist against the underlying bone formation.

The arteries are easily accessible for palpation, therefore this method very effective. However, it requires physical strength from the first aider.

If the bleeding does not stop after applying a tight bandage and pressing the artery, use a tourniquet. Remember that this is a last resort when other methods fail.

Technique for applying a hemostatic tourniquet

Apply a tourniquet to clothing or soft padding just above the wound.
Tighten the tourniquet and check the pulsation of the blood vessels: the bleeding should stop and the skin below the tourniquet should turn pale.
Apply a bandage to the wound.
Record the exact time the tourniquet is applied.

The tourniquet can be applied to the limbs for a maximum of 1 hour. After it expires, the tourniquet must be loosened for 10–15 minutes. If necessary, you can tighten it again, but no more than 20 minutes.

Fractures

A fracture is a violation of the integrity of a bone. The fracture is accompanied severe pain, sometimes - fainting or shock, bleeding. There are open and closed fractures. The first is accompanied by injury to soft tissues; bone fragments are sometimes visible in the wound.

First aid technique for fracture

Assess the severity of the victim’s condition and determine the location of the fracture.
If there is bleeding, stop it.
Determine whether the victim can be moved before specialists arrive.
Do not carry the victim or change his position if there is a spinal injury!
Ensure the bone immobility in the fracture area - perform immobilization. To do this, it is necessary to immobilize the joints located above and below the fracture.
Apply a splint. You can use flat sticks, boards, rulers, rods, etc. as a tire. The splint must be secured tightly, but not tightly, with bandages or plaster.

With a closed fracture, immobilization is performed over clothing. At open fracture Do not apply a splint to places where the bone protrudes outward.

Burns

A burn is damage to body tissues caused by high temperatures or chemical substances. Burns vary in severity as well as types of damage. According to the latter basis, burns are distinguished:

thermal (flame, hot liquid, steam, hot objects);
chemical (alkalis, acids);
electrical;
radiation (light and ionizing radiation);
combined.

In case of burns, the first step is to eliminate the effect of the damaging factor (fire, electric current, boiling water, and so on).

Then, when thermal burns, the affected area should be freed from clothing (carefully, without tearing it off, but cutting off the adhering tissue around the wound) and, for the purpose of disinfection and pain relief, irrigate it with a water-alcohol solution (1/1) or vodka.

Do not use oil-based ointments and fatty creams - fats and oils do not reduce pain, do not disinfect the burn, or promote healing.

Afterwards, irrigate the wound with cold water, apply a sterile bandage and apply cold. Also, give the victim warm, salted water.

To speed up the healing of minor burns, use sprays with dexpanthenol. If the burn covers an area larger than one palm, be sure to consult a doctor.

Fainting

Fainting is sudden loss consciousness caused by a temporary disruption of cerebral blood flow. In other words, this is a signal from the brain that it does not have enough oxygen.

It is important to distinguish between normal and epileptic syncope. The first is usually preceded by nausea and dizziness.

A pre-fainting state is characterized by the fact that a person rolls his eyes, breaks out in a cold sweat, his pulse weakens, and his limbs become cold.

Typical situations of fainting:

fright,
excitement,
stuffiness and others.

If a person faints, give him a comfortable horizontal position and provide air flow. fresh air(unfasten your clothes, loosen your belt, open windows and doors). Spray the victim's face with cold water and pat his cheeks. If you have a first aid kit on hand, give a cotton swab soaked in ammonia a sniff.

If consciousness does not return within 3–5 minutes, call an ambulance immediately.

When the victim comes to his senses, give him strong tea or coffee.

Drowning and sunstroke

Drowning is the penetration of water into the lungs and airways, which can lead to death.

First aid for drowning

Remove the victim from the water.
A drowning man grabs whatever he can get his hands on. Be careful: swim up to him from behind, hold him by the hair or armpits, keeping your face above the surface of the water.
Place the victim with his stomach on his knee so that his head is down.
Clear oral cavity from foreign bodies (mucus, vomit, algae).
Check for signs of life.
If there is no pulse or breathing, immediately begin mechanical ventilation and chest compressions.
Once breathing and cardiac function have been restored, place the victim on his side, cover him and keep him comfortable until paramedics arrive.

In summer, sunstroke is also a danger. Sunstroke is a brain disorder caused by prolonged exposure to the sun.

Symptoms:

headache,
weakness,
noise in ears,
nausea,
vomit.

If the victim continues to remain in the sun, his temperature rises, shortness of breath appears, and sometimes he even loses consciousness.

Therefore, when providing first aid, it is first necessary to move the victim to a cool, ventilated place. Then free him from his clothes, loosen the belt, and take him off. Place a cold, wet towel on his head and neck. Let me smell it ammonia. Give artificial respiration if necessary.

In case of sunstroke, the victim must be given plenty of cool, slightly salted water to drink (drink often, but in small sips).

The causes of frostbite are high humidity, frost, wind, and immobile position. Alcohol intoxication usually aggravates the victim's condition.

Symptoms:

feeling cold;
tingling in the frostbitten part of the body;
then - numbness and loss of sensitivity.

First aid for frostbite

Keep the victim warm.
Remove frozen or wet clothing.
Do not rub the victim with snow or cloth - this will only injure the skin.
Wrap up the frostbitten area of your body.
Give the victim a hot sweet drink or hot food.

Poisoning

Poisoning is a disorder of the body's functioning that occurs due to the ingestion of a poison or toxin. Depending on the type of toxin, poisoning is distinguished:

carbon monoxide,
pesticides,
alcohol,
medications,
food and others.

First aid measures depend on the nature of the poisoning. Most common food poisoning accompanied by nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and stomach pain. In this case, the victim is recommended to take 3–5 grams activated carbon every 15 minutes for an hour, drink plenty of water, refrain from eating and be sure to consult a doctor.

In addition, accidental or intentional poisoning is common medicines, as well as alcohol intoxication.

In these cases, first aid consists of the following steps:

Rinse the victim's stomach. To do this, make him drink several glasses of salted water (for 1 liter - 10 g of salt and 5 g of soda). After 2–3 glasses, induce vomiting in the victim. Repeat these steps until the vomit is clear.
Gastric lavage is only possible if the victim is conscious.
Dissolve 10–20 tablets of activated carbon in a glass of water and give it to the victim to drink.
Wait for the specialists to arrive.

First aid is a set of simple measures to save the life and health of a victim at the scene of an accident.

According to Art. 31 of the Federal Law of November 21, 2011 No. 323-FZ “On the fundamentals of protecting the health of citizens in Russian Federation»:

1. First aid, before the provision of medical care, is provided to citizens in case of accidents, injuries, poisoning and other conditions and diseases that threaten their life and health, by persons obliged to provide first aid in accordance with federal law or with a special rule and with appropriate training, including employees of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation, employees, military personnel and employees of the State Fire Service, rescuers of emergency rescue units and emergency rescue services.

2. The list of conditions for which first aid is provided and the list of measures to provide first aid are approved by the authorized federal executive body.

The obligation to provide first aid to police officers is assigned by Federal Law dated 02/07/2011 No. 3-FZ “On the Police”.

In accordance with Art. 12 of this law, the police are assigned the following duties:

Provide first aid to persons affected by crimes, administrative offenses and accidents, as well as persons who are in a helpless state or in a state dangerous to their life and health, if specialized assistance cannot be received by them in a timely manner or is absent (clause 3 .1);

In emergency situations, take urgent measures to save citizens, protect property left unattended, and facilitate the uninterrupted operation of rescue services in these conditions; ensure public order during quarantine measures during epidemics and epizootics (clause 7, part 1).

In accordance with Art. 27 Federal Law “On Police” - A police officer, regardless of the position he fills, location and time of day, is obliged to: to give first aid citizens who have suffered from crimes, administrative offenses and accidents, as well as citizens who are in a helpless state or in a state dangerous to their life and health.

The list of conditions for which first aid is provided, as well as the list of measures to provide first aid, are approved by the Order of the Ministry of Health and social development RF dated 05/04/2012 No. 477n. (as amended by the order of the Ministry of Health of Russia dated November 7, 2012 No. 586n).

List of conditions for which first aid is provided:

1. Lack of consciousness.

2. Stopping breathing and blood circulation.

3. External bleeding.

4. Foreign bodies of the upper respiratory tract.

5. Injuries to various areas of the body.

6. Burns, effects of exposure to high temperatures, thermal radiation.

7. Frostbite and other effects of exposure to low temperatures.

8. Poisoning.

The list of first aid measures includes:

1. Measures to assess the situation and ensure safe conditions for providing first aid:

Identification of threatening factors for one’s own life and health;

Identification of threatening factors for the life and health of the victim;

Elimination of threatening factors for life and health;

Termination of the effect of damaging factors on the victim;

Estimation of the number of victims;

Removing the victim from vehicle or other hard-to-reach places;

Relocation of the victim.

2. Calling an ambulance or other special services, whose employees are required to provide first aid in accordance with federal law or a special rule.

3. Determining whether the victim has consciousness.

4. Measures to restore airway patency and determine signs of life in the victim:

Advancement of the lower jaw;

Determining the presence of breathing using hearing, vision and touch;

Determining the presence of blood circulation, checking the pulse in the main arteries.

5. Events cardiopulmonary resuscitation before signs of life appear:

Hand pressure on the victim’s sternum;

Artificial ventilation

6. Measures to maintain airway patency:

Giving a stable lateral position;

Throwing back the head with lifting the chin;

7. Measures for a general examination of the victim and temporary stopping of external bleeding:

General examination of the victim for bleeding;

Applying a pressure bandage.

Finger pressure of the artery;

Maximum flexion of the limb at the joint;

Application of a tourniquet

8. Measures for a detailed examination of the victim in order to identify signs of injuries, poisoning and other conditions that threaten his life and health, and to provide first aid if these conditions are identified:

Carrying out a head examination;

Carrying out a neck examination;

Conducting a breast examination;

Carrying out a back examination;

Conducting an examination of the abdomen and pelvis;

Conducting an examination of the limbs;

Application of bandages for injuries to various areas of the body, including occlusive (sealing) for injuries to the chest;

Carrying out immobilization (using improvised means, autoimmobilization);

Fixation cervical spine spine (manually, with improvised means, using medical products;

Stopping the victim from exposure to hazardous chemicals (gastric lavage by drinking water and inducing vomiting, removing from the damaged surface and rinsing the damaged surface with running water);

Local cooling for injuries, thermal burns and other effects of high temperatures or thermal radiation;

Thermal insulation against frostbite and other effects of low temperatures.

9. Giving the victim an optimal body position.

10. Monitoring the victim’s condition (consciousness, breathing, blood circulation) and providing psychological support.

11. Transfer of the victim to an ambulance team and other special services, whose employees are required to provide first aid in accordance with federal law or a special rule.

The basic principles that should be followed when providing first aid are:

Accuracy;

Feasibility;

Rapidity;

Calm;

Determination;

Continuity.

First aid is a set of urgent measures aimed at saving a person’s life. An accident, a sudden attack of illness, poisoning - in these and other emergency situations, competent first aid is necessary.

The ability to provide first aid is a basic but very important skill. It can save someone's life. Here are 10 basic first aid skills.

First aid algorithm

In order not to get confused and provide first aid correctly, it is important to follow the following sequence of actions:

Make sure that when providing first aid you are not in danger and you are not putting yourself in danger.
Ensure the safety of the victim and others (for example, remove the victim from a burning car).
Check the victim for signs of life (pulse, breathing, reaction of pupils to light) and consciousness. To check breathing, you need to tilt the victim's head back, lean towards his mouth and nose and try to hear or feel breathing. To detect the pulse, you need to place your fingertips on the victim’s carotid artery. To assess consciousness, it is necessary (if possible) to take the victim by the shoulders, gently shake him and ask a question.
Call specialists: from the city - 03 (ambulance) or 01 (rescue).
Provide emergency first aid. Depending on the situation, this could be:
- restoration of airway patency;
- cardiopulmonary resuscitation;
- stopping bleeding and other measures.
Provide the victim with physical and psychological comfort and wait for specialists to arrive.

Artificial respiration

Typical situations requiring mechanical ventilation:

car accident;
accident on the water;
electric shock and others.

There are various methods of mechanical ventilation. The most effective means of providing first aid to a non-specialist are mouth-to-mouth and mouth-to-nose artificial respiration.

If, upon examination of the victim, natural breathing is not detected, artificial ventilation of the lungs must be performed immediately.

Mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration technique

Ensure patency of the upper respiratory tract. Turn the victim's head to the side and use your finger to remove mucus, blood, and foreign objects from the mouth. Check the victim's nasal passages and clear them if necessary.
Tilt the victim's head back, holding the neck with one hand.
Do not change the position of the victim’s head if there is a spinal injury!
Place a napkin, handkerchief, piece of cloth or gauze over the victim's mouth to protect yourself from infections. Pinch the victim's nose with your thumb and index finger. Take a deep breath and press your lips firmly against the victim's mouth. Exhale into the victim's lungs.
The first 5–10 exhalations should be quick (in 20–30 seconds), then 12–15 exhalations per minute.
Observe the movement of the victim's chest. If the victim’s chest rises when he inhales air, then you are doing everything right.

Indirect cardiac massage

If there is no pulse along with breathing, it is necessary to perform an indirect cardiac massage.

Attention! You cannot perform a closed cardiac massage if there is a pulse.

Indirect cardiac massage technique

Place the victim on a flat, hard surface. Chest compressions should not be performed on beds or other soft surfaces.
Determine the location of the affected xiphoid process. The xiphoid process is the shortest and narrowest part of the sternum, its end.
Measure 2–4 cm up from the xiphoid process - this is the point of compression.
Place the heel of your palm on the compression point. In this case, the thumb should point either to the chin or to the stomach of the victim, depending on the location of the person performing resuscitation. Place your other palm on top of one hand, clasping your fingers. Pressure is applied strictly with the base of the palm - your fingers should not touch the victim’s sternum.
Perform rhythmic chest thrusts strongly, smoothly, strictly vertically, using the weight of the upper half of your body. Frequency - 100–110 pressures per minute. In this case, the chest should bend by 3–4 cm.
For infants, indirect cardiac massage is performed with the index and middle finger of one hand. For teenagers - with the palm of one hand.

If mechanical ventilation is performed simultaneously with closed cardiac massage, every two breaths should alternate with 30 compressions on the chest.

Heimlich maneuver

When food or foreign bodies enter the trachea, it becomes blocked (fully or partially) - the person suffocates.

Signs of a blocked airway:

Lack of full breathing. If the windpipe is not completely blocked, the person coughs; if completely, he holds on to the throat.
Inability to speak.
Blue discoloration of facial skin, swelling of neck vessels.

Airway clearance is most often carried out using the Heimlich method.

Stand behind the victim.
Grasp it with your hands, clasping them together, just above the navel, under the costal arch.
Press firmly on the victim's abdomen while sharply bending your elbows.
Do not squeeze the victim's chest, with the exception of pregnant women, for whom pressure is applied to the lower chest.
Repeat the dose several times until the airways are clear.

If the victim has lost consciousness and fallen, place him on his back, sit on his hips and press on the costal arches with both hands.

Bleeding

Stopping capillary bleeding is carried out by applying an aseptic bandage, and also, if the arms or legs are injured, by raising the limbs above the level of the body.

To stop arterial bleeding, the artery must be clamped.

Artery clamping technique: Press the artery firmly with your fingers or fist against the underlying bone formation.

The arteries are easily accessible for palpation, so this method is very effective. However, it requires physical strength from the first aider.

If the bleeding does not stop after applying a tight bandage and pressing the artery, use a tourniquet. Remember that this is a last resort when other methods fail.

Technique for applying a hemostatic tourniquet

Apply a tourniquet to clothing or soft padding just above the wound.
Tighten the tourniquet and check the pulsation of the blood vessels: the bleeding should stop and the skin below the tourniquet should turn pale.
Apply a bandage to the wound.
Record the exact time the tourniquet is applied.

Fractures

A fracture is a violation of the integrity of a bone. A fracture is accompanied by severe pain, sometimes fainting or shock, and bleeding. There are open and closed fractures. The first is accompanied by injury to soft tissues; bone fragments are sometimes visible in the wound.

First aid technique for fracture

Assess the severity of the victim’s condition and determine the location of the fracture.
If there is bleeding, stop it.
Determine whether the victim can be moved before specialists arrive.
Do not carry the victim or change his position if there is a spinal injury!
Ensure the bone immobility in the fracture area - perform immobilization. To do this, it is necessary to immobilize the joints located above and below the fracture.
Apply a splint. You can use flat sticks, boards, rulers, rods, etc. as a tire. The splint must be secured tightly, but not tightly, with bandages or plaster.

With a closed fracture, immobilization is performed over clothing. In case of an open fracture, do not apply a splint to places where the bone protrudes outward.

Burns

A burn is damage to body tissues caused by high temperatures or chemicals. Burns vary in severity as well as types of damage. According to the latter basis, burns are distinguished:

thermal (flame, hot liquid, steam, hot objects);
chemical (alkalis, acids);
electrical;
radiation (light and ionizing radiation);
combined.

In case of burns, the first step is to eliminate the effect of the damaging factor (fire, electric current, boiling water, and so on).

Then, in case of thermal burns, the affected area should be freed from clothing (carefully, without tearing it off, but cutting off the adhering tissue around the wound) and, for the purpose of disinfection and pain relief, irrigate it with a water-alcohol solution (1/1) or vodka.

Do not use oil-based ointments and fatty creams - fats and oils do not reduce pain, do not disinfect the burn, or promote healing.

Afterwards, irrigate the wound with cold water, apply a sterile bandage and apply cold. Also, give the victim warm, salted water.

To speed up the healing of minor burns, use sprays with dexpanthenol. If the burn covers an area larger than one palm, be sure to consult a doctor.

Fainting

Fainting is a sudden loss of consciousness caused by a temporary disruption of cerebral blood flow. In other words, this is a signal from the brain that it does not have enough oxygen.

It is important to distinguish between normal and epileptic syncope. The first is usually preceded by nausea and dizziness.

A pre-fainting state is characterized by the fact that a person rolls his eyes, breaks out in a cold sweat, his pulse weakens, and his limbs become cold.

Typical situations of fainting:

fright,
excitement,
stuffiness and others.

If a person faints, give him a comfortable horizontal position and provide fresh air (unfasten clothes, loosen belt, open windows and doors). Spray the victim's face with cold water and pat his cheeks. If you have a first aid kit on hand, give a cotton swab soaked in ammonia a sniff.

If consciousness does not return within 3–5 minutes, call an ambulance immediately.

When the victim comes to his senses, give him strong tea or coffee.

Drowning and sunstroke

Drowning is the penetration of water into the lungs and airways, which can lead to death.

First aid for drowning

Remove the victim from the water.
A drowning man grabs whatever he can get his hands on. Be careful: swim up to him from behind, hold him by the hair or armpits, keeping your face above the surface of the water.
Place the victim with his stomach on his knee so that his head is down.
Clean the oral cavity of foreign bodies (mucus, vomit, algae).
Check for signs of life.
If there is no pulse or breathing, immediately begin mechanical ventilation and chest compressions.
Once breathing and cardiac function have been restored, place the victim on his side, cover him and keep him comfortable until paramedics arrive.

In summer, sunstroke is also a danger. Sunstroke is a brain disorder caused by prolonged exposure to the sun.

Symptoms:

headache,
weakness,
noise in ears,
nausea,
vomit.

If the victim continues to remain in the sun, his temperature rises, shortness of breath appears, and sometimes he even loses consciousness.

Therefore, when providing first aid, it is first necessary to move the victim to a cool, ventilated place. Then free him from his clothes, loosen the belt, and take him off. Place a cold, wet towel on his head and neck. Give it a sniff of ammonia. Give artificial respiration if necessary.

In case of sunstroke, the victim must be given plenty of cool, slightly salted water to drink (drink often, but in small sips).

The causes of frostbite are high humidity, frost, wind, and immobile position. Alcohol intoxication usually aggravates the victim's condition.

Symptoms:

feeling cold;
tingling in the frostbitten part of the body;
then - numbness and loss of sensitivity.

First aid for frostbite

Keep the victim warm.
Remove frozen or wet clothing.
Do not rub the victim with snow or cloth - this will only injure the skin.
Wrap up the frostbitten area of your body.
Give the victim a hot sweet drink or hot food.

Poisoning

Poisoning is a disorder of the body's functioning that occurs due to the ingestion of a poison or toxin. Depending on the type of toxin, poisoning is distinguished:

carbon monoxide,
pesticides,
alcohol,
medications,
food and others.

First aid measures depend on the nature of the poisoning. The most common food poisoning is accompanied by nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and stomach pain. In this case, the victim is recommended to take 3-5 grams of activated carbon every 15 minutes for an hour, drink plenty of water, refrain from eating and be sure to consult a doctor.

In addition, accidental or intentional drug poisoning, as well as alcohol intoxication, are common.

In these cases, first aid consists of the following steps:

Rinse the victim's stomach. To do this, make him drink several glasses of salted water (for 1 liter - 10 g of salt and 5 g of soda). After 2–3 glasses, induce vomiting in the victim. Repeat these steps until the vomit is clear.
Gastric lavage is only possible if the victim is conscious.
Dissolve 10–20 tablets of activated carbon in a glass of water and give it to the victim to drink.
Wait for the specialists to arrive.

8.1. Introduction

In accordance with international law, the Constitution of the Russian Federation, Federal Law of November 21, 2011 No. 323-FZ (as amended on June 25, 2012) “On the fundamentals of protecting the health of citizens in the Russian Federation” (Article 18), every person has the right to protection health and providing him with medical care. The implementation of this right acquires particular importance in emergency situations in peacetime and wartime.

In case of accidents, catastrophes and natural disasters, a significant number of injured people may need first aid, which should be provided immediately after injury or poisoning. The experience of eliminating the consequences of many disasters and natural disasters shows that in the first and most important minutes for

to save a person's life, the necessary emergency rescue and medical units are not available in the immediate vicinity or their numbers cannot ensure the provision of assistance to all those in need. In such conditions, the main and often only chance of saving the victim’s life is self-help first aid or mutual assistance.

In Article 19 of Federal Law No. 68-FZ of December 21, 1994 “On the protection of the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies” states: “A citizen of the Russian Federation is obliged to: study the basic methods of protecting the population and territories from emergency situations, methods of providing first aid to victims, rules for using collective and individual protective equipment, and constantly improve their knowledge and skills in this area.”

In case of accidents and sudden illnesses, simple first aid measures before the arrival of medical personnel can save the life and preserve the health of the victim.

Purpose of first aid- saving the lives of those affected, preventing and reducing the severe consequences of injuries. To provide it, basic knowledge is required, but solid practical skills are required, as well as medical or improvised means.

Thus, learning first aid techniques is a national duty for each of us.

8.2. Definition and list of first aid measures

First aid- a set of urgent, simple measures aimed at restoring or preserving the life and health of the victim, carried out at the scene of injury mainly in the form of self- and mutual assistance, as well as by members of rescue teams using standard and improvised means.

The list of conditions and measures for providing first aid was approved by order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation dated May 4, 2012 No. 477n (as amended on November 7, 2012) “On approval of the list of conditions for which first aid is provided and the list of measures for providing first aid.”

List of states

1. Lack of consciousness.

2. Stopping breathing and blood circulation.

3. External bleeding.

4. Foreign bodies of the upper respiratory tract.

5. Injuries to various areas of the body.

6. Burns, effects of exposure to high temperatures, thermal radiation.

7. Frostbite and other effects of exposure to low temperatures.

8. Poisoning.

First aid measures include:

1. Measures to assess the situation and ensure safe conditions for providing first aid:

Identification of threatening factors for one’s own life and health;

Identification of threatening factors for the life and health of the victim;

Elimination of threatening factors for life and health;

Termination of the effect of damaging factors on the victim;

Estimation of the number of victims;

Removing the victim from a vehicle or other hard-to-reach places;

Relocation of the victim.

2. Calling an ambulance or other special services, whose employees are required to provide first aid in accordance with federal law or a special rule.

3. Determining whether the victim has consciousness.

4. Measures to restore airway patency and determine signs of life in the victim:

Advancement of the lower jaw;

Determining the presence of breathing using hearing, vision and touch;

Determining the presence of blood circulation, checking the pulse in the main arteries.

5. Measures to carry out cardiopulmonary resuscitation until signs of life appear:

Hand pressure on the victim’s sternum;

Artificial respiration "mouth to mouth";

Artificial respiration "from mouth to nose";

Artificial respiration using a breathing device.

6. Measures to maintain airway patency:

Giving a stable lateral position;

Throwing back the head with lifting the chin;

Advancement of the lower jaw.

7. Measures for a general examination of the victim and temporary stop of external bleeding:

General examination of the victim for bleeding;

Finger pressure of the artery;

Application of a tourniquet;

Maximum flexion of the limb at the joint;

Direct pressure on the wound;

Applying a pressure bandage.

Carrying out a head examination;

Carrying out a neck examination;

Conducting a breast examination;

Carrying out a back examination;

Conducting an examination of the abdomen and pelvis;

Conducting an examination of the limbs;

Application of bandages for injuries to various areas of the body, including occlusive (sealing) for injuries to the chest;

Carrying out immobilization (using improvised means, autoimmobilization, using medical products);

Fixation of the cervical spine (manually, with improvised means, using medical devices);

Local cooling for injuries, thermal burns and other effects of high temperatures or thermal radiation;

Thermal insulation against frostbite and other effects of low temperatures.

9. Giving the victim an optimal body position.

10. Monitoring the victim’s condition (consciousness, breathing, blood circulation) and providing psychological support.

11. Transfer of the victim to an ambulance team and other special services, whose employees are required to provide first aid in accordance with federal law or a special rule.

One of the most important conditions for providing first aid The victim is aware of its urgency: the faster it is provided, the greater the hope for a favorable outcome. Therefore, such assistance can and should be provided in a timely manner by those who are close to the victim.

The first aid provider must know:

The main signs of a violation of the vital functions of the human body;

General principles, rules and techniques of first aid in relation to the nature of the injury;

Basic methods of carrying and evacuating victims.

The signs by which you can quickly determine the condition of the victim are as follows:

Consciousness: clear, absent or impaired;

Breathing: normal, absent or impaired;

Pulse on the carotid arteries: determined (the rhythm is correct or incorrect) or not determined;

Pupils: narrow or wide.

With certain knowledge and skills, a first aid provider is able to quickly assess the condition of the victim and decide in what volume and order assistance should be provided.