Thyroid-stimulating hormone elevated symptoms. Symptoms and clinical signs of increased TSH in women. TSH below normal: what does it mean

An analysis for TSH is prescribed to determine the pathologies of the thyroid gland, including if hypothyroidism is suspected.

Indications for the analysis of the concentration of thyroid hormones

An imbalance of active substances synthesized by the thyroid gland negatively affects the functioning of the entire organ system, since these hormones support cellular respiration.

The manifestation of signs of hypothyroidism is purely individual: in some people their absence is observed (even with a high rate of hormone deficiency), in others the disease makes itself felt with pronounced signs.

Violation of the synthesis of active substances of the thyroid gland leads to the failure of many organs, so the symptoms are quite diverse.

Symptoms that signal a possible disruption of the thyroid gland, including hypothyroidism:

• physical weakness;
• decreased activity, slowness;
• mood swings;
• apathy;
• fast fatigue and drowsiness;
• memory impairment (often forgotten events that happened recently);
• hair loss, eyebrows and brittle nails;
• the skin becomes dry;
• swelling of the limbs;
• disorders of the stomach (constipation);
• chilliness (cold extremities even if the person is warm);
• noticeable coarsening of the voice;
• weight gain without increasing portions of food intake;
• disruption of the reproductive system.

In some women with hypothyroidism, infertility and the absence of menstruation were noted.

These symptoms are typical not only for hypothyroidism, so you can find out their cause only after diagnosis. These signs are a bell that signals the need to contact an endocrinologist.

Also, studies on thyroid-stimulating hormone are carried out in such cases:

• if a person's relatives suffered from thyroid diseases, diabetes mellitus, adrenal insufficiency;
• if the patient has had thyroid disease, surgery on this organ;
• the person was taking medicines containing lithium carbonate, iodine, amiodarone;
• if the patient has high cholesterol, anemia, high level prolactin, increased concentration of CPK, LDH enzymes;
• if the person has been exposed to radiation;
• with pituitary and hypothalamic diseases;
• if a person complains of violations of the cardiovascular system;
• with congenital pathologies;
• if the child has a delay in mental or physical development.

Features of the analysis for TSH

TSH in hypothyroidism rises due to the following chain of processes:

• The thyroid gland produces insufficient amounts of T3 and T4.
• The pituitary gland secretes more thyroid-stimulating hormone to stimulate the thyroid gland and increase the concentration of T3 and T4.
• There is an increase in TSH levels.

Changes in the concentration of TSH, T3 and T4 are interdependent, so an adequate diagnosis can only be made after measuring the level of all three hormones.

TSH analysis is the only way to diagnose subclinical hypothyroidism. It is carried out in the morning (from 8 to 12 hours), since it is at this time of day that the highest concentration of TSH in the body is.

For further research the patient takes blood from a vein and determines how many units of thyroid-stimulating hormone it contains. For an accurate diagnosis, one analysis is not enough, since increased rate does not always indicate thyroid disease, it may be a one-time failure of hormonal balance due to any negative factors. In addition, a series of analyzes provides an opportunity to evaluate the work various organs and systems.

In the form of laboratory test results, there should be indicators of the level of such substances:

• free triiodothyronine;
• thyrotropin;
• free thyroxine;
• antibodies to thyroglobulin (allows you to identify autoimmune diseases).

Thyroid hormones can be examined not only with a blood test, but also with the help of a laboratory assessment of saliva, some doctors consider the results of the second more reliable.

In the treatment of hypothyroidism laboratory assessment hormone concentrations should be carried out at least once a year.

Preparatory stage for analysis on the level of TSH

Before submitting material for TSH research, the following rules should be followed:

• it is forbidden to eat at least 3 hours before meals (material for research is taken in the morning on an empty stomach), it is allowed to drink water without gas;
• a few days before the study, you can not eat spicy and fatty foods;
• exclude physical activity for two days;
• before the procedure, you should give up cigarettes and alcohol;
• if the analysis has to be taken several times (if it is necessary to monitor the level of TSH over a certain period of time), it should be carried out at the same time;
• stressful situations should be avoided;
• if a person takes hormonal drugs, such treatment should be stopped 14 days before laboratory diagnosis;
• you need to abandon vitamins and drugs, which include iodine, as it affects the functioning of the thyroid gland;
• If you are taking any medications, it is important to tell your doctor about it.

The results of the study do not depend on the menstrual cycle.

If a person takes thyroxine, it is forbidden to stop treatment, but you need to drink the drug after donating blood or saliva.

The results of a laboratory study are of interest to all patients, but it is impossible to understand the numbers stated in them without prompts.

The TSH rate depends on the age of the patient:

• The level of TSH in the blood of newborns should be in the range of 0.6-10 units. per liter of blood.
• At the age of 2.5 months to 2 years, the norm of thyroid-stimulating hormone is 4-7 units. per liter of blood.
• For children 2-5 years old normal value- 4-6 units.
• The normal concentration of TSH for children over 14 years of age and for adults is 0.4-4 units.

Depending on gender, the norms are as follows:

• in men - 0.4 - 4.9 units,
• in women - 4.2 units.

For pregnant women, the concentration is within the range of 0.2-3.5 units, the level of the hormone depends on the duration of pregnancy.

The indicator may slightly decrease or increase for this position, this is normal, but if the deviations are large, you need to pay attention to the state of your health and the development of the fetus.

For most people, 0.4 to 2.5 mU/L is normal (95% of the population). Significantly fewer individuals have a TSH level of up to 4 mU/l. It is believed that an indicator above 2.5 mU / l requires regular monitoring (once a year), in modern medicine there is a question about prescribing people with such an indicator of treatment.

The result of the study may indicate deviations from the specified norm up or down, which, respectively, indicates an increased or reduced level TSH in the blood.

In hypothyroidism, the level of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone is increased by 10-12 times, slightly lower values ​​are recorded less often.

Test results and types of hypothyroidism

After receiving the results of the analyzes, first of all, pay attention to the concentration of T3 and T4. Hypothyroidism is ruled out if T3 is between 3 and 8 and T4 is between 4 and 11 (data from saliva analysis).

Values ​​below 3 (for T3) and below 4 (for T4) indicate hypothyroidism.

To determine the degree of hypothyroidism, TSH and T3, T4 data are needed:

• Primary hypothyroidism (subclinical or soft form). The level of TSH is increased (5-10 mU / l), and the hormones T3 and T4 initially remain normal, then gradually decrease.
• secondary hypothyroidism. The concentration of thyrotropic, and T3 and T4 is lowered. At this degree, thyroid dysfunction is pronounced.
• Hypothyroidism. The level of TSH is very low, sometimes even to zero, and the content of T3 and T4 is increased, such indicators are due to the fact that TSH is synthesized only when T3 and T4 are reduced.

In primary hypothyroidism, 3 stages are distinguished, the indicators of which are the following levels of hormones:

• TSH is more than 0.4 mU / l, T4 and TK are both elevated or one of them is manifest hypothyroidism;
• TSH is more than 0.4 mU / l, T4 and T3 are normal - subclinical hyperthyroidism;
• TSH is less than 0.4 mU / l, T4 is reduced - overt hypothyroidism;
• TSH is less than 0.4 mU / l, T4 is normal - subclinical hyperthyroidism.

In the study of venous blood, it is possible to determine not only the content of hormones, but also changes in the plasma:

• an increase in cholesterol indicates a decrease in hormone synthesis;
• myoglobin is increased, and T3 and T4 are lowered - evidence of advanced hypothyroidism;
• the concentration of creatine kinase is 10 times higher than the norm, the LDH titer is more than normal, indicating the development of myopathy in hypothyroidism;
• an increase in calcium, serum carotene, a decrease in alkaline phosphatase, iron levels and its ability to interact with proteins are also indicators of changes in hormonal balance.

At the subclinical stage, hypothyroidism can be cured without harm to health, but it develops rapidly, so it is important to diagnose this pathology in time.

If deviations from the norm are detected, the specialist prescribes additional procedures to differentiate the disease.

TSH levels in congenital hypothyroidism

Congenital hypothyroidism is diagnosed in 1 out of 5000 newborns, such statistics indicate the prevalence of this pathology.

Causes this disease are:

• iodine deficiency or thyroid disease in the mother of the child during pregnancy;
• pathologies of formation and development (dysplasia) of the tissues of the thyroid gland of the child;
• aplasia (absence) of thyroid tissue;
• resistance to thyroid hormones;
• congenital tumor formations in the brain;
• developmental disorders of the pituitary or hypothalamus.

To determine hypothyroidism in a newborn, blood is taken from the heel for 3-4 days. Depending on the results of the analysis, a diagnosis is made:

• the level of thyroid-stimulating hormone above 50 microunits per 1 liter of blood is an indicator of congenital hypothyroidism;
• an indicator in the range of 20-50 microunits per 1 liter indicates the need for diagnosis of transient hypothyroidism.

If congenital hypothyroidism is detected, treatment is started immediately (at the subclinical stage), before the manifestation characteristic symptoms. In the case of this disease, lifelong hormone therapy is required.

Methods for normalizing the level of TSH

With hypothyroidism, TSH is normalized with the help of drugs, depending on the stage of the disease:

• At the subclinical stage, L-thyroxine is used, the dosage is determined by the specialist individually.
• Manifest hypothyroidism is treated with Levothyroxine. Its dosage depends on the age of the patient (persons under 60 are prescribed a dose of at least 1.6-1.8 mcg / kg of body weight, after 60 years the drug should be taken at 12.5-25 mcg per day, increasing by 25 mcg every 60 days before normalization of TSH).
• Advanced stages of hypothyroidism are treated with L-thyroxine, individually selecting the dosage. In no case should you increase the dose on your own, this should only be done by an endocrinologist based on these tests.

L-thyroxine is also used to treat congenital and transient hypothyroidism. The dosage depends on the age and weight of the babies. For premature babies, there are some peculiarities of taking the drug.

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Treatment of thyroxine imbalance

What tests should be done for hypothyroidism?

Thyroid hormones: violations and norm

Diseases of the thyroid gland affect all functions of the body. Complaints of patients with hypothyroidism and thyrotoxicosis may be non-specific or absent altogether. For accurate diagnosis and control of the treatment of thyroid tissue diseases, laboratory tests are performed - tests for hormones and antibodies.

Basic research in diseases of the thyroid gland:

• thyrotropin;
• thyroxine (free);
• thyroxine (general);
• triiodothyronine (free);
• triiodothyronine (total);
• thyroglobulin;
• antibodies to thyroglobulin, thyroperoxidase, TSH receptors;
• calcitonin.

In different laboratories, the norms (reference values) for these indicators may differ slightly depending on the method of determination and reagents.

Thyrotropin (TSH)

The norm of TSH is from 0.4 to 4 mIU / l in adults and children over 7 years old. In newborns, thyrotropin should be from 1.1 to 17 mIU / l, in infants up to a year - from 0.6 to 10 mIU / l, one-year-old babies - from 0.6 to 7 mIU / l.

The norm of TSH in pregnant women is from 0.4 to 2.5 mIU / l in the first and second trimester, from 0.4 to 3 mIU / l - in the third trimester.

Thyrotropin is the main marker of thyroid function. In many cases it is used for screening.

TSH is produced in the pituitary gland. This tropic hormone regulates the functioning of thyroid gland cells. Thyrotropin stimulates the release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), hypertrophy and hyperplasia of thyrocytes.

If TSH is higher than normal during thyroid disease, then the patient is diagnosed with primary hypothyroidism - a lack of thyroid hormones.

This condition develops

• after treatment (extirpation of thyroid tissue or radioisotope therapy);
• with chronic autoimmune thyroiditis;
• with endemic goiter;
• with congenital disorders;
• with an overdose of thyreostatics.

If TSH is below normal, then they talk about primary hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis) - an excess of the main thyroid hormones.

This condition can be caused by:

• diffuse toxic goiter;
• toxic adenoma of the thyroid gland;
• nodular toxic goiter;
• subacute thyroiditis and autoimmune thyroiditis in the initial stages;
• overdose of tablets in hormone replacement therapy.

Pathology of the pituitary gland provokes a change in TSH. In such cases, low TSH is a sign of secondary hypothyroidism. This disease can be the result of surgery, radiation therapy, a malignant or benign brain tumor.

High TSH in the pathology of the pituitary gland is a sign of secondary thyrotoxicosis. This rare condition occurs in some neoplasms of the brain (pituitary adenoma).

Free thyroxine (free T4)

The normal level is 0.8 to 1.8 pg/mL (10 to 23 pmol/L). Produced by thyrocytes using molecular iodine. Its synthesis is increased by TSH. Free T4 has a relatively low functional activity. On the periphery and in the thyroid tissue, it turns into active T3.

Action of free T4:

• increases heat production;
• increases the metabolic rate;
• increases the sensitivity of the myocardium to catecholamines;
• raises blood sugar levels.

Low free T4 is a sign of hypothyroidism.

Reason for this condition:

• destruction of thyroid tissue (during radical treatment or during an autoimmune process);
• prolonged iodine deficiency;
• pituitary damage.

High free T4 is a sign of thyrotoxicosis.

Etiology of the condition:

• diffuse toxic goiter;
• toxic goiter (nodular or multinodular);
• toxic autonomous thyroid adenoma, etc.

Total thyroxine (total T4)

The norm of total T4 is from 5.5 to 11 ng / ml or (according to other units of measurement) from 77 to 142 nmol / l. This analysis is less informative than free T4. The study also evaluates thyroxine levels. The accuracy is affected by the concentration of blood proteins, accompanying illnesses, state of the liver.

Total thyroxine is used only as an additional study.

Free triiodothyronine (free T3)

The rate of free triiodothyronine is from 3.5 to 8.0 pg / ml (from 5.4 to 12.3 pmol / l). This active thyroid hormone is 10% produced by thyrocytes and 90% is formed in peripheral tissues from thyroxine.

Action of free T3:

• activation of the central nervous system;
• increase in calorie consumption;
• increased metabolism;
• an increase in the number of heartbeats per minute;
• promotion blood pressure etc.

Increased free T3 occurs with thyrotoxicosis of various etiologies, reduced - with hypothyroidism.

Most often, disturbances in free T3 are observed in old age and with prolonged iodine deficiency.

Total triiodothyronine (total T3)

The norm of total triiodothyronine is from 0.9 to 1.8 ng / ml. Or on a different scale of measurements - from 1.4 to 2.8 nmol / l. This analysis is optional. It estimates blood triiodothyronine levels with less accuracy than free T3.

The accuracy of the analysis is influenced by many factors: concomitant somatic and mental illnesses, the concentration of blood proteins, diet.

thyroglobulin

The analysis for thyroid hormones is supplemented by the study of thyroglobulin. Normally, the concentration of this protein in the blood is from 0 to 50 ng / ml. After radical surgery on the thyroid gland (extirpation), this figure should be less than 1–2 ng/ml.

Thyroglobulin is a specific colloid protein of thyroid gland cells.

A high level of the substance indicates the destruction of thyrocytes. For example, with chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, subacute thyroiditis, etc.

The appearance of thyroglobulin in the blood after radical treatment indicates a relapse of the disease (thyroid cancer).

Antibodies to thyroglobulin (AT-TG)

Normally, antibodies to thyroglobulin are not detected or detected in low concentrations (up to 100 mU/l).

AT-TG are immunoglobulins directed against thyrocyte colloid protein.

An increase in the concentration of antibodies to thyroglobulin occurs in all autoimmune diseases of the thyroid gland.

The reason for the high rate of AT-TG may be:

• Graves' disease;
• chronic autoimmune thyroiditis;
• postpartum thyroiditis, etc.

Thyroid hormones change later in autoimmune processes than antibodies appear. Thus, these indicators can be considered an early marker of diseases.

Antibodies to thyroperoxidase (AT-TPO)

Normally, antibodies to thyroperoxidase should be in a low titer (up to 30–100 mU/l) or absent.

This type of antibody is directed against the thyroid enzyme involved in the synthesis of thyroxine and triiodothyronine.

A high level of AT-TPO occurs in any autoimmune disease of the thyroid tissue. In addition, in 25% of cases this indicator is increased in people without thyroid pathology.

Thyroid hormones at high values ​​of AT-TPO may correspond to hypothyroidism (with chronic autoimmune thyroiditis) or thyrotoxicosis (with diffuse toxic goiter).

Antibodies to TSH receptors

This specific indicator is used to detect Graves' disease.

In children and adults, antibodies to TSH receptors (AT-rTTH) are normally found in low titer - up to 4 U / l. For diagnosis and control of treatment, the interpretation of AT-rTTH indicators is used: from 4 to 9 U/l - a doubtful result, more than 9 U/l - an active autoimmune process.

AT-rTTG - are immunoglobulins that compete for receptors on the cell of the thyroid gland with pituitary thyrotropin.

Antibodies to TSH receptors have a thyroid-stimulating effect.

A high level of AT-rTTH is a marker of Graves' disease. In a certain amount, these antibodies are also found in other autoimmune diseases of the thyroid gland.

Calcitonin

The norm of this hormone is from 5.5 to 28 nmol / l. It does not belong to the main biologically active substances of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin is secreted by the C-cells of the thyroid tissue.

The hormone is a parathyroid hormone antagonist.

Calcitonin:

• reduces the concentration of total and ionized blood calcium;
• inhibits the absorption of calcium in the gastrointestinal tract;
• increases urinary calcium excretion;
• deposits calcium in bone tissue (increases mineralization).

A high level of the hormone is observed in medullary thyroid cancer, with a relapse of this type of cancer, with oncology of other organs (colon, stomach, pancreas, breast).

Elevated TSH levels: causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment

Elevated levels of TSH indicate the occurrence of disorders in the thyroid gland or the pituitary system. The symptom appears in women and men due to changes in the level of hormones T3 and T4.

A high level of TSH (thyrotropin) determines the course of the following pathologies:

• Primary (problems with the thyroid gland).
• Secondary (failures in the work of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland).

• Source of the problem
• We identify the disease

Source of the problem

In the first case, the causes of elevated TSH are the pathology of the thyroid gland:

1. after surgery or undergoing autoimmune hypothyroidism;
2. development of thyroiditis after 1-3 months after childbirth;
3. taking a separate group of medicines (amiodarone, eglonil, cerucal, estrogen);
4. treatment with iodine 131 (radiiodine therapy);
5. adrenal insufficiency;
6. increase in prolactin levels.

Acute stress has a great influence increased loads sleep deprivation and advanced age.

The causes of functional disorders of the hypothalamus (secondary series) lie in the pituitary adenoma, insensitivity of the pituitary gland to thyroid hormones and the lack of perception of triiodothyronine. In women, the consequences are more acute hormonal disorders- statistics determine the ratio of 10 representatives of the fair sex to one man. Among the main diseases, autoimmune thyroiditis is the leader, during which the thyroid-stimulating hormone and the level of antibodies to TPO (anti-TPO) are above the norm.

Malfunctions of the pituitary and hypothalamus are found in equal proportions in both sexes.

We identify the disease

What to do if as a result laboratory tests Is your thyroid stimulating hormone level slightly above normal? It is necessary to determine the severity of the pathology and the degree of deficiency of thyroid hormones.

With a slight overestimation of the indicators, there may not be any signs. When TSH is strongly elevated, this indicates a high insufficiency of T3 and T4.

The severity of primary hypothyroidism is classified based on the signs:

• Subclinical - increased rates TSH at T4 is normal.
• Manifest - TSH is greatly elevated, and T4 is below normal.
• Complicated - the formation of cretinism, heart failure, secondary pituitary adenoma.

In the first case, it is very difficult to identify the symptoms. Manifest hypothyroidism is the main cause of a number of changes:

• According to external signs (formation of edema, weight gain, the appearance of dryness and pallor of the skin, brittle nails and hair).
• According to mental and emotional indicators (feeling of depression and the appearance of depression, irritability).
• According to cardiovascular manifestations (slow pulse, low or high blood pressure).
• For work digestive system(poor appetite, constipation).

With an increased amount of thyroid-stimulating hormone in the blood, a feeling of exhaustion, weakness and drowsiness appears. It can also cause anemia.

Since with the development of pathology in the body, TSH reacts more slowly than thyroid hormones, it will take 1-2 months to assess its response to changes in the concentration of T3 and T4. The use of modern diagnostic techniques makes it possible to carry out tests of the third generation of TSH with a sensitivity limit of 0.002 μIU / ml (the TSH norm is 0.4 - 4 μIU / ml). If there are deviations from the norm, a re-analysis should be carried out. If the results are confirmed, do not rush to search for alternative methods of treatment. They are fruitless.

Symptoms of an increase in TSH

The doctor said that you have an elevated TSH, what does this mean?

An increase in the level of TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone or thyrotropin is called hypothyroidism. This condition is characterized by the following symptoms.

From the nervous system:

• you get tired quickly, you can’t concentrate, attention is scattered, reactions slow down, thinking is no longer as clear as before;
• memory impairment;
• there is drowsiness, lethargy, apathy;
• it is difficult to fall asleep, sleep becomes unstable;
• depressed mood, depression.

From the side of the cardiovascular system:

• hypotension (a decrease in blood pressure greater than 20% of baseline or normal values, and in absolute terms, below 90 mmHg for systolic or 60 mmHg for mean arterial pressure);
• low heart rate;
• swelling is observed.

From the gastrointestinal tract:

• due to low metabolism, you may experience a constant feeling of hunger;
• in some patients, due to general lethargy, on the contrary, appetite decreases;
• there is a delay in stool;
• nausea;
• the liver is enlarged.

From the reproductive system:

• violation of the menstrual cycle;
• decreased libido;
• in advanced cases, infertility develops.

Changes in the appearance of a person:

• the neck thickens;
• the skin can react like this: yellowness, pallor, peeling, dryness, tightness and even cracks appear;
• there are problems with hair - they become brittle and begin to fall out;
• there is swelling of the face;
• in some cases, the timbre of the voice is reduced.

General state:

• noted low temperature body, general weakness, pain and cramps in the legs;
• you dial excess weight without changing eating habits;
• there may be a decrease in body temperature up to 35 °;
• sweating increases;
• hemoglobin in the blood decreases.

Elderly people experience shortness of breath, palpitations, chest pain.

Elevated TSH in women may not show symptoms at all, especially at the onset of the disease. But if you feel constantly tired, irritable, your mood changes often and for no reason, you have depression, apathy, this may also indicate an increase in TSH.

In children, hyperactivity, anxiety, nervousness can also be due to the fact that thyroid-stimulating hormone is elevated. Therefore, with the regular manifestation of these symptoms, you should check the level of TSH. This is very important, since the growth and development of the child directly depends on the normal functioning of the endocrine system.

How does TSH rise (what happens in the body)

Thyrotropin is produced in the brain, or rather, in.

TSH regulates the activity of the thyroid gland, in the epithelial cells of which there are receptors that are sensitive to the amount of this substance.

In response to the intake of TSH, the thyroid gland synthesizes its own hormones: T4 - thyroxine and T3 - triiodothyronine.

Interestingly, TSH production is a negative feedback system, ie. The body, with the help of the adenohypophysis, controls how much of this hormone is released and when to stop its production.

There is also an inverse relationship between the concentration of free T4 and TSH in the blood. When there is a lot of T4, the release of TSH decreases, and vice versa, when there is not enough T4, TSH begins to be actively released again. Thus, it is a self-regulating system. And the level of TSH depends both on the proper functioning of the pituitary gland and on the activity of the thyroid gland.

Reasons for an increase in TSH

During the day, thyrotropin is secreted unevenly. The highest level of TSH is determined in the blood at 2-4 am, then the concentration decreases slightly in the morning, and the least in the evening, at 17-19 hours.

It is important that if you do not sleep at night, you disrupt the normal release of this hormone.

During the bearing of a child, a woman undergoes a restructuring of the whole organism, the level of thyrotropin fluctuates, and TSH during pregnancy can either decrease or be increased.

In old age, this hormone is released more, but at night its concentration decreases.

The work of the thyroid gland has a great influence on the level of TSH. Failures in its functioning can both increase and decrease the production of TSH.

There is also feedback. Large, above normal, concentrations of thyrotropin cause proliferation (cell growth) of tissues, an increase in its size, the formation of a colloid, which ultimately interferes with its normal operation.

TSH levels may also rise due to the following reasons:

• adrenal insufficiency (decrease in their production of hormones), acute or chronic;
• thyroiditis (inflammation of the thyroid gland) of an acute form;
• Hashimoto's thyroiditis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the thyroid gland, leading to its destruction due to exposure of its tissues to autoimmune factors;
• operations performed on the thyroid gland;
• cholecystectomy (removal of the gallbladder);
• mental illness;
• thyrotropinoma (rare pituitary adenoma, benign, hormone-secreting tumor);
• often the concentration of the hormone rises in the blood when tumors begin to grow, for example, a neoplasm of the pituitary gland.

During pregnancy, TSH levels may be elevated due to:

• severe preeclampsia (a complication that can be manifested by edema, increased pressure, loss of protein in the urine, convulsions (eclampsia);
• preeclampsia (high blood pressure) during pregnancy.

Other factors causing an increase in TSH are:

• increased physical activity;
• hemodialysis (blood purification using an artificial kidney apparatus);
• some medicines(neuroleptics, anticonvulsants, antiemetics, drugs containing iodine);
• iodine deficiency in the body;
• genetic predisposition;
• mental disorders;
• lead poisoning;
• taking certain medications (iodides, antipsychotics, beta-blockers or prednisolone).

What does the state of elevated TSH lead to, the consequences, if not treated

Unfortunately, many patients do not go to the doctor on time or self-medicate. While long-term untreated hyporeriosis can have serious consequences.

Thyroid disease develops chronic inflammation and tumors that are already irreversible.

A goiter appears, the volume of the thyroid gland increases.

There is discomfort in the neck or its deformation is noticeable. The skin in the area of ​​the thyroid gland may have a reddish or bluish tinge.

In the most extreme case, in the absence of proper treatment, a thyrotoxic crisis is possible. Against the background of constant thyrotoxicosis, it can be provoked by the transferred mental trauma, viral disease and even slight surgery. The crisis is accompanied by a significant increase in body temperature, up to 40 degrees, vomiting and diarrhea. Arterial pressure, in turn, on the contrary, is significantly reduced, which leads to disruption in the work of the heart. As a result, the patient falls into a lethargic sleep or coma.

In pregnant women with undiagnosed hypothyroidism, the possibility of damage to the placenta, fetal growth retardation, and premature birth is high.

How to lower TSH levels

If you observe one or more of the above symptoms, you should consult an endocrinologist. He will direct you to donate blood for tests.

In no case should you self-medicate. After all, the hormonal system is a very delicate mechanism. Some patients begin to self-administer hormonal drugs. This is extremely dangerous and can end up in a hospital bed.

It is necessary to fight the disease under the strict supervision of an endocrinologist.

First, the doctor will set the level of thyrotropin and the associated T3 and T4 levels, and if TSH is elevated, he will prescribe treatment only after he understands the reasons for its increase.

If the level of hormones exceeds the norm slightly, they make a diagnosis of subclinical hypothyroidism, (otherwise called latent), which means that the disease is still on initial stage, often with no pronounced clinical symptoms.

Then vitamins and dieting help to normalize small changes in the level of thyrotropin. Avoid gluten and casein.

If the excess is significant, then you can not do without medication.

Previously, drugs made from dried and ground animal thyroid were prescribed for the treatment of the thyroid gland. In modern medicine. as a rule, synthetic hormones are prescribed, such as Euthyrox, Bagothyrox, L-thyroxine and similar preparations containing thyroxine.

Apply first minimum doses, gradually bringing the level of hormones to the required norm for this patient. During treatment, the level of blood hormones is constantly measured to prevent overdose.

Traditional medicine recipes, herbal preparations that can lower TSH levels

It is possible to lower the level of TSH in both women and men using treatment with folk remedies.

It should be understood that treatment with such means will not eliminate the cause of the pathology, but simply improve general state sick. Here are some recipes:

• Birch leaves, celandine, wild rose, coltsfoot, yarrow, angelica and licorice root;
• Elecampane root, birch buds, St. John's wort, rowan and cocklebur berries;
• Buckthorn bark, yarrow, juniper berries - take as an alcohol tincture;
• Chamomile, chicory, wild rose, mordovnik, yarrow;
• Dandelion root, chamomile, wild rose, celandine, chicory, St. John's wort.

The method of preparation of herbal preparations is the same. Mix in equal proportions and pour boiling water. We insist 30 minutes, filter, store in a cool place for no more than a day. Take 30 minutes before meals.

After the end of treatment, you need to undergo twice a year medical examination to make sure your hormone levels are normal.

The endocrine system in the body is a kind of center of hormones that controls the work of various organs. The pituitary gland helps produce thyroid hormones. This part of the brain produces thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). When it is produced normally, the hormones T3 and T4 also enter the body in the required amount. As soon as a failure occurs, the balance between these substances is disturbed.

When TSH is elevated, two thyroid hormones are produced in insufficient quantities, which negatively affects the work of the heart, gastrointestinal tract, nervous and reproductive systems.

What does an elevated TSH mean?

If T3 and T4 are normal, then you should not worry about the level of TSH, since it is also produced in the right amount. Before understanding the features of the growth of TSH, it is worth understanding what this hormone is.

Thyroid

Thyroid-stimulating hormone or thyrotropin is biologically active substance, which is able to regulate the amount of hormones produced by the thyroid gland. It is often referred to as regulating. Thyrotropin is able to perform several functions at once:

• provide energy metabolism;
• speed up metabolism;
• regulate the production of proteins;
• accelerate growth;
• provide full mental development.

When TSH is above normal, the hormones T3 and T4 cease to perform their functions, because there are fewer of them. These two hormones are responsible for:

1. coordinated work of the cardiovascular system;
2. strengthening the organs of vision and hearing;
3. normal work gastrointestinal tract;
4. retinol synthesis;
5. normal metabolism.

There are a lot of reasons that can cause an increase in TSH, but only an endocrinologist should determine them.

What should be the norm?

Before judging the methods of lowering TSH, it is worth knowing what are the acceptable limits in the results of the analysis. It should be borne in mind that the norm of TSH for female and male is different. There are separate indicators for children and pregnant women.

TSH is normal

• for men - 0.3–4 μIU / l,
• for women - 0.4 - 4.1 μIU / l,
• for pregnant women - 0.34-3.1 μIU / l,
• for newborns - 0.6–12 μIU / l,
• for children under 5 years old - 0.4–7 μIU / l,
• up to 14 years old - 0.3–5.1 μIU / l.

Why does thyrotropin increase, and what to do? These are the most frequently asked questions of patients in the endocrinologist's office. Sometimes thyroid hormones, which are less produced when TSH is elevated, can simply “take away” a person’s full sleep, strength, good mood and well-being. To understand this situation, you need to understand the reasons for the increase in TSH.

Why does TSH rise?

When a patient has an elevated TSH level, the doctor begins to sort through all the possible options for his treatment. But the main thing is to find the cause of this condition. Without defining it, it is impossible to cure the disease forever. The most common provocateurs of TSH growth are called:

• diseases of the heart, blood vessels, liver and kidneys (somatic diseases);
• kidney failure;
• neoplasms of a different nature in the pituitary gland;
• pathological changes in the thyroid gland itself;
• poisoning with toxic substances;
• an excess of iodine;
• removal of the gallbladder;
• diseases of a genetic nature;
• hormone insensitivity syndrome;
• preeclampsia in pregnant women;
• mental illness.

When TSH is above normal, this does not mean that a person has some kind of disease. Often, TSH is elevated due to the use of drugs that affect the production of hormones. Thyrotropin is a rather sensitive substance, therefore, with any change in the hormonal background, it actively increases or decreases in quantity.

TSH should be checked along with thyroid hormones, as high TSH is often noticed with normal T4 and T3. When T3 and T4 are elevated and TSH is low, the thyroid gland itself needs to be treated. This condition can also be observed in autoimmune diseases.

Signs of elevated TSH

When a slight increase in thyrotropin begins, a person may not notice it at first. Over time, the condition gradually worsens. When the condition becomes critical, the person will feel changes in many organs.

Symptoms

Symptoms of elevated TSH include:

1. bad memory;
2. distraction;
3. apathy, depression;
4. sudden change of mood;
5. low blood pressure;
6. bradycardia;
7. poor appetite, but at the same time weight increases for no reason;
8. irregular stool;
9. digestive problems;
10. liver enlargement;
11. a strong decrease in libido;
12. irregular menstrual cycle;
13. infertility;
14. swelling on the face and limbs;
15. hand tremor;
16. severe weakness;
17. hair loss, skin peeling and brittle nails;
18. cramps in the legs and arms;
19. low body temperature.

When the level of TSH is elevated, and T3 and T4 remain normal, indicated symptoms may or may not appear. Often, patients with such a problem notice several of the described changes in the work of their body at once. Here are the most common symptoms, but this does not mean that they can all appear at the same time.

In advanced situations, when treatment has not started on time, the following symptoms may appear:

• enlargement of the neck in the thyroid gland;
• cyanosis and redness of the skin in this area;
• slowing down speech;
• feeling of discomfort in the throat due to the deformed neck area.

You can't delay visiting a doctor. If the TSH is stabilized in time and returned to normal, then all the functions of organs and systems will restore their normal operation. For diagnosis, it is enough to take a blood test for biochemistry. The list of tests is indicated only by the endocrinologist.

Treatment: how to lower TSH?

The main task for the doctor is not only the treatment of the patient, but also the exact determination of the cause of his condition. Various medications help lower TSH levels.

Important! It is absolutely impossible to independently prescribe, cancel, change the dosage of prescribed drugs. Only an endocrinologist can select the appropriate reducing drugs and set their dose.

Each situation requires an individual approach, so the doctor must send the patient for a procedure for diagnosis ultrasound thyroid gland. If necessary, he can send the patient for additional MRI studies.

Treatment of hyperthyroidism

Examples of treatment for high free thyrotropin:

1. If the change in the hormonal background is due to breast cancer, then the treatment takes a long time. Chemotherapy and surgical intervention become an obligatory element of it. After a successful fight against the neoplasm, the treatment of the thyroid gland will continue.
2. If the patient has been diagnosed with iodine deficiency, then treatment is based on taking iodine-containing tablets. Often this happens when TSH is elevated with a normal T4. The patient's diet necessarily changes, the number of foods rich in this element increases.
3. If hyperthyroidism is established, then treatment is based only on taking hormonal drugs. The regimen, the number of tablets and the duration of the course of treatment are prescribed by the attending physician.

Any concomitant diseases that are caused by hormonal failure should go away after the situation normalizes. If this does not happen, then the appropriate doctors should deal with the treatment of acquired diseases: cardiologists, neurologists, gastroenterologists, gynecologists.

What does high TSH mean for pregnant women?

Often an excess of TSH scares women during pregnancy, but what does this hormone mean at the time of bearing a child? Increased production of thyroid-stimulating hormone is dangerous not only for the health of the mother, but also for the baby in the womb.

One of the critical moments is the first 10 weeks of pregnancy. During this period, the fetus does not yet have its own thyroid gland, so it cannot provide its body with hormones. To do this, the mother's thyroid gland shares its hormones with the baby.

If TSH is elevated at such an early date, it can adversely affect the health of the fetus.

Important! A slight increase in this hormone can be seen with physical overwork of a pregnant woman or due to stress experienced..

To examine the mother's body, doctors recommend undergoing an echographic examination on a regular basis. An additional point of diagnosis can be considered a biopsy of the thyroid gland. But these examinations are prescribed only in cases of very strong growth of TSH.

If it is not possible to lower TSH, then in the early stages there is a risk of miscarriage in a woman. In order not to lose a child, it is worth monitoring the health of the thyroid gland in advance. To do this, you need to take tests for hormones at least once a year.

When thyroxine and thyrotropin rise sharply in the later stages, this can provoke placental abruption or intrauterine growth retardation of the baby.

How does high TSH affect the child's body?

A reduced amount of T3 and T4, but high TSH negatively affects the child's body. The norm for each age is different, but it is worth undergoing an examination for hormones in the following cases:

1. if the child quickly gets tired at the slightest physical exertion;
2. if he constantly wants to sleep;
3. when a delay in mental or physical development is noticed;
4. when the child is lethargic and unable to concentrate.

It is worth paying attention to the temperature of the limbs of the child. If the body temperature is normal, and the hands and feet are cold, this can also be a signal of an increase in TSH. Often, this condition can be associated with a problem with the work of the adrenal glands, serious mental disorders.

As a preventive measure, doctors recommend taking tests for hormones even during fetal development. This is especially important for those parents who already had hypothyroidism. If, according to the results of the diagnosis, TSH exceeds 100 mIU / l, then the result can be considered positive. The child may have strabismus, deafness, or neurological cretinism. Scroll possible pathologies development is large enough, so it is important to conduct timely diagnosis.

To monitor the level of the TSH hormone, you need not only to undergo a timely examination, but also to monitor your diet. Doctors develop an appropriate diet for patients with hypothyroidism that promotes the accumulation of iodine. With increased TSH, it is enough to take prescribed medications. It is possible to increase a little TSH with alternative methods, but it is better to consult a doctor before using any method. Do not underestimate the power of herbal preparations, infusions or decoctions.

The endocrine system of the human body is a complex mechanism. The coherence of its work depends on the state and interaction of many organs. Failure of one, disables the other. What does an increase in the blood of the hormone TSH or thyroid-stimulating hormone mean?

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

TSH or thyroid-stimulating hormone is a hormone produced in. When it enters the bloodstream, it stimulates the thyroid gland to produce hormones: thyroxine and triiodothyronine, which are responsible for the growth and development of the whole organism, normalize metabolism, the synthesis of fats, proteins and energy metabolism. Maximum production of thyrotropin happens at night. It decreases throughout the day.

Normal levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone in the blood

• newborns (0.6 - 13 μIU / l)
• children older than 3 months (0.5 - 12 μIU / l)
• children older than 5 years (0.4 - 7.1 μIU / l)
• adolescents from 14 years old (0.3 - 5.2 μIU / l)
• people under 50 years old (0.2 - 4.1 μIU / l)
• pregnant women (0.3 - 3.5 μIU / l)
• people over 50 years old (0.28 - 4.3 μIU / l)

Elevated TSH

A high level of thyroid-stimulating hormone in the blood is not a disease, but an indicator that in the body is in trouble. An increase in TSH is accompanied by a number of diseases. These may be disorders in the work of the pituitary gland, hypothalamus or thyroid gland. In the early stages, the increase in TSH levels goes unnoticed, the person does not feel any ailments. But if this process is not treated, then hormonal disbalance will progress, and the symptoms and signs of elevated TSH will become pronounced.

Symptoms and signs of increased thyroid-stimulating hormone

Causes of an increase in thyroid-stimulating hormone

• thyroid pathology
• pituitary tumor
• adrenal disease
• excess iodine in the body
• lead poisoning
• autoimmune thyroiditis
• thyroid hormone resistance syndrome
• cholecystectomy
• genetic diseases(insensitivity of body tissues to thyrotropin)
• stress

Diagnosis of elevated TSH

At the first sign of an increase in thyroid-stimulating hormone in the body, need to see an endocrinologist, who can find the reason for the increase in TSH. The doctor will give a referral for a blood test to determine the level of hormones. It is necessary to take a blood test on an empty stomach, in the morning. The day before the test, you should avoid heavy physical exertion, the use of alcohol and drugs containing steroids. If the TSH level is elevated, the endocrinologist will diagnose hypothyroidism and prescribe additional examinations, taking into account the individual characteristics of the patient.

Increased TSH in women

Elevated TSH is more common in women than in men. In a healthy woman, the levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone in the blood should be in the range of 0.4 - 4.1 μIU / l. High limit This value can be considered the beginning of the manifestation of pathology in the body of a woman. For example, a breast tumor is accompanied by an increased level of thyroid-stimulating hormone. Gynecological and reproductive health women directly depends on the level of thyrotropin. Especially important to monitor the increase in the level of TSH in women, planning a pregnancy.

During pregnancy, a woman's body experiences a powerful hormonal changes, and a lack or elevated level of thyroid-stimulating hormone can adversely affect the mental and physical development of the fetus. The level of TSH depends on the emotional state of the pregnant woman and the duration of pregnancy. Thyroid stimulating hormone rises as the fetus matures and grows.

An alarming signal should be considered an increase in TSH beyond the normal limit in the first weeks of pregnancy. It is at these times endocrine system fetus is not yet formed. Up to 15 weeks of development future child completely depends on the hormones that come to him from the mother's body through the placental bloodstream. Sharp fluctuations in the level of thyroid hormones can greatly complicate the course of pregnancy, up to termination. In the later stages, elevated TSH levels can provoke placental abruption and fetal developmental defects.

Elevated thyrotropin in men

Endocrinologists believe that increased thyrotropin in men appears mainly in adulthood and is much less common than in women. The cause is a failure in the hypothalamus - pituitary gland - thyroid gland. With an increase in the level of hormones, body weight decreases sharply, causeless chills appear, swelling is noticeable on the face, bags under the eyes. Attention and hearing weaken. Speech slows down, heart rate and shortness of breath become more frequent. Decreased physical performance. Sleep is disturbed. The skin becomes dry, hair loss increases. Decreased sexual activity.

Elevated thyrotropin in a teenager

Clinical picture increase in thyrotropin in children and adolescents is the same as in adults. If parents notice that the child gets tired quickly, he has a poor memory and distracted attention, slow reactions and low body temperature, this is a reason to contact an endocrinologist. The level of TSH in a teenager depends on the emotional and physical condition. Even a slight increase in thyrotropin is a reason for an examination that will help identify metabolic disorders at the initial stage.

Correction of elevated TSH

Methods for the correction and treatment of elevated TSH are selected by the endocrinologist after examining the patient and carrying out the necessary laboratory research. Do not self-medicate hypothyroidism! Correction of the hormonal level is a long process associated with, the dosage of which can only be chosen by a specialist. An incorrectly selected dose can complicate the course of the disease and provoke a further increase in the TSH hormone in the body.

With hypothyroidism, the level of thyroid-stimulating hormone is corrected by taking synthetic hormones similar to thyroid hormones - Euthyrox, Liothyronine, L-thyroxine, etc. Synthetic hormones normalize metabolism without increasing body weight, do not harmful effects on the body, contribute to the maintenance of normal levels of hormones in the body. They can be taken throughout life. If the increase in TSH is caused by a benign tumor, then complex therapy without surgical intervention is prescribed. In cases where the increase in TSH is caused by a lack of iodine, iodine-containing drugs are prescribed. In all cases, a special diet is recommended.

Diet for hypothyroidism:

Lack of iodine in the body can cause hypothyroidism and elevated hormone levels. To fill the deficiency of iodine will help foods rich in this element:

Folk methods correction of elevated TSH:

If TSH is elevated, decoctions of herbs and plants are used as natural means to achieve a normal level of TSH: St. Dried and crushed raw materials are used. Each herb is taken in equal proportions, preferably 2 tablespoons, poured with boiling water (1 liter) and kept in a steam bath for 15 minutes. Then filter and take on an empty stomach 2 times a day.

It should be remembered that folk ways reducing TSH levels cannot be an independent and the only treatment option for hypothyroidism. They are only allowed if TSH elevated to upper normal range and are designed to help the thyroid gland perform its functions.

Elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone is an alarm, but not a reason for despair. Timely identified and controlled hypothyroidism leaves all chances for a full life. People over 50 and those who have noticed symptoms of elevated thyrotropin in themselves or loved ones should immediately seek advice from an endocrinologist and take a blood test in order to establish the cause of the disease in time and begin treatment. It is important to prevent the development of diseases such as diabetes and thyroid cancer.

What is thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), also known as thyrotropin, is produced in the pituitary gland and secreted into the blood. The main task of TSH is to stimulate the thyroid gland to produce hormones such as T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine).

The thyroid gland is located at the base of your neck, under the Adam's apple. It absorbs the trace element iodine from the blood to produce the hormones T3 and T4. The importance of the thyroid gland is very important, because the hormones T3 and T4 play a significant role in the functioning of almost all parts of our body, including the brain, heart and liver.

The thyroid gland is under the control of the hypothalamus of the brain, which produces thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) to stimulate the pituitary gland to start producing thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).

There is such a dependence: the more thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is produced, the more T3 and T4 hormones are produced. But when sufficient or high values ​​​​of T3 and T4 are reached, there is a decrease in the production of the hormone TRH and, consequently, the level of the hormone TSH decreases. This process helps keep the levels of T3 and T4 hormones at the right levels for the body.

How does thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) work?

Thyroid-stimulating (thyroid-stimulating) hormone (TSH) increases T3 and T4 levels in several different ways.

TSH stimulates the production of T3 and T4 by binding to TSH receptors (TSH-R) on thyroid cells, which helps the thyroid produce more proteins that absorb iodine from the blood. And then the thyroid gland uses this iodine to produce the hormones T3 and T4.

Iodine can exist in the body in different forms and can only be used to form T3 or T4 hormones if it is in its active form (oxidized). For this reason, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) further stimulates T3 and T4 production by increasing the protein that converts iodine to its active form ( thyroid peroxidase).

TSH not only increases the production of T3 and T4, but also stimulates their release into the bloodstream. When T3 and T4 are produced, they are stored by binding to another protein ( thyroglobulin), which keeps them from entering the bloodstream. TSH promotes the breakdown of this protein (by increasing proteases) and allows T3 and T4 to be released and enter the bloodstream.

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Elevated: Health Risks

Elevated thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) linked to poor heart health

A study of over 30,000 people found that people with higher TSH levels tend to also have higher blood pressure.

A meta-analysis of data from multiple studies involving more than 55,000 patients showed that people with very high TSH values ​​demonstrate a significantly greater likelihood of developing(and death) coronary disease hearts.

Another study, which included 314 patients at risk for developing various heart diseases, found that high levels of TSH were associated with more serious disorders in.

Findings have also been demonstrated regarding the relationship between increased thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and increased blood pressure in children, especially those who are overweight.

High thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) indicates elevated levels of cholesterol and triglycerides

Two studies have shown that increasing TSH levels occur with a simultaneous increase in "bad" cholesterol(low density lipoprotein - LDL) in blood.

Another study of nearly 21,000 people showed similar results and also found that high levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) correlate with more low level"good" cholesterol(lipoproteins high density– HDL).

High Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Levels Linked to Obesity

Two separate studies showed that women Overweight or obese people have higher TSH levels than normal weight people. This relationship includes people with a simple higher body weight and body mass index (BMI), with a larger waist size, and with a higher percentage of body fat.

Another study showed that, compared with women with low TSH levels, healthy young women with high TSH levels were twice as likely to develop metabolic syndrome(a condition that includes obesity, high blood pressure, and high levels of glucose, fat, and cholesterol in the blood).

The link between thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and obesity is not just for women. Two separate studies have shown that elevated TSH is associated with a higher body mass index (BMI) in both men and women.

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is also involved in the formation of weight in children. Baby obesity and overweight are associated with higher TSH levels, and these increased values ​​are associated with increased levels of cholesterol, fat and blood pressure.

Raisethyrotropic hormone (TSH) is harmful during pregnancy

Level TSH was significantly higher in women who could not conceive after 1 year of trying (so-called unexplained infertility) compared to women with normal TSH.

The drug Levothyroxine is used to treat cases of thyroid problems and is often given during pregnancy. One study looked at 1,013 pregnant women receiving levothyroxine and found that many of them had elevated TSH, which was associated with an increased risk of miscarriage.

In another study of more than 184,000 women, mothers with high TSH levels in the 6 months before conception found an increased chance of spontaneous miscarriage before 20 weeks, stillbirth, preterm birth, and other pregnancy problems.

High Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Values ​​Are Linked to General Inflammation

During an experiment involving 24 women who received 0.9 mg of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), dysfunction was found on the second day of taking the drug. blood vessels, which was most likely associated with an increase in general inflammation and oxidative stress.

In two animal studies an increase in TSH values ​​was accompanied by an increase in the main indicators of inflammation– tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6).

Elevated thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is a risk factor for thyroid cancer

Various studies, including meta-analysis, have shown that elevated TSH is a risk factor for thyroid cancer.

Another study in 126 patients with a specific type of thyroid cancer (papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid) demonstrated an association between increased levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and faster progression. cancerous tumor.

An increase in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) values ​​indicates an increase in the stress hormone

In a study of 54 healthy adults, higher TSH values ​​were found along with increased levels of the stress hormone cortisol. Scientists have concluded that thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) makes the body more sensitive to the effects of stress.

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Low: Health Risks

Low levelthyrotropic hormone (TSH) linked to poorer mental health

Low TSH levels may contribute to lower mental health levels among the elderly. In a study involving 293 people over 65 years of age, a relationship was found between a decrease in TSH levels and deterioration in brain function.

In a study involving 1,843 people aged 55 years and older, it was shown that low TSH was associated with a 3-fold increase in the risk of developing dementia or developing.

A study involving 1,503 older people found that low thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels increase the likelihood of developing depressive symptoms and further development.

Low Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Indicates Decreased Bone Density

Having higher levels of TSH in the blood contributes to better health bones in the elderly. Decreased TSH was associated with reduced bone mineral density in a study of 674 older women.

In another study of 686 older women, low thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels increased the risk of pelvic or spinal fractures.

A study of more than 14,000 patients showed that in older women (but not in women over 70), lower TSH levels were associated with an increased risk of fractures. thigh bones and femoral neck.

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and the elderly

Many studies show that TSH levels naturally increase as we age.

However, while elevated TSH is generally associated with negative health outcomes in adults and children, this an increase in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) values ​​does not harm the elderly. Many studies show an inverse relationship - the lower the TSH level in the elderly, the more problems health, while higher TSH values ​​may protect the body.

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and longevity

Several studies suggest that elevated TSH may be beneficial for longer life. For example, in a study of very elderly people (median age was 98 years), higher levels of TSH were found compared to people in the control group, whose average age was about 72 years.

A study of 2,290 older adults aged 70-79 showed that slightly elevated TSH levels led to easier walking, faster walking, and better physical fitness than those with normal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).

Another study in 558 adults aged 85 to 89 found that elevated TSH was associated with the lowest risk of death.

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) test

Because TSH controls the body's production of the hormones T3 and T4, knowing your TSH levels through a blood test can be helpful in determining if your thyroid is functioning properly and adequately.

This may seem counterintuitive, but high levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) may indicate an underactive thyroid gland, while low TSH levels may demonstrate an overactive thyroid gland. This dependence is due to the fact that when you have a decrease in the production of T3 and T4, the body responds by increasing the level of TSH in order to stimulate the production of T3 and T4. In the case of an overactive thyroid gland (T3 and T4 increase), the opposite occurs.

The timing of the TSH test can make a difference in results as our TSH levels naturally change throughout the day according to . Studies show that TSH values ​​are higher at night and decrease during the day.

If you take an analysis for TSH without taking into account the values ​​of other thyroid hormones, this can lead to an incorrect and incomplete diagnosis. The panel of tests for determining the functioning of the thyroid gland, in addition to TSH, also includes tests for T4 (free T4) and T3 (free or total T3).

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) interaction

thyrotropic hormone (TSH) and neurotransmitters

Studies and scientific reports show that the hormone dopamine(and other similar compounds) lowers thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels.

One study in 20 healthy adults found that blocking dopamine receptors led to an increase in TSH levels, indicating a role for dopamine to suppress TSH production.

In another mouse study, dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine were found to counteract the effects of TSH and block the release of the T4 hormone into the blood. And in a study with rats, it was shown that the administration of norepinephrine leads to an increase in TSH levels.

Another study in rats showed that the hormone serotonin can lead to an increase in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) values.

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and antidepressants

Drugs for depression (antidepressants) can have different effects on TSH production, depending on the type of drug.

One study in 62 depressed patients showed that repeated use of a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (NRI) reboxetine - lowered TSH levels. However, the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) drug sertraline increased TSH.

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and other hormones

Research has shown that glucocorticoids(steroid hormones such as cortisol and dexamethasone) reduce thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in patients with hypothyroidism and in healthy people, possibly by inhibiting the production of the hormone TRH.

Studies in rats have shown that the hormone testosterone may have an effect on the increase in the level of thyrotropic hormone (TSH).

Other thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) interactions

Rexinoids (a type of retinol - vitamin A) may lower thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in rodents, healthy humans and cancer patients (possibly by suppressing TSH secretion and gene expression). However, one study in 10 patients showed that one type of rexinoids (bexarotene) did not affect TSH levels.

A meta-analysis of 7 different studies showed a decrease in TSH values ​​​​in people with hypothyroidism taking the drug metformin. But this decline did not occur in people with normal thyroid function.

Many studies show that interferon-alpha (commonly used to treat hepatitis C) leads to an increase in thyroid disorders.

Various opioids lead to an increase in the rate of development of thyroid insufficiency.

In one study of 38 cancer patients, it was observed that after chemotherapy with Docetaxel, the TSH level increased significantly.

Another study of 70 school-age children found that those children who lived in areas with excess fluorine in water had higher levels of TSH.

It was also found that smokers have more low values TSH in the blood than non-smokers.

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) for Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism

hyperthyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland is overactive and produces excess thyroid hormones T3 and T4. Due to the fact that these hormones are involved in many processes in the body, such a malfunction of the thyroid gland can lead to the development of a wide variety of symptoms.

Causes of hyperthyroidism

The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves' disease, as well as autoimmune damage to the gland, when antibodies begin to act like the effects of TSH, which leads to an overproduction of thyroid hormones.

Other common causes of hyperthyroidism are toxic nodular goiter(enlargement of the thyroid gland, also known as Plummer's disease) and painless ("silent") thyroiditis(state when the immune system attacks the thyroid gland, causing it to become inflamed).

It very rarely happens that pituitary tumors (adenomas) can lead to excessive secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). This can lead to overactive thyroid or symptoms of hyperthyroidism.

Symptoms of hyperthyroidism

The most common symptoms of hyperthyroidism can be:

• Nervousness
• Increased sweating (sweating)
• big thirst
• Hyperactive reflexes
• Poor tolerance for temperature changes

Less common symptoms of hyperthyroidism include:

• Fatigue
• Weight loss
• Hypersensitivity of the eyes, resulting in tearfulness, or painful sensitivity to sunlight(photophobia)
• Increased heart rate (tachycardia)
• Tissue swelling (peripheral edema)
• Eyelid movement delay
• Excessive stool production (more than 3 times a day)

Hyperthyroidism can also cause psychological symptoms such as apathy although this symptom is more common in elderly patients (>70 years).

Hyperthyroidism can also cause a range of symptoms that affect the physiology of the mouth, jaw and pharynx. These symptoms include a burning sensation in the mouth, osteoporosis of the jaw bones, an increase in thyroid tissue (goiter), and an increased risk of caries and periodontal disease.

Also, as you know, hyperthyroidism reduces (by increasing the activity of osteoclasts, cells that destroy bone tissue), which can lead to osteoporosis.

Hyperthyroidism is associated with an increase in oxidative stress due to an increase in the number of reactive oxygen species and a decrease in the effectiveness of antioxidants.

Causes of hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism– the opposite of hyperthyroidism, when the thyroid gland does not produce enough T3 and T4 hormones. Due to the prevalence of these hormones throughout the body, their decline can cause many different symptoms.

Worldwide, the most common cause of hypothyroidism is iodine deficiency.

Another relatively common cause of hypothyroidism is Hashimoto's thyroiditis (an autoimmune disease) where the body's immune system attacks and gradually destroys the thyroid gland.

Procedures that kill or surgically remove thyroid cells, such as iodine ablation or removal of the thyroid gland can also cause hypothyroidism.

Many studies have shown that lithium therapy leads to an increased likelihood and incidence of hypothyroidism and goiter.

Symptoms of hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism causes various physical and psychological symptoms.

The most common symptoms of hypothyroidism

• Fatigue
• Constipation
• Weight gain
• carpal tunnel syndrome
• Depression
• Anxiety
• Memory problems
• Attention problems

Hypothyroidism can also cause a range of symptoms that affect the oral cavity, for example: mouth breathing, thick lips, small lower jaw (micrognathia), thin tooth enamel (enamel hypoplasia), tongue swelling or inflammation, enlarged salivary glands, taste distortion (taste perversion).

With long-term hypothyroidism, it can lead to a delay in body growth and a delay in bone formation. Hypothyroidism is also associated with increased oxidative stress by increasing reactive oxygen species and reducing the action of antioxidants.

Other symptoms of hypothyroidism may include:

• slow pulse
• Sweating reduction
• Dyspnea
• Loss (loss) of hair
• Dry skin (especially on the elbows) or yellow
• Hoarse voice
• Body edema
• Hearing loss
• Muscle pain
• slow reflexes
• Decline in childbearing
• erectile disfunction

Causes and Factors of High and Low Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Levels

Stress

There are many various ways effects of stress on T3 and T4 levels. For example, many studies have shown that experiencing negative and stressful life events increases the likelihood of developing Graves' disease, a common cause of thyrotoxicosis (persistent elevation of thyroid hormone levels, thyroid hormone toxicity).

However, this conclusion is not so clear-cut, as several other studies have concluded that stress is not involved in Graves' disease and related conditions.

However, several animal studies support the idea that stress is a contributing factor to thyroid dysfunction. For example, several studies in rats have shown that stress impairs thyroid function, albeit in different ways.

Stress caused by exposure electric current on rat tails, led to a decrease in the levels of hormones T3, T4 and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).

In rats that have been exposed social stress, developed hypothyroidism. Various stressors (including cold water or deprivation of food cold temperature, flashing lights, etc.) led to an increase in the production of hormones T3 and T4.

Nutrition (diet)

The idea of ​​switching to a ketogenic diet (a diet high in fat and low in carbohydrates) is popular with many people, and is even a common treatment for people with epilepsy. Nevertheless, may interfere with thyroid function. For example, a study of 120 epileptic patients found that 17% of the subjects developed hypothyroidism as a result of this diet.

Another study showed that high-fat or low-carb diets can also reduce T3 levels. A diet high in fat, protein, and low in carbohydrates can lower thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels.

Overeating (gluttony) - another frequent cause of thyroid dysfunction. The study showed that chronic overeating led to an increase in the level of the hormone T3 over a short and long time (from 3 weeks to 7 months).

In experiments on rats, high fat diet, led to the suppression of the thyroid gland: the amount of the hormone T4 decreased and the level of TSH increased.

radiation exposure

Exposure of the thyroid to radiation is a major risk factor for the development of thyroid cancer, especially in children.

One of the standard treatments for cancer is radiation therapy. Unfortunately, radiation therapy puts patients at greater risk of developing thyroid cancer as shown in several studies involving children.

Radiation exposure also increases the risk of thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism.

Soy sauce

Soy products contain substances that can mimic or interfere with the activity of certain hormones (such as estrogen). Because of this, soy foods can also interfere with proper thyroid function.

One study of 189 children found that those children who fed with soy milk demonstrated in the future more likely to develop autoimmune thyroid disorders(for example, Hashimoto's disease). [AND]

Three months of increased soy intake led to an increase in goiter, drowsiness, and constipation in a study of 37 previously healthy adults. However, these symptoms disappeared after the elimination of soy in the diet.

In a study involving 78 patients (children with hypothyroidism) who were fed soy products, higher levels of the hormone TSH were found in these children compared to those who did not receive soy.

Iodine

Thyroid hormones are made with the trace element iodine, which people need to get from food. If there is a lack of iodine in the diet, then such a diet can lead to hypothyroidism and can cause goiter (a significant swelling of the thyroid gland that is secreted in the neck).

However, slight iodine deficiency, can actually lead to overactive thyroid(because the thyroid gland is overstimulated to compensate for mild iodine deficiency).

Many studies also show that Excessive iodine intake can lead to hyperthyroidism. For example, children living in an area with abnormally high concentrations of iodine in drinking water show more significant disorders in the thyroid gland (increased levels of TSH and thyroid antibodies).

Animal studies and test-tube studies show that excess iodine can be toxic to the thyroid, leading to cell death in the thyroid.

vitamins

Many studies show that vitamin D deficiency associated with thyroiditis, an autoimmune disorder of the thyroid gland. And one study of 60 people showed that vitamin D deficiency was also associated with hypothyroidism.

Vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to the development of hypothyroidism, as was found in a study of 116 patients.

What increases the risk of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) disorders

Diabetes and thyroid dysfunction

Other studies have reported that up to 30% of diabetic patients may exhibit some type of abnormal thyroid function.

Many studies show that metformin, a drug used to treat diabetes, reduces the level of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which further increases the risk of hypothyroidism in people with diabetes.

Pregnancy and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Due to the hormonal changes and thyroid stimulation that occur during pregnancy, thyroid disorders are more common in pregnant women. Near 2.1-3.4% of pregnant women experience either hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism.

One study of 482 pregnant women with thyroid disorders showed that if these problems were corrected, there was no risk to their children. However, these mothers still have an increased chance of developing high blood pressure and damage to the liver and kidneys(preeclampsia).

However, pregnancy-related thyroid problems can cause developmental problems in children if left untreated. The children of 62 women who had hypothyroidism showed a decline in IQ (text on IQ), deterioration in speech, attention and reading skills along with overall school performance.

Many other studies have also found a variety adverse effects on children of women with hyperthyroidism. These include: low birth weight during pregnancy (intrauterine growth retardation), premature birth, and low birth weight.

polycystic ovary syndrome

Women with PCOS are more likely to get thyroid disorders and signs of hypothyroidism for example, autoimmune thyroiditis, high thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and goiter development. Hypothyroidism is often diagnosed with ovarian cysts, but most likely it is not the cause of this disease.

Thyroid treatment options

natural methods

One study in 36 healthy patients showed that eating kelp, which contains large amount of iodine, leads to an increase in the level of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).

If you have thyroid disorders, then you should limit the intake of large amounts coffee. Studies show that coffee blocks the body's absorption of the T4 hormone.

if you have lactose intolerance limiting lactose intake may help the thyroid function. In a study of 83 patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, a lactose-free diet was shown to lower TSH levels in lactose intolerant people.

Physical exercise help naturally increase TSH and T4 levels. In a study of 60 men, moderate to vigorous exercise was shown to increase these hormones. The best results in changing hormone levels could be obtained with anaerobic(power) load with 70% heart rate load, but with a further increase in the load to 90% CC, the level of hormones T3, T4 and TSH began to fall.

Indian medicine plant ashwagandha may also help increase levels of the hormones TSH, T3, and T4 in people with mild form hypothyroidism.

Selenium is important for thyroid health, as this trace element helps convert hormones from T4 to T3. Numerous studies have shown that selenium is able to reduce levels of T4 hormone production. In addition, in areas with high rates of goiter in the population and selenium deficiency, there is a decrease in the levels of the antioxidant glutathione. But taking supplements with selenium contributed to the normalization of this level.

Methods for the treatment of hyperthyroidism

The most common treatment for hyperthyroidism in the US is radioactive iodine ablation which is generally safe. Radioactive iodine destroys thyroid cells, and the gland begins to produce fewer hormones.

Other treatments for thyrotoxicosis include thyroidectomy(surgical removal of the thyroid gland), and receiving “ antithyroid drugs such as Tapazole ( methimazole) and propylthiouracil (which stop the synthesis of thyroid hormones) or cholestyramine (which helps to eliminate excess thyroid hormones from the body).

In addition, drugs such as beta blockers(propranolol, atenolol, and nadolol) may also be used to relieve symptoms of hyperthyroidism.

Hypothyroidism Treatment Methods

One of the best treatment options for hypothyroidism is levothyroxine therapy. This drug increases the level of thyroid hormones in the body.

Another procedure that also increases thyroid hormone levels is taking dried thyroid extract(thyroid tissue taken from animals and prepared for medical use) and taking Liothyronine .

Side effects of thyroid medication

Main a side effect of radioactive iodine ablation is hypothyroidism including acute thyroiditis.

One study including 449 patients with Graves' disease showed that the side effects of antithyroid drugs include skin rashes, liver damage (hepatotoxicity), and low levels of white blood cells (agranulocytosis/neutropenia).

Others side effects antithyroid drugs are joint pain, swelling, nausea and vomiting.

A common complication after thyroidectomy ( surgical removal glands) are hypothyroidism, low calcium levels, and paralysis of the vocal cords.

One study in 30 patients with hypothyroidism showed that levothyroxine can lead to impaired diastolic function of the heart (filling with blood), a decrease in the physical capacity of the heart, and an increase in wall thickness. arterial vessels.

Additional Information

Many of the studies in this article talk about links between high or low TSH levels and certain health conditions. These studies are relevant, but it is important to note that such a relationship does not imply causation. Just because not really normal levels thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in certain health conditions do not mean that TSH is the cause of health changes.

Often, changes in TSH levels are the influence of a disease or some factor on the abnormal production of TSH. Without further deeper research, it is impossible to accurately understand the cause of the change in TSH readings.

Publication author

The information on this site has not been rated in any way. medical organization. We do not seek to diagnose and treat any disease. The information on the site is provided for educational purposes only. You should consult your physician before acting on information from this site, especially if you are pregnant, breastfeeding, taking medication, or have any medical condition.