slide 2
The result of the effects of nicotine on the body is an increase in blood pressure, tachycardia, extrasystole, paroxysmal tachycardia and angina attacks may occur.
slide 3
The action of nicotine
Ammonia and tobacco tar (tar) during the combustion of tobacco enter the trachea, bronchi and lungs. Ammonia dissolves in the moist mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract, turning into ammonia, irritating the mucous membrane and causing its increased secretion.
slide 4
The result of constant irritation - cough, bronchitis, hypersensitivity to inflammatory infections and allergic diseases. Teenagers who smoke lag behind their peers
slide 5
Approximately 85% of the time lung cancer found to be associated with smoking. Those who smoke 2 or more packs of cigarettes a day for 20 years have a 60-70% increased risk of lung cancer compared to non-smokers. The risk of lung cancer is higher the more cigarettes smoked per day, the longer they smoke, the more smoke they breathe, and the higher the tar and nicotine content of cigarettes Smoking and lung cancer
slide 6
Smoking and lung cancer
On the x-ray the lung shows a pathological mass (arrow). A biopsy later proved it to be lung cancer. Characteristic symptoms: constant agonizing cough, hemoptysis, repeated pneumonia, bronchitis, or chest pain
Slide 7
AT Russian Federation smokes about 50% of the adult population, and about 100,000 Russians die every year from smoking. Scientists believe that there are about a billion smokers on our planet today. Diseases that are directly or indirectly related to smoking claim three and a half million lives every year. In twenty years, the total deaths from such diseases will reach ten million and exceed the number of victims of HIV infection.
Slide 8
Tuberculosis and smoking
“The causative agent of tuberculosis - Koch's bacillus - is transmitted by airborne droplets. One patient per day "rewards" about twenty mycobacteria healthy people. Personal contact with a carrier of infection is optional. You can also get a Koch wand in a decent restaurant if you drink coffee from a poorly washed cup. Or in an expensive store - by running a lipstick probe over your lips, which a tuberculosis patient used before you.
Effects of smoking on the respiratory system Tobacco smoke causes inflammation of the respiratory system. is changing and appearance heavy smoker in middle and old age: the face becomes puffy. The vocal cords become inflamed. They thicken, swell, the timbre of the voice changes. With prolonged smoking, the larynx (laryngitis) and trachea (tracheitis) become inflamed. 88% of smokers develop chronic bronchitis with the release of mucopurulent sputum. Such patients are constantly tormented by a cough, especially in the morning, which worries both the patient and those around him. Often in chronic bronchitis appears bad smell from mouth. This suggests that the infection has penetrated the lung tissue, which, in turn, can cause pneumonia, and sometimes a more serious disease - a lung abscess. If the patient does not quit smoking, then connective tissue bronchi will lose elasticity, the breathing tubes will stretch, bulge in some places. And this will lead to the formation of so-called bronchiectasis (a chronic purulent disease that lasts for years).
All of these diseases of the respiratory system can eventually cause lung thickening (pneumosclerosis) and loss of lung tissue elasticity (pulmonary emphysema), as well as cardiac and pulmonary insufficiency(cor pulmonale).
c Statistical and epidemiological studies by WHO scientists have shown that smokers have cancerous tumors all respiratory organs without exception: lower lip, oral cavity, larynx, bronchi, lungs. Cancer of the lower lip develops predominantly in pipe smokers or those who use mouthpieces. The combustion temperature of tobacco in a pipe is lower than in a cigarette, and carcinogens are formed in smaller quantities. But, accumulating on the walls of the tube (mouthpiece), they flow out of them and constantly irritate the skin of the lips, resulting in cancer. Scientists have described a special kind of precancerous disease of the mucous membrane oral cavity(hard palate) in habitual smokers - leukokeratosis.
c Lung cancer is the most life-threatening disease. Mortality from it rises in direct proportion to the number of cigarettes smoked daily. People who smoke up to 10 cigarettes a day suffer from lung cancer 10 times more often than non-smokers, and those who smoke 40 cigarettes or more - 30 times more. According to American scientists, smokers get lung cancer 40-50 times more often than non-smokers. The death rate among smokers from lung cancer is higher than the death rate from cardiovascular disease among non-smokers of all age groups.
a Smokers are more likely to develop pulmonary tuberculosis. special study doctor A. G. Stoyko found that among the workers of the Leningrad factory "Bolshevik" pulmonary tuberculosis occurs in smokers 2 times more often than in non-smokers. This pattern can be traced even more clearly in people of mature age. Of every 100 such patients, 95 smoked at the time of the disease. Unfortunately, tobacco smoke is probably much less harmful to tuberculosis microbacteria than to its carrier.
The Ministry of Health warns: "Smoking is dangerous for your health."
slide 1
Lesson topic: “Respiratory hygiene. The effect of smoking on the respiratory system. The only way that leads to knowledge is action. B. Show.slide 2
Creative tasks 1. At the dawn of aeronautics, 3 French aeronauts flew on hot-air balloon. They climbed to an altitude of 8000 m. Only one of the aeronauts survived, but he also sank to the ground in a very serious condition. Explain the causes of this tragedy. 2. Two people argued. One argued that the lungs expand and therefore air enters them, the other - that air enters the lungs and therefore they expand. Who is right? 3. For divers in the area high blood pressure body tissues are saturated with nitrogen and helium. Explain why divers should not ascend quickly from great depths into the area reduced pressure?
slide 3
Choose three correct statements: A) In the nasal cavity, the air is moistened, warmed, dust is retained; B) When swallowing, the entrance to the esophagus closes the epiglottis; C) The trachea is formed by the skeleton of their cartilaginous rings; D) The main organ of the respiratory system is the trachea; D) The activity of the respiratory system is controlled by the respiratory center located in the cerebellum; E) Mild irritation of the nasal mucosa causes sneezing.
slide 4
Set the correspondence Respiratory organs Functions of the system A. Nose 1. Voice apparatus B. Larynx 2. Air humidification C. Trachea 3. Gas exchange D. Lungs 4. Airways
slide 5
Find errors in the text, explain them “The respiratory system is formed by the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, esophagus, bronchi and lungs. The diaphragm and intercostal muscles provide respiratory movements. The activity of the respiratory system is controlled by the respiratory center. It is located in the medulla oblongata. The regulation of breathing is carried out reflexively, without the participation of the brain.
slide 6
Establish the sequence of inspiratory processes A) volume increase chest B) expansion of the lungs C) contraction of the intercostal muscles and diaphragm D) movement of air from environment into the lungs D) decrease in air pressure in the lungs.
Slide 7
Slide 8
"The human respiratory system" - Respiratory hygiene. Consists of: external nose system of nasal passages. Airways. Vital capacity of the lungs. Respiratory system. Larynx. Relevance. Lungs. They provide the process of breathing, air access to the lungs. Trachea. The lining of the lung is the pleura. The diaphragm is the main muscle involved in normal inspiration.
"The Harm of Smoking for Women" - Cigarettes are harmful to children. Smoking can reduce blood flow and lead to impotence. Question 1: “Girls in your company smoke. Tobacco smoke harms children. Cigarettes are the cause of diseases of the oral cavity. The skin of the face will take on an earthy hue. Smoking leads to premature aging of the skin.
"The harm of smoking" - Smoking causes great harm not only to the health of adults, but also to the health of children and young people. Reasons to quit smoking: Tobacco smoking is a major risk factor for respiratory diseases: chronic disease lungs, pneumonia. Smoking is bad for your health. Smoking is injurious to health! A poorly extinguished cigarette can start a fire, which will lead to the death of many people.
"Against smoking" - The choice is yours. Information for thought. Honore de Balzac. Why do teenagers start smoking? Tobacco harms the body, destroys the mind, stupefies entire nations. Arguments against smoking. I choose life! Memo. The facts assert. Smoke or live? To smoke or not to smoke?
"Child and smoking" - Motives for smoking teenagers. Question for parents. Resources for parents to learn more about the topic parent meeting. The results of the survey of children in the class. What children of smoking parents suffer from (passive smoking): In the 18th century - the construction of tobacco factories in Russia 19th century - 21st century - a tobacco epidemic.
"Smoking and Tobacco" - Stylists - newspaper. Historians of Botany Doctors - presentation, "informative five minutes". Research methods for all groups: "Chemists": Prepare and conduct an experiment that demonstrates the content harmful substances in tobacco. What is your opinion? No smoking day at school. Select and analyze information: On the mechanism of human addiction to smoking.
Sections: Biology
Goals:
- consolidate knowledge on the topic "Breathing";
- 2) consider the causes of respiratory diseases, as well as measures to prevent these diseases;
3) introduce personal protective equipment for the respiratory system;
4) talk about the effect of smoking on the respiratory system.
Equipment: interactive board, presentation; for each student - a reference summary, posters illustrating the harm caused to the body by smoking, a cotton-gauze bandage, political map world, a manuscript allegedly belonging to Columbus.
D / z: repeat the theme "Breathing".
During the classes
The only way that leads to knowledge is action. ( b. show)
1. Organizational moment.
2. Introductory words of the teacher.
Tell me, guys, why does a person breathe?
Indeed, for the vital activity of the body, energy is needed, working tissues eagerly absorb oxygen. During hard work, oxygen consumption increases 6 times. Therefore, it is very important to be able to keep the respiratory organs healthy, and how to do this, we will meet today in our lesson, because its topic is "Respiratory hygiene. The effect of smoking on the respiratory system" (slide 1) As an epigraph to our lesson, I chose the words Bernard Shaw, because today you will work a lot on your own, and the knowledge gained in this way is more solid.
The reference notes that each of you have will help us in studying a new topic.
But before moving on to a new topic, we recall the previous material.
3. Checking homework.
1. Several people work on tests.
2. At this time, the class solves creative problems in biology (slide 2).
1. At the dawn of aeronautics, 3 French aeronauts flew in a hot air balloon. They climbed to an altitude of 8000 m. Only one of the aeronauts survived, but he also sank to the ground in a very serious condition. Explain the causes of this tragedy. (In the upper layers of the atmosphere, the air is rarefied, and the death of aeronauts occurred because they did not have enough oxygen).
2. Two people argued. One argued that the lungs expand and therefore air enters them, the other - that air enters the lungs and therefore they expand. Who is right? (If we are talking about natural respiration, the first one is right: the breathing mechanism is suction. If we are talking about artificial respiration, the second one is right, since the mechanism in this case is forced).
3. Divers who are in the zone of high pressure are saturated with nitrogen and helium in the tissues of the body. Explain why divers cannot quickly rise from great depths to a zone of low pressure? (When quickly moving out of the zone high pressure excess dissolved nitrogen and helium do not have time to be excreted through the lungs into the zone of low pressure, resulting in the transition of gases from a dissolved state to a gaseous state with the formation of bubbles that clog blood vessels. The correct mode of transition from high pressure to low pressure must be observed).
(After this type of work, collect tests from students).
3. Work on the interactive whiteboard.
Exercise 1 (slide 3).
Choose three correct statements:
A) In the nasal cavity, the air is moistened, warmed, dust is retained;
B) When swallowing, the entrance to the esophagus closes the epiglottis;
C) The trachea is formed by the skeleton of their cartilaginous rings;
D) The main organ of the respiratory system is the trachea;
D) The activity of the respiratory system is controlled by the respiratory center located in the cerebellum;
E) Mild irritation of the nasal mucosa causes sneezing.
Task 2 (slide 4).
Establish a correspondence (connect the organs and the functions they perform with lines).
(A - 2; B - 1; C - 4; D - 3).
Task 3 (slide 5).
Find errors in the text and explain them.
"The respiratory system is formed by the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, esophagus, bronchi and lungs. The diaphragm and intercostal muscles provide respiratory movements. The activity of the respiratory system is controlled by the respiratory center. It is located in the medulla oblongata. Breathing is regulated reflexively, without the participation of the brain."
Task 4 (slide 6).
Establish the sequence of inspiratory processes.
A) an increase in the volume of the chest
B) expansion of the lungs
C) contraction of the intercostal muscles and diaphragm
D) movement of air from the environment into the lungs
D) decrease in air pressure in the lungs.
(C, A, B, D, D)
4. Explanation of new material.
So, guys, already, perhaps, you have no doubt about the fact how important it is to supply our body with air containing a sufficient amount of oxygen and how many reasons there are that are not dependent on us and depend on which can cause serious illness respiratory organs. What are these reasons? To understand this, let's look at your reference notes and try to fill in table number 1. In this table, two reasons are already noted, and two you will have to find yourself.
(After a while, the correctness of filling is checked using slide 7).
Pay attention to the following table (table No. 2 in the reference abstract). It also needs to be filled out within a few minutes on your own. The first three works are evaluated (the correctness of the assignment is checked using slide 8).
You already know how important it is to breathe clean air. When he's clean Airways wide open and the air plentifully enters the lungs. All the processes occurring in the body are performed normally, the metabolism increases, cheerfulness and excellent health appear.
But we have to fight for clean air. The air is polluted by vehicle exhaust gases industrial enterprises and other substances that poison our body. The air in big cities is especially polluted. But if the connection of hemoglobin with carbon dioxide (carbohemoglobin) is unstable and in the lungs hemoglobin is released from carbon dioxide, then in case of poisoning carbon monoxide a very strong connection of hemoglobin with this gas is formed - carboxyhemoglobin. Carboxyhemoglobin blocks hemoglobin and turns off red blood cells from gas exchange, which is deadly for humans.
Scientists-hygienists in many countries are working on the problem of cleaning the air of cities from harmful impurities. But dust pollutes the air the most. Now we will listen to a short message about the impact of dust on the human body and about measures to prevent respiratory diseases.
Message for clean air
Dust is almost everywhere. Only at sea, 1000 - 1200 km from the coast, and at a very high altitude there is no dust. Even on the tops of the Alps, there are 200 dust particles in a ml of air. And in the same volume of urban air there are more than half a million dust particles. There is less dust in the village, but even there, in 1 ml of air, there are up to 5 thousand dust particles. The wind carries it over very long distances: in Norway, for example, dust from the Sahara desert was found, and in Europe - volcanic dust from the islands of Indonesia.
Dust is very harmful to humans. It injures the ciliated epithelium of the respiratory tract, which, with its tireless work, protects our lungs from the accumulation of dust in them. But dust is dangerous to the body for other reasons.
Indeed, in addition to harmful impurities, there are many bacteria in the air. In shops, theaters, at exhibitions where there are a lot of people, there can be up to 12 million bacteria or more in 1 ml of air. Bacteria do not float freely in the air. They are "passengers" of dust particles and are carried only with it. That is why the fight for clean air is the fight against contagious diseases. The less dust, the less bacteria in the air, and, consequently, the less they get into our respiratory tract and lungs.
There is 10-20 times more dust in the rooms than on the street. You need to ventilate the room more often. The outside air is especially clean at night and early in the morning. Airing carries away not only dust, but also other harmful impurities, such as carbon dioxide.
In the classroom, if the room is not ventilated, by 11 o'clock there is almost three times more carbon dioxide than before the start of classes.
Much less dust occurs after watering streets, yards, gardens. Even in big city during the day, when there is a lot of dust in the air, the amount of it, and, consequently, bacteria, after watering, is reduced by half.
Green spaces improve the air very much. In air samples taken in the park and on the street, it turned out different amount harmful impurities: in the air of the square they are half as much as in the air of the street. It is necessary to take care of trees, shrubs and flowers not only because they decorate cities and villages, but also because they preserve our health.
In our country, the maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances in the air have been established.
The forest resources of our country are protected, trees are planted annually - these tireless suppliers of atmospheric oxygen.
(At the end, one student on the interactive whiteboard, the rest in the supporting notes make up a list of preventive measures against diseases of the respiratory system - slide 9).
What is included in the concept of "general strengthening of the body"? First of all, walks in the fresh air, physical exercises including respiratory ones. Some simple exercises that will take a little time, but will be of great help to the body, I will show you now. Do it with me.
1 exercise
Hands to the sides, then up - inhale.
Hands to the sides, then down - exhale.
2 exercise
Hands to the shoulders, up - inhale.
Hands to the shoulders, down - exhale.
3 exercise
On the count - three, four - exhale.
4 exercise
Hands on the belt. At the expense of one, two - breath.
On the count of three, a sharp exhalation.
Guys, to protect the respiratory system during a flu epidemic, there are certain individual protective equipment, which include a cotton-gauze bandage (show). Cotton - gauze bandage can be sewn at home from improvised means.
And now, I will read you a short excerpt from the book. You try to answer the question, what event is it talking about:
"After landing on the shore, we went into the interior of the island. We were met by a lot of almost naked people, very slender and strong, who walked from their villages with burning firebrands in their hands and grass, the smoke of which they drank. Others carried one large cigarette and at every stop lit it. Then each made three or four puffs out of it, releasing smoke through the nostrils "(Columbus and his team meeting with the natives).
Indeed, according to historians, tobacco was brought to Europe by sailors from South America. From Spain, tobacco seeds came to Turkey (tobacco smoking was considered a violation of the laws of the Koran, the guilty were impaled), to Persia (the Persian Shah ordered the merchant who brought tobacco into the country to be burned), to Italy (Pope Urban 7 excommunicated those who who smoked or sniffed tobacco), to Russia, where very serious punishments were imposed for smoking - from stick blows to cutting off the nose and ears. Tobacco dealers faced the death penalty. (As the story progresses, the named countries show on the map).
But gradually the smoking ban was lifted in one country after another. Over the years, men, women, teenagers, even children joined the bad habit. There was even a fashion for smoking.
But doctors have found that the increase in the number of smokers in parallel increases the number of dangerous diseases. Starting in the early 1960s, the results of scientific research began to be published in newspapers and magazines. And people were horrified! Look at the table, how many toxic substances tobacco smoke contains and how they affect the human body! I would like to quote some prominent people. Writer A. Dumas: ": I put down my cigarette and swore. That I would never smoke. I firmly kept this oath and I am quite convinced that tobacco harms the brain as definitely as alcohol."
L. Tolstoy, quitting smoking, said: "I became a different person. I sit for five hours in a row at work, I get up completely fresh, and before, when I smoked, I felt tired, dizzy, nauseous, foggy in my head:".
5. Conclusion.
And in conclusion of the lesson, I want to introduce you to a unique historical find, which Spanish historians made just the other day. A hitherto unknown manuscript written by the great navigator and discoverer of America Columbus was discovered:
"I, Cristobal Colon (Christopher Columbus), Italian by nationality, admiral and vice-admiral of the lands I discovered, in my declining years, almost forgotten by everyone and living in a small monastery, I bequeath to everyone who finds this manuscript:
Do not chew or smoke dry grass (tobacco), which was treated to us by the natives and which we brought to Spain, because, according to my observations, this makes the voice hoarse, the skin "withers", the head hurts and dizzy, and the mind becomes slow. Being in a sober mind and firm memory, I urge in every possible way to prevent the spread of bad habits on the territory of our state and beyond. I urge you not to chew or smoke tobacco under any circumstances.
Of course, you understand that such a manuscript does not actually exist, but I think that any sane person who has assessed all the consequences of tobacco exposure to the body is ready to subscribe to these words. This concludes our lesson.
6. Homework.
