Internal psychological resistance of a person and ways to overcome it. Resistance

Resistance- These are the internal forces of a person who protect the body from any changes and changes in life. Very often there is resistance during psychotherapy, since it is working with a psychotherapist that launches the process of psychological changes in the human body.

Resistance is the repetition of the same protective reactions that a person uses in his daily life.

The main task when the resistance appears is to understand exactly how it is a person resists, what and why.

The usual cause of resistance, as a rule, is an unconscious avoidance of such experiences as anxiety, wine, shame, etc.

So what is the psychological internally resistance of a person?

We all familiarize the situation when we postpone important things for later, when I regret what you have already done, and it often happens so that we stretch the fulfillment of a simple case on the clock, weeks, months, although they could do much faster.

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Resistance

Resistance is mental forces and processes that prevent the patient's free association, its memories, penetration into the depths of the unconscious, the awareness of unconscious ideas and desires, an understanding of the origin of neurotic symptoms, adopting a patient with the analyst of interpretations, to carry out psychoanalytic treatment and healing of the patient.

The idea of \u200b\u200bthe resistance occurred in Freud at an early stage of its therapeutic activity, almost before in 1896 he began to call his method of treating nervous psychoanalysis. So, in writing jointly with the brain, "Studies of Hysteria" (1895), he not only used the concept of "resistance", but also attempted to a meaningful consideration of forces and processes denoted by this term.

In the second chapter "On psychotherapy of the hysteria" of this work, Freud expressed the following considerations: in the process of therapy, the doctor has to "overcome the resistance" of the patient; He must overcome the "mental strength" of the patient, resisting memoirs and awareness of pathogenic ideas; This is the same mental force that contributed to the emergence. hysterical symptoms; It represents a "refueling from I", "rebuff" of unbearable ideas, painful and unsuitable for calling the affects of shame, reproach, mental pain, feeling of inflammation; Therapy implies serious work as I return to my intentions and continues my resistance; The patient does not want to recognize the motives of its resistance, but can give them backs; It clearly can't do any resistance at all; Doctor must remember various formsin which this resistance is manifested; Excessively long resistance is manifested in the fact that the patient does not arise free associations, there are no rays, arising in the memory of the picture turn out to be incomplete and inaccurate; mental resistance, especially created for a long timemay be overcome only slowly and gradually; For overcoming resistance, intelligent motifs are needed and an affective moment is important - the identity of the doctor.

Freud expressed by Freud's resistance considerations received their further development in many of his subsequent work. So, in the "interpretation of dreams" (1900), he expressed a number of ideas about resistance: at night the resistance loses part of his strength, but not eliminated entirely, and participates in the formation of a distorted dream; The dream is formed due to the weakening of the resistance; Weakening and bypassing resistance are possible due to the state of sleep; being between consciousness and unconscious and the censorship acting in the psyche is due to resistance; It is the "main culprit" forgetting a dream or his separate parts; If the dream cannot be interpreted at the moment, then it is better to postpone this work until the resistance has been overcome, which presented at that time inhibiting action.

In the article "On Psychotherapy" (1905), Freud explained why he refused the technique of suggestion and from hypnosis a few years ago. Along with other reasons, he put them in the reproach that they close from the doctor an understanding of the game of mental forces, in particular, do not show him resistance, with which patients retain their illness, oppose recovery. The rejection of the technique of suggestion and hypnosis led to the emergence of psychoanalysis, focused on identifying the unconscious, accompanied by constant resistance of the patient. Given the latter circumstance, in psychoanalytic treatment you can see a kind of "re-education to overcome internal resistances".

In the work "On Psychoanalysis" (1910), which was five lectures read at Clark University (USA) in 1909, Freud stressed that the patient's resistance is the force that supports a painful state, and that in this idea he built his understanding mental processes With hysteria. At the same time, he made a refinement of a terminological nature. For the forces that impede the forgotten becoming conscious, the name "Resistance" has been preserved. The process leading to the fact that the same forces contributed to the forgetting and elimination of the corresponding pathogenic ideas from the consciousness, he called the displacement and considered it as proven due to the indisputable existence of resistance. After conducting these differences and using examples taken from clinical practice and everyday life, he showed the specifics of displacement and resistance, as well as relations between them.

In the work "On" Wild Psychoanalysis "(1910), Freud pointed out technical errors of some doctors and on those changes that was undergoing psychoanalysis. Previously divided by the point of view, according to which the patient suffers from a special kind of ignorance and recovers, if eliminating this ignorance, turned out to be superficial. As the practice of psychoanalysis showed, not this ignorance is a pathogenic moment, and the reasons for this ignorance, karing internal resistanceswho caused this ignorance. Therefore, the problem of therapy is overcoming these resistance. The change in the technique of psychoanalysis consisted in the fact that to overcome the resistance it was necessary to fulfill two conditions. First, thanks to the appropriate training, the patient himself must approach the material provided to them. Secondly, he must be transferred to the doctor that his feelings will make it impossible to be a new flight into the disease. Only when performing these conditions, the resistance recognition and mastering them becomes real. Freud "Memory, Repeat and Processing" (1914) contained ideas relating to clarifying changes in psychoanalysis. It was about the fact that the autopsy by the doctor of resistance and the patient's instructions can often lead to the opposite result. That is, not to weaken, but to strengthen resistance. But this should not be confused by a doctor, because for the opening of the resistance does not follow the automatic termination of it. An analyst should not hurry, he needs to learn to wait inevitable, not always allowing the acceleration of treatment. In short, the processing of resistance becomes in practice a painful task for the doctor analyzed and testing. But it is precisely this part of the work, according to Freud, the largest varying effect on the patient. In the work "On the dynamics of the transfer" (1912), the founder of psychoanalysis considered the question of why in the process of analysis arises in the form of "strongest resistance". Discussion of this issue led it to the following conclusions: Resistance at every step accompanies treatment; every thought, each act of the patient has to be considered resistances; The idea of \u200b\u200btransfer answers the idea of \u200b\u200bresistance; Transfer intensity is "action and expression"; After the transfer resistance is overcome, the resistance of other parts of the complex is not particularly difficult.

In "Lectures for the introduction of psychoanalysis" (1916-1917), Freud stressed that the resistance of patients is extremely diverse, it is often difficult to recognize, constantly change the forms of their manifestation. In the process of analytical therapy, resistance acts primarily against the basic technical rule of free association, then takes the form of intellectual resistance and finally develops into the transfer. Overcoming these resisters is a significant achievement of the analysis. In general, the Presentation of Freud on the resistance of neurotes to the elimination of their symptoms was based on a dynamic view of neurotic diseases. In this regard, "Lectures on the introduction of psychoanalysis" deserve special attention. For the first time, the question of narcissistic neuroses was raised, in which, according to the founder of psychoanalysis, "Resistance insurmountable". It followed that the narcissistic neurosis "hardly permeable" for previously used psychoanalytic equipment and, thus, technical methods must be replaced by others. In a word, an understanding of the difficulties of overcoming resistance in narcissistic neurosis opened a new direction of research related to psychoanalytic therapy of such diseases. In addition, in "Lectures for Introduction to Psychoanalysis" it was shown that the forces underlying the resistance of patients with psychoanalytic treatment are rooted not only in antipathies I have to certain limitations of libido, but also in attachment or "lifting libido" previously elected objects. In the work "inhibition, symptom and fear" (1926), Freud expanded its understanding of resistance. If, at the beginning of his therapeutic activity, he believed that in the analysis it is necessary to overcome emanating from me from the patient resistance, then as psychoanalysis practices develop it became obvious that after elimination of resistance, I have to overcome the power of obsessive repetition, which is essentially nothing as the resistance of the unconscious. Further deepening in the nature of the resistance led Freud to the need for their classification. In any case, he allocated five types of resistances emanating from me, it is super. From I proceed three types of resistance expressed in the form of displacement, transfer and benefits from the disease. It is from it - the fourth view of the resistance associated with obsessive repetitions and requires a thorough study to eliminate it. Of the top-me - the fifth resistance caused by the consciousness of guilt, a sense of guilt or the need for punishment and opposing all success, including recovery by analyzing.

Another step in a substantial understanding of the resistance was made Freud in the work "Finite and Infinite Analysis" (1937), where he expressed the idea that during treatment in the form of "resistance to healing", protective mechanisms were repeated by protective mechanisms, built against previous dangers. From this there was a need for a study of protective mechanisms, since it turned out that there is a "resistance to the disclosure". It was about the expression of Freud, about the resistances not only to the awareness of the contents, but also analysis in general and, therefore, cure. Discussing this issue, he also expressed the idea that I can be felt as resistances I can be as conditioned by heredity and acquired in protective struggle. Thus, the resistance correlated to them with the "lobidity of libido", and with mental inertia, and with a negative therapeutic reaction, and with destructive deposit, which is the attraction of living matter to death. In addition, he believed that men had resistance to a passive or feminine attitude towards other men, and in women - resistance associated with envy to Penis. In a word, one of the strongest resistances is detected from the persistent supercompensation of a man; While from the desire of a woman to have penis, the attacks of severe depression, accompanied by the conviction that analytical treatment is useless.

In the "sketch of psychoanalysis" (1940), published after Freud's death, it was emphasized that overcoming resistance is the part of the analytical therapy, which requires the greatest time and effort and which is worth it, because it leads to a predominant favored change of Ya. The founder of psychoanalysis once again drew attention to the sources of resistance, including the need to "be patient and suffering." One of the resistances emanating from the above-I and caused by the feeling or consciousness of guilt does not interfere with intellectual work, but prevents its effectiveness. Another resistance, manifested in neurotics, in which the instinct of self-preservation changed its focus on the opposite, leads to the fact that patients are not able to accept recovery with the help of psychoanalytic treatment and struggle to oppose him.

In a number of their works, including "about psychoanalysis" (1910), "Psychoanalyz resistance" (1925), Freud used the psychoanalytic concept of resistance mechanisms not only when considering neurotic diseases and difficulties of their treatment, but also when explaining why some people do not share Psychoanalytic ideas and protrude with the criticism of psychoanalysis. Resistance to psychoanalysis was regarded from the point of view of manifestation of human reactions caused by him hidden, depressed desires associated with the rejection of open psychoanalytic theory and the practice of unconscious sexual and aggressive impulses. In all sorting of a person's psychoanalysis, there are displaced, while psychoanalysis seeks to translate outstanding into the unconscious material consciousness. Consequently, as Freud noticed, there is nothing surprising that psychoanalysis should cause such resistance from such people as neurotics arises.

Expressed Freud ideas about resistance received their further development in studies of a number of psychoanalysts. So, V. Raych in the article "To the technique of interpretation and analysis of resistances" (1927), which is a report at a seminar on analytical therapy, read by him in Vienna in 1926, not only paid considerable attention to resistance issues, but also expressed a number of original considerations. on this occasion. These considerations, subsequently reproduced in the work of "Characterities" (1933), were reduced to the following: each resistance has a historical meaning (origin) and the current value; Resistance is nothing more than some of the neurosis; Analytical material, allowing to judge the resistance, are not only dreams, erroneous actions, fantasies and patient messages, but also its manner of expression, look, speech, facial expressions, clothes and other attributes included in his behavior; In the process of analysis, it is necessary to adhere to the principle according to which "no interpretation of meaning, if you need to interpret resistance"; Resistance also can not be interpreted before they fully turn out and in the most important thing will not be understood by the analyst; The analytics experience depends on whether it will be able to recognize and identify "latent resistance"; "Latent resistance" is a manner of patient's behavior, which is not directly detected (in the form of doubt, distrust, silence, stubbornness, lack of thoughts and fantasies, late rooms), and indirectly, in the form of analytical achievements, let's say in the overall or absence of explicit resistances; In analytical work there is a special role playing technical problem latent negative transfer protruding as resistance; The separation of the first resistance of the transfer is due to the individual fate of infantile love; At first, the patient needs to explain that he has resistance, then - with what means they use and finally - against which they are directed.

Protection in psychoanalysis is a combination of conscious or unconscious actions aimed at reducing or eliminating any change, threatening integrity and sustainability of a biopsychological individual. Since this stability is embodied in me, which in every way to preserve it, can be considered a bet and the acting person in these processes.

In general, we are talking about protection against internal excitement (deposits, usually sexual, destructive, egoistic), and especially from ideas (memories, fantasies) involved in this impulse, as well as protection against situations that generate such an initiation that violates the spiritual equilibrium and Therefore, it is unpleasant for me. It is also implied to protect against unpleasant affects, acting while reasons or signals to protection.

The concept of "protection" was used by Z. Freud when attempts to psychological explanation of hysteria, phobias, obsessive representations and hallucinatory psychosis. According to his assumptions, protection is directed against the submission unbearable for a person with the aim of weakening it by separating the affect and removal of this affect of the psyche into somatic. The displaced affect has the ability to return from the somatic region to the initial representation, which may produce a hysterical seizure. If the unbearable, painful idea has a close relationship with reality, then protection from it can lead to a hallucinatory psychosis, as a refusal of reality.

Expressed Z. Freud in different time Ideas about protection I served as a starting point for those psychoanalysts, who paid attention to their therapeutic and research activities by Protective Mechanisms I.

How many security mechanisms has a person?

There is still no unambiguous response to this question, since among the authors of various psychological areas of unity does not exist. For example, in the original monograph, Anna Freud describes 15 protection mechanisms. Champant, the author of the textbook on pathopsychology, offers a list of 17 protective mechanisms. In the Russian Psychiatry Directory, published by the American Psychiatric Association in 1975, 23 protection mechanisms are listed. In the Psychological Protection Dictionary of Weillent, they are 18. And this list can continue and continue. In general, objective discrepancies in determining any scientific concept are related to the fact that the content of a matter of a large thing depends on the direction of the scientific school in which the researcher works.

Therefore, here, as in the Basna at the Krylov:

When there is no agreement in comrades,

On the way, their business will not go,

And it does not come out of it, only flour.

The same and with the degree of ratio of psychological protection with each other (each offers its own), and even with their clear definitions.

Psychological protection

Of all the above, it becomes clear that the person decided to write on the topic of psychological protection will certainly find himself before difficulty and at the crossroads "material Pond - Prudi, but what is the preference? .." After all, even the writing of the definition is questioned (only in domestic sources V.I. . Zhurbin is allocated more than a dozen of its options).

Nevertheless, I did not think about it for a long time and turned my attention to the book called "Directory practical psychologist"I.G. Malkina-puff. To this, I enhanced some materials from the Internet and this material I propose to your attention.

Psychological protection is a special regulatory personality stabilization system aimed at eliminating or minimizing the feeling of anxiety associated with the awareness of the conflict.

Or so (it sounds easier for understanding):

Protective mechanisms are methods of organizing temporary soul equilibriumnecessary to combat the difficulties of life.

Everyone has its own individual set of "favorite" psychological protection.

And here there are at least four factors affecting our preference in their choice. Here they are:

1. Temperament,

2. The nature of stresses survived in early childhood,

3. Samples of psychological protection of parents or other significant figures,

4. An experienced way from the experienced consequences of the use of certain psychological protection.

There is no generally accepted classification of psychological protection. Here, as in all other issues, with respect to this topic, solid disagreements. But if you contact modern psychological literature, you can find the following divisions:

1. Primary and secondary,

2. Primitive and developed,

3. Less conscious and more conscious,

4. Adaptive and non-adaptive.

resistance Psychological Protection Psychoanalysis Freud

Primary psychological protection

Primary psychological protection is the psychological protection of immature, primitive, the defense of "lower order", dealing with the border between his own "I" and the outside world. To have the right to be called primary psychological protection, protection must certainly have two qualities associated with a credit (losing) stage of development:

1. Insufficient communication with the principle of reality,

2. Insufficient consideration of the separation and constancy of objects outside their own "I".

The primary psychological protection includes:

1. Primitive isolation (sometimes simply insulation),

2. denial

3. Almighty control,

4. Primitive idealization and depreciation,

5. Projective and intractive identification.

Bibliography

Zhmurov V.A. Big Encyclopedia on psychiatry, 2nd ed., 2012

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It is in such a way that, by overcoming the resistance of the psyche, the individual is able to move to another (next) level of own perception of life, which means to rise to the next step in the social staircase.

It becomes possible like this as follows. It is known that the Individual's psyche is divided into three important components: consciousness, subconscious (unconscious), and so-called. Censorship psyche. The latter assigned the role of critical analysis in an assessment of information received from the outside world. Part of such information censorship is passing into consciousness (and therefore the individual is able to realize this information), and part - pumped into obstacles with the psyche, above-I (alter-ego, censorship of the psyche), goes into the subconscious. In order to continue to influence the deeds of the individual by the implementation of arising thoughts, i.e. Otherwise, again, such information is in consciousness, which means it is aware of the individual.

At the same time, attention should be paid to the existence of a particularly kind of mechanisms known under the protection of the psyche. One of the protection is resistance.

Without going into the specifics of resistance, in detail in the last century in the last century by scientists working in the course of psychoanalysis, consider resistance - in the concept of life growth of the individual, to increase its social status, its intellectual abilities, life adaptation, and so on.

First of all, in this case, it is necessary to allocate the role of resistance just in the direction of increasing the overcoming of the psyche for the development of new information. At the same time, it is not about any new information on any new information, but about the information that causes a "protest" in the psyche, as encountering the criticalness barrier and, in other cases, initiating it.

This becomes possible in cases where the nature of the new information, its meaning part, does not find a response in the soul of the individual, that is, at the initial level, its perception becomes impossible to correlate this information - with information already existing early in the unconscious individual, information that is In the memory of the individual, it begins to explicitly oppose the receipt of new information.

Especially strongly manifests such a kind of resistance if or coincides with the overall information and target orientation of the previous information, or if the new information is generally something new, perhaps even in some extent that first presented in the psyche of such an individual, which means In assessing such information, the individual - unconsciously - will not refer only to general view About one or another issue (question), which is known to have almost every individual in the soul, and characterizes the life experience of the individual, the volume of knowledge, etc., that is, all that defines an adult socially adapted member of society.

At the same time, it is necessary to note that the information obtained from the outside world (through any types of contacts: interpersonal, with the help of mass media, so on.) Not all and does not completely find a response in the soul of the individual. First of all, the influence of that information that seems to have come to a special wave, which is configured at the time of receiving such information a psyche of the individual. At the same time, here we must speak and that in the next moment The same information may already not be perceived so. Even in general, invisible barriers can stand on her way, so-called. Criticality, which are the result of the censorship of the psyche. But if we considering the previous point say that some kind of miraculous way information affecting the psyche of the individual turned out to be involved in the "here and now" mode if this information was not like another (or most of another) displaced in the subconscious, and almost unhindered, or, for example, without losing its main essence, after which, in the subsequent, it is possible to restore its components, collecting a single whole, so if we say that such information has now penetrated consciousness, immediately penetrated into Consciousness, then we should recognize that this is also quite possible. And this happens as a result of the fact that a part of such information (apparently its avant-garde) not only entered into his codes (any information, as you know, can also be presented in the system of codes) in the corneal with the information already available in the Individual Psycho, but also in The result of such censorship of the psyche for a while weakened and opened (metaphorically expressing - the psyche opened the barrier on the way of receipt of new information). And therefore, the information of another kind, supplied, for example, with information that penetrated through the coincidence of codes, can also make it possible to penetrate. Is that already in this case, we could notice that such information (information that penetrates the consciousness is fraudulently) will not stay long in it, and it will also be supplanted in the subconscious. But if, as a result of censorship activities (in the case of attempting information from the outside world), information goes to the subconscious from the outside world, then in this case, this kind of information is supplanted from consciousness. Although in that and in another case it turns out to be in the subconscious, or unconscious psyche.

If you return to the question of receipt of information, which, through the unconscious selection of codes, turned out to be in demand in consciousness, then in this case it is also necessary to keep in mind that such that a similar mechanism of the psyche, which is capable of missing, almost bypassing censorship, some information, well known to those specialists on manipulating the psyche. And somewhat received negative aspect The word "manipulation", as we have already noticed early, can be replaced as if the neutral word "management". Management, or even more accurate - programming of the psyche. At the same time, as if of the most intelligent doubt, the fact that after the permutation of words is not changing the semantic effects. In addition, we can say that the word "management" does not cause such strong provoking of the psyche, explosion of emotions, and so on. psyche barriers, which, depending on the circumstances, can carry both positive and negative aspects as a result of voicing the word "manipulation", which have a certain way already use (activating or lifting, depending on the direction of impact), one or another reservoir of the unconscious psyche, in The depths of which (unconscious) are taking such deposits at least invaluable material that one who knows how to extract from the subconscious at least a negligible part of the information hidden there is capable of significantly ahead of other individuals in information power. After all, it becomes very important in this case such a feature of the psyche (brain) that any information is important not only to get from the outside world, but also remember. Moreover, both the process is so and the result of the memorization is simply tested, and as one of the options - concludes such a component of the psyche of the individual as a memory. Memory In this case, this consciousness, but as the time of staying information in the psyche and the process of extracting information from memory is an indicator of the residence of information in consciousness. The recovery process is similar in this case with the process of extraction of information from the subconscious, and to enter such information into consciousness. Despite the rather limited amount of consciousness (in comparison with the subconscious), without, actually, consciousness - it would be very difficult to realize the real state of affairs. Because if the individual would be in an unconscious state all the time, it would mean the beginning of the great troubles, because the reality in the category "here and now" would not be tested, and therefore the primary instincts would take the primary instincts, the desires of the savage - kill, eat, rape. And they would have been universally implemented. What would lead to the actual destruction of culture. General degradation, if approaching the knowledge of those models that exist now.

What way to the psyche from the outside world information finds a response in the shower of the individual? Apparently, if you distract from our metaphorical concept of "waves" in the correlation of information of the external world and what is hidden in the subconscious (this can really be compared with the setting on the desired wave, following the example of radio waves, for example), most likely we should say that we should say that We have a kind of coincidence of the coding of new information with information that early has already been in the unconscious psyche. Apparently, in this case, the patterns of behaviors based in the subconscious are activated; As a result, the new information, almost bypassing the censorship of the psyche (which retreats, recognizing his after receipt of certain "password-response"), it falls immediately into consciousness, which means that there is a direct impact on the actions of the individual. At the same time, even if for some reason, such information (or part of it) will be supplanted to the subconscious, most likely, it or will not penetrate further than the assignution (there is also such a structure of the psyche, meaning by the metaphorical expression of Freud in the hallway, that is, something between entrance door (censorship psyche), and living room (consciousness), or - it turns out to be unconscious, but with some positive note. That is, as a result, the information already located in the subconsciousness early will enrich another charge of similar directivity (encoding), will increase, and therefore it can be said (immediately or after some time) on the formation of pattern patterns that in turn and affect the appearance The individual has certain thoughts, and as a result - the relevant actions (actions - as a result of thoughts-desires). Those. In this case, we can well talk about the modeling of the behavior of the individual in particular, and if you look at a more expanded aspect (with an emphasis on the laws of mass behavior) - modeling behavior of the masses.

Answering the question how, such or other information is supplanted by a censorship of the psyche, going to the subconscious, we assume that such information did not receive due "response" in the soul of an individual evaluating such information. After all, it is known that almost any information from the outside world is evaluated by the "host" psyche. And already depends on this, the information of the orientation of the Individual psyche will miss into consciousness and immediately start working with such information, and some information is displaced. How to pay attention to prof. Freud, displacing any painful indemnity for the situation, the circumstances of life, i.e. All that he unconsciously does not want to pass into consciousness. In this case, it is appropriate to also say that as a result of this, a kind of psyche resistance is included, as a result of which the undesirable moments of life are forgotten, that is, deliberately displacing. Or, for example, on the path of information, seeking to penetrate the consciousness, it is worth the censorship of the psyche, which owns various ways to protect, one of which is resistance, and as a result of the work of resistance - displacement. And all this (and resistance and displacement) There is also nothing but the possibility of the psyche to get rid of neurosis, because any unwanted information flows are able to lead to the emergence of neurosis symptoms, and as a result - a disease of the psyche, disorders psyche. "... a prerequisite for the existence of a symptom," wrote prof. Z. Freud, - is that some mental process did not occur to the end normal, so he could not become conscious. The symptom is a deputy that which was not realized ... Strong resistance should have headed against ... The mental process is penetrating into consciousness; Therefore, he remained unconscious. As an unconscious, he has the ability to form a symptom. ... The pathogenic process, manifested in the form of resistance, deserves the name of the displacement. "

Thus, we, as it were, the appearance of a displacement by resistance to the censorship of the psyche, opposing the unwanted, painful for the psyche of the information transferred to consciousness, and therefore subjugate the thoughts, desires, and actions of the individual. While the fact that after once, at least the minimum time, the same pathogenic microbes settled in the unconscious psyche will begin to wander in the search for supporters, and finding the latter will still be able to break through the defense and be conscious, about this is a psyche, initiating obstacles on the way Information flows from the outside world, as if not thinking. How all those who mistakenly believe that nothing except besides consciousness, denying the subconscious, and thus falling on with their actions under the systematics of the protection mechanisms described at one time by the Freud family (dad and daughter Anna, Professor psychology), and continued in the development of other psychoanalyst scientists, in their studies of the depths of the psyche.

Before considering the role of resistance in the life of the individual, we note that prof. R. Grinson distinguished psychoanalysis from all other psychotherapeutic techniques just on the fact of consideration of the question of resistance. According to prof. R. Grinson, resistance can be conscious, preliminary, subconscious, can be expressed in the form of emotions, thoughts, ideas, installations, fantasies, and so on. In addition, as R. Grinson draws, one of their forms of resistance is silence. "Silence is the most transparent and frequent form of resistance, found in psychoanalytic practice, writes prof. R. Grinson. - This means that the patient is consciously or unconsciously not located to inform his thoughts or senses to analyst. ... Our task is to analyze the causes of silence. ... Sometimes, despite silence, the patient may unwittingly uncover the motive or the content of silence with its position, movements or expression. "

Making a little retreat, we would like to pay attention to the methodology of applied psychoanalysis, which is in our opinion of one of their most effective mental control systems and masses; True, our use of such a technique is supported (enriched) and some other approaches in the impact on the psyche, which in our opinion are also effective. We must also talk about a number of differences between classical psychoanalysis in the so-called. a healing aspect, and applied psychoanalysis, where the theories of exposure to consciousness-subconsciousness are not developed for the psychotherapeutic effect (in terms of treating a specific individual or group of patients), but in order to manage man, modeling his thoughts, desires, actions, and so on., and It is applicable to both a separate individual in particular and to society as a whole. In this case, we can already talk about the art of managing the masses. On preliminary modeling of behavior of masses by programming their psyche to perform the necessary installations. Those who give such installations are called manipulators. But they, as we have already paid attention, can be called and managers, managers, anyone, if approaching a similar question in the context of management, the authorities of some people over others. And in this, in our opinion, an important feature is generally an approach to the possibility of managing the psyche. Yes, it is justified, especially considering the fact that the enemy does not sleep, developing more and more new ways to manipulate the mass mental consciousness and opening new methods of influence on the subconsciousness in order to manipulate the individual of the individual. Therefore, the one who will not only be able to identify enemy embodiments, but will be able to defeat the enemy by the same methods, at best, forcing himself, and at a minimum, to avoid his psychological attacks.

Returning to the question of resistance, attention should be paid to the fact that the psyche almost always rolls the protest to the whole new, unknown. And it happens because, as if initially (upon receipt of new information), individual components of such information are looking for some kind of related ties, that is, something similar, for which it would be possible to cling to. That is, when the new information begins to be measured by the brain, he is looking for something familiar in this information, through which it would be possible to gain. When the codes of new information, and the information already existing in the unconscious psyche of the individual coincide, in this case a certain associative relationship between the new and existing information becomes possible, which means that the receded contact is being established, as a result of which the new information is to lie down on fertile soil, and having under it some reason - it is the possibility of adapting information to the new, enriching it with existing information, and by some transformation (without this, the memory of a person can not be not updated) a certain new information is born, which is already conscious, and therefore through the arising In the unconscious psyche of thoughts - is projected into deeds, which are in most cases (if there is no ICH) consequence of the activities of consciousness, nevertheless take their foundation in the unconscious psyche, it is there that is born (forming). At the same time, we must say that resistance, it is the resistance that allows us to identify the unconscious impulses of the individual, its unconscious desires, installations that were early (someone: another individual, society, the environment, so on.) Included in the psyche of such an individual, and Otherwise, influence the current or future activities of the individual. You can even say that the individual programming occurs in part and by introducing into its subconscious of various installations, which later can be in demand by the manipulator (and then it activates them through the code signals of an audio-visual-kintest nature); Moreover, the role of such a manipulator can play both specific individuals and society, social environment, any natural factors, etc. In this way, we must say that any kind of information that is involved in any representative or warning system of a person - or simply (and immediately) is postponed in an unconscious psyche, or confirmation of the existing early information, thereby enriched due to this, and intensifying - It turns out that the individual considered by us is capable of influencing the vital activity.

Professor R. Grinson, considering the role of resistance, paid attention that resistance can be explicit or not explicit, but it almost always exists, and manifests itself in different ways. For example, when receiving any information, a person may externally not to show any emotions, but already in this one can see the resistance, because, according to R. Grinson, the absence of affect is observed just when the actions that "should Being extremely loaded emotions. " But with this man's comments "dry, boring, monotonous and inexpressive." Thus, we have an erroneous idea of \u200b\u200bus that the person himself is not interesting, and the received information does not touch him. Just no, he is actively experiencing, for example, but seeks not to show his attitude to one or another situation just by the unconscious inclusion of resistance. "In general, the inconsistency of the affect is the most bright sign Resistance, - notes prof. R. Grinson.-Statements of the patient seem strange when the content of the statement and emotion do not correspond to each other. "

In addition, prof. R. Grinson draws attention to postures that can serve as a faithful non-verbal sign of resistance. "When the patient is Rigiden, Mustly, curled into the ball, as if protecting herself, it may indicate protection. In addition, any poses that are accepted by the patient and do not change sometimes during the session and from the session to the session, are always a sign of resistance. If the patient is relatively free from resistance, its posture is somehow varied during the session. Excessive mobility also shows that something discharged in motion, not in words. The contradiction between the pose and verbal content is also a sign of resistance. A patient who tells calmly about a kind of event, and he himself is wringing and wriggled, only part of the story tells. His movements retell another part of it. Compressed fists, hands, tight-crossed on the chest, the ankles pressed against each other, testify to drag ... yawning during the session - a sign of resistance. The way the patient is included in the office, avoiding an eye analyst or a small conversation, which does not continue on the couch, or how he leaves without looking at the analytics - all these are indicators of resistance. "

Also, R. Grinson pointed to resistance, if a person always tells something in consistently about the present, without immersion in the past, or about the past, without retelling to the present. "Attachment to a specific time period is an avoidance, similar rigidity, fixedness of emotional tone, poses, etc." .

The fact that a person telling something, speaks of superficial and unavailable events, indicates the resistance, as if unconsciously avoiding what it may be really important for him. "When there is a repetition of content without its development or affect, or without deepening understanding, we are forced to assume that there is some resistance. If the story about the trifles does not seem to be superfluous, we are dealing with "runaway." The absence of introspection and completeness of thought is an indicator of resistance. In general, verbalization, which may be abundant, but does not lead to new memories or new insights, or a larger emotional awareness is an indicator of protective behavior. "

The avoidance of this person is also considered to be resistant to the resistance - topics. Or a story with common phrases about what actually caused a storm of emotions in the soul of this individual. In addition, in resistance should guess any unconscious unwillingness to change any established order in conducting conversations, meetings, forms of communication, and so on. .

At the same time, we can talk about the fact that the implementation of the same type and established actions is incl. And one of their forms of protection against neurotic dependence. At one time prof. O.Phenyhel paid attention to that in all psychoneurosis control from the ego is weakened, but with ORSEs and compulsions of the Ego continues to manage the motor sphere, but it does not fully rule in it completely, and only in accordance with the circumstances. In this case, an obvious transition of any phobia to the obsession may be observed. "At first, a certain situation is avoided, then to ensure the necessary avoidance, attention is constantly strained. Later, this attention acquires obsessive character or develops another "positive" obsessive installation, so incompatible with the initially frightening situation that its avoidance is guaranteed. Taba touch is replaced by rituals of touch, pollution fears - washing compulsions; Social fears - social rituals, fears of falling asleep - the ceremonies of preparation to sleep, inhibition of walking - manner walking, animal phobias - compells during animals. "

"Using clichés, technical terms or sterile language", which indicates that such a person, with the aim of avoiding personal self-discharge, avoids the imagery of his speech, is also an indicator of resistance to R. Grinson. For example, he says "I experienced hostility", whereas, in fact, he was treated, thereby "avoids the image and feeling of revenge, preferring to him the sterility" hostility ".

"I concluded from my clinical experience with patients in such situations," writes prof. R. Grinson - that "in fact" and "honestly" usually mean that the patient feels his ambivalence, aware of the inconsistency of his feelings. He wants , to what he said was the whole truth. "I really think so" means that he really wants to think so. "I sincerely sorry" means that he would like to sincerely regret, but he also realizes the presence of opposing feelings. "I think I was angry" means: I am sure that I was angry, but reluctantly admit it. "I do not know where to start" means: I know where to start, but I hesitate, whether to start like that. The patient who speaks analyst several times: "I am sure that you really remember my sister ...", "usually means: I'm not at all sure, Dick, do you really remember her, so I remind you of it. All this is quite difficult, but usually repetitions show the presence of resistance and should be seen as such. The most frequently repeated clichés are manifestations of character resistance and it is difficult to cope with them before the analysis does not work in full. Isolated cliché can be easily accessible and at an early stage of analysis. "

To the various kinds of resistance manifestations should also be delated, missing, forgetting, boredom, charging (may manifest itself in the fact that a person tells various people about the same facts; in this case, by the way, the unconscious testimony - confirmation of the importance of such information For a person), deliberate greeliness or sadness. "... A huge enthusiasm or a long elevated mood show that there is something that is distracted - usually something opposite nature, some form of depression."

Speaking of resistance, we must talk about what if we manage to break like this protective reaction The psyche on the way of receiving new information, in this case, by the weakening of the censorship of the psyche, we will succeed in achieving the effect of incomparably more than if the new information, through associative connections and the emergence of empathic attachment, passed through the psyche barrier and would remain in consciousness. And the greater effect is achieved just due to the fact that the psyche, as if wishing to "justify" for the former inaccessibility, almost as much as possible on the way of new information. Moreover, such information can fill in the depths of the psyche and proceed (later) to the consciousness of at least two directions. In the first, it can - even turning out to be initially unconscious - to create the sustainable formations there, which in the subsequent can be relying if it wishes to take power into their hands during the interrogation of information stored in the unconscious, consciousness. Such a period may be depending on time or short-term and saturated; Or noticeably distributed over time, and how to prepare for the performance, i.e. To the transition of information from the unconscious into consciousness. Whereas in the second version, we can say that for a while such information (newly received information) will be not only not active, but it will assume that it faced exclusively in the depths of the psyche, of which it is not so It will be easy and removed when it comes to the time. Moreover, such a time (such suspicion may occur) may not come.

In fact, it is not. And it is in the second case, more often than in the first, we are witnessing that such information, information, early in the subconscious, is activated so a strong way that it will literally pull over and other information stored in the unconscious, if only find in this information is some kind of similarity. Moreover, the newly formed flow of such information, information to some extent that does not have a particular historical unconscious experience of a specific individual, not only fill out the emptiness formed, but also explicitly leads to the fact that it will pull the whole stream For a long time, almost any other information can be subordinate to his perception, which will come to the psyche after, and thus it turns out that in its effectiveness is significantly higher. Moreover, in our opinion, in our opinion, closely comes into contact with the specifics of upbringing and learning. For if it is thus able to break the resistance of another individual on the way of receiving them new information, it is likely that such information is not only postponed to the subconscious, but the individual will be able to perceive it with a cognitive (conscious) manner. Moreover, we repeat once again that according to your own impact on the psyche of the individual, such information may have an incomparably greater impact in comparison with the modality of existing early information in the psyche. Yes, if modality coincides, then in this case it is easier for the state of the rapport, i.e. A reliable connection is established, whereby one individual (or group) becomes susceptible to adopting information from another individual (group). The state of the rapport is also very effective in manipulative effects, i.e. When managing one person - the psyche of the other. It is necessary for such an impact, for its effectiveness, to find something in the information that will find confirmation with information already existing in the psyche. "... in the human brain, - wrote Academician V.M. Candy, referring to the teaching of the Russian hypnotist A.M. Svyodyos, - ... The processes of probabilistic prediction processes, accompanied by the verification processes of all received information, i.e. There is an unconscious definition of its authenticity and significance. " In this connection, if you need to inspire something to another person, it is necessary to ensure "the introduction of information taken by a person without a critical assessment and affecting neuropsychic processes." At the same time, as noticeed by the candy, "not every information has an irresistible inspiring. Depending on the forms of filing, the source of the receipt and individual characteristics of the personality, the same information can have or not to have a suggestion impact on the person. "

The state of the rapport is generally considered to be invaluable in the use of all the possibilities of trance exposure. We do not need to immerse the object in sleep state. More precisely, it flows into sleep, but it will be so-called. a dream in reality. And just a similar condition, in our opinion, turns out to be the most effective and unusually effective in realizing the possibilities of information and psychological impact on the individual, on the object, with the aim of suggesting the latter the fulfillment of certain actions necessary for us.

Returning to the topic of resistance, we highlight the important function of such a protective reaction of the psyche. And then we note that overcoming resistance, we are most amazingly opening our psyche for the perception of new information. Moreover, a high probability of obtaining generally radically new information. After all, if earlier, as we said, some information was already present in memory, then when receiving new information censorship, the psyche unconsciously seeks confirmation of the newly received information in memory stores. Probably the psyche in this case should respond in a certain way, and it reacts. Visually, this is noticeable of external changes taking place with a person in the parallel "here and now" (redness or pale skin of the face, expanded pupils, options for catalepsy (body obsections), etc.). At the same time, such changes may occur and is not necessarily so noticeable, but still traveled to an experienced observer. Similar changes indicate an occurrence, about the possibility, rapport (informational contact) with the object of manipulation. And the likelihood that in such a state the object will make information submitted to him without bills - reaches a hundred percent. Another question is that individuals are possible that it is impossible to enter into a regiport state in the transcription "here and now", but similar, for example, it is possible to do later. All the same, each has a state when it is as much as possible to information and psychological effects, to manipulating his psyche, the invasion of his psyche and the management of the psyche of this person. Moreover, to the end, trace the choice of a suitable moment is also possible, but for this you need to have experience, knowledge, and predisposition to this kind of realization of the possibilities. Those. Though relative, but abilities, and even better - talent. In this case, the probability of achieving programming results is significantly increased.

But back to the resistance. So, as a result of the fact that the barrier of criticality is broken, the psyche begins to perceive new information with an unprecedented force. Such information is postponed to the subconscious, and is reflected in the assigniousness and consciousness. That is, in this case, we can say that the attack is conducted as if at once on several fronts. As a result, an unusually strong programming of the psyche is observed, the appearance of powerful sustainable mechanisms (pattern patterns) in unconscious. In addition, after creating such a similar, the initiation of the emergence of all new and new mechanisms of similarity similarity in the unconscious psyche is observed. However, now they find constant reinforcement and consciousness and in the assignution. Which means not only the process of consolidating the information obtained once in the subconscious (not all the information, namely the one that caused a similar process, information, which, as a result of which the proceeds of which began to form patterns in the unconscious), but also such information begins to be activated , subordinating the thoughts and desires of the individual in the key indicated by the semantic load of this kind of information. At the same time, the features of the psyche of a separate person are a very important factor in processing such information. It is known that one and the same information per individual may not raise any impact, and another to force almost to change their life almost radically.

Considering the impact of information on the psyche in more detail in the relevant chapter of our study, pay attention to the role of resistance in the evaluation of information received from the outside, from both the world around the world (buildings, architectural monuments, landscape, infrastructure, etc.) and other Individuals (as a result of interpersonal contacts), as well as transportation of information on significant distances through mass communication and information (QMS and MEDI). As we have already noticed, the same information is capable of how to provide the influence on the individual. In the first case, it should be said about the establishment of a rapport (contact), as a result of which the barrier of the criticality of the psyche (censorship of the psyche in Freud) is weakened, and therefore such information is capable of entering consciousness, or from under consciousness (where any kind of information is still postponed ) To influence consciousness, i.e. In the process of the initial coding of the psyche, it is reached by managing it, because it has long been proven by various scientists (Z. Freud, K. Yung, V.M. Bekhterev, Pavlov, V.M. and D.V. Kandyba, V. REYX, Leboon, Moskovichi, K. Horney, V.A.Medvedev, S.G. Kara-Murza, I.S.Kon, L.M.Shcheglov, A.Shegolev, N. Blagoveshchensky, and MN. Dr.) that The thoughts and actions of the individual manages the subconscious, unconscious. But we need to pay attention to that if you make attempts to break the barrier of criticality, it becomes possible to achieve as a result of this step (we note, very dangerous, and necessary to exercise under the guidance of specialists of the relevant profile) something like "Enlightenment", Satori. Just like these states were the goal of exercising by martial arts and meditative practice in eastern martial arts and eastern philosophy (religion), or the state of enlightened consciousness in Russian pagan practices, or similar states in other systems of the world. Moreover, it should be noted that the state of the satori is a temporary state, passing over time (lasts from a few seconds to a few minutes, someone is a little more or less), but certainly one: this is not an eternal state, i.e. Not the state in the paradigm "times and forever", so after once, it is necessary to dive again into the depths of consciousness or overcome resistance - to achieve such an effect. Is that in this case we can see that most likely for the majority after the first achievement of such a state, the subsequent calling of the state of "enlightenment" will be easier. Although in this case, it is necessary to take into account the greater forecasting of the achievement of this for "artists" (in the context of the separation of the psyche proposed at one time by Academician I.P. Pavlov, who shared the psyche of individuals on the "thinkers" and "artists"). To the first Pavlov attributed to those who remember the logical information well, and the second ("artists") visiting. According to Academician I.P. Pavlov, in the introduction of the left hemisphere, there are speech, reading, letter, account, solving problems requiring logic (rational, analytical, verbal thinking). In the introduction of right - intuition and spatial-shaped thinking (ie, visual and hearing shape). We add that to the introduction of the left hemisphere (as Academician V.M. Kandyba believes) consciousness (10% of the brain) refers, and to the right - subconscious, or unconscious (90% of the brain). Moreover, the mechanisms of work of the brain are the result of the functioning of the psyche of the individual, and therefore methods of the subsequent impact on the psyche of the object of manipulations, so we will stop more detail on the activity of the brain hemispheres. As Academician V.M. Kandyba, a person has two brains (right and left). The right is the "animal" brain, more ancient. The left is the result of human development, later psychophysiological education. The left brain exists only with the highest organisms, and the most developed in humans. It is the left brain that is capable of speech, logical thinking, abstract conclusions, has an external and internal verbal speech, as well as to perceive, verify, memorize and reproduce information and individual life experience of a particular individual. In addition, there is an interconnection of the work of the left and right brain, since the left brain perceives reality through the appropriate mechanisms (images, instincts, feelings, emotions) of the right brain. As, however, through its analytical and verification psychophysiological mechanisms (life experience, knowledge, targets, installations).

The right brain, as we have noticed, extends in the spectrum of the unconscious psyche. While the left - forms a conscious person. The right hemisphere is thinking by images, feelings, grasping the picture, left - analyzes the information obtained from the outside world, the prerogative of logical thinking is the left hemisphere. The right hemisphere sells emotions, left - thoughts and signs (speech, letter, so on.) There are individuals who, in a completely new setting, the impression "has already seen" is created. This is a characteristic example of the activity of the right hemisphere. As a result, we can say that the activity of the brain is provided by two hemispheres, right (sensual) and left (iconic, i.e. integrates objects of the outside world with the help of signs: words, speech, etc.). The complementarity of the activities of two hemispheres is often manifested by the simultaneous presence in the psyche of the individual rational and intuitive, sensible and sensual. Hence the high efficiency of the policy indication of the brain in the form of such mechanisms of suggestive impact as an order, self-sustaining, so on. This is due to the specifics of the psyche activity, when, pronouncing or hearing, the person also includes imagination, which in this case it significantly enhances this kind of impact. (In more detail about the specifics of the brain activity in the processing of information coming from the outside world, see the relevant heads of our study.) Therefore, without stopping on the mechanisms of the brain, let us return once again to the state of enlightenment, satorium, insight, insight, etc. Numerous names denoting the essence of one and the same - by setting from then (from the beginning of the activation of such a mechanism) of a sustainable connection between the manipulator and the object on which the manipulative effect is directed.

Any kind of manipulation, this suggestion, i.e. a conscious change in the facility of the facility with the development of (activation) of the archetypes of the unconscious psyche; Archetypes in turn will use early formed patterns of behavior. If we consider this from the position of neurophysiology, the corresponding dominant is activated in the brain of the object (focal excitation of the brain cortex), which means that the part of the brain is responsible for consciousness. In this case, the censorship of the psyche (as a structural unit of the psyche) temporarily turns out to be blocked or the floor blocked, and therefore information from the outside world is unhindered into the assignution, and even immediately into consciousness. Sometimes the past consciousness it passes into the subconscious. Personal unconscious psyche (subconscious) is also formed in the process of issuing information to the censorship of the psyche. But probably not all the information coming from the outside world displaces unconsciously into the unconscious. The part is still as it turns to the subformation intentionally. For example, for feeding the archetypes already available in the unconscious information and deducting, or especially and solely with the aim of forming new archetypes, the patterns of future behavior of the individual. And in our opinion it is necessary to understand and distinguish.

At the same time, it should once again pay attention to the need for a resistance slider. It is known that the resistance is turned on when a new information is received in the brain (in the psyche), information that initially does not find a response in the human soul, does not find something similar, with an already available information. Such information does not pass the criticality barrier and displaces the subconscious. However, if the will force (i.e., cycling consciousness; the will - the prerogative of the activity of consciousness) will be able to prerish outwards, and force the brain to analyze the incoming information (part of such information you need), then we will succeed to overcome resistance, and therefore, That time will be possible to experience the state that we called early Satori, or insight. Moreover, the effect of such will be incomparably higher than the information by the methodical and long penetrated the subconscious, later influenced the consciousness. In our case, in the case of a broken critical barrier, and therefore resistance, we will achieve incomparably more, because in this case, the state of the so-called will be observed. Green Corridor, when the received information is almost entirely and completely passes, bypassing the criticality barrier. Moreover, it is also quickly in this case a transition to consciousness as their assignifications and from the unconscious. So we will no longer have to wait long, as in the case of the natural transition of information from the subconscious consciousness, when such information begins its transition only when finding "response in the shower", i.e. Only when clinging for similar information is currently in conscious (temporary information, because any information is in consciousness, it is long, and in time, the memory is in memory long-term) comes there. In case of overcoming resistance, this information comes immediately, while changing the human worldview, because in this case consciousness is actively involved, and if something is realized by a person, it is taken as a guide to action.

It is also necessary to say that any kind of information passing by the consciousness and subconscious of the individual, i.e. Putting on the spectrum of its representative system (audial, visual, and kinesthetic) and two signal systems (feelings and speech) is invariably postponed in the subconscious. So, ultimately, it begins to influence the consciousness of the individual, because everything that is in the subconscious - affects consciousness, on the emergence of the individual's relevant thoughts, desires, actions. That is, in this case, we can talk about modeling a person's actions by initial formation of the unconscious psyche. And this is a truly serious question, attention would avoid many problems incl. And in the raising of children and adults. And in a situation with the child, it becomes possible to calculate his adult behavior, and in the case of adults it should be said that such an impact may begin to provide its influence incl. And for a short time. Especially strengthens the initially laid in the subconscious scheme is the stay of the object among other people, i.e. When we are talking about mass behavior. In the case of the latter, mass mechanisms, crowds (we do not separate these concepts in this case), which means that the effect is much more efficient than in the case of a preliminary effect on one individual. At the same time, as a result of our impact on the object, the state of empathy should be achieved when the inner world of the object is perceived by us as our own. Professor Karl Rogers wrote so much on empathy: "Being in a state of empathy means perceiving the inner world of another exactly, with the preservation of emotional and semantic shades. As if you become this other, but without losing the feeling "as if." So, you feel the joy or pain of the other, as he feels, and perceive their reasons, as he perceives them. But it is necessary to remain a hue "as if": as if I am glad or disappeared. If this shade disappears, the state of identification occurs ... an empathic way to communicate with another person has several faces. It implies entry into the personal world of another and stay in it, "like at home." It includes a constant sensitivity to the changing experiences of another - to fear, or anger, or troogant, or punishment, in one word, to all that he is experiencing or she. This means a temporary life of another life, a delicate stay in it without estimation and condemnation. This means the capture that the other himself is barely aware. But at the same time there are no attempts to open completely unconscious feelings, as they may be traumatic. This includes the message of your impressions about inner world Other, when you look fresh and calmly a look at those of his elements who are worried or frighten your interlocutor. This implies frequent appeal to another to check your impressions and attentive listening to the responses received. You are a trustee for another. Indicating the possible meanings of the experiences of the other, you help him to worry more fully and constructively. To be with another in this way, it means for a while to leave on your point of view and values \u200b\u200bto enter the world of another without bias. In a sense, this means that you leave your "I". This can be done only by people who feel quite safely in a certain sense: they know that they do not lose themselves in the sometimes strange or bizarre world of the other and that they can successfully return to their world when they want. "

Psychoanalysis understands everything that prevents the penetration into the consciousness of the secret (deep, unconscious) thoughts of the individual. E.Glover allocated explicit and implicit form of resistance. Under the first in psychoanalytic work, he understood the late, skipping sessions, excessive talkativeness or complete silence, automatic denial or incorrect understanding of all the statements of the psychotherapist, the game in naivety, constant abutation, interruption of therapy. To the second (implicit forms), he believed everything else, for example, when the patient formally performs all working conditions, but it is clearly noticeable to his indifference.

The classification of resistance types (Freud) includes: resistance to displacement, transference resistance, resistance it and super ego and resistance based on the secondary benefit from the disease. The resistance occurs when the psyche of the individual opposes the penetration into the consciousness of any painful information from the subconscious. At the same time, according to J.Sandler, Dara, etc., such a type of resistance can be considered a reflection of the so-called. "Primary benefits" from the disease of neurosis. As a result of the operation of the method of free associations, the earner hidden in the unconscious information may exit the outside (go into consciousness), therefore the psyche and resists like - the involvement of resistance mechanisms. Moreover, the closer the earlier it out of consciousness (and transferred to the subconscious) the material approaches consciousness, the more resistance increases.

Transference resistance characterizes infantile impulses and fighting them. Under the infantile impulses, impulses caused by the identity of the analytics and arising in a direct or modified form: Analytical situation in the form of a distortion of reality at a certain point contributes to remembering the early displaced material (material that turning out in the unconscious, caused a neurotic symptom).

The transference resistance varies depending on which transference relationship (positive or negative) is based on it. Patients with erotic transfers (for example, with the hysterical type of personality organization) may strive for sexual relations with the therapist or demonstrate resistance to avoid in such a transfers of strong sexual attraction. Patients with a negative transfer (for example, with a narcissistic type of personality organization) are filled with aggressive feelings in relation to the therapist and can strive through resistance to humiliate it, to force him to suffer or in the same way to avoid in the transfer of the awareness of these feelings.

The resistance "it" is characteristic of cases where negative and erotic forms of transport becomes an insoluble obstacle to continuing therapy. At the same time, Freud considered the strongest resistance of the super-ego ("above-I"), because it is difficult to reveal and overcome. It comes from the unconscious feeling of guilt and hides the impulses that the patient seems unacceptable (for example, sexual or aggressive). One of the manifestations of the resistance of the super ego is a negative therapeutic reaction. Those. The patient, despite the obviously relevant result of treatment, refers to a very negative as to the therapist and to the manipulation proceeds. At the same time, already from the awareness of such nonsense mental health It worsens, because it is known that for our psyche actually indifferently, whether the event actually happens, in reality, or it is scrolled only in human thoughts. The pulses from such an impact of the brain will receive the same and practically equivalent on the involvement and activation of neurons.

As a result of psychotherapy, resistance can be observed, based on the so-called. "Secondary" benefit, i.e. When the patient is beneficial to its "disease". In this case, we have obvious tracking of the masochist accents of the psyche of Individual neurotic, because he likes the patient when he regrets, and he does not want to get rid of the support provided by him "as a patient."

The conditional scheme of working with resistance is as follows:

1) recognition (it is necessary that the resistance notice not only the therapist, but also the patient);

2) demonstration (verbally demonstrate any kind of resistance, seen in the patient in order to pay attention to the patient himself);

3) Calculation of resistance (which implies confrontation with what the patient avoids why he does it and how).

After clarifying the reasons for the resistance, its form is analyzed. The result of this stage becomes the detection of instinctive motivation, an attempt to satisfy which led to a conflict. After that, the interpretation method finds out the history of experience. At this stage, it turns out how conflict arose, as he manifested itself and manifests itself during the life of the patient, which patterns of behavior and emotional response, it gives rise to, etc. The experience of the experience allows you to include the identified conflict in a wider context of obstacles at this stage of psychodynamic therapy. At the same time, the therapist should remember that criticism or disagreement with something patient still does not always mean the manifestation of resistance.

In conclusion of therapy with resistance, resistance is carried out, which is a trace of the influence of the already conscious conflict on various life events in order to repetition, deepening, expanding the analysis of resistance. Studies makes it possible to strengthen the understanding of the client by increasing the number of attracted material. There is also an interpretation of emerging new resistance, which further clarifies basic issues and leads to more sustainable results. This stage is not limited in time, its duration depends on the individual characteristics of the patient, the form and content of resistance, the phase of psychotherapy, the state of the working alliance and many other factors.

And finally, I would like to once again pay attention to the fact that the activity of resistance is the unconscious act, and thus it turns out to be logical, that if we want to solve the nature of the person, the nature of his psyche, to solve the mechanisms of psyche management, we will certainly and first the queue should pay attention to its unconscious reactions, by analyzing and comparing various facts to identify what the person hides, and therefore, in consequences, such methods can even closer to us on the way of understanding the human psyche, will help to disclose the mechanisms of the psyche device, how to trace those or Other human reactions, and to identify the mechanisms of the appearance of impulses, the consequence of which these reactions are. That is, we are talking about the fact that the analysis of the analysis, analytical work, appeal to every little thing, because they will eventually allow to collect the most complete picture of the psyche of one or another individual, and therefore in consequences - and learn (develop, To identify, so on.) The mechanisms of influence both on a similar individual, and on society as a whole, for society just consists of various individuals, which, uniting in mass, teams, meetings, congresses, processes, symposia, crowds, etc. . Forms of combining people are part of the medium. For the medium is just presented incl. and a permanent association-disconnection of people, the process of this flowing as mercy, the mass of a changeable and is inconstanding not only in their desires and interests, but also in the composition of the participants, etc. Thus, the impact of the psyche of each particular person can bring us closer to the secrets and unfortunate of society, which means that the methodology of managing a person, modeling his thoughts and projects of such thoughts in the actions.

Differences in models and techniques of psychoanalysis, however, do not reduce the values \u200b\u200bof many basic problems of the depth psychology of the individual. Such problems are transferred and resistance.

Transfer (transfer) is a process by which unconscious desires go to those or other objects within a certain type of relationship established with these objects.

In psychology, this personality transfer (transfer) is interpreted as a copy of those impulses and fantasies that awaken and are realized in the process of psychoanalysis; It is characterized by the replacement of a doctor's first personality.
The transfer is found in all human relations, it is natural. Gradually, Freud is aware of this and determines the transfer as an important part of the psychoanalytic process. The general denominator of all repetition phenomena is the repetition. The model of the analytical process in Freud is expressed in the Triad "Memory, Repeat, Studies".
In this sense, the transfer is considered as a repetition, or a new "edition" of old object relations, i.e. There is a move: impulses, feelings and protection towards personality in the past move to personality in the present, i.e. From "there and then" in "here and now."

Transfer arises in the case of the patient's ability to regression (but at the same time partial and reversible). Freud believed that psychoanalysis was shown to patients with neurosis of transfer, i.e. With the ability to regress, but at the same time live in the real world (narcissious personalities are not capable of this).

Transfer neurosis is a set of transfer reactions, in which the analysis and analyst become the center of the patient's emotional life, and the neurotic conflict comes to life in the analytical situation. Transfer neurosis is allowed by analyzing.

Typical manifestations of transfer reactions are:

Inappropriateness, i.e. The inadequacy of the reaction to the object in the present (30-year-old woman behaves like a 5-year-old girl).

Intensity - the excessiveness of the reaction is considered as a transfer property in combination with irrelevance.

Ambivalence - coexistence and alternation of opposite feelings (love and hatred, desires and disgusts, etc.).

The impermanence is instability, chaotic, disorderly reactions (the changeable nature of reactions).

Resistance - time duration.

The main elements of the transfer are: object relations affecting three people - subject, the object of the past, the object of this; Repetition, moving - displacement of feelings, fantasies from an object or image in the past to an object or image in the present; Regression - repetition by transition to earlier stages of development of object relations.

Clinical classification of transfer reactions:

1. Classification Z. Freud.

Positive transfer is the attitude that manifests itself in the reactions of sympathy, love, respect and sexual desire to analytics. Uncommon, non-inactive positive relationships contribute to the worker alliance.

Negative transfer - feelings that are based on hatred in any of its forms (anger, hostility, distrust, contempt, envy, etc.).

2. Classification from the point of view of object relations.

It includes paternal transfer, maternal transfer, the transfer, which was based on fixation on his brother, etc. The transfer reactions are determined by unconscious feelings in relation to the Father, Mother, etc. The most difficult for analysis, according to Ralph Greenson, are - for women - primitive love for mothers, and for men - primitive hatred of mothers as cases that contradict the natural disposition of electrical complexes and Edipa.

3. Classification by the criterion of libidal phases:

Oral transfer - accompanied by the "absorption" of words, phrases analytics, fear of separation ("voice sound resembles the smell of coffee");

Anal transfer - accompanied by a reaction to questions as a need to produce something (answers), associations of their own as a precious material, analytics interpretation as an introduction or relief. Experiences about autonomy, shame, choplost, misappropriation; Fallic transfer is accompanied by incestose love and castration fear.

4. Transfer from the point of view of the psyche structure:

An analyst can be a super-ego figure (critical, denying, negative);

ID (the patient projects the analyst of the desire of the ID, perceiving it as a seductive, aggressive, etc.);

Ego (considers him from the point of view of him from the point of view of reality, asks questions "What would my analyst doing now?" "What would say in this situation?").

Resistance is an opposition analysis, this is the forces of the patient who counteract the procedures and processes of psychoanalysis.

In the work of Z. Freud and I. Breyer "On Hisi" (1893-1895), the authors (first of all, Freud himself) are made to open resistance and transfer. In the treatment of the patient, Elizabeth von R. In 1892, the term "resistance" was used for the first time. Freud explains this mechanism by the fact that the patient "distilts away" incompatible ideas. Moreover, the resistance force is proportional to the amount of energy with which these ideas are trying to penetrate the association. In those years, Freud talks about overcoming resistance with the help of pressure on the forehead, perseverance, etc.
By 1904 Resistance becomes one of the cornerstone of its theory. Hypnosis, suggestion and respite were eliminated in favor of the Free Association. Gradually, Freud ceases to consider resistance as an interference and comes to the idea that resistance is a source of deep knowledge about the patient, about its symptoms.
Modern psychoanalysis summarizes and develops the ideas of Freud and its followers, describing the clinical manifestations of resistance, the types of resistance and the technique of its analysis.

Clinical manifestations of resistance are:

1. Patient silence, which is often considered as a repetition of the past, where it performed the main reaction to any traumatic event. An analyst can ask questions: "What can not do in your head?", "What is your silence?".

2. The absence of a patient's ability to tell.

3. Lack of emotions in the process of the story, dry, monotonous, inexpressive speech. Words and feelings do not correspond to each other.

4. Body clamps, rigidity postures, stiffness of movements, contradiction between expressive and verbal behavior, compressed hands, crossed legs.

5. Fixation in time - the patient tells only one time - the past, present, etc.

6. Fixation on external, unimportant, minor events.

7. Avoiding topics.

8. Rigidity, repetition of the same words, actions, for example, each session begins with the same theme, symptoms.

9. Specific language - the use of clichés, technical terms or sterile language (instead of "I was treated" Used phrase "I would experience hostile feelings"). Examples of cliché: "really" and "right", "honestly", "I suppose", "you know" and others.

10. Cancellation, session passages. Forgetfulness when paying.

11. Lack of dreams - resistance to the process of memoirs. The dream is one of the most important forms of approach to the unconscious, to the instinctive life of the patient, and the forgetting of dreams - indicates the struggle of the patient with the exposure of its unconscious.

12. Action internally, when the patient talks about the material of the analytical session with someone else in addition to the analyst.

13. Private fun sessions. During the meeting, the patient may have a feeling of pleasure. Nevertheless, the psychotherapeutic process is rather hard work than a pleasant, comfortable pastime, so constant fun is considered as a sign of resistance.

Classification of resistance.
There are several options for classifying resistance. We indicate only one of them. Resistance is divided into alien ego (ego-dystonny) and familiar ego (ego-synthone). With ego-dysterone resistances it is easy to work, they are amenable to analyzing and, as a result, make it possible to install the working alliance.
Ego-synton resistances are more difficult to identify and analyst, and the patient, and therefore it is harder to conclude a working alliance. At the beginning of the analysis, they work with ego-dysterone resistances, and after establishing the working alliance - with ego-synthon.

Facts suggest that the "compliance professionals" use the deficit principle, which is one of the instruments of influence, extremely often in a variety of situations. All tools of influence have a great power over people. The power of the deficit principle is due to two main points. The first moment is already familiar to us. The action of the principle of deficit, as well as the effect of other instruments of influence, is based on the extraction of the benefits of our tendency to go with the shortest way. This weakness, as before, is the result. awareness. We know that things that hard to take possession of, as a rule, are better than those who possess easily (Lynn, 1989). Therefore, we often judge the quality of the subject in accessibility. Thus, one of the causes of the power of the deficit principle is that, acting in accordance with it, we usually really turn out to be right. [Not wanting to smallest advantages or exaggerate the dangers associated with this kind of rational method, I should notice that these advantages and dangers are mostly the same that we have considered in previous chapters. Accordingly, I will not concentrate the attention of readers on this topic in the remainder of this chapter, I can only say that it is necessary to learn to distinguish the "honest" deficiency that occurs naturally, and the deficit, specially fabricated by the "professionals of custody".] The second cause of the power of the deficit principle should be Search within this principle itself. As something becomes less accessible, the degree of our freedom is reduced; and we hate Lose the freedom that we have. The desire to preserve the available prerogatives is the central moment in theories of psychological reactive resistance , developed by the psychologist Jack Borma to explain the reaction of people to reduce personal control (J. W. Brehm, 1966; S. S. Brehm Amp; J. W. Brehm, 1981). According to this theory, whenever something limits our choice or deprives us choices, the need to save our freedoms makes us wish for them (as well as goods and services associated with them) much stronger than before. Therefore, when the deficit is or otherwise, it makes it difficult to access any subject, we strive to confront interference, wanting to master this item more than before, and taking appropriate attempts. No matter how obvious this statement seemed to be in theory, this phenomenon let roots deep in all layers of society. The theory of psychological reactive resistance explains the development of many different forms of human behavior. However, before proceeding to the coverage of this issue, it should be found in, at what age people for the first time a desire to fight against restriction of their freedom appear.

Children's psychologists claim that parents, as a rule, are faced with difficulties when communicating with children, when it marks two years - this age is known as "terrible two years." Most parents note that at the age of two children begin to behave contradictory. Two-year-old kids in every way resist the external pressure, especially the parents provided on them. Order them to do something, they will do the opposite; Give them one toy, they will require another; Take them on your hands, they will break out and demand that they are put on the floor; Put them on the floor, they will start grabzy for you and ask them to take them again.

An interesting study was carried out in Virginia (S. S. Brehm Amp; Weitraub, 1977). Two-year-old boys accompanied by their mothers diverged into the room in which there were two equally attractive toys. Toys were located in such a way that one of them stood ahead of a transparent plexiglass barrier, and the other was behind him. In half cases, the fence height was only one foot, so practically nothing prevented boys to take a toy that was behind this fence. In the other half of the events, the fence height was two feet, so in order to seize the "long" toy, the boys had to bypass the barrier. Researchers wanted to know which of the two toys the children are already able to walk well enough, preference in these circumstances. The following results were obtained. When the barrier was too low to prevent the children to get to the toys, who were behind him, the boys did not show any particular preference for one or another toy; On average, to a toy standing ahead of the barrier, they approached the same often as to the toy that was behind him. However, when the fence was high enough to make it difficult to access to her toy, the boys are three times more likely to prefer the hard-to-reach toy than that toy that was at hand. Thus, it was found that two-year children react to limiting their freedom by demonstrative disobedience. [It should be noted that a two-year-old girl in this study reacted to a high barrier not as boys. Apparently, the reason for this is not that girls do not object to attempts to limit their freedom. Apparently, they first respond to restrictions that come from other people, and not on physical barriers (Brehm, 1983).]

Deceived

Peter Kerr (New York Times)

New York. Daniel Gulban does not remember how his savings disappeared. He remembers the incessant voice of the agent who called him. He remembers his dreams about wealth. But the 81-year-old former employee of the municipal service did not understand how the scammers convinced him to part with 18 thousand dollars.

"I just wanted to live on a wide foot in the last days allotted my days or years," says Gulban, a resident of Harder, Florida. "When I discovered a monstrous deception, I could not eat for some time or sleep." I lost 30 pounds. I still can not believe that I could do something like that. "

Gulban became a victim of an organization that official legal entities Call "Office engaged in the sale of unregistered valuable papers by phone". This "office" is a bit of a small room with a small room in which a dozen fraudsters call thousands of people every day. According to the data received by the Commission, which was specially created in the Senate in order to investigate, such companies annually lure hundreds of millions of dollars from unsuspecting customers.

"They use the address of the prestigious office on Wall Street and fraudulently cause people to invest in various fantastic projects with charmingly sounding names," says Robert Abrams, the chief prosecutor of New York, who over the past four years has participated in the consideration of more dozen cases, associated with the soul-related "offices engaged in the sale of unregistered securities by phone". "Sometimes fraudsters manage to convince people to invest in a dubious business of saving the whole life."

Orestes J. Mahehheli, Assistant of the Chief Prosecutor of New York, who heads the Committee for the Protection of Investors and Securities, says that three main points can be distinguished in the actions of fraudsters. First, "Familiar Call" is made. The fraudster is represented by an agent of a company that has a spectacular sound name and the corresponding address. He just suggests a potential customer to familiarize himself with the avenues in which the company is described.

Calling the second time, the fraudster first describes the huge profits that the transaction offered to them can bring, and then tells the client that while the deposits are not temporarily accepted. After a while, the fraudster is calling for the third time and reports that the client has an opportunity to attach its money extremely beneficial.

"The idea is to wave a carrot in the face of the buyer, and then quickly remove it," says Maehheli. - The goal of the operation is to cause a person a desire to buy "valuable" paper quickly, without hesitation too long. Sometimes, calling for any person for the third time, the fraudster pretends that he strongly stuffed, and tells the client that he was "just came from the trading hall" ".

This tactic forced Gulban to part with the savings of the whole life. In 1979, Gulban repeatedly called a stranger, who, after all, convinced him to translate it into 1756 dollars to New York to buy silver. After another series of phone calls, the agent persuaded Gulban to translate another 6 thousand dollars to buy oil. Then the fraudsters lured 9,740 dollars from Gulban, but the accuracy of the unlucky Kommersant did not wait.

"My heart fell," recalls Gulban. - I was not greedy. I just wanted to see the best days. " Gulban never returned lost.

Fig. 7.2. Fraudulent trial using the deficit principle. Pay attention to how the use of the deficit principle during the second and third telephone conversation forced Mr. Gulban to make a decision without thinking. Click, heated , Consciousness dimmed

Why does psychological reactive resistance arise in children aged two years? Perhaps it matters here that at this time there are significant changes in the psyche. At the age of two years, a small person begins to realize himself as an individual. Two-year-old children consider themselves no longer just as a continuation of the environment, but as something peculiar, separate (Levine, 1983; Lewis amp; Brooks-Gunn, 1979; Mahler, Pine Amp; Bergman, 1975). The appearance of the concepts of autonomy in children naturally leads to the emergence of their ideas about freedom. An independent being is a creature that has freedom of choice; The child who realized that he was such a creature would undoubtedly seek to find out what the degree of his freedom. Therefore, we should neither wonder, neither get upset when we see that our two-year children go against our will. They simply begin to sense themselves with certain human beings and important questions about will, rights and control over the situation appear in their small heads - the questions they seek to find answers. In the process of struggle for their freedom and confrontation, all its restriction is obtained important information. Finding out the limits of its freedom (and, coincidence, the limit of patience of their parents), children learn when they usually control them, and when they themselves can monitor the situation. Wise parents provide their children adequate information (we will talk about it somewhat later).