Ethical principles, norms, rules and standards. Abstract: Ethical standards and practical ethics of a psychologist

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In accordance with the above principles of work practical psychologist the ethical standards of the psychologist were adopted and are used all over the world.

1. General principles.

1.1. the psychologist's activities are aimed at such humanitarian and social goals as well-being, health, high quality of life, full development of individuals and groups in various formations of individual and social life. Since the psychologist is not the only professional whose activities are aimed at achieving goals, exchange and cooperation with representatives of other professions is desirable and in some cases necessary, without any prejudice in relation to the competence and knowledge of any of them.

1.2. Psychology as a profession is governed by principles common to all professional ethics: respect for the individual, protection of human rights, a sense of responsibility, honesty and sincerity towards the client, prudence in the use of tools and procedures, professional competence, firmness in achieving the goal of the intervention and its scientific basis ...

1.3. Psychologists should not participate in or contribute to the development of methods against the freedom of the individual and his physical or psychological integrity. The direct development or assistance in the implementation of torture or bullying, which is a crime, constitutes the most serious violation of the professional ethics of psychologists. They must not, in any capacity, either as researchers, or as assistants or accomplices, take part in torture or any other cruel, inhuman or degrading act, whoever their target may be, no matter what accusations or suspicions are brought against this person, and whatever information could be obtained from him in this way in the context of a military conflict, civil war, revolution, terrorist acts or any other circumstances that could be interpreted as justification for such actions.

1.4. All psychologists should, as a minimum, inform their professional associations about human rights violations, bullying, cruelty, inhuman or degrading conditions of detention, whoever is their victim, and about any such case that they become aware of in their professional practice.

1.5. Psychologists must respect the religious and moral beliefs of their clients and take them into account when interviewing for professional interventions.

1.6. When providing assistance, psychologists should not discriminate on the basis of origin, age, race and social origin, sex, religion, ideology, nationality or any other difference.

1.7. Psychologists should not use the power or superiority of the profession over a client to gain profit or gain benefits for themselves or others.

1.8. Especially in written documents, psychologists should be extremely careful, restrained and critical of their concepts and conclusions, given the possibility of their perception as derogatory and discriminatory, for example, normal - abnormal, adapted - unadapted, intelligent - mentally retarded.

1.9. Psychologists should not use manipulative procedures to get certain clients to appeal to them, nor should they act in such a way as to become monopolists in their field. Psychologists working in public organizations should not use this advantage to expand their own private practice.

1.10. The psychologist should not allow his name or signatures to be used by persons without proper qualifications and training for illegal use. psychological methods... Psychologists should report all cases of infringement of other people's rights that become known to them. Useless and deceptive actions should not be covered by the qualifications of a psychologist.

1.11. In the event that the client's personal interests conflict with the institution, the psychologist should try to perform his functions with the utmost impartiality. Seeking help from this institution involves taking into account the interests of the client, respect and attention to him from the side of the psychologist, who, in appropriate circumstances, can act as his defender in relation to the administration of the institution.

Consider the definition of ethics. From the point of view of philosophy, ethics is a philosophical science, the object of study of which is religious and secular morality about the principles of social-normative communication. The term "Ethics" was introduced into scientific circulation by the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle. According to the teachings of Aristotle, ethics is a science that studies human characters, morals, motives of human behavior, human vices and virtues. From the time of Aristotle to the present day, moral philosophy has been the theoretical foundation for the development of rational ethical knowledge, skills and abilities. The subject of study of ethics is morality, the history of socio-ethnic morals, law, customs, traditions in their secular (everyday, scientific) and confessional (religious) manifestations. Since morality is an integral part of ethics, let us highlight its main functions:

Regulatory function. Regulates people's behavior in accordance with the requirements of morality. In terms of its volume and multifaceted impact on the personality, morality is broader than law. It implements its regulatory capabilities with the help of guidelines, norms-requirements, norms-prohibitions, norms-frames, restrictions, as well as norms-samples (etiquette).

Value-orienting function. Orientates a person in the world of surrounding cultural values. Develops a system of preference for some moral values over others, allows you to identify the most moral assessments and lines of behavior.

Cognitive (epistemological) function. It presupposes cognition not of objective characteristics, but of the meaning of phenomena as a result of practical assimilation. Thanks to this function, ethical knowledge, principles, norms, codes in specific conflict situations help to form a model of moral behavior.

Educational function. Leads to a certain educational system moral standards, habits, customs, mores, generally recognized patterns of behavior.

Evaluation function. Evaluates the mastery of reality by a person from the standpoint of good and evil. The subject of assessment is actions, attitudes, intentions, motives, moral views and personal qualities.

Motivational function. Allows a person to evaluate and, if possible, justify their behavior with the help of moral motivation. Pure and noble motives are the most important element of a person's moral behavior.

Communicative function. It acts as a form of communication, transmission of information about the values of life, moral contacts of people. Provides mutual understanding, communication of people on the basis of the development of common moral values, and hence - service interaction, "a sense of fellowship", support and mutual assistance

Thus, we see that morality occupies an important place in a person's life and is an integral part of his life, performing important functions in the formation of value orientations, and in the interaction of a person with society.

The next important stage in our work will be to consider the structure of morality, which is the object and the subject in it. And so the object of study of ethics is the variety of forms of secular and confessional morality in the history of the evolution of mankind.

The subject of the study of ethics is Homo sapiens: the leaders of philosophical and ethical teachings from ancient times to the present day. The recognition of ethical norms in society makes society civilized and promotes the progress of social relations. The demand for ethics (in certain norms of social relations) was discovered at the dawn of human civilization. The primitive origins of ideas about "norms" of behavior are found in the herd, in the flock, in the first human family, clan, community, tribe. The originality of ethical teachings is developing in a wider variety of nationalities, then folklore. Primitive people for a positive herd, and later collective communication and living were forced to accept and legalize the norms of communicative morality: do not steal, do not harm your neighbor, help your neighbor, the weak, etc. But due to the complexity and contradictions of socio-economic evolution, some moral norms were adopted, others were denied.

Ethics is a special way of understanding the historical reasons for the selective evolution of morality of a secular and ethno-religious nature. It can be seen that religion greatly influenced the formation of ethical standards. Pagan mythology is the bearer and guardian of pagan ethics and rituals of the ancient peoples of the world. In pagan (pre-Christian) times, people develop moral norms from the standpoint of the authority of divine idols and idols, who impose taboos (prohibitions) on certain acts. For example, you cannot (taboo) pick mushrooms in the sacred forest of magi, shamans, sorcerers, you cannot encroach on the property of "holy" places, you cannot decorate your body in the same way as it is allowed for the leaders and priests of tribes, etc. Pagan taboos, including the ethical commandments of the seven Greek sages, contributed to the development of the ethical commandments of the Bible. The ethics of the Bible, based on the moral and ethical commandments of Moses (in the Old Testament) and Jesus Christ (in the New Testament), obliges a person to cleanse himself from the filth of pagan sins. Fundamental differences between the ten commandments of Moses and the teachings of Jesus Christ. Moses, physically saving his people from the Egyptian captivity, only prepared the ground for the salvation of the soul from the pagan filth. Jesus Christ more deeply forms the foundations and principles of the salvation of the human soul from pagan sins. (Pentateuch of Moses) and the Sermon on the Mount of Jesus Christ. (Gospel of Matthew). Denying the moral norms of pagan teachings (the Book of the Dead, the Book of the Pyramids, the Veles book, Zarathushtra, Vedas, Rigveda, Ayurveda, etc.), Christianity gave humanity ten moral and ethical commandments on behalf of Moses - the founder of Judaism, the essence of which is set forth in the Torah, Talmud, in the sacred books of the Old Testament.

It is important to study the history of the development of ethics in order to consider how ethical standards have changed over time. In accordance with the three class socio-economic formations in the history of ethics, as well as in the history of philosophy as a whole, three periods are distinguished: antiquity, the Middle Ages and modern times. They differ in their approach to solving the main ethical problems, first of all, on the relationship between what is and what should be.

The first stage is antique ethics, let us consider it in more detail. Ancient ethics is essentially a doctrine of virtues and a virtuous person. According to this understanding, the intermediary link between moral empiric and moral obligation and their real synthesis is the moral personality. This ethics is optimistic, it affirms the moral self-worth and sovereignty of a person. In the understanding of the ancient philosophers, man is better than any rules, better than his own actions. Its specificity is that it is a rational and social being; according to philosophers, a harmonious social structure is a means of virtue of citizens, their perfect discovery of the properties of a rational entity. So, for example, the two definitions of man given by Aristotle - man is a rational being and man is a political being - are interconnected and condition each other. This understanding of morality is the result of reflection on the nature of relations between free citizens in the ancient city-state. With the transition from the polis organization to large military-bureaucratic associations, this understanding revealed its narrowness and one-sidedness.

The next stage that we have to consider is the Middle Ages. Medieval ethics is a denial of the ancient. Morality in the Middle Ages is understood as a system of external, transpersonal and unchanging norms of behavior that coincide with the commandments of God. It is thought that the goal and the norm of man's behavior are not contained in himself, but in his creator - God. Medieval religious ethics are characterized by the desire to subdue a specific person abstract person, the actual discrediting of all the objective goals of human activity. As we see, in particular, on the example of Augustine's ethics, the idea of the divine origin of moral norms actually leads to the denial of the possibility of their existence, and even more so of reality. In medieval ethics, two seemingly opposite, but, in essence, deeply interconnected views are organically combined: on the one hand, the moralistic view of the world, according to which morality precedes being, on the other, the denial of the moral freedom of the human person. The most consistent theorists of Christian morality are inclined to conclude that morality is a simple, inexpressible self-identity, which is achieved when a person renounces everything earthly, including and above all from himself as a single, special being, when the generic essence is godlike - becomes his only, all-consuming characteristic. If ancient ethics was so carried away by the idea of the moral sovereignty of the individual that it eventually came to a denial of the universal content of morality, then medieval ethics, on the contrary, to such an extent emphasizes the universal content of morality that it ignores the historical and personal certainty of its manifestations.

And the last third stage that we will consider is the ethics of modern times. In the ethics of modern times, there is a noticeable desire to overcome the one-sidedness of definitions of morality in antiquity and the Middle Ages, to understand morality both as an immanent property of the human individual and as a supra-individual social phenomenon. Thinkers of the New Time cannot accept the medieval point of view of man as an insignificant creature, but they also do not share the naive belief of antiquity in the omnipotence of the moral capabilities of the individual, they see that real people and morals are very far from the ideal of virtue. The fundamental moral problem takes the form: how can the mass of selfish individuals in bourgeois society become an association whose members are in solidarity with each other? In the ethics of modern times (especially vividly in Kant), the problem of the real and the ought takes the form of a tragic, irreparable gap, which was a recognition, albeit inadequate, of the moral hopelessness of class society. The justification of the impossibility of real synthesis, mediation between social mores and abstract moral principles was the highest point of pre-Marxist ethics, from which began (in the systems of Hegel and Feuerbach) the direct formation of the prerequisites for a historical-materialist understanding of morality. Pre-Marxist ethics considered morality either from the point of view of what should be, or from the point of view of the essential. In the first case, abstract morality becomes the basis of judgments. Ethics tries to substantiate the transformed logic, the illusion of the moral consciousness emancipated from the world: from the necessary to the existing; you can because you have to. She interpreted the moral improvement of the individual as her spiritual self-compulsion, self-restraint, the result of limiting her immediate inclinations, interests, going beyond the social-natural boundaries of a living person. The representatives of this direction of ethics see their main task as philosophically substantiating the necessity, rationality of absolution of moral norms and outlining effective social and educational procedures for their mastering by individuals. This view is concretized in various normative models, among which the most famous are the ethics of inner strength, the religious ethics of love, and the rationalistic ethics of duty.

The second direction in ethics considers morality as a specific property of specific individuals. Moral norms are deprived of their original, extra-empirical status, and, accordingly, absolute power over the individual. The world is not brought under moral principles on the contrary, moral principles are derived from the world. Ethics denies the need to suppress living inclinations in the name of abstract norms, sees in morality the expression and continuation of natural and social characteristics a person, gives a normative meaning to his aspirations, needs and interests. This orientation of ethical thought was embodied mainly in the concepts of hedonism, eudonism, utilitarianism, and rational egoism. The difference between these approaches to understanding morality was a kind of ethical manifestation of the dispute between the main philosophical parties. What in epistemology appears as a struggle between materialism and idealism, in pre-Marxist ethics it is revealed as a confrontation between Eudonism and self-denial, the Epicurean and Stoic traditions in understanding the goals and meaning of human life. The main essence that separates these concepts can be conveyed by the formula: morality for a person and a person for morality. Materialism seeks to "reduce" morality to one of the ways of self-affirmation of a particular person, and idealism, on the contrary, "to raise" real person to the level of moral abstractions; materialism deals with the moral man, and idealism deals with the moral man. Moral consciousness can not only express the actual degree of humanity, achieved by society, but also distort, camouflage it. This is what happens in a class society: in the course of dehumanization public relations, which are based on the exploitation of man by man, morality takes the form of abstract requirements in fundamental confrontation with existence, morality is emancipated from the world, begins to imagine that it is higher than reality, can correct reality, etc. The isolation of morality from social practice as an independent form of social consciousness and the formation of ethics as a science coincide - in time and in essence. This is clearly seen in the sources themselves (Homer, Hesiod, early philosophers). But even in subsequent history, ethics and morality do not diverge as much as is commonly thought. Ethics does not remain impassive, neutral in relation to the real struggle of moral values, positions in society. She not only explains morality, but also teaches morality. To the extent that ethics teaches morality, it, while remaining a science, becomes at the same time an element of the moral consciousness of the class of society.

The importance of ethics in the regulation of different types human activities in society. This is due to the desire to constantly improve professional standards in relation to changing social relations.

The ethics of society cannot represent the absolute truth in the behavior of people. Each generation must solve them again and again independently. But new developments must rely on the moral reserve created by previous generations. Today, when there is an outstripping development of technical aspects and a lag in the cultural, it is very important to understand that ethical knowledge is needed to stabilize society. Intelligence should be not only in knowledge, but also in the ability to understand the other. It manifests itself in a thousand and a thousand little things: in the ability to respectfully argue, to behave modestly at the table, in the ability to discreetly help another, to protect nature, not to litter around oneself - not to litter with cigarette butts or swearing, bad ideas.

TRAINING IN ETHICAL BEHAVIOR. Another approach that organizations use to improve ethical behavior is to educate managers and employees on ethical behavior. In doing so, workers are introduced to business ethics and are made more susceptible to ethical issues they may face. Embedding ethics as a subject in university-level business curricula is another form of teaching ethical behavior to help learners better understand these issues. According to a study by the Center for Business Ethics, corporations are much more concerned with ethics today than in the past, and they have taken concrete steps to introduce ethics into their practice. That said, daily newspapers are replete with examples of unethical and illegal behavior by employees of organizations of all types, however, we believe that organizations themselves do not lack opposing examples of ethical behavior by their employees. As organizations continue to implement the various programs and practices described above and to ensure that high-level leaders serve as role models for good ethical behavior, organizations must be able to raise their ethical standards.

Adapting branch plans to local government development plans Compliance with local laws, customs, ethical standards

Ethical standards businesses are becoming the subject of increasing interest from managers and consumers. Companies pay great attention to ethics of conduct in all aspects of their activities in order to avoid negative public opinion, loss of the company's prestige both in government bodies and in the business community. Business ethics is the science of moral standards and their application in the systems and organizations through which goods and services are produced and distributed in modern society. In other words, business ethics is a form of application of ethical norms. It includes not only the analysis of moral norms and values, but also tries to apply the results of such analysis to technology, transactions, actions and helps to carry out what we call business.

Doing any business presupposes a stable society. However, the stability of a society, in turn, presupposes the adherence of its members to at least minimal ethical standards. Since companies cannot survive without ethical standards, they have a stake in promoting ethical behavior both among their employees and in society at large.

Consider two advertisements taken from newspapers or magazines and determine how well they meet ethical advertising standards.

In addition to recruiting the world's most talented people, Merck sees its core competence in the reliability of the drug development process. Highly qualified professionals have developed their own professional and ethical standards. Research ethics are based on the utmost scientific integrity and internal controls to ensure that incompletely verified drugs are not released into clinical testing.

The growing importance of ethical marketing behavior. People are very concerned about advertisements and trading practices that misrepresent or mislead the benefits of a product and make people make the wrong decisions. The market is extremely suspicious of any pressure from those who have no conscience, as well as trying to get rich at the expense of other people. Marketers, like no one else, have to adhere to ethical standards in their work. The American Marketing Association has drawn up an entire code of ethical conduct in the marketplace. Marketers must act as watchdogs in order to maintain consumer confidence and the effectiveness of their companies.

practical knowledge of all major laws on the protection of competition, consumers and society. Many companies hold special classes for employees on various aspects of the law, proclaiming ethical standards that marketers must follow.

While our proposed information gathering techniques are perfectly legal, some of the techniques are questionable from an ethical standpoint. It is known that some companies, in order to siphon out the information of interest to the employees of a competitor, specifically announced hiring and demanded from candidates. Although companies are prohibited from taking aerial photographs of competing factories, such images are easily found in the materials of the American Geological Society or the Environmental Protection Agency. Some companies do not hesitate to buy competitor's garbage, which is considered no one's property after it has been taken out of the enterprise. It is clear that a company needs to develop effective ways to acquire information about competitors' activities without violating the law or ethical standards. Some of the most effective techniques are outlined in the Marketer Cheat Sheet. Winning the competition by guerrilla marketing research.

This book is a tribute to the late Benjamin Graham's analytical genius. The first four editions were desk books members of the Federation of Financial Analysts and the Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts. Largely under his influence, these two organizations continue to be the mainstays of the pursuit of high ethical standards and continuing education, which is the source of unremitting progress in the field of securities analysis.

The introduction of abstract provisions on the values, mission, goals and philosophy of the organization into corporate codes of ethics does not exclude the attitude of company management to them simply as nice words, while the ethical standards of the requirements that society imposes on organizations are usually very high. Corporations are required to solve various social problems, improving the quality of life of employees, protecting the environment, charitable activities, and improving the quality of life of all citizens of society.

The growing importance of ethics in marketing. The public is now extremely concerned about advertisements and trading practices that misrepresent or misrepresent the benefits of a product. Marketers, F. Kotler concludes, like no one else, must adhere to high ethical standards in their work.

English supermarkets give goods an equal chance, everything else depends on consumers and their desire to constantly repeat purchases of goods of a certain brand. For this, there must be a certain willingness. Research by cooperative supermarkets showed that “Consumers are willing to punish retailers and brands that do not meet their ethical standards and to pay tribute to those that do. One in three consumers said they had participated in the past. boycotting a store or brand. Six out of ten are ready to do it now. "

The Code establishes the ethical standards that should be followed by everyone involved in advertising, including advertisers, advertisers, advertising agencies and the media (communications).

The second principle is a commitment to uncompromising honesty, straightforwardness. It also presupposes a commitment to high ethical standards in the organization and in all aspects of ZM's operations.

Yet the question of whether there is some place for ethics in the commercial world remains unanswered. I believe there is. Ethical standards are not a measure of how kind you are to your employees; they directly affect your ability to effectively manage production. Ultimately, it is a matter of trust - that is, the degree to which you are personally reliable and that of your entire organization. I repeat the point I made in Chapter 6, if you want your people to believe you when you say what is expected of them, you need to convince them that you really expect them to do the things you ask them to do. Of course, you can arrange written contracts for all work - internal with subordinates, peers and superiors, and external with suppliers, buyers and other interested parties - but at some stage you will need that this or that person just believe your words. If you want the work entrusted to you to be done without coercion,

Ethical standards. It is generally accepted that a leader should have high moral standards and act honestly towards all those who are interested in the company's activities. In the past, power, secrecy and lack of interest from the media made ethical standards less important. Today, leaders who act dishonestly or unethically are deprived of the public support they need to achieve long-term success.

Domestic business structures have already begun to develop codes of ethics for their employees. They believe that high ethical standards will lead to higher profits in the future.

Marketing is not a rigid dogma, but one of the most dynamic spheres of economic activity. Currently, the evolution of marketing is associated with the development trends of the modern market, in particular, with the growing importance of such factors as the quality of goods and services, the loyalty of consumers to the brand and the company, the development of electronic communication lines, the focus on high technologies, the creation of strategic alliances, ethical standards in activities of firms, etc. In particular, the need to take into account social and ethical issues in marketing practice has led to the development of the concept of socially-oriented (or socio-ethical) marketing. This concept defines the task of the firm as identifying the needs, needs and interests of target markets and meeting the needs in more efficient ways than competitors, while maintaining or strengthening the well-being of the consumer and society as a whole. This concept requires a balance of three factors of the firm's profits, customer needs and the interests of society.

Moral and ethical regulation covers all areas public life, including accounting. A number of social relations regulated by law are also evaluated from the point of view of morality. However, if the norms of law are enshrined by the state, then moral norms and principles exist in the minds of people, in public opinion, and are reflected in works of literature, art, and the media. A number of countries have adopted ethical standards for auditors and accountants, which, of course, cannot be considered as government-enforced regulations. Their impact is directed primarily at the consciousness of people, calculated on the strength of public opinion. Similar standards are also being developed in the Russian Federation. A number of projects from among them were published in the media.

The seventh task of the exchange is to develop ethical standards and a code of conduct for exchange trading participants. For its implementation, special agreements are adopted on the exchange that allow the use of specific words and stipulate the observance of their strict interpretation, establish the place and method of trading (exchange hall, terminal, screen, telephone), as well as the time during which transactions can be made present certain qualification requirements to bidders (mandatory exams to obtain a qualification certificate or status).

The Code sets out the ethical standards that should be followed by all participants in the advertising process, advertisers, performers of advertising products, executors and distributors of advertising.

Cultures of universal and concrete truths. Trying to avoid uncertainty by developing detailed laws and regulations is not always accompanied by a desire to follow them. The Dutch scholar Von Trompenaars investigated this feature of various business cultures.9 According to the degree of readiness to follow the laws or find reasons for violating them, he divided national cultures into cultures of predominantly universal and predominantly concrete truths. In cultures of universal truths, high law-abidingness is traditional. The moral and ethical standard of these cultures is illustrated by the well-known sayings Socrates is my friend, but the truth is dearer and the Law is the law. In cultures of specific truths, it is traditional to seek specific reasons and moral excuses for breaking the rules. Russian proverbs are classic for such an approach. The exception confirms the rule or the Law, that the tongue where you turn, it went there.

The idea of ethical business conduct is also to protect the firm from encroachment on the part of unethical employees and competitors. High ethical standards also protect employees. If people work in a highly ethical firm, the firm's attitude towards them from the standpoint of honesty and dignity will be compensated for by a high ethical level of the employees themselves and an increase in labor productivity.

It is the responsibility of the marketer to have a solid working knowledge of all major laws on the protection of competition, consumers and society. Many companies hold special classes for employees on various aspects of the law, proclaiming ethical standards that employees must follow. As business expands in cyberspace, market actors will have to develop new ethical business standards. And although the company Ameri a Online has a resounding success and is the most popular

The essence and subject of the audit (audit) the difference between the audit and taking into account the profession of an auditor, certification of auditors requirements for the audit report of the auditor. Ethical standards and legal responsibility of auditors. International Federation of Accountants and the standards it develops. Carrying out an audit in the USSR (Inaudit) and in other socialist countries.

Development of monitoring and control mechanisms in Bulgaria and the importance of professional and ethical standards

The profession of a private bailiff (bailiff) in Bulgaria was privatized in the form of licensed representatives of the free profession in 2005 with the adoption of the Law on Private Bailiffs (State Gazette of May 20, 2005, N 43). In 2006, the World Bank's annual report highlighted the introduction of the institution of private bailiffs as one of the 10 most successful reforms in the world. The reform is fundamental for Bulgaria as a post-Soviet country and is part of the legislative initiatives preceding Bulgaria's membership in the European Union. The aim of the reform is to optimize the efficiency and accessibility of justice.

Although this article does not intend to clarify which form of enforcement - private or public (within the framework of public authorities) - is more effective or fair, it considers ethical and professional standards as tools to equalize certain shortcomings of private systems that lead to to the potential vulnerability of such systems, especially in countries without established traditions and history of liberal professions, to which Bulgaria belongs. Currently, we see successful examples of both state and free (private) forms of enforcement of court decisions in many developed countries of both the East and West (these terms are used as an eloquent metaphor, and not as geopolitical markers). For example, in countries such as Germany, Sweden and Italy, bailiffs are civil servants. In the United States, the function of enforcement of a judgment by means of FiFa (fieri facias, a writ of execution) are executed by representatives of the elected official - the sheriff or, in some cases, the US Marshals' service. on the other hand, in countries with different and distinctive legal systems, such as France and the United Kingdom, licensed individuals act as bailiffs.

In the early 90s of the XX century. the state system of enforcement of judgments in Bulgaria has been very ineffective. In a practical sense, the procedures were so slow and bureaucratic that they could be considered as restricting access to justice. In 2004, in the Regular Report on the process of Bulgaria's accession to the European Union, the Commission stated: “The system of enforcement of judgments requires a fundamental revision, since only 1/8 of with the implementation of the body of laws. A proper monitoring system must be in place. "

The general situation with the implementation of the Civil Code in the period preceding the reform was also unsatisfactory and inadequate from an economic point of view. According to the analysis, the total number of pending enforcement proceedings in civil cases was 375 thousand, and the amount of unrecovered funds was 1.7 billion Bulgarian levs (0.85 billion euros) (this amount does not include government fees and the overwhelming number of cases of large arrears between legal entities). At the same time, according to the Bulgarian Industrial Association (the largest official union of entrepreneurs in Bulgaria), the total amount of debts between legal entities is 7 billion Bulgarian levs (3.5 billion euros). As a last resort, both physical and legal entities began to turn to alternative methods of debt collection, some of which border on criminal activity.

In light of the above, the free profession of a private bailiff (hereinafter referred to as the PSA) provided an answer to pressing both economic and social issues.

Historically and philosophically, law enforcement in both forms, criminal and civil, is as ancient and inherent in human civilization as the rule of law itself. In modern states, the rule of law is exercised in the courts, therefore court decisions performed by a certain category of professionals. These servants of the law carry and execute the message of the judiciary in relation to the population. Therefore, the very manners and professional behavior of the envoy testify to the quality of the state and authorities, and also establish the presumption of respect for the authority of the state. In this regard, it is especially important for the rule of law, both from the point of view of those who create and apply the law, and from those who must obey it, so that the envoy, regardless of his title (sheriff, bailiff, court officer, etc. .) is a good professional as well as a respected citizen who performs his duties in accordance with strict ethical standards. The importance, both socially and economically, of an adequate system of enforcement in civil disputes creates a vital need for professional standards and a code of ethics, as well as an effective monitoring and control system to ensure that they are adhered to. While professional standards are the “body” of the profession, ethical standards are its “soul”.

This is where we come to the potential vulnerability of the free profession of the bailiff. While in the complex structure of the civil service of bailiffs, the employee will be under the direct control of his management, a separate department will deal with the sale of the debtor's property and the employees will receive a fixed wages, private bailiffs single-handedly decide on methods of enforcement, direct the circulation of funds and their payment. And although in all systems of private compulsory enforcement, the actions of the PRI are an object of both internal (from professional organizations) and external (from the inspection state bodies or auditors) control, such control in most cases is carried out ex post facto. All of the above requires a clear and functional system of professional and ethical standards that can potentially balance the concentration of enforcement powers in the hands of an individual.

Professional standards

Professional standards are established in the Law on Private Bailiffs of May 10, 2005 (hereinafter referred to as the LARP). CHSI is the person who has been authorized by the state to enforce decisions in civil cases. The state can also delegate the authority to collect debts to the state, such as taxes, customs and / or commodity duties, fines, etc., to the ChSI.

A set of special professional requirements is established in Art. Art. 5 and 6 ZCHSI. ChSI status requires legal capacity, Bulgarian citizenship and compliance with the following requirements:

1) higher legal education at the master's level;

2) the presence of a license to conduct legal activities issued in accordance with the Law on the Judicial System;

3) at least three years of legal practice;

4) no criminal record, regardless of repayment;

5) the person's license was not revoked earlier;

6) the person is not deprived of the right to carry out commercial activities;

7) the person is not bankrupt or has not been accused of bankruptcy;

8) passed the introductory testing for CHSI.

CHSI position incompatible with:

1) the office of a member of parliament, minister, mayor or municipal councilor;

2) the position of a state or municipal employee;

3) employment in paid positions;

4) legal practice;

5) notarial practice;

6) the position of the bankruptcy commissioner;

7) the implementation of other commercial activities, management or leadership position on the board of the corporation.

Ethical standards

They are set out in the Code of Professional Ethics. The Code is an "internal" act, i.e. internal regulations of the Chamber of Private Bailiffs of the Republic of Bulgaria (hereinafter - the Chamber), adopted by its General Assembly.

In accordance with Art. 7 ZChSI Council of the Chamber expresses its opinion on the level of public confidence, which each of the candidates enjoys. Although a positive formal opinion of the Chamber is a prerequisite for obtaining a professional license, there is no legal definition of "public trust". This problem is a shining example"imported legislation". The Bulgarian LPA was, in fact, modeled after Dutch law under the guidance of several European and American experts. While in the USA, Great Britain, France and other Western European countries the categories of "public trust" or "good moral character" are understood by default due to thousands of years of moral tradition, in the case of Bulgaria this is not the case. This phenomenon is likely related to the extent of the rapid and unexpected transition from highly centralized communist rule to a democratic state of civil liberties and private enterprise. This is a flaw that has shown its impact over and over again over the years. This does not mean that the Bulgarian society and (or) the legal community, in particular, differ in the level of moral standards from the rest of the world, but when we talk about the formal criterion for obtaining a professional license or its revocation, this issue means a certain lack of such criteria. A vivid illustration would be a candidate who can meet all formal criteria, and nevertheless, there may be certain signs that a person cannot adequately fulfill his duties due to his moral or ethical characteristics. Some reliable examples from our experience show that, despite the absence of a criminal record and a formally impeccable professional background, a former government judicial officer can be a gambler, as is well known to his circle of friends and colleagues. Until he had the ability to distribute funds, but only to apply procedures, he was considered a good employee. When he received a fiduciary account and funds from the sale of debtors' property were transferred to him, he succumbed to his weakness and spent significant funds from his deposit account. Thus, it is strongly recommended to detail the criterion of good moral character (or public trust) in terms of professional standards, as well as to develop a screening procedure "at the entrance" to the profession to carefully examine and verify whether there is a high level of risk in the case of a particular candidate. appropriation of funds to them.

Fortunately, such examples in Bulgaria are extremely rare in comparison with the significant flow of money that passes through the accounts of the NPI. Needless to say, such cases are grounds not only for disciplinary proceedings, but also for criminal prosecution. The Chamber prides itself on its strict and uncompromising approach to any such professional misconduct.

In accordance with Art. 29.1 LARS: "Private bailiffs must adhere to professional ethics and maintain the prestige of the profession." Article 6.2 of the Charter of the Chamber states that each CHSI must “comply with the laws, the Charter and the Code of Professional Ethics”.

The General Assembly of the Chamber has adopted the Code of Professional Ethics, which sets the standards for professional ethics of the CHSI. Article 3 of the Code specifies that its rules are binding on any CHSI and his (her) assistants.

The Code itself is a detailed system of rules and ethical guidelines that are not established by law and are completely moral in nature, and they are formulated to emphasize their importance, as well as the corresponding qualities inherent in CHI.

The main areas professional activity which the Code regulates are:

1) independence and impartiality of ChSI;

2) relationships with the parties and participants in the process;

3) relations with claimants;

5) access to information and information processing;

6) obtaining information and control over it;

7) conflict of interest;

8) public behavior of the CHSI;

9) relations with third parties and authorities;

10) relations with the media and appearances in the press;

11) invalid methods;

12) professional solidarity, relations with other ChSI;

13) assistants of the ChSI and other subordinates of the ChSI;

14) relations and cooperation with audit bodies and government bodies;

15) unfair competition;

16) fair conduct of affairs and complaints;

17) financial transparency and accountability; fair account management.

Monitoring and control

Monitoring and control over compliance with legislation and procedures. In accordance with the legislation of Bulgaria, there is a double system of monitoring and control of NPI - by the Board of the Chamber and by the inspectors of the Ministry of Justice (hereinafter - MOJ). Although the two systems operate independently of each other, they have obligations to report on the results of an audit or audit and to act jointly in the event of disciplinary action based on monitoring results. Both systems have the right to petition for disciplinary proceedings. In accordance with Art. 59.6. ZChSI The Council of the Chamber controls the fulfillment of the ChSI obligations, makes decisions on initiating disciplinary proceedings and participates in them through its representatives. The Council of the Chamber notifies the MOJ of the results of the audit.

Monitoring and control by the Chamber. The Chamber monitors and controls both compliance with legislation and procedures and compliance with financial management and accounting rules. The main function of the monitoring process by the Chamber is the early assessment and prevention of professional misconduct and misuse of procedures. In practical terms, the Chamber carries out two full audits per year, i.e. each of 193 (based on the Chamber's 2015 report) CRI is audited every year. The monitoring area covers all procedures, financial and accounting aspects of daily work. Typically, the results of such audits should be followed by a report on recommendations for optimizing certain procedures or avoiding certain practices. In some cases, disciplinary proceedings are requested. For the entire period from 2006 to the end of 2015, 251 disciplinary cases were initiated. During the above period, the Disciplinary Committee of the Chamber (hereinafter - DC) imposed the following disciplinary sanctions: 13 reprimands, 100 fines in various amounts up to 5 thousand euros, five warnings about temporary license revocation and 10 license revocations.

Monitoring and control by the DOJ. The prerogative of the Ministry of Justice to monitor NPI through the institute of inspectors is established in Art. Art. 75 and 76 ZCHSI. The Inspectorate is appointed by order of the Ministry of Justice according to the complaint of the interested party or the proposal of the Chamber. The inspector has the right of free access to the office and the official archive of the ChSI, and can also make copies of documents when he identifies violations. In addition, the inspector has the right to access fiduciary bank accounts in accordance with Art. 24.1 ZCHSI. Depending on the severity of the misconduct or violations of rules and regulations, the inspector can either submit a request for a formal submission by the Minister of Justice to a specific CIA on compliance with the law, or submit a request to initiate disciplinary proceedings.

Each CHSI must submit to the MoJ an annual activity report (Art. 77 of the LCHS) within the first three months of each year. Requirements for the annual report are established by the resolution of the Ministry of Justice of February 6, 2006 N 5.

An important and fairly new Resolution (which entered into force in 2015) is the Resolution of February 20, 2015 N N-1 on the rules for financial audit of the ChSI. Despite the fact that since 2007 Art. 75a of the ZCHSI grants the right to monitor the correctness of the assessment and calculation of fees (enforcement costs) to a specialized body of financial inspectors as part of the Ministry of Justice, the said Resolution introduces the necessary details of financial control.

The complexity of the issue stems in part from a certain ambiguity in the position of the NSI. On the one hand, the ChSI manages the procedure for the execution of decisions in civil cases in relation to the property and other assets of the debtor, which, in essence, is also done by the bailiff. On the other hand, the ChSI personally manages the multifaceted and complex financial flows, which are formed from the assets of debtors, fees and deductions for VAT. Another part of the administered funds is the income of the NPI itself from preliminary fees and fees based on the results of execution, as well as the related income tax, VAT and social insurance contributions. To complicate matters further, unlike a bailiff (who is a civil servant), the CHSI is sometimes an employer for dozens or even hundreds of workers who inevitably "bring" problems with them managing their income and all associated taxes and social security contributions. This complexity of the profession in retrospect was hardly predictable during the creation of the original legislation. Thus, we strongly recommend that all the above issues be seriously considered by countries where new legislation in the field of NPI is being introduced or planned to be introduced.

Audits of DOJ inspectors either take place on an annual schedule set by the Minister, or they can be extraordinary as a consequence of a risk assessment or in response to a complaint. The scope of the audit may vary. This can be a full audit of all the activities of the CSI or specific areas, such as individual procedural acts, accounting practice, or the study of one or more industries.

Organization of disciplinary proceedings in Bulgaria. Disciplinary proceedings in respect of the PSC in Bulgaria are carried out by the DC, which consists of at least eight members. The disciplinary committee is appointed for three years. The Minister of Justice appoints half of the DC members. From a practical point of view, MJ representatives are inspectors. For members of the Chamber, membership in the DC requires at least five years of practical work. In this case, you can be appointed for no more than two consecutive terms.

In accordance with Art. 67 LCHSI ChSI should bear disciplinary responsibility for guilty failure to fulfill its duties established by the Charter and acts of the Chamber. The Bulgarian legislator did not choose the approach according to which a certain set of actions (inaction) should be considered disciplinary offenses. Although the Code of Discipline has been in development for many years, there are still many conflicting opinions among the legal profession and academia as to whether this is the right approach. At the moment, the main principles of an effective disciplinary process are the formulation by the party that initiated it (by the inspector of the Ministry of Justice or the inspector of the Chambers) violations and the provision of sufficient evidence to impose a penalty. Otherwise, if the DC does not find sufficient evidence of a violation of the law, it will refuse to impose sanctions.

Article 68.1 of the PCRM lists the following disciplinary sanctions:

1) reprimand;

2) a fine from 100 to 10 thousand Bulgarian levs (from 50 to 5 thousand euros);

3) warning about the temporary revocation of the license;

4) revocation of a license for a period of one to five years.

Article 69 of the LOCA establishes a limitation period for disciplinary liability, which is six months from the moment the violation was discovered, but not more than two years from the moment it was committed. A disciplinary violation is considered detected from the moment when the body specified in Part 1 of Art. 70 ZCHSI, learns about the violation. From a practical point of view, these deadlines turned out to be too short for a good defense, taking into account the legislative subtleties, on behalf of the accused employee. Therefore, in the early stages of the development of the profession, several significant disciplinary cases were not completed due to the expiration of six months or two years. The reason for this was that the sanctions imposed by the DC did not enter into force until the appeal procedure was filed with the Supreme Court.

Often, due to the heavy workload, the resolution of the case in the Supreme Court could take more than two years. It was only recently that the Supreme Court issued a binding judgment (No. 2/2013), according to which the statute of limitations was suspended for the duration of the appeal.

In practice, disciplinary proceedings are initiated at the request of the MoJ or a decision of the Council of the Chamber. Along with the request (or later), a request for temporary suspension of activities may be submitted, which may be approved by the Committee. ChSI may file an objection to the charge within seven days of notification. In the course of the disciplinary hearing itself, the panel consists of two representatives of the DC and one according to the quota of the Ministry of Justice, appointed by the Chairman of the DC.

During the hearing, the accused of the ChSI may seek assistance from a lawyer. The decision to temporarily suspend activities can be appealed to the Supreme Court of Cassation within seven days from the date of notification. During the disciplinary hearing, all materials and evidence, as well as the testimony of witnesses, are heard and considered. As a general principle, when there are no procedural rules established in the LCHSI, the norms of the Civil Procedure Code are used.

Disciplinary proceedings may not be instituted, and instituted proceedings shall be terminated if:

1) the limitation period expires;

2) ChSI is declared dead;

3) in respect of the CSI for the same violation, proceedings are already underway, the decision in accordance with Art. 72 entered into force or a decision was made to discontinue production.

The decision of the DC can be appealed to the Supreme Court of Cassation on the basis of nullity or lack of jurisdiction, violation of legal norms, violation of procedure, as well as obvious unfairness of the disciplinary sanctions applied. Both the ChSI and the Minister of Justice have the right to appeal (even in cases where proceedings have been initiated by the Council of the Chamber). The Supreme Court of Cassation considers the appeal on the merits by a panel of three judges. The court may invalidate the decision, annul or suspend disciplinary proceedings, uphold the decision or change the sanction. The decision of the Supreme Court of Cassation is final.

In order for ethical principles, norms, rules and standards to become the reality of business life, they must be included in the decision-making process at all levels of management, as well as in the practice of all employees, i.e. be part of a real personnel policy.

In the global economy, there are seven main mechanisms through which ethical norms can be introduced into practice. These include:

ethical codes;
ethics committees;
training;
social audits;
legal committees;
services that consider claims of citizens on ethical issues;
changes in the corporate structure.

The most commonly used mechanism is a code of ethics. About 90% of foreign companies have implemented ethical principles through such codes. They can be developed for the company as a whole and contain ethical rules common to all.

The code can also be created for certain functional units, for example, for the purchasing department, and only affect those specific to of this department ethical issues.

A code of ethics, as a rule, is developed by a specially created body - a committee, commission, etc.

To make the code effective, there are usually some disciplinary measures taken to punish violators of the code and to reward behavior that is in accordance with the rules of the code of ethics.

The corporate ethics committee has a specific set of functions, which include the following:

bringing up ethical issues for discussion by the board or top managers;
bringing the basic requirements of the code of ethics to the attention of managers of all levels and ordinary employees;
developing measures to support the code;
analysis and revision of the code on the basis of annual internal corporate reports and depending on changes in the external environment of the organization, especially the system of spiritual values and public opinion;
preparation of reports on the activities of the committee for the board of directors;
providing the highest level of management with expert advice on ethical issues.

Management ethics training is another opportunity for introducing ethical principles into corporate operations. These are sets of ethical standards, a kind of ethical modules that are included in the general training program for managers of lower and middle management.

Thus, if the ethics committee serves the highest level of corporate management, helping to find non-trivial individual solutions to ethical problems, ethical training provides both middle and lower management with a set of ready-made solutions that fit into the framework of ethical requirements.

The training promotes the practical implementation of ethical principles in the structure of corporate decision-making.

Social audit, like other forms of introducing ethical requirements into corporate practice, has a relatively short history - about two to three decades. Social audit is an attempt to assess the social behavior of a corporation in a public environment. The adoption of the charter gives her certain rights and even privileges. For this, society requires a certain behavior from the corporation that does not violate the general ethical background and certain actions that contribute to the development and prosperity of society.

Social audit is designed to check and provide information about the extent to which the actions of the corporation meet the expectations of society. It can be used in a corporation for internal control for the degree of ethics of the actions of the corps of managers, for the implementation of the ethical code, for rational use resources, for reporting to shareholders, etc. However, social audit, despite its value for the development of business, management and public good in general, has not received much development and is mainly used only on the scale of the corporation. Apparently, the point is in the difficulty and high cost of performing audits on a scale not only for the entire country, but at least one industry. Of those companies that conduct social auditing for internal needs, only a few make the results of the audit available to the public or shareholders.

Basically, social audit is currently reduced to determining how the activities of a given corporation comply with government regulations on health, safety or environmental pollution control.

The Legal Committee is responsible for monitoring the corporation's compliance with all laws and regulations in all areas of activity; part of the work of such a committee concerns monitoring the compliance of the corporation's actions with laws and regulations that are ethical in nature: environmental protection, human rights protection, etc.

Few businesses have dedicated ethical complaints services. Typically, employees of such services deal with complaints and complaints on ethical issues, received both from the outside and from employees of the corporation.

According to the data characterizing the global economy, only a small number of corporations are making internal structural changes in order to adapt to ethical requirements.

So, is it possible with the help of certain mechanisms and levers of management to make the behavior of the corporation ethical?

Yes, you can.

Government regulations in many countries have made corporations more flexible in responding to changing social values, spending money on environmental pollution control, ensuring equal employment opportunities for national minorities and women, etc. The codes of ethics developed on the basis of these regulations have repeatedly helped corporate managers find a way out of difficult ethical situations, as well as create a corporate culture.

There is no doubt that a corporation can be encouraged to comply with ethical principles both through internal control mechanisms (self-regulation) and through external constraints.

However, no corporation can become a fully self-regulatory system. Too many subjective and institutional barriers stand in the way of the emergence of such a system. Therefore, the self-regulation system is unlikely to replace government regulation in the near future.

Since codes of ethics are more common than other tools for introducing ethics into corporate life, let's take a closer look at them.

Many large corporations in an effort to maintain their image in the eyes of the general public and find a line of their behavior, they develop codes of ethics.

The existence of such codes is another confirmation of the existence of an important and unresolved problem of creating an ethical business climate in general, which condemns immoral behavior in the system of official relations.

Most of the company codes of ethics were developed and implemented in the 70s. They vary widely, from Exxon Corporation's one-page Business Conduct Statement to Citicorp's Code of Ethics, which is over 60 pages long.

In terms of their content, these codes are diverse, which is an illustration of the existence of significant disagreements between representatives top management regarding the subject of the code of ethics. The variety of codes may also be the result of management's attempts to adapt them to the particular needs of the company in the context of the increasingly complex national economies and the global economy in recent decades.

A characteristic feature of modern codes of ethics is that sections containing recommendations for resolving ethical issues arising from conflicts of interest are developed in more detail and thoroughly than other sections. In this case, the emphasis is on the collision of interests of the corporation: a) with government bodies; b) with employees or shareholders of the corporation; c) with the governments of foreign states.

Most of the codes are based on internal corporate control over its observance. Public (external) - on the part of public organizations - and state control over the observance of the code requires the creation of an appropriate state structure, which is quite expensive, which is burdensome for the budget of any country.

In addition, the idea of organizing external control is not supported by all governments, as well as management theorists and practitioners. It is believed that there are too many obstacles to the implementation of such an idea. These obstacles include the difficulty in identifying the person in the corporation who has the authority and authority to use coercion, the difficulty (or even the impossibility) of obtaining information about possible ethical violations, the problem of developing a unified system of motivating employees to comply with the code of ethics, and many other difficulties.

Obviously, it is impossible to characterize and address in the code any ethical issue that employees may face. However, written guidelines can help resolve the most common ethical issues.

It is possible to point out a number of advantages that a corporation as a whole and its employees can have from the creation of a code of ethics:

Codes are more informed, cohesive “guides” to good behavior than advice and guidance from individuals. When individual employees have to determine the level of ethical behavior in their daily practice, their judgments often turn out to be too subjective, depending not only on the level of ethical education of the employee, but also on the level of his education, culture, awareness of the state of affairs in the corporation, the degree of social responsibility. patriotism and many, many other factors.
Codes of ethics, incorporating all of the above, invite managers to focus their attention on the basic, paramount and suggest the most logical decisions.
The very existence of a corporate code of ethics as a collective ethical standard helps corporate managers to understand the ethics of their business decisions. And the writing makes the codes even more important.
The Code provides a general guideline in situations where it is difficult to unequivocally determine what is ethical and what is unethical in the actions of the corporation's management, i.e. when universal ethics and professional ethics collide.
Codes of ethics can help control the power of those managers who sometimes ask, even order, their subordinates to commit not only unethical, but even illegal actions. Codes can provide a certain level of legal protection both for the company as a whole and for each employee individually.

However, codes of ethics have a number of disadvantages:

They require a significant investment of time and money.
They require high qualifications from those who compose them.
Sometimes their recommendations are too vague, and with their help it is difficult to solve a specific ethical problem.
By their existence, codes presuppose the need to apply penalties for violators.
At the same time, everything that is not mentioned in the code can be assessed as permissible actions.
Codes of ethics do not guarantee managers either control over external (in relation to corporations) influences on business ethics, or ways to address global ethical issues.

The shortcomings of ethical codes listed above do not diminish their importance. They are especially useful in corporations, where managers are aware of the inadmissibility of unethical practices.

Analysis of codes of ethics (by publication) American companies shows that they focus on the following issues:

relations with the government,
relationships with customers,
conflict of interests,
honesty in reports.

The following questions are central to most of the analyzed codes:

personal qualities of managers;
safety of manufactured products and goods sold;
environmental protection;
quality of products and goods sold;
civil actions.

Research and polls by the American sociological service News-CNN have shown that a significant proportion of Americans believe that unethical and dishonest behavior is widespread.

In the global economy, many companies are now creating divisions or hiring individual employees to develop codes of ethics.

At the same time, measures are taken to familiarize managers with the provisions of these codes; a system of incentives for managers is also created, provided that they take ethical issues into account when making decisions and that their official conduct complies with the ethical standards set forth in the codes.

When monitoring official actions of employees, companies use lie detector tests, drug tests, etc.

A lot of effort goes into developing tests used in hiring new managers and frontline employees.

However, some managers and company owners rightly believe that attempts to ethically correct the service behavior of a person who has sufficient life experience, as well as work experience for a given firm (or any other), are far from always successful. The mature person's habit of acting, making decisions, if it goes against ethical standards, is difficult to break and rebuild. An adult with experience behind him, with his own formed system of values and views, is difficult to retrain, and companies take this into account in their HR policies.

More productive, in the opinion of the managers of many firms and their owners, is the way of hiring graduates of educational institutions, where there was an extensive and ramified program of training in the basics of ethics. In this case, ethical standards are laid in the consciousness (and subconsciousness) of the future employee as part of the worldview complex and, one might even say, as immutable axioms that cannot be challenged. Then the cumbersome and expensive system of developing company codes, training employees in ethical standards, monitoring compliance with ethical requirements is largely unnecessary. Therefore, large and wealthy firms that have their own business schools, business schools, are implementing such programs for training students as programs of management ethics, business ethics, business ethics, and speech ethics. Sometimes it is a set of ethical principles representing ethical standards in theory, sometimes - specific examples and situations, the study and analysis of which enables students to formulate theoretical postulates that determine the ethical boundaries of actions and behavior in their future business practice.

Review questions

What mechanisms for the implementation of ethical principles and norms of business relations can you suggest in addition to the existing ones?
Which of the mechanisms do you think are the most effective?
Do you have experience with codes of ethics, social audits, etc.?
Develop a draft code of ethics for the organization (or its unit) in which you currently work.
What is the difference in the purposes of internal and external control over the observance of the organization's code of ethics (or other document regulating morality)?
What are your forecasts for the development of documentation support (codes, internal regulations, etc.) of ethical requirements in organizations?
Give an assessment of the effectiveness of the application of ethics training programs in educational institutions of the Russian Federation for the formation of a complex of ethical norms and standards used in the field of service relations.