1. Production frames and their classification
2. Composition and structure of personnel
1. Labor resources of the enterprise are the main resource of each enterprise, from the quality of the selection and efficiency of the use of which the results of the enterprise's production activities are largely dependent. At the level of a separate enterprise, instead of the term "labor, resources", the terms "Frames" and "personnel" are more often used.
The main (regular) composition of permanent employees of the enterprise (institution, organization) is called production personnel. Abroad, another term is more common to designate this concept - staff. Now he is officially accepted in Russia.
Under personnel enterprisesit is customary to understand the main (regular) composition of employees of the enterprise. Depending on the functions performed, the personnel of the enterprise are divided into the following categories: working main and auxiliary; leaders; specialists; employees. Listed employees form (at industrial enterprises) industrial and industrial staff(PPP).
Profession- A combination of special theoretical knowledge and practical skills necessary to fulfill a certain type of work in any industry.
Specialty- type of activity within this profession, which has specific features and requires special knowledge and skills.
Qualification- A combination of knowledge and practical skills that make it possible to perform the work of a certain complexity.
All production personnel are divided into workers, managers, specialists and other employees.
TO workers Believe people directly occupied in the production of material values, as well as those employed by servicing this production and the provision of material services.
Leaders Executives who occupy the positions of managers of organizations and their structural divisions are considered. Heads also include heads of administrations of territories, ministers, presidents, chairmen, as well as their deputies, major specialists, state inspectors.
Group specialistsincludes workers performing engineering and technical, economic and other similar works (administrators, accountants, dispatchers, inspector, agronomists, artists, economists, teachers).
Other employees Consider employees carrying out the preparation and registration of documentation, accounting and control, economic service. An example of other specialists can serve as posts of archivistov, clerk, secretaries, typist, tablers, accountants, drawers, copiers of technical documentation.
By level of qualifications workers Can be divided: on unqualified, unoccupied, qualified and highly qualified. The qualifications of workers are determined by discharges.
Specialists They are divided into qualifying categories: specialist 1, 2, 3 category and without category.
Officers Distributed by control structures and control links. According to the management structures, managers are divided into linear and functional, according to control links - on top, middle and lower link.
Specialists- Workers engaged in engineering and technical, economic work: engineers, economists, accountants, legal advisers.
Servants- Employees carrying out the preparation and design of documentation, accounting and control, economic service: clerk, cashiers, tablers, accountants.
In addition to the considered separation of personnel, information on the main and non-primary activities of the enterprise (organization) is carried out in statistical practice. Depending on the profile of the organization, the assignment to a particular group is made according to the respective techniques. In industrial enterprises to employees of the main activity - industrial and industrial personnel - include the number of all structural divisions engaged in the preparation, implementation and maintenance of the entire production cycle and product sales, including administrative and technical personnel.
Personnel employed in non-core activities, consider employees of such structural units that are completely unnecessary to the profile activities of the enterprise. The number of such divisions is quite significant. Non-core units include health facilities (health care, sanatoriums), wellness and recreation, physical culture, housing and collective farm, household service enterprises, editorial office of factory multi-port newspapers and broadcasting, trade and catering, cultural, educational institutions, and utility agricultural institutions structures.
In the analytical work of the economic services of enterprises and organizational and production activities of the data required by the statistical accounting authorities, it is often not enough. Therefore, depending on the objectives set at the same time, other varieties of structural division of production frames can also distinguish. Personal separation is widely used: functional, vocational qualification, age-related, in the face of sexual, educational. Each of such structures characterizes the composition and quantitative relationships of the allocated classification groups of categories of working.
When considering the structure of production personnel on the functional basis, the following groups of employees are allocated: engineering and technical workers (ITER), employees, basic and auxiliary workers, junior service personnel, security and disciples.
In accordance with this structure, long time collected statistical information, a huge array of which will be a long time to serve as a source of various data necessary in various studies.
To group engineering and Technical Workers Believe experts organizing the production process and governing them. According to the nomenclature, they include directors of enterprises, their deputies for production and technical issues, chief engineers, heads of industries, buildings and shops, generalsavodskiy, shop departments and bureau, engineers, technicians, masters.
TO servant Below workers who carried out financial and settlement, economic, supplied, accounting and office functions.
Workers intended for the maintenance of office premises in the purity and procedure occupied by the economic service of workers and employees relate to junior service personnel.
The personnel of the militarized, armed-watch, watchdog, fire protection included in the group security.
Pupils They consider persons who are trained in enterprises during the production process in the procedure of individual and brigadier learning, and paid at the rates of students.
The unreasonable allocation of an employee in one or another classification group means assigning unusual legal status and socially recognized importance. It inevitably leads to deformation in the framework structure and their payment and to deteriorate their use.
The current stage of development of production and the need to ensure its effectiveness require an increase in the educational and general cultural level of employees of all levels and categories. The entire personnel composition of enterprises were divided into two large groups: workers engaged in mental labor, and physical labor workers.
The first group included managers, senior specialists, middle-level specialists and auxiliary workers.
Especially high demands are presented to managers. Their direct responsibility is the adoption of production and economic solutions that are often determining the fate of the enterprise. Therefore, for inclusion in this group, specialists with solid production and life experience are taken, perfectly possessing modern methods of organizing production, labor and management capable of ensuring high economic efficiency of decisions made. For this, it is necessary, in addition to technology, technology and economics, a fairly deep knowledge of psychology, sociology, conflictology, computer science, credit and financial policy. Managers should distinguish high intellectual and general culture.
It largely applies to the specialists of the highest and middle link. They do not take cardinal decisions, but it is they who prepare these decisions, comprehensively justifying them by conducting the necessary research, calculations and production experiments.
2. The ratio of the listed categories of workers in the total number of them, expressed as a percentage, is called structure of personnel. Structure of frames can also be determined by age, floor, level of education, experience, skills, qualifications and other features.
In the practice of accounting and personnel planning distinguishes the uncess, list and secondary formulations.
Jaw composition- The minimum required number of workers who should be a job daily to fulfill the task within the time limit.
List composition- All permanent and temporary workers who are listed in the enterprise, both at the moment work and are in regular holidays, business trips that perform government responsibilities that have not appeared to work on illness or other reasons. The list of employees can be installed on a specific date.
Average linedetermined by summing up the list of employees for all calendar days of the period, including weekends and holidays, and dividing the amount received on the full calendar number of days of the period.
Frames of the enterprise are not a constant value: some workers are dismissed, others are accepted. In this regard, determined personnel flow index.
Creating production is always associated with people who work at the enterprise (firm). The correct principles of the organization of production, optimal systems and procedures are played, of course, an important role, but production success depends on specific people, their knowledge, competence, qualifications, disciplines, motivation, the ability to solve problems, training susceptibility.
At the same time, labor relations - hardly the most difficult issue of entrepreneurship, especially when the company's team includes dozens, hundreds and thousands of people. Labor relations covers a wide range of problems related to the organization of the employment process, training and a set of personnel, the choice of the optimal wage system, creating relations between social partnership in the enterprise.
Personnel (labor personnel) of the enterprise - the main composition of the qualified employees of the enterprise, firm, organization.
Usually, the labor staff of the enterprise is divided into production personnel and staff employed in non-production units. Production staff - workers engaged in manufacturing and its service - is the main part of the enterprise's labor resources.
The most numerous and main category of production personnel is workers Enterprises (firms) - persons (employees), directly engaged in the creation of material values \u200b\u200bor work on the provision of production services and the movement of goods. Workers are divided into basic and auxiliary.
TO main workers include workers who directly create commodity (gross) products of enterprises and engaged in the implementation of technological processes, i.e. changes in forms, sizes, positions, conditions, structures, physical, chemical and other properties of labor items.
TO auxiliary It is workers engaged in service equipment and jobs in industrial workshops, as well as all workers auxiliary workshops and farms. Auxiliary workers can be divided into functional groups: transport and loading, control, repair, instrumental, economic, warehouse, etc.
Officers - workers who occupy the positions of managers of different levels at the enterprise (director, master, head of the workshop, main specialists, etc.).
Specialists - Employees with higher or secondary special education, as well as workers who do not have special education, but occupy a certain position (economist, engineer, technologist).
Servants - Employees carrying out the preparation and design of documents, accounting and control, economic service (agent, cashier, clerk, secretary, statistics, etc.).
Junior service personnel - Persons who occupy office posts (wipers, cleaners, etc.), as well as for servicing workers and employees (couriers, crucial, etc.).
The ratio of various categories of workers in their total number characterizes the structure of personnel (personnel) of enterprises, workshops, plot. Structure of frames can also be determined by such signs as age, floor, level of education, work experience, qualification, degree of rules, etc.
The definition of "personnel" is the most appropriate at the level of the organization, as it determines the personnel of the organization that works on hiring and is characterized by certain features.
The main of which is:
Labor relations with the employer are usually drawn up by employment contracts;
Possession of certain qualitative characteristics, a combination of personal and organizational goals.
Hence, staff - The main, permanent staffing of qualified workers, which is formed and varies under the influence of both internal and external factors.
All employees of the enterprise are divided into two groups:
Industrial and production personnel employed by production and its service;
Untiply personnel employed mainly in the social sphere of the enterprise.
Industrial and production personnel are personnel who is busy directly (main employees) or indirectly (managing personnel) by the execution of the functions of an industrial-manufacturing nature of the enterprise. This category is applicable to the designation of employees of the enterprise employed in the industrial production sector.
Industrial and production personnel (PPP) is divided into the following groups:
1. Workers - performing various technological processes;
2. Employees - recycling of various information;
3. Junior service personnel (MOP) - maintaining cleanliness and order in production;
4. Security;
5. Pupils - a reserve of a qualified labor force.
In turn, employees on executable functions are divided into three categories:
1. Managers;
2. Specialists;
3. Technical performers.
Functions of managers - decision making and ensuring their implementation. Functions of specialists (engineers, economists, etc.) are in the preparation of information (design, technological, planned, accounting), on the basis of which managers make decisions. Technical performers provide the necessary conditions for the work of managers and specialists.
Personnel composition or staff of the enterprise and its changes have certain quantitative, qualitative and structural characteristics that can be reflected by absolute and relative indicators:
1. The list and express number of employees of the enterprise and (or) of its internal divisions, individual categories and groups for a specific date;
2. The average number of employees of the enterprise and (or) of its internal divisions for a certain period;
3. The proportion of employees of individual units (groups, categories) in the total number of employees of the enterprise; growth rates (growth) of the number of employees of the enterprise for a certain period;
4. The average discharge of workers' enterprises;
5. The proportion of employees having a higher or secondary special education in the total number of employees and (or) employees of the enterprise;
6. Average work experience in the specialty of managers and specialists of the enterprise;
7. Personnel fluidity on reception and dismissal of workers;
8. Fundsacking of labor workers and (or) workers in the enterprise, etc.
The set of listed and number of other indicators can give an idea of \u200b\u200bthe quantitative, high-quality and structural condition of the staff of the enterprise and the trends of their change in order to improve the efficiency of the use of labor resources.
The quantitative characteristic of the staff of the enterprise, first of all, is measured by such indicators as: list; felting; The average number of employees.
The list of employees of the enterprise is the number of employees of the list of piston composition for a certain number or date, taking into account the workers adopted and retired for this day. List composition Includes:
1. actually working;
2. located in simple and missing for any reason (service business trips, annual additional leaves);
3. Not appearing with the permission of the administration;
4. perform state and public duties;
5. Attracted on agricultural work (if the wages are saved);
6. Not those who were due to illness;
7. Playing on maternity leave;
8. Unpaid additional childcare leave;
9. Pupils of vocational schools located on the balance sheet of the enterprise;
10. Working part-time or week;
11. Opomnomnikov.
The indicator of the list of employees is determined daily according to the data of the tablet.
Skillful numbers - This is the number of employees of the piston composition that appeared to work. The difference between the fiction and list composition characterizes the number of cellular downtime (vacation, disease, business trips, etc.).
To calculate the number of employees for a certain period, the indicator is used medium number. It is used to calculate labor productivity, average wages, turnover coefficients, personnel turnover and a number of other indicators.
Average number The workers in the month are determined by summing up the number of employees of the list of percentage of each calendar day of the month, including festive and weekends, and dividing the amount received on the number of calendar days of the month. The average number of employees for the quarter (year) is determined by summing up the average number of employees for all months of the enterprise in the quarter (year) and dividing the amount obtained by 3 (12).
The qualitative characteristic of the staff of the enterprise is determined by the degree of professional and qualification suitability of its employees to fulfill the goals of the enterprise and their works.
The quality characteristics of the staff of the enterprise to evaluate quite difficult. However, there are currently some circle of parameters that allow you to determine the quality of labor:
1. Economic (difficulty of labor, employee qualifications, sectoral affiliation, working conditions, work experience);
2. Personal (discipline, the presence of skills, conscientiousness, efficiency, creative activity);
3. Organizational and technical (the attractiveness of labor, the saturation of the equipment, the level of technological organization of production, a rational organization of labor);
4. Social and cultural (collectivism, social activity, general cultural and moral development).
The structural characteristics of the personnel of the enterprise is determined by the composition and quantitative ratio of individual categories and groups of employees of the enterprise.
One of the key objectives of the staff of almost all organizations without exception is the direct provision of economic benefits to the enterprise - and production personnel are precisely those employees who directly affect the formation of business incomes. However, this definition is incomplete - in particular, in the matter of one who relates to production personnel, and which professions include it, economic theory and legislation do not give unambiguous answers.
Production staff - what it is
Considering the question of what it is - production personnel, first of all it is necessary to understand the key principles for creating the structure of personnel in the enterprise. Despite the fact that in each organization there may be its own, separate specific personnel structure, the general principles of its creation are the same . In most cases, employees can be divided into two key groups:
- . This category of workers can be attributed both to all executives - and individual divisions, and the top management of enterprises and employees who do not affect the actual formation of the organization's income, but are of great importance for the organization of the organization. For example, employees of accounting or personnel department can be attributed to administrative staff.
- Production personnel - This is a general category, which includes first of all of all specialists and workers who are actual performers whose activities provide the organization of its income or the fulfillment of its basic functions. However, in most cases, production personnel also include serving lower link workers.
It should be noted that in the economic theory there may be other principles for which the separation of employees may be carried out. In particular, a separate unit for administrative personnel, production and service can be assumed. In addition, the deeper structure of the separation of workers may also assume the presence of auxiliary personnel or administrative and technical.
Directly by the provisions of the current labor legislation, the division of employees into production personnel or administrative and administrative is not provided. However, partly employers and employees can rely on the standards of uniform qualification directories - for workers' professions and employees. Which, in turn, share the various positions of workers.
Accordingly, the direct separation of employees to various types of personnel is not mandatory. However, it is appropriate, as it allows the employer to more effectively assess the use of labor resources and their actual ratio. At the same time, the quality of work of the production personnel and its effectiveness can be appreciated relatively easily. The legal basis for this division, the employer may compile himself, fixing the classification of certain positions to the category of enterprise production personnel by drawing up the relevant local regulatory acts of the organization.
Who applies to enterprise production personnel
As many applicants, and employers are interested in what is the production personnel and what professions. Since this concept does not provide a clear legislative division, the views on this issue may differ in various currents of economic theory. However, the partition of production personnel is most often found as follows:
As can be understood from the above list, the production staff does not have to participate in the production process. However, practical participation in it or simply directly bringing the profit to the company by its work and non-exploitation to managerial employees unambiguously can indicate the employee belonging to the manufacturing category of workers.
Objectives of production personnel organizations
A clear definition of the tasks of the organization's production personnel is quite complicated, but the necessary process for each employer. Given the wide number of possible professions related to this category of employees, to identify specific tasks and functions of production personnel are quite difficult. Thus, the only thing that will be a direct execution of solutions to the higher management and working activities in accordance with the rules of the organization's domestic labor regulations or other local regulatory acts regulating labor activities.
Examples of specific tasks of production personnel can be called:
- Customer service and providing them with services. At the same time, the production personnel can take part in various stages of communicating with clients, but the main difference in this area is the direct execution of the tasks, and not the solution of a complete complex of issues related to the search for clientele, the development of an approach to consumers, in contrast to.
- Production. Direct participation in the manufacturing process, at any practical stage is often the main task of workers representing a significant part of the production class.
- Service organization. The fulfillment of its tasks in the framework of the employment contract or other documentation to ensure the effective work of the organization may be the main function of production personnel.
In most cases, the production staff requires appropriate personal qualities inherent in performers. That is - high learning, stress resistance, productivity. Motivation, creativity and desire for the development, development and implementation of innovation is not necessary for employees of this category, while such skills can be defining for administrative and management personnel.
Other features of production personnel
Employers should take into account individual features when regulating the activities of production personnel, as it has sufficiently significant differences from the administrative and managerial in many aspects of labor. In particular, employers need to be carefully familiar with the following features of the work personnel:
