Psychological types of personality according to K. Jung. C. Jung's typology

One of the main aspects of a person's existence is his self-realization in various spheres of activity, among which successful adaptation and productive interaction with other people is of leading importance. Since time immemorial, philosophers and then psychologists have tried to establish certain patterns in human behavior and perception of the world in order to make relationships between people more understandable and mature.

Thus, even at the dawn of psychology, the Austrian psychiatrist Z. Freud formulated a theory about the structure of the psyche, and the Swiss psychiatrist C.G. Jung, relying on this knowledge and his own many years of experience, created the first concept about psychological types of personality. This teaching today has become the basis for many literate socio-psychological theories and even entire areas of modern psychotherapy.

One of such modern theories is socionics as the doctrine of the interaction of a person and the outside world, depending on the personal characteristics of a particular person, which classify him as one of the 16 socionic personality types.

Socionics as a science was created in the seventies of the last century by the Lithuanian scientist Aushra Augustinavichiute on the basis of informatics, sociology and psychology. In the scientific community, socionics is more likely not a science, but one of the famous typologies of personality that serves diagnostic method in psychological counseling.

K.G. Jung - the forefather of socionics

In the 19th century, K.G. Jung created his famous theory of personality types, the definition of which is based on ideas about attitudes and basic functions of the psyche. He identified two main personal attitudes: introversion, when a person's interest is directed to the depths of his own inner world, and extraversion, when a person is directed to the outside world. At the same time, there is a concept of a personality's inclination to a particular attitude, but not of its complete predominance.

Jung attributed thinking, sensation, intuition and feeling to the main functions of the psyche. Sensation means interaction with the world on the basis of the senses, thinking and feeling help to realize these sensations at the level of comprehension and emotional experience, and intuition answers the question of the origin of these phenomena at the subconscious level.

For each person, one of these functions is dominant, and the rest complement it.

These functions have been divided into two groups:

• rational, to which thinking and feeling belong;
• irrational (sensation and intuition).

In this case, rationality implies an orientation towards the objective norms of society. Based on these aspects, Jung created a classification consisting of 8 main personality types, which expanded to 16 psychotypes in socionics.

The birth of socionics

To create a new full-fledged typology and highlight more specific personality types, A. Augustinavichiute combined Jung's concept with the theory of information metabolism by the Polish psychiatrist A. Kempinski. This theory is based on the concept of the exchange of information between a person and the outside world in comparison with the metabolism in the body, when information is food for the human psyche, therefore mental health is directly related to the quality of the incoming information. Thus, socionics calls personality types types of informational metabolism. Do not confuse the presence of dominant features with.

Socionic personality types are not a constant, "frozen" personality characteristic, their definition reflects only the way of information exchange, without touching individual characteristics person (education, culture, experience and character), which is studied by individual psychology. Accentuation is a sharpened trait of a person's character, which should be paid attention to as bordering on pathology, but accentuation is not the goal of research in socionics.

Formation of names

How did socionics get its name from specific personality types? The name of the type comes from the dominant attitude (extraversion or introversion), and the two most powerful functions of the four, while the names of the functions have undergone some changes: thinking and feeling have become, respectively, logic and ethics, and sensation has been called sensing.

Rationality and irrationality are determined by the location of functions in the name of psychotypes. If we talk about rational personality types, then in the name the first word will be logic or ethics, and for irrational ones - sensing or intuition.

The names of the 16 types have been supplemented over time by different scientists for a clearer accessible characterization of a person. The most popular names for these types are: formula names based on Jung's theory, pseudonyms of famous historical figures - carriers of the indicated signs, pseudonyms - characteristics of a person's professional predisposition.

Basic socionic types

Jung owns a classification of 8 basic psychotypes, on the basis of which socionics proposed a more detailed classification, consisting of 16 psychotypes.

• Logical-intuitive extrovert(LIE), Jack London, The Entrepreneur. He is able to clearly identify his own capabilities and abilities, is easily inspired and starts new businesses, is fond of dynamic sports that give extreme sensations. Feels new trends, takes risks, relying on intuition. He confidently uses new technologies in his work, deeply analyzes himself and the world around him. Inclined to and close communication with people.
• Logical-sensory extrovert(LSE), "Stirlitz", "Administrator". A very hard-working, socially adapted type, always feels the need to bring the started business to completion. She plans activities, practically relate to the things around her. He is inclined to show love and care for loved ones, loves noisy fun, company. Good-natured, but harsh, can be hot-tempered and stubborn.
• Ethical-intuitive extrovert(EIE), "Hamlet", "Mentor". A very emotional person, prone to empathy and the manifestation of a wide range of emotions. Possesses expressive facial expressions and eloquence. Able to anticipate different events and prepare for them in advance. Captures inconsistencies in the words and emotions of others. Often not sure of a partner's love, prone to jealousy.
• Ethical-sensory extrovert(ESE), "Hugo", "Enthusiast". He is able to influence people with the help of emotional pressure, while getting along well with them, he can cheer up, he is inclined to sacrifice his own interests for the sake of another person and show love and care for loved ones. In work, he achieves everything on his own, loves when other people emphasize his merits.
• Logical-intuitive introvert(LII), Robespierre, Analyst. Knows how to distinguish the main from the secondary, does not like empty talk, is inclined to clear practical thinking. In his work, this type loves to use unusual ideas, while demonstrating his independence. Uses intuition where he does not know the exact answers. Dislikes noisy companies, feels difficulties in establishing relationships with other people.
• Logical-sensory introvert(LSI), "Maxim Gorky", "Inspector". Loves order and rigor, delves deeply into work, analyzing information from different angles. Differs in some pedantry. He really looks at things, takes up the case only if he knows for sure that he can complete it. It inspires confidence, but prefers short business contacts with other people.
• Ethical-intuitive introvert(EII), "Dostoevsky", "Humanist". Thinly feels the nature of relations between people, gives great importance trust, does not forgive betrayal. Knows how to reveal the hidden abilities of others, is endowed with the talent of an educator. He is fond of self-education, people often turn to him for advice. Very vulnerable, hard to endure aggression and lack of love.
• Ethical-sensory introvert(ESI), "Dreiser", "Keeper". Recognizes pretense and falsehood in relationships, divides people into their own - strangers, guiding the psychological distance. Defends his views and principles. He knows how to stand up for himself and his loved ones, does not tolerate the moral superiority of other people. Knows how to deeply analyze himself and others.
  
• Intuitive-logical extrovert(ILE), "Don Quixote", "The Seeker". Differs in a wide range of interests, knows how to adapt to new conditions and easily transitions to new methods of work. He is a generator of ideas, does not like tradition and routine. Knows how to explain complex ideas, being a pioneer in them. More inclined to synthesis in thinking, creates a new idea from ready-made components.
• Sensory-logical extrovert(SLE), "Zhukov", "Marshal". He is inclined to use physical force in order to achieve victory at any cost. Obstacles only increase his desire to win. Likes to lead, not tolerating submission. Analyzing the situation, he likes to draw up a specific action plan, clearly follows it.
• Intuitive-ethical extrovert(IEE), "Huxley", "Adviser". Able to subtly feel other people, has a developed imagination. Loves creative work, does not tolerate monotony and routine. Sociable, likes to give good advice in the field of interaction with people.
• Sensory-ethical extrovert(SEE), "Napoleon", "Politician". Able to see the capabilities of others, using this knowledge for the purpose of manipulation. Supervises over
  weak, clearly identifying their weak points. He likes to keep his distance, in communication he is rather guided by his own interests. In the eyes of others, he tries to look like an outstanding original personality, but often he is not.
• Intuitive-logical introvert(OR), "Balzac", "Critic". This type is a polymath with a philosophical mindset. He is cautious, makes a decision only with confidence in its correctness, analyzing the vulgar in its connection with the future. Dislikes violent expressions of emotions, appreciates coziness and comfort.
• Sensory-logical introvert(SLI), "Gaben", "Master". Feelings are for him the main source of knowledge of the world. Shows empathy, subtly feels and loves other people, rejects artificiality and falsehood. Differs in a technical mindset, loves to work with his hands, while always keeping within the required deadlines.
• Intuitive-ethical introvert(IEI), "Lyric", "Yesenin". A dreamy and lyrical personality, knows how to intuitively predict events, is well versed in people, loves and "feels" them. Has a good sense of humor and attracts other people. This type attaches great importance to appearance. She does not know how to save money, and while working she likes to have a long rest.
• Sensory-ethical introvert(SEI), "Dumas", "Mediator". Knows how to enjoy ordinary life, calmly enduring the monotony and routine. Easily gets along with people, respecting their personal space, while demanding the same attitude from them. Likes to joke, to entertain, avoids conflict situations... He is often an assistant, likes to feel needed and significant in the eyes of other people.

Nowadays, developed technologies make it possible for everyone, without exception, to be tested and find out their socionic types, but do not forget that a person's personality is very multifaceted and ambiguous, therefore, only professional psychologist in the course of multilevel psychological diagnostics, where socionics is one of the methods.

Freud's works, despite their controversial nature, inspired a group of leading scientists of the time to work with him in Vienna. Some of these scientists eventually moved away from psychoanalysis in order to seek new approaches to understanding human beings. Carl Gustav Jung was the most prominent defector from the Freudian camp.

Like Freud, K. Jung devoted himself to the teaching of dynamic unconscious drives for human behavior and experience. However, unlike the first, Jung argued that the content of the unconscious is more than repressed sexual and aggressive urges. According to Jung's theory of personality known as analytical psychology, individuals are motivated by intrapsychic forces by images that have their origins in evolutionary history. This innate unconscious contains deep-rooted spiritual material that explains the inherent desire of all humanity for creative expression and physical perfection.

Another source of controversy between Freud and Jung is the relationship to sexuality as the dominant force in the structure of personality. Freud interpreted libido mainly as sexual energy, and Jung saw it as a diffuse creative life force, manifesting itself different ways- as, for example, in religion or the desire for power. That is, in Jung's understanding, libido energy is concentrated in various needs - biological or spiritual - as they arise.

Jung argued that soul(in Jung's theory, a term analogous to personality) consists of three separate but interacting structures: the ego, the personal unconscious, and the collective unconscious.

Ego

Ego is the center of the sphere of consciousness. It is a psyche component that includes all those thoughts, feelings, memories and sensations, thanks to which we feel our integrity, constancy and perceive ourselves as people. This serves as the basis of our self-awareness, and thanks to it we are able to see the results of our normal conscious activities.

Personal unconscious

Personal unconscious contains conflicts and memories that were once realized, but now suppressed or forgotten. It also includes those sensory impressions that lack brightness in order to be noted in consciousness. Thus, Jung's concept of the personal unconscious is somewhat similar to Freud's. However, Jung went further than Freud, emphasizing that the personal unconscious contains complexes, or an accumulation of emotionally charged thoughts, feelings and memories, taken by an individual from his past personal experience or from ancestral, hereditary experience. According to Jung, these complexes, arranged around the most common topics, can have a fairly strong influence on the behavior of an individual. For example, a person with a power complex can spend a significant amount of psychic energy on activities directly or symbolically related to the topic of power. The same can be true of a person who is under the strong influence of a mother, father, or under the rule of money, sex, or some other kind of complexes. Once formed, the complex begins to influence the behavior of a person and his attitude. Jung argued that the material of the personal unconscious in each of us is unique and, as a rule, available for comprehension. As a result, the components of the complex, or even the entire complex, can be realized and exert an excessively strong influence on the life of the individual.

Collective unconscious

And, finally, Jung expressed the idea of ​​the existence of a deeper layer in the structure of the personality, which he called collective unconscious... The collective unconscious is a repository of latent traces of the memory of humanity and even of our humanoid ancestors. It reflects thoughts and feelings that are common to all human beings and are the result of our shared emotional past. As Jung himself said, “the collective unconscious contains all the spiritual heritage of human evolution, revived in the structure of the brain of each individual”. Thus, the content of the collective unconscious is formed due to heredity and is the same for all mankind. It is important to note that the concept of the collective unconscious was the main reason for the divergence between Jung and Freud.

Archetypes

Jung hypothesized that the collective unconscious consists of powerful primary mental images, the so-called archetypes(literally, “primary models”). Archetypes are innate ideas or memories that predispose people to perceive, experience, and respond to events in a certain way. In reality, these are not memories or images as such, but rather, it is the predisposing factors under the influence of which people implement in their behavior universal models of perception, thinking and actions in response to any object or event. Inherent here is precisely the tendency to react emotionally, cognitively and behaviorally to specific situations - for example, in an unexpected encounter with a parent, a loved one, a stranger, with a snake or death.

Among the many archetypes described by Jung are mother, child, hero, sage, sun deity, rogue, God and death.

Jung believed that each archetype is associated with a tendency to express a certain type of feeling and thought in relation to the corresponding object or situation. For example, in the child's perception of his mother, there are aspects of her actual characteristics, colored by unconscious ideas about such archetypal maternal attributes as upbringing, fertility and dependence.

Further, Jung assumed that archetypal images and ideas are often reflected in dreams, and are also often found in culture in the form of symbols used in painting, literature, and religion. In particular, he emphasized that the symbols characteristic of different cultures, often show striking similarities, because they go back to the archetypes common to all mankind. For example, in many cultures he has seen images mandalas, which are symbolic embodiments of the unity and integrity of the "I". Jung believed that understanding archetypal symbols aided him in analyzing the patient's dreams.

The number of archetypes in the collective unconscious can be unlimited. but Special attention Jung's theoretical system focuses on the person, anime and animus, shadow and self.

A person

A person(from latin word“Persona”, meaning “mask”) is our public face, that is, how we manifest ourselves in relations with other people. The persona denotes the many roles that we play in accordance with social requirements. In Jung's understanding, a persona serves the purpose of impressing others or concealing his true identity from others. We need a persona as an archetype to get along with other people in our daily life. However, Jung warned that if this archetype becomes of great importance, then a person may become shallow, superficial, reduced to only one role and alienated from true emotional experience.

Shadow

In contrast to the role that the person plays in our adaptation to the world around us, the archetype shadow represents the suppressed dark, evil and animal side of the personality. The shadow contains our socially unacceptable sexual and aggressive impulses, immoral thoughts and passions. But the shadow also has positive aspects. Jung viewed the shadow as a source of vitality, spontaneity, and creativity in an individual's life. According to Jung, the function of this is to channel the energy of the shadow in the right direction, to curb the harmful side of our nature to such an extent that we can live in harmony with others, but at the same time openly express our impulses and enjoy a healthy and creative life.

Anima and Animus

The anima and animus archetypes express Jung's recognition of the innate androgynous nature of humans. Anima represents the inner image of a woman in a man, his unconscious feminine side; while animus- the inner image of a man in a woman, her unconscious masculine side. These archetypes are based, at least in part, on the biological fact that both male and female hormones are produced in the body of a man and a woman. This archetype, Jung believed, evolved over the centuries in the collective unconscious as a result of the experience of interaction with the opposite sex. Many men have become “feminized” to some extent as a result of years of life together with women, but the opposite is true for women. Jung insisted that anima and animus, like all other archetypes, should be expressed harmoniously, without disturbing the overall balance, so as not to hinder the development of the personality in the direction of self-realization. In other words, a man should express his feminine qualities along with masculine ones, and a woman should show her masculine qualities, as well as feminine ones. If these necessary attributes remain undeveloped, the result will be one-sided growth and personality functioning.

Self

Self Is the most important archetype in Jung's theory. The self is the core of the personality around which all other elements are organized.

When the integration of all aspects of the soul is achieved, a person feels unity, harmony and integrity. Thus, in Jung's understanding, the development of the self is the main goal of human life. The main symbol of the archetype of self is the mandala and its many varieties (abstract circle, saint's halo, rosette window). According to Jung, the integrity and unity of the "I", symbolically expressed in the completeness of figures, like a mandala, can be found in dreams, fantasies, myths, in religious and mystical experience... Jung believed that religion is a great force contributing to a person's striving for integrity and completeness. At the same time, the harmonization of all parts of the soul is a complex process. True balance of personality structures, as he believed, cannot be achieved, at least, this can be achieved not earlier than middle age. Moreover, the archetype of the Self is not realized until the integration and harmony of all aspects of the soul, conscious and unconscious, occurs. Therefore, the attainment of a mature “I” requires constancy, perseverance, intelligence and great life experience.

Introverts and extroverts

Jung's most famous contributions to psychology are considered to be the two main directions, or attitudes described by him: extraversion and introversion.

According to Jung's theory, both orientations coexist in a person at the same time, but one of them becomes dominant. In the extraverted attitude, the focus of interest in the outside world - other people and objects, is manifested. The extrovert is mobile, talkative, quickly establishes relationships and affections, external factors are the driving force for him. An introvert, on the other hand, is immersed in inner world their thoughts, feelings and experiences. He is contemplative, restrained, seeks solitude, tends to move away from objects, his interest is focused on himself. According to Jung, the extroverted and introverted attitude does not exist in isolation. Usually they are both present and are in opposition to each other: if one appears as a leader, the other acts as an auxiliary. The combination of leading and auxiliary ego orientations results in individuals whose behavior patterns are defined and predictable.

Soon after Jung formulated the concept of extraversion and introversion, he came to the conclusion that with the help of these opposing orientations it is impossible to fully explain all the differences in people's attitudes towards the world. Therefore, he expanded his typology to include psychological functions. Four main functions allocated by him is thinking, feeling, feeling and intuition.

Thinking and Feeling

Thinking and feeling Jung classified as rational functions, since they allow you to form judgments about life experience. The thinking type judges the value of certain things using logic and arguments. The opposite function of thinking - feeling - informs us about reality in the language of positive or negative emotions. The feeling type focuses on the emotional side of life experience and judges the values ​​of things in terms of “good or bad,” “pleasant or unpleasant,” “prompts something, or cries out boredom.” According to Jung, when thinking acts as a leading function, the person is focused on building rational judgments, the purpose of which is to determine whether the evaluated experience is true or false. And when the leading function is feeling, the person is focused on making judgments about whether the experience is, first of all, pleasant or unpleasant.

Feeling and intuition

The second pair of opposite functions - sensation and intuition - Jung called irrational, because they simply passively “grasp”, register events in the external or internal world, without evaluating them and explaining their meaning. Feeling is a direct, non-judgmental realistic perception of the world. The sensing type is especially keen on taste, smell, and other sensations from stimuli from the outside world. On the contrary, intuition is characterized by a subliminal and unconscious perception of current experience. The intuitive type relies on premonitions and guesses, grasping the essence of life events. Jung argued that when sensation is the leading function, a person comprehends reality in the language of phenomena, as if he were photographing it. On the other hand, when intuition is the leading function, a person reacts to unconscious images, symbols and the hidden meaning of the experience.

Each person is endowed with all four psychological functions. However, as soon as one personality orientation is usually dominant, likewise, only one function from a rational or irrational pair usually dominates and is recognized. Other functions are immersed in the unconscious and play an auxiliary role in the regulation of human behavior. Any function can be leading. Accordingly, the thinking, feeling, sensing and intuitive types of individuals are observed. According to Jung's theory, an integrated personality for co-ownership with life situations uses all opposite functions.

Two ego orientations and four psychological functions interact to form eight different personality types. For example, the extraverted thinking type focuses on objective, practical facts of the surrounding world. He usually comes across as a cold and dogmatic person living according to established rules.

It is possible that the prototype of the extraverted thinking type was S. Freud... The introverted intuitive type, on the contrary, focuses on the reality of his own inner world. This type is usually eccentric, keeping away from others. In this case, Jung probably had himself in mind as a prototype.

Unlike Freud, who gave special attention to the early years of life as a decisive stage in the formation of personality patterns, Jung considered personality development as a dynamic process, as evolution throughout life. He said almost nothing about socialization in childhood and did not share Freud's views that only past events (especially psychosexual conflicts) are determining for human behavior.

From Jung's point of view, a person is constantly acquiring new skills, achieving new goals, realizing himself more and more fully. He attached great importance to such a life goal of the individual as “gaining selfhood”, which is the result of the striving of all components of the personality for unity. This theme of the desire for integration, harmony and integrity was later repeated in the existential and humanistic theories of personality.

According to Jung, ultimate life goal- this is the complete realization of the “I”, that is, the formation of a single, unique and integral individual. The development of each person in this direction is unique, it continues throughout life and includes a process called individuation. Simply put, individuation is a dynamic and evolving process of integrating many opposing intrapersonal forces and tendencies. In its final expression, individuation presupposes the conscious realization by a person of his unique psychic reality, the full development and expression of all elements of the personality. The archetype of the self becomes the center of the personality and balances many opposing qualities that make up the personality as a single main whole. Thanks to this, the energy necessary for the ongoing personal growth... The result of the realization of individuation, which is very difficult to achieve, Jung called self-realization. He believed that this final stage of personality development is available only to capable and highly educated people who have sufficient leisure for this. Because of these limitations, self-realization is not available to the vast majority of people.

Carl Jung also divided people into types, based on the psychological differences between them, which, however, he considered innate.

K. Jung identified two general types: - extroverted and - introverted.

Extroverts are characterized by a focus on the object, therefore, the opinions of other people, generally accepted norms, objective circumstances determine their actions to a much greater extent than their own, subjective attitude to the surrounding reality.

In an introvert, the subjective always prevails over the objective, and the value of the subject is always higher than the object. When experiencing any emotion, an introvert pays attention not to the events or people that caused it, but to his own experiences. His own opinion is more important to him than the surrounding reality or the judgments of other people.

In addition to the conscious attitude, both types also have an unconscious attitude, which, in relation to the first, performs a compensatory function.

Depending on the development of the four main mental functions - thinking, emotion, sensation and intuition - K. Jung identifies four types of extroverts and four types of introverts:

1. Extraverted thinking type. Subjects who take important decisions rationally, create schemes objective reality and are immutably guided by them in their behavior, demanding the same from others. If these schemes ("formulas", according to K. Jung) arise as a result of a deep understanding of reality, people can be reformers and innovators. However, the narrower the scheme, the more chances that a representative of this type will turn into a grump, and serving the ideal will not stop him from any moral laws: the end justifies the means for him. People of this type are emotionally dumb: they rarely sympathize with others and do not value friendship, they are alien to them aesthetic experiences and therefore they are not interested in art.

2. Extroverted emotional type. Inclined to "correct" emotional assessment of everything that surrounds him. Such people love partners who meet certain criteria (for example, occupying a certain social position). They go to the theater and experience the emotions that should be experienced there. Their feelings always breathe cold, so they are perceived as pretense.

3. Extraverted sensory type. Determines the value of objects by the strength of sensation: the stronger it is, the greater the value. People of this type are looking for pleasure, pleasure. They impress others with the impression of aesthetes enjoying life, if the sensations do not really dominate over other functions. Otherwise, they become unpleasant to others.

4. Extraverted intuitive type. Possesses an unusually developed "nose" for everything new and unusual. Such a person is easily and violently carried away by a new object, can infect his enthusiasm and inspire others, but as soon as the object of his affection exhausts its potential for development, he forgets about it without regret and switches to a new one. At the same time, the moral foundations never bother him, so those around him consider him frivolous and even an adventurer. K. Jung writes about people of this type that they "spread" the fullness of life around themselves, but they are not living, but others.

5. Introverted thinking type. It is characterized by thinking that does not recreate real reality, but brings its vague image to an understandable and clearly formulated idea. Because of this, he tends to adjust the facts to the idea or ignore them altogether. He creates theories for theories sake. In contrast to the extraverted thinking type, it strives not to expand knowledge about the world, but to deepen it. Does not consider it necessary to captivate others with his own ideas and win their support. When convinced of the correctness of his ideas, he is indignant at the society that refuses to accept them. He's a bad teacher. People around him are perceived as arrogant and domineering. However, for those who know him closely, it looks naive and unadapted.

6. Introverted emog / ionic type. Looks outwardly calm, even indifferent. His emotions are often invisible to those around him, although everything inside him can boil. Such emotional restraint is perceived negatively by others as a manifestation of coldness.

7. Introverted sensory type. In contrast to the extraverted, the sensory is oriented not towards objects that cause intense sensations, but the intensity of sensations caused by objects. Therefore, as soon as a sensation arises, the object loses its value to it. Representatives of this type are incomprehensible to others and are unattractive to them.

8. Introverted intuitive type. Generates, according to K. Jung, science fiction writers and artists, and in case of deviation from the norm, mystics. The products of their creativity are incomprehensible to those around them.

One cannot but pay attention to the fact that when describing these types, K. Jung clearly shows a side of negative characteristics. This is due to the fact that the source of this typology was the clinical experience of its author.

And on the predominance of one of the main mental functions - thinking, the senses, Feel or intuition.

This typology was developed by a Swiss psychiatrist C. G. Jung in his work " Psychological types"Published in 1921.

The purpose of psychological typology, according to Jung, is not a simple classification of people into categories. Typology, in his opinion, is, firstly, a researcher's tool for ordering an infinitely diverse psychological experience in a kind of coordinate space ("trigonometric grid" - writes Jung). Second, typology is a tool practical psychologist, allowing, based on the classification of the patient and the psychologist himself, to choose the most effective methods and avoid mistakes.

To determine the Jung type, a typological survey (Gray-Whewright tests) and the Jungian Type Index (JTI) questionnaire are used.

Jung's typology was used in the construction of the Myers-Briggs typology and socionics. At the same time, Jung himself already in 1934 warned that his typology is not a classification of people, but only serves to streamline empirical data. ...

Classification by "psychological attitude"

Jung believed that every person seeks either to perceive objects of the external world, or seeks to abstract from them. This distinction he called general installation type and divided into extroverted(aimed at the perception of the outside world) and introverted(directed mainly "inward"). Believing that there are no pure extroverts or pure introverts, he believed that each individual is more inclined to one of these attitudes and acts mainly within its framework. “Each person has both mechanisms, extraversion and introversion, and only the relative preponderance of one or the other determines the type,” writes Jung. Nevertheless, this difference in attitudes, according to Jung, is "striking" and "obvious even to a layman in psychological matters."

The concept of extraversion-introversion, introduced by Jung, received further development in the works of the British psychologist Hans Eysenck and is widely used in modern psychology. In particular, it finds application in the Big Five classification.

Classification by dominant function

The concept of "mental function", introduced by Jung, he explained in detail in one of his lectures in 1923:

The conscious mental is a means of adaptation and orientation and consists of a number of different mental functions. Among them, four main ones can be distinguished: sensation, thinking, feeling, intuition.

In sensation I include all perception with the help of the sense organs; by thinking, I mean the function of intellectual cognition and the formation of logical conclusions; feeling is a function of subjective assessment; I understand intuition as perception with the help of the unconscious or the perception of unconscious contents. As far as my experience allows, these four basic functions seem to me to be sufficient to express and represent all the many kinds of conscious orientation.

Mental functions, according to Jung, "are not reducible to each other": the work of all four functions is necessary for the integral functioning of the individual. However, he argues that the dominance of a particular function is normal and even necessary for achieving social success.

Thinking must carefully exclude feeling, if only it wants to be real thinking, true to its principle. This, of course, does not exclude the existence of individuals in whom thinking and feeling are at the same height, and both have the same conscious power of motivation. But in this case, we are not talking about a differentiated type, but about a relatively undeveloped thinking and feeling. The uniform consciousness and unconsciousness of functions is, therefore, a sign of a primitive state of mind.

Jung defined mental functions as follows:

• Thinking- that function, which, following its own laws, brings the data of the content of ideas into a conceptual connection.
• Feeling- a function that gives the content a certain value in the sense of accepting or rejecting it. Feeling is based on value judgments: good - bad, beautiful - ugly.
• Sensation- This is a perception that occurs through the senses.
• Intuition- a function that transfers perception to the subject in an unconscious way. Everything can be the subject of such perception - both external and internal objects or their combinations.

The peculiarity of intuition is that it is neither a sensory sensation, nor a feeling, nor an intellectual conclusion, although it can manifest itself in these forms. Intuitively, some content is presented to us as a ready-made whole, without first being able to indicate or reveal how this content was created.

In accordance with the predominant function, Jung distinguishes the mental, sensory, sensory and intuitive personality types. Taking into account the "type of attitude", each of them can be both extraverted and introverted, which in total gives "eight visual psychological types."

Basic and additional functions

For a more accurate description of the human psyche, Jung introduced the concept of "auxiliary" or "additional" function.

He divided all functions into two classes: "rational", that is, lying in the sphere of reason - thinking and feeling, and "irrational", that is, lying "outside the mind" - sensation and intuition. The dominance of any function requires the suppression of the opposite function (thinking excludes feeling, sensation - intuition, and vice versa).

Jung is a very mysterious person in the scientific world, his ideas still excite the minds of his contemporaries. Jung expanded the boundaries of psychiatry, many of his theories were simply shocking to the ossified scientific community. In addition to scientific works, Carl Jung read many theological and esoteric treatises. An unusual scientist showed great interest in folk tales and legends. Psychology owes Jung many of the discoveries that formed the basis modern knowledge about the human mind.

Jung. Psychological types

One of the most significant achievements of Carl Jung is his work on psychological types. In it, he puts forward the idea that, in addition to acquired qualities, a person has certain innate features of the psyche that cannot be changed. In many ways, this discovery was facilitated by the scientist's observation of young children who had not yet had time to acquire certain character traits, but there were serious differences in their behavior.

On the basis of these differences, psychological types were identified. Jung, on the basis of numerous experiments and observations, understood that some people give their energy outward, they are focused only on the world around them, people or objects outside arouse in them much more interest than the psychologist called such people extroverts. The other type, on the contrary, starts from his view of the world, and not from the objective environment, inner experiences interest these subjects more than people and objects from the external world. Carl Jung called them introverts. Let's take a closer look at these psychological types.

Extroverts

Modern society is just a paradise for extroverts, because arrogance, superficiality, materialism and selfishness are welcomed in it. But who are the extroverts? According to Jung's concept - psychological type a person directed purely outward. Such people adore the company of other people, they naturally defend their interests and strive for leadership.

They can be outgoing, friendly and kind, but it is also easy to deal with hysterical and angry people.

An extrovert can be the life of a company, a leader of a movement or organization, thanks to excellent communication skills and organizational talents. However, extroverts find it extremely difficult to immerse themselves in their inner world, so they are very superficial.

Strengths and weaknesses of extroverts

Each psychological type has its own strengths and weak sides... For example, extroverts are great at adapting to a change of environment, they can easily find in any team. Jung's concept of psychological types describes extroverts as excellent conversationalists, capable of capturing conversation with anyone around them.

Also, such people can be great salesmen or managers, they are easy-going and mobile. Generally speaking, extroverts are ideally suited to living in today's shallow society of nosy materialists.

But not everything is so cloudless in the fast-paced world of extroverts. According to Jung's psychological types, each of them has its disadvantages. For example, extroverts are too dependent on public opinion, their worldview is based on generally accepted dogmas and concepts. They also often commit rash actions and deeds that they later regret. Superficiality creeps into all areas of the extrovert's life, recognition in society and official awards attract them more than real achievements.

Introverts

According to Jung's concept, the psychological type of a person directed inward is called an introvert. It is not easy for introverts to find their place in the modern, fast-paced and hyperactive world. These people draw joy from within themselves, not from the outside, like extroverts. The outside world is perceived by them through a layer of their own inferences and concepts. An introvert can be a deep and harmonious person, but more often than not, such people are typical losers who are slovenly dressed and have difficulty finding mutual language with others.

It might seem horrible to be an introvert, but according to the works of Carl Gustav Jung, psychological types cannot be good or bad, they are just different. Introverts not only have weaknesses, they also have advantages.

Strengths and weaknesses of introverts

Introverts, despite all the difficulties they experience in everyday life, have a number of positive characteristics. For example, introverts are capable of being good specialists in complex areas, brilliant artists, musicians.

It is also difficult for such people to impose their opinions, they do not lend themselves well to propaganda. An introvert is able to penetrate deep into things, calculate the situation many moves ahead.

However, society does not need smart or talented people, it needs arrogant and active hucksters, so introverts today are assigned a secondary role. The passivity of introverts often turns them into a jelly-like inert mass that sluggishly flows along the path of life. Such people are completely unable to stand up for themselves, they simply experience resentment inside, falling into another depression.

Functions of consciousness

Describing psychological types, Jung singled out four functions of consciousness, which, when combined with the orientation of a person inward or outward, form eight combinations. These functions differ significantly from other psychological processes, therefore they were singled out separately - thinking, feeling, sensation, intuition.

By thinking, Jung understood intellectual and logical Feeling - a subjective assessment of the world based on internal processes. By sensation is meant the perception of the world with the help of A, and by intuition, the perception of the world based on unconscious signals. To better understand Jung's psychological types, let's take a closer look at the functions of the psyche.

Thinking

The mental types based on thinking are divided into introverted and extroverted. The extraverted thinking type bases all its judgments on intellectual conclusions about the surrounding reality. His picture of the world is completely subordinated to logical chains and rational arguments.

Such a person believes that the whole world should obey his intellectual scheme. Anything that does not obey this scheme is wrong and irrational. Sometimes such people are beneficial, but more often than not they are simply unbearable for others.

As follows from the works of Carl Gustav Jung, psychological types of the introverted-thinking type are almost the exact opposite of their extroverted counterparts. Their picture of the world is also based on intellectual fabrications, but they are based not on a rational picture of the world, but on its subjective model. Therefore, this psychological type has many ideas that are completely natural for him, but have no connection with the real world.

Feeling

The extraverted feeling type, as Carl Jung's psychological types say, bases his life on feeling. Therefore, thought processes, if they contradict feeling, are discarded by such an individual, he considers them unnecessary. Feelings of the extraverted type are based on generally accepted stereotypes about the beautiful or the right. Such people feel what is accepted in society, although at the same time they are completely sincere.

The introverted feeling type comes from subjective feelings that are often understandable only to him. The true motives of such a person are usually hidden from outside observers, often people of this type look cold and indifferent. Quiet and benevolent in appearance, they can hide completely inadequate sensory experiences.

Sensation

The feeling extraverted type perceives the surrounding reality more sharply than other psychological types. Jung described this type as a person living in the here and now.

He wants the most intense sensations, even if they are negative. The picture of the world of such a subject is built on observations of objects of the external world, which gives sensing extraverts a touch of objectivity and prudence, although in reality this is not at all the case.

The introverted feeling type is extremely difficult to understand. The main role in the perception of the world for this psychological type is played by its subjective reaction to the world. Therefore, the behavior of sentient introverts can be incomprehensible, illogical, and even intimidating.

Intuition

The intuitive type is one of the most incomprehensible and mysterious. Carl Jung's other psychological types are more rational, with the exception of the sentient. If the intuitive type manifests itself in an extrovert, then a person arises who is constantly looking for opportunities, but as soon as the opportunity is studied and clear, he abandons it for further wanderings. Such people make good businessmen or producers. They are said to have excellent instincts.

However, the intuitive type combined with introversion makes the strangest combination. Describing psychological types, Jung noted that intuitive introverts can be great artists and creators, but their work is unearthly, bizarre. In communicating with such a person, a lot of difficulties can arise, since often he expresses his thoughts only to him in one understandable way. People of this kind are fixated on perception and its description. If they do not find an outlet for their feelings in creativity, then it becomes difficult for them to take their place in society.

Can you change your psychological type?

Psychological types are not found in pure form... Every person has both an extrovert and an introvert, but one of these types is dominant.

The same is true with the functions of consciousness, that is, if you have a feeling type in front of you, this does not mean at all that he does not use the intellect, it is just that feelings play a decisive role in his life. According to Jung's concept, the psychological type of a person remains unchanged throughout his life. However, it can be slightly adjusted, subject to external circumstances.

If you are not satisfied with your psychological type, do not be discouraged or try to fight your nature. It is much wiser to build a competent life strategy that takes into account your strengths and weaknesses. Despite the fact that the dominant type cannot be changed, this does not mean that it is impossible to somehow change. Most of the characteristics of a human character are not innate and unchanging. Moreover, psychology is not physics, it only suggests, and does not assert, so that everything is in your hands. Those who want to learn more about this topic can read a wonderful book - Jung K.G. "Psychological types".