Spasskaya Tower (up to 1658 - Frolovskaya) - the most famous of 20 towers Moscow Kremlin, Entering on Red Square near Frontal place and Pokrovsky Cathedral.The tent tower decorate the clock-chimes, who made the Spasskaya Tower of the collective symbol of the Kremlin and Moscow as a whole.
The tower was built in 1491 on the draft Milan architect Pietro Antonio Solari, Subsequently, it was sungway architect Christopher Galovem. together with the Russian master Bazhenia cucumber. Initially elevated from red brick, in different years, depending on the aesthetic preferences.
The form of the base of the Tower is a ferewk, which is crossed by a multi-tier tent completion with clock-chorants and rich decorative design. The top of the ferechka is decorated with a lace arched belt with turrets in the corners and figures of fantastic animals, and images of flowers and seashells can also be found in the carved design of the belt, and the words of peacocks are found. Above the chimes is a belfry, crowned tower with a red star on top.
The overall height of the Spasskaya Tower with a star is 71 meters. The massive tanning shower with a travel gate is adjacent to the tower.
History of the Spasskaya Tower
During the Board Ivan III A radical restructuring of the Kremlin began in Moscow, during which in 1485-1495, in return for old white-stone walls and towers were erected by new - from burned bricks. Construction of the Spasskaya Tower on the project of the Italian architect Pietro Antonio Solary from Milan became the initial stage of the construction of the eastern line of fortifications of the Moscow Kremlin; Before her, at this place was the Frolovsky Sagitney. Since under the Kremlin walls was died, from the tower over his bridge over him.
In memory of the construction of the tower over the gate, 2 white-name signs are installed with a commemorative inscription in Latin (from the side of Red Square) and Russian (from the Kremlin) languages:
At the end of the 16th century, a wooden tower tower with a double-headed eagle was worst, but in 1624-1625 another restructuring was held: according to the project of the English architect Christopher Galovei, with the participation of the Moscow master of Bazhen Ogurtsov over the tower, a multi-tier top in the Gothic style was erected, decorated with nude figures - "DOOLS". Naked figures on the tower were perceived ambiguously, and by decree of the king Mikhail Fedorovich, special caftans were sewn for them, however, to live "boobs" in any case there was long - in 1628 they burned down in a fire. In the middle of the 17th century, a double-headed eagle - the coat of arms of the Russian state was again at the top of the tower - the emblem of the Russian state was subsequently established on Nikolskaya, Trinity and Borovitsky Towers.
Before the revolution of 1917, the chapels were located on the left and to the right of Spasskit gates - first wooden, then rebuilt in the stone, but in 1925 they were demolished.
Initially, the tower, as well as the stronger prior to it, was called Frolovsky - along the Church of Frol and Lavra on the meatsky street, where the road from the gate was led - until 1658, when King Alexey Mikhailovich commanded her Spasskaya, as the SPAS Icons were posted above the Spass Gate Smolensk (from the Red Square) and the Savior of the Independent (from the Kremlin).
Saved Smolensky and saved the wrong
One of the features of the tower, thanks to which she received its modern name, the icons of Smolensk and Savior Savior icons were located above the pass gate.
Form Savior Smolensky It was written in 1514 in gratitude for the capture of Smolensk and placed above the gate from the Red Square. In 1521, when Moscow managed to avoid the siege to the troops of Khan Mehmed-Gurya, instead of the icon on the wall, the fresco was drawn, at which the Sature Sainted Gospel and the Saint Sergius and Varlaam Khutynsky and Varlaam Khutansky are depicted. During the years of Soviet power, the image was attacked and for a long time was considered lost, since it was not recorded in official documents, which happened to him, and specialists had no accurate information about whether it was drawn on the wall or was a separate element. When in the 2000s, the issue of restoration of the icon was raised, she was looking for it in the stoves of art museums for a long time, but as a result, the image was found under the layer of plaster at its rightful place: in 2010 it was cleared and restored.
Appearance of the image Savior Savior On the inside of the gate (from the Kremlin) is associated with the epidemic of the plague, rushing in Russia in the middle of the 17th century. Moscow has suffered a lot from the epidemic, but one of the cities - Hlynov (Sovr. Kirov) - it bypassed the party; It was rumored that the reason for the deliverance of the hlynova from the disease is the miraculous image of the Savior of the Nerukopantic, who prayed the inhabitants of the city. In 1648, by order of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, the image was taken to Moscow. Having placed the original icons in the Novospassian monastery, with her two lists were made: the first was sent to the hlyuns, the second was placed on the inside of the gate of the Spasskaya Tower. Unfortunately, in Soviet years, the image was destroyed, and the original icon disappeared; Today, the kid on the inside of the gate of the Spasskaya Tower remains empty.
Chorans Spasskaya Tower
- probably the most famous hours of Russia, because it is on them that Russians meet the New Year - the chime of the Kremlin Quararants became one of the brightest New Year traditions of the world.
The chimes are installed on the top fourthics of the tower from all four sides and have impressive sizes:
Dial diameter - 6.12 meters;
Minute length arrows - 3.27 meters;
Clockwise length - 2.97 meters;
The height of the Roman digits is 0.72 meters.
The clocks have a musical mechanism: at 00:00, 06:00, 12:00 and 18:00 Performed by the Anthem of the Russian Federation, at 03:00, 09:00, 15:00 and 21:00 - the melody of the choir "Walk" from the opera Glinka "Life for the king".
For the first time, the clock at the Spasskaya Tower appeared in the 16th century and almost nothing is known about them. In 1625, according to the project of Christopher Galovei, the old hours were replaced by the new ones who had a unique structure: the clock was counted day and night, marked with Slavic letters and Arabic figures, while the arrow stylized under the sun was stationary - the dial itself rotated. In 1705, by the decree of Peter I, the watches were redone to the German way: with a dial at 12 o'clock, and in 1770 an English clock was installed on the tower. Modern chimes were made by brothers Nikolai and Ivan Butenopi in 1851-1852.
Star Spasskaya Tower
The star at the top of the Spasskaya Tower appeared in 1935, when the Soviet government wished to hoist a new symbol to the Kremlin towers instead of an ideologically obsolete two-headed eagle.
The first Kremlin stars were made of stainless steel and red copper, in the middle there were gilded sickle and hammer laid out by Ural Gems. The star on the Spasskaya Tower, among other things, was decorated with the middle rays. Unfortunately, the stars of 1935 quickly swept under the influence of the weather, and already in 1937 they were replaced with glowing ruby, which can be seen today.
Rams of the star rays on the Spasskaya Tower is 3.75 meters.
Spasskaya Tower To date, one of the symbols of Moscow and the prominent attraction of tourist routes.
You can get to the Spasskaya Tower you can walk from metro stations "Okhotny Ryad" Sokolnic line "Theatrical" Zamoskvoretsky I. "Revolution square" Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya.
The Spasskaya Tower in Moscow is an outstanding monument of architecture and history of the late 15th century, the object of state and international importance is included in the historical ensemble of the Kremlin (Northeast Wall), facing Red Square - opposite the monument to Minin and Pozharsky. This is the most famous Kremlin Tower, there are famous metropolitan chourants on it, and the top decorate a five-pointed star.
The historical name of the Tower is Frolovskaya, as the road through her gate led to the Torol and Lavra's Church that existed at the time.
The gate of the Spasskaya Tower is a valid front entrance to the Kremlin.
History of the Spasskaya Tower
The Moscow Spasskaya Tower was erected in 1491 at the Grand Duza Ivan III Vasilyevich at the place of the Strelnik, known as Frolovskaya. At this time, at the turn of the 15th and 16th centuries, the brick Moscow Kremlin comprehensively built up; Walls and most towers of that period form the form of the Kremlin and these days.
The architect of the Spasskaya Tower (at that time - Frolovskaya) - Peter Fryazin (Pietro Antonio Solari). The construction of the Spasskaya Tower in Moscow was carried out in a single style with other Kremlin buildings created with the participation of Italian masters.
Wooden bridge from the tower through Alazizov ditch built by 1508.
The history of icons on the Spasskaya Tower in Moscow began in 1514: from the placement over the gate of the image of Smolensky. In 1521, the icon was replaced by Smolensky's fresco, written on a garment wall facing Red Square.
In the 16th century, the Spassky Tower decorated a wooden double-headed eagle. In 1624-1625, the decorative appearance of the tower was changed by the English architect Christopher Galovem together with the Russian architect Bazhennoye Ogurztsov: a multi-tiered gothic top was built, which included sculptures in the style of mannerism, spreading in Western Europe. From this design, the history includes fantastic nude figures (pay attention - this is not 16, and the 17th century), which existed until 1628. In the Tsarist Russia, the nudity of these sculptures even covered with robes who were sewn for them, but from the tower they were removed not by national aesthetic reasons, but after a fire, which was strongly injured.
Officially, the gates are named Spassy much later - with Tsar Alexei Mikhailovic, who signed the corresponding decree on renaming in 1658. Under it, over the gate from the Kremlin side, a list from the icon "Savior" is enshrined.
In the Spasskaya Tower up to the 17th century, the preserved historical Reliefs of Strelnica, made of white stone - like most of the previous buildings of the Kremlin were located.
In the middle of the 17th century, the state symbol was once again approved on the top of the Spasskaya Tower - a double-headed eagle. After the same way, other major towers of the Kremlin were decorated - Nikolskaya, Trinity and Borovitskaya.
Historically, on both sides of the tower gate, the operating chapels of the Cathedral of Vasily Blessed - Smolenskaya and Spasskaya were located in stone in 1802. In 1812, the chapels were destroyed by the retreat of Napoleonic troops. Miraculously survived the tower itself - the explosion prevented the Don Cossacks, on time to the wipers. The chapel was re-built already on a completely different project. They rebuilt again in 1868 with a complex restoration of the Spasskaya Tower. The demolition of the chapel without restoration took place in 1925.
In 1895, the noteworthy fresco of Smolensky's rescue was renovated. In Soviet years, this image turned out to be lost (no written evidence of his fate was preserved), as well as the list from the icon "Savior", and was considered as such until 2010. The image was found under the layer of plaster, preserved about 80% - purified and restored by restorers. The coarse kyot on the part of the Kremlin, where she was previously located "Savior", now empty.
Large-scale restoration work inside and outside the tower were held in 1999, last time - in 2014.
Gate Spasskaya Tower
Spass gates are always honored as sacred, as well as the main from all the gates of the Kremlin towers.
It was from Moscow that the combat shelves left Moscow, through the gate, the route of the grooves from the Kremlin simultaneously passed, through them to a meeting with the monarch included foreign ambassadors. For the front entrance, the Spasskit Gate is used now.
Interestingly, historically through the gate of the Spasskaya Tower was not allowed to enter the horse riding. In addition, until the 19th century, men were supposed to remunerate the caps before the consecrated lampada, located on the outer wall of the tower, before entering.
Watch on the Spasskaya Tower
The diameter of the chimes is 6.12 m, the height of the gold-plated Roman numbers on the turm dial - 0.72 m. The length of the minute-time clock arrows on the Spasskaya Tower is 3.27 m, the clockwise - 2.97 m. All sides of the tower comes out one by one Dial - Kurats are clearly seen from afar and from different angles.
Not times perpetuated in the art of the chimes on the Spasskaya Tower first earned in the 16th century, which is confirmed by historical evidence of the work of the Kremlin watchmakers. Over the past century, the main hours of the Kremlin have repeatedly modified.
So, it is known that in 1625 the clock on the Spasskaya Tower was replaced: the old acquired Savior-Yaroslavl monastery, and the new ones were put on the tower with the participation of Christopher Galovei. The pressessed and very original model of mechanical clock could play music, pointed out the night and daytime, the dial was rotating, and the arrow in the form of the sun with a long beam is static. The clock was located on two sides of the tower: the first dial was turned to the Kremlin, the second to the China city. The first unusual clocks have long existed for a long time: Govery had to restore them after the fire of 1626, the next repair was completed in 1668.
In 1705, Peter First ordered to establish a Dutch clock on the tower with the dial converted under the German standard. These chimes were also musical, but often broke, could not survive the fire of 1737.
British chimes from the grain chamber are fixed on the tower by 1770. The works were led by the German Fatz Master, and by his will, the chimes were configured to play the German song "Ah, my dear Augustine." Throughout the history of the Kremlin Quararants, this is the only period when they played foreign music. The clock was damaged in the fire of 1812. Master Yakov Lebedev managed to repair them by 1815.
Modern chimes of the Spasskaya Tower are manufactured by March 1852. By that time, the wear of the English clock was defined as critical. The creation of the most important watch mechanism of the Kremlin was entrusted to the Budonop Brothers Plant. Work was conducted from December 1850, while it was possible to use a part of the old mechanism and apply the modern achievements of watchmaking. The oak case of the clock is replaced by cast iron, and the mechanical parts are made of wear-resistant alloys, designed for temperature differences during the year. Chime of the Kurats provided a playing shaft from which ropes stretched to 48 bells. The melodies were soon chosen: this is the "March of the Preobrazhensky regiment" in 6 and at 12 o'clock, the anthem "Kohl Sovlin is our Lord in Zion" in 3 and in 9. This music sounded from the Spasskaya Tower to the 1917 revolution.
When storming the Kremlin Bolsheviks on November 2, 1917, the clock arrow broke the projectile, and the clock did not work until September 1918. The mechanism was restored by the N. Berens watchmaker at the instruction of V. I. Lenin. Since 1937, the clock is summarized with three electric motors. Until 1938, the Kuranta bells were performed by revolutionary hymns ("International", "You fell a victim ..."), in the following years only the chime sounded on the clock and quarters.
During the inauguration of B. N. Yeltsin in 1996, Spasski Kurats performed a melody, from now on 12 and 6 hours they played a "patriotic song", and at 3 and 9 o'clock the melody "Walk" M. I. Glinka.
In 1999, a large restoration of the clock was carried out - with the restoration of the appearance of the upper tier, the coating of the arrows and numbers of gold. By the end of the year, the melody of the state anthem of the Russian Federation (instead of the "patriotic song") was configured.
Star on the Spasskaya Tower
Before the star, the tower was crowned with a double-headed eagle: from the 17th century until 1935. For various reasons, the eagle had to update repeatedly.
The Soviet five-pointed star with sickle and hammer on the sketch of Fyodor Fedorovsky was established at the Spasskaya and other Kremlin towers in August 1935. These first stars were made of stainless steel and red copper, the image of the sickle and hammer is posted from the Ural gems, covered with gold. Another stars decoration - rays, separated from the center to the tops.
In practice, genuine copper-steel stars turned out to be an unsuccessful decision: they quickly sweat, so in less than two years it was replaced by them. However, the first Spasskaya star, unlike many contemporaries, has been preserved, now she marches the spire of the Moscow Northern River Station.
Luminous rubble star on the Spasskaya Tower lit on November 2, 1937. A star with a scope of a 3.75 meter ray is a double-layer, with a rim of stainless steel: the inner layer is made of a glass of milk color, outdoor - from the ruby. Autonomous lamps are protected from overheating, replaced with modern during the comprehensive restoration of 2014.
With the collapse of the USSR, the question of returning to the two-headed eagle was repeatedly raised, he now remains open.
Festival "Spasskaya Tower" in Moscow
The International Military Music Festival, named after the Spasskaya Tower, is held in Moscow since 2006. Time: The end of August - the beginning of September, before the day of the city. The duration of the festival is changing every year. Festival tickets are sold by day, the first and last cost more.
Military orchestras participate in this large festival, the divisions of the honorary protection of the first persons of countries, folk musical and dance groups in national costumes.
The main event of the festival is a large-scale concert on Red Square, in front of the Spasskaya Tower. It is at this concert that you can see the best performances of military-musical groups from Russia, CIS countries, Europe, Eastern and Southeast Asia.
How to get to the Spasskaya Tower in Moscow
Outdoor tourist views of the Spasskaya Tower near the Red Square, as access to the tower is not included in standard excursions in the Kremlin Museum. Accordingly, it is desirable to get to the Red Square, and not until the entrance to the Kremlin through the Trinity Tower.
The fastest way to get to the Spasskaya Tower overlooking the Red Square - on the metro station to the "Okhotny row" stations, "Theatrical" or "Revolution Square". These stations are in one transplant node of the metro, so it is worth choosing the nearest output - No. 7 "Okhotny Ray", from it to the foot of the tower - less than 500 meters on foot.
You need to get on the buses to stop the "Red Square" along the barvaque street. Flights No. 158, M5 are suitable.
The Spasskaya Tower with the clock is well noticeable and recognizable from afar, but still we recommend that you will refer with the scheme of the location of the Kremlin towers:
The convenient option for those who want to learn as much as possible about the history of the Spasskaya Tower and at the same time do not lose sight of other attractions, - Overview of the Spasskaya Tower with a tour of the Kremlin and Red Square. Offers from guides - on the project.
Panorama "Spasskaya Tower" on Google Maps
Video "Spasskaya Tower and the Kremlin in the New Year"
Address: Moscow Kremlin, between the Senate and Tsarist Tower
Date of construction: 1491 year
Tower height: with a star of 71 m.
The tower has a ruby \u200b\u200bstar and chimes
Coordinates: 55 ° 45 "09.2" N 37 ° 37 "17.0" E
The 10-storey Spasskaya Tower was erected under Prince Ivan III Italian architect Pietro Solari. Since nearby the Temple of Frol and Laurel, who was not preserved to the present day, was originally called Frolovskaya. The well-known accurate date of completion of the construction of the Spasskaya Tower - in 1491.
View of the tower from a large Moskvoretsky bridge
Images over travel gates
In total, 2 images were depicted over the passing gate - Savior Smolensky decorated entering the Kremlin at the beginning of the 16th century, and from the second half of the 17th century, an image of an ads of uncontiguous from the Kremlin appeared. Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich special decree of 1658 ordered to change the name of the Frolov gate on Spasski. The same year can be considered the year of assigning a new name tower - "Spasskaya".
Protective structures of antiquity
After the construction of the Spasskaya Tower (at the time when she was called Franovsky), it was decided to protect the eastern side of the Kremlin defensive line. To protect entry into the Kremlin on the 4-coal Spasskaya tower, a tanning shooter was installed, quite powerful for those times. Also, "Gersi" are also provided with iron grilles that cover the tower from 2 sides. It was worth the attackers to penetrate the tower, Gers were descended and isolated them from their army, and with a special gallery at the very top enemy mercilessly destroyed. Strelnik's gate were additionally equipped with lifting bridges.
Spruce Gate View
SPASSKY Gate - holy place for every Muscovite
Spasskit gates in ancient times were truly a religious place - they were considered holy in the literal sense of the word. The male half of the population was charged with the duty, passing through the Spasskit Gate, shoot hats. If there is no reasons for some reasons to remove or forget to do it, then you had to reappear about the blame of 50 terrestrial bows. Also, the Spasskit Gate was a meeting place for Moscow princes and their representatives with foreign ambassadors. And, of course, none of the Kremlin Great move could unmiss a spas gate, even the kings before being stolen, they also passed through them.
One interesting story is connected with the Spass Gate and their holy force. It was in the war of 1812. It was at that moment that the French emperor Napoleon, capturing Moscow, decided to drive a spas gate, the triangian from his head was blown by the wind. His environment regarded this as a bad sign, and as long ago it became known, the sign was justified. The criminal decision of Napoleon about the explosion of this tower is reliably known. The explosion was prevented thanks to the ongoing Don Cossacks in time - the "special forces" of the time, which the French were panicked.
View of the Tower with Red Square
Spasskaya Tower in the 17th century
The height of the Spasskaya Tower today is 67.3 meters without the Kremlin Star and 71 meters with her. However, the Spasskaya Tower was not always so high - its initial height was less than at least 2 times. Only in the first half of the 17th century, the Russian architect base of cucumbers and Christopher Galoni, an English architect, completed a multi-tier tower, executed in the Gothic style. At the very top of the tower was built a stone tent. Sometimes stone statues were installed at the top and they even dressed in specially stitched apparels. But, alas, before our time the statues did not reach. In addition to the statues, the facades of the Spasskaya Tower were decorated with reliefs of white stone. One of them, the stone relief, which depicts St. George Victorious, can be seen in the Tretyakov Gallery.
At the same time, an arched stone bridge was attached to the Spasskaya Tower, peroxided through protective moat. On this bridge, merchants sold a variety of goods. In the middle of the 17th century, a double-headed eagle was installed on the Spare Tower, which is the coat of arms of the Russian Federation at present. True, at that time the eagle symbolized also autocracy.
Northeast Facade Tower
The two-headed eagles were subsequently installed on the other towers of the Moscow Kremlin - Borovitsky, Trinity and Nikolskaya. The reason was their high height, since the eagles were to be clearly visible to most Moscow citizens.
On the sides first, Frolovsky, and then the SCRs, two chapels were erected - Smolensk and Spasskaya. Their second names are interesting: so, the Spassky chapel was painted the Great Council angel, and the Smolenskaya - the Great Council Revelation. At the very beginning of the 19th century, wooden chapels were demolished and new, but already out of stone. And then the war was killed in 1812. As you know, Napoleon did not particularly ceremony with cult Russian structures and ruthlessly destroyed them. Architect Gerasimov PA Conducted works on the restoration of the Kremlin in 1862 and during their implementation they were restored by these 2 chapels: the truth, according to a completely new project. The chapels again built and consecrated in October of the same year were under the "jurisdiction" of the Pokrovsky Cathedral. They demolished the chapel of the final Bolsheviks - in 1925 and did not restore them more.
View of the Quararen and Ruby Star
How appeared images of the rescue of the non-manual and save Smolensky
In the 16th century, Moscow was released from Dictata Khan Makhmet-Hire. In honor of this event, fresco appeared above the Franov Gate. The image was considered unearthly origin, but it was indeed this, no one can say for sure. Then the image of the rescue of the delicate was decorated with gold-plated rhiza and placed in the kyot. Illuminated image with the help of a special negascique lamp, the duty to maintain the fire in which lay down on the priests from the Cathedral of Basil Blessed. And here Napoleon also unpassed. When his soldiers climbed to steal the salary of the Holy Image - the staircase collapsed with them, and they simply did not decide the second time for the precious relics. The fresco of the Savior of the Nerukotnaya for the last time was renovated in 1895.
As for the second fresco, the image of Smolensky's rescue, his fate is covered with darkness. Historians about him are known. However, the Patriarch of Alexy II handed over several icons made according to old prototypes, the new President of the Russian Federation Putin in 2000. These icons even wanted to post on the Spasskaya Tower, in place, where the image of Sven Smolensky was once written, but historians were laughed in their accuracy, and together with them all the Orthodox clergy. This idea did not receive material incarnation.
View of the tower from the Cathedral of Basil Blessed
Regarding recently, in 2007, the representatives of the Foundation of Andrei the First Called were the initiative to restore images above the Spasskit Gate. Interestingly, it was about finding the frescoes of these images, as separate icons - however the time has shown that it was an erroneous version. An ancient image of the image was found in 2010, when a white plastered rectangular niche was found above the spas gate. Under the white layer of plaster and found a vintage image of the Sven Smolensky.
After a number of consultations with professional historical experts and restorers, it was decided to start restoring the image of Smolensky's rescue. Almost completely revealed it on July 5, 2010. It is believed that at least 80% have been preserved from the original. The official discovery of the Sven Sven Sven Svennorsky occurred on August 26, and the sanctification - August 28 of the same 2010. August 28, during the Great Church Holiday of the Assumption of the Virgin, the image was consecrated. It should be noted that the Smolensky Savior Image is the very first proper image in the entire history of the Spasskaya Tower.
Quararants - Main Sightseeing of Moscow and Spasskaya Tower
Who did not hear about the clock clocks installed on the Spasskaya Tower? The clock-chimes for most of our contemporaries are one of the main symbols of the two states: one of which Russia, the second - the USSR. And, of course, most of those who found the celebration of the New Year to fight these hours, tries to hear it in this wonderful holiday again - on the radio or TV.
Quaranti clock on the Spasskaya Tower
It is known that the most important master of the creator of these hours is a watchmaker and a mechanic from England Christopher Galovy. Its mechanism showed surprisingly the exact time, worked without failures, and even played musical melodies. True, his watch displays the exact time with the help of the numbers - the shooter was not yet.
The clock on the Spasskaya Tower was acquired by the dial only at the beginning of the 18th century - when Peter I ordered to replace the watch mechanism of the Galovea to the chimes with a 12-hour dial and music. But this is again not the chimes, which are installed on the Spasskaya Tower in our time. Their history has a number of replacements and modernization. So, in 1851, P. and N. Bootentop wrappers were repaired, and so overhaul was so overhaul that the clock was almost replaced with new ones. Every 6 hours (when the arrows showed 6 or 12 hours) a newly renovated chimes played "March of the Preobrazhensky regiment". When the chimes showed 9 and 3 hours, the other melody played - "Kohl, our Lord in Zion," Russian composer Dmitry Bortniansky. For some reason, the Russian emperor Nicholas I did not want to play the state anthem to play, although such proposals were.
General view of the Spasskaya Tower
Chimes in the 20th century
The clock on the Spasskaya Tower are so significant monument that it is difficult to talk about the history of the tower, in terms of the history of the Kurats. In 1917, the clock was seriously injured for the first time: they got a projectile, the mechanism and the arrow was damaged. The year, the chimes stood idle. Lenin began to be fixed - on his order to restore the Kremlin clocks, Berensch and a musician of the cerema was connected to the restoration of the Kremlin clock. The chimes earned again, and at 12 o'clock in the afternoon, instead of the battle played an international, and in 12 nights "you fell victory in the fight of fatal." In 1938, by decision of Stalin, the clock began to beat watches and a quarter of an hour, and without any music.
And only in 1996, during the inauguration ceremony of the President of the Russian Federation Boris Yeltsin, the Kremlin watches began to play musical melodies again. In each 3rd and 9th hour, the chimes reproduced a fragment of the Opera "Life for the Tsar" of the famous Russian composer Glinka - Melody "Nice". And every 12th and 6th hour - a "patriotic song". For the last time, Kurats were renovated in 1999. Now the "patriotic song" is replaced by the anthem of the Russian Federation.
The right is considered one of the most beautiful buildings of the entire ensemble, and tourists from all over the world do not get tired to admire her beauty and imprint on millions of pictures.
The Spasskaya Tower, the history of which begins with the end of the 15th century, was built simultaneously with it was originally called Frolovsky. These two strongholds needed on the north-western side of the Kremlin for the simple reason that there were no natural barriers there. I must say that before this place was the main gates of the whole ensemble.
In the past century, the tower over the main gates of the urban heart was struck by visitors with its proportions, grace and slightness, exquisite white-eyed facades - turrets, carved columns, columns, figures of fictional animals. At the corners of the Chetverka, pyramids were placed, crowned with gilded floors.
It must be said that until the 17th century, the Spasskaya Tower of the Moscow Kremlin was decorated with white-named reliefs, possessed double walls folded from a unique bigger brick. There was a staircase between these walls, which connected all five tiers of the tower. As for the gate of the stronghold, they were protected with the help of a tanning striker connected with a wooden bridge with a tower, and two side bastions.
The Nikolskaya and Frolovsky Tower of the Kremlin even considered not just important, but almost sacred. So, for example, it was impossible to drive a horse or walk without a head. It was through these structures that the city was left and the kings, ambassadors, as well as shelves, which were sent to the campaign. Above the gates themselves - from the inside and outside - on the white stone there were inscriptions that put the story of the construction, and each inscription was duplicated also in Latin.
From the mid-17th century, a superstructure of the Kremlin towers began. The Kremlin - the main thing - became even more harmonious and impressive. Frolovsky tower especially harmonized with which was built in the middle of the 16th century - to commemorate the glorious victory of Ivan the Terrible over Kazan Khanate. Over time, the imperial coat of arms - a double-headed eagle was installed on the Tent of the Frolovsky Tower, and then the same shelters secured on Nikolsky, Borovitsky and
The name of his Spasskaya Tower of the Moscow Kremlin received in April 1658, when the royal decree was signed, renamed all the Kremlin strongholds. So the Frolov Tower turned into Spasskaya. The name appeared due to the icon of Sven Smolensky, which was placed over the gates of the tower, which were listed on as well as the enshrined passage from the Kremlin.
At the top of the tower - in his tent part, which was designed and built by the craftsmen Bazhen Cucumbers, - placed the main watches of the whole state. Later, already under Peter the first, they were changed to huge Dutch watches, equipped with music and decorated with a twelve-hour dial. However, they spoiled the fire of 1737. Modern chimes, which are so famous today, the Spasskaya Tower of the Moscow Kremlin, were established in 1851 by the brothers Butenop. Later, they were upgraded and restored.
The beauty and uniqueness of the Spasskaya Tower make it the main decoration of the ensemble of the whole Kremlin.
She is a Frolov Tower.
Erected in 1491 by architect Pietro Antonio Solari. Its construction laid the origin of the Eastern Line of the Kremlin's fortifications. The tower is located on the site of the Frolovskaya Sagliting of 1367-68. Her gate, overlooking the Red Square, was always the main front entrance to the Kremlin. They were especially revered in the people and were considered holy. The gate served for the tricks of the king, the solemn years of the Patriarch, meetings of foreign ambassadors.
The tower has a quadruple shape and closely adjacent to it a powerful thawed shooter that served to protect the travel gate. They closed with special sink iron lattices - gers. If the enemy penetrated the inside of the Strelnik, Gersy lowered, and the enemy turned out to be locked in a kind of stone bag. He was fired from the top gallery of the shooters. On the facade of the tower and now you can see the holes through which the chains were skipped to lift and the descent of a special wooden flooring of the bridge, and in the gateway - the grooves for which the metal grille walked. From the gate of Strelnica, lifting bridges lowered.
Above the gates of the grooved shooter and the gates of the Spasskaya Tower on the part of the Kremlin on the white-named boards, the inscriptions in Russian and Latin, telling about the time of its construction: "In the summer 6999 (1491), God's militia is made by the Siagian of the command of John Vasilyevich Soviet and autocrat All Russia and the Grand Duke of the Volodimir and Moscow and Novgorod and Pskov and Tver and Yugorsky and Vyatsky and Perm and Bulgarian and Yugorsky and Vyatsky and Permian and Bulgarian and other states in 30 of the state, but did Peter Anthony Solyario from Mediolan (Milan). "
Initially, the tower was called Franovsky, due to the fact that the Church of Frol and Lavra was located nearby in the Kremlin. In 1516, a wooden bridge overlooked from the tower through ditch. Already at the end of the XVI century. Over the tower there were tent top, topped with a double-headed eagle. By decree of April 16, 1658, Tsar Alexey Mikhailovich commanded her Spasskaya. The new name was connected with the icon of the rescue of the delicious, placed above the gate from the Red Square. The icon itself is not preserved, but the place where she hung is clearly visible.
In 1624-25 Russian Architect Bazhen Cucumbers and English Master Christopher Galojee erected a multi-tier top over the tent, ending with a stone tent. It was the first tent completion of the Kremlin towers. The lower part of the building was decorated with a white-eyed lace arched belt, turrets, pyramids. Fantastic figures appeared ("nerds"), whose nudity by order of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich was shyfully covered by specially cross-lined clothes. The tower rightly began to be considered the most beautiful and most slender tower of the Kremlin. Unfortunately, when adding a tower from her facades, white-named reliefs V.D. Yermolin, made even for the timing gate of Dmitry Donskoy. The patrons of the Moscow princes were depicted on them - the Saints George Victorious and Dmitry Solunsky. (Fragment of the relief of St. George is kept today in the Tretyakov Gallery.)
In the XVII century A stone bridge on the arches was thrown into the Spassian gate through the ditch, on which lively trade was going on. In the 1650s. At the top of the tent of the main tower of the Kremlin, the emblem of the Russian state was watered - a two-headed eagle. Later, such emblems were established at the highest towers - Nikolskaya, Trinity and Borovitsky.
The first hours on the Spasskaya Tower were installed on the project of Christopher Galovee. In 1707, they were replaced by Dutch chimes with music. In 1763, the watches are replaced again, and in 1851 these last chimes of the XVIII century. Carefully repaid by the brothers N. and P. Butenop. In 1920, when repairing the Spasskaya Tower, the musician M.M. Cheremal and Sleasmer N.V. Berens, replacing the clock, picked up the melody of "International" on the quarant.
The star at the Spasskaya Tower was first established in 1935. In 1937, it was replaced by a new, having a span of the wings of 3.75 m. Inside the star, a 5000 W lamp is burning around the clock. The star rotates from the wind, like a weather.
Restoration of the proprietary icon. The last time the proprietary image was seen in 1934. For a long time, only a white rectangle bounded by a frame was reminded about the garment icon. The image above the gate was considered lost while at the end of April 2010, the probing of the Spasskaya Tower of the Spasskaya Tower did not show the presence of the image of Christ under the plaster. At the end of June 2010, the restoration of the icon began. Initially, the plaster was taken and dismantled the grid that defended Svennsky's Savior icon from the external environment. By July 5, 2010, Smolensky's Savior Icon was fully opened. According to approximate estimates of the icon restorers, the icon has been preserved by 80%. Traces from the fragments obtained during the shelling of the tower were noticeable, and from the pins who kept the grid. On August 24, 2010, the restoration of the icon of Sven Smolensky was completed. Gilding, applied in 1895, was decided not to restore, but also earlier layers do not open. Restorers spotted paints and lost fragments. On August 26, 2010, after removing the scaffolding, the proper icon of the Spasskaya Tower again appeared before visitors of Red Square. The consecration of the returned shrine by Patriarch Kirill occurred on August 28, 2010 on the holiday of the Assumption of the Virgin.
The Spasskaya Tower has 10 floors. Tower height: Star - 67.3 m, with a star - 71 m.
