Everyone can get sick with tuberculosis, because the tuberculous wand is transmitted by air-droplet from a sick person, and then contact after the "irrigation" of household items by cough. People who have discovered an open form tuberculosis are considered potentially dangerous to others, especially children. To protect yourself from infection, you need to know about the symptoms of the open form of tuberculosis, and how to protect it from it.
Most often, the open form is characteristic of the pulmonary shape of tuberculosis.
If you do not eat, constantly be in the stressful situation and nervous voltage, then when the tuberculosis sticks hit, the signs of tuberculosis will develop, which often lead to a fatal outcome.
The number of cases is inclined to increase. Flames of infection are repeated by increasing the number of HIV-infected patients who have this disease appears as a complication.
What is the open form of tuberculosis?
In addition to HIV - infected patients, the risk group includes elderly, medicine workers, patients with reduced immunity due to related or suffered diseases, children, as well as people living in bad social conditions. It is extremely rare, infection occurs when eating meat, eggs or milk infected animals.
The open form of tuberculosis has symptoms, severe in its flow and constantly allocates mycobacteria infecting the surrounding space. This is its difference from the closed form of the disease. Poking tank (smear microscopy) in sputum and saliva detects koche wand defining the method of laboratory staining.
Open tuberculosis is primary and secondary:
- The primary type is developing in people who have not previously in contact with the tuberculous stick carrier. Most often, it proceeds asymptomatic, characterized only by small inflammation in the lungs. Then the inflated focus is transformed into a caseous (curved) node, replaced by fibrous growth and forming calcinates, which are found on the pulmonnel x-ray.
- Secondary pulmonary tuberculosis develops in patients who had previously painted tuberculosis and is called miliary. At the same time, the primary focus is scarked and calcined, but under certain conditions, it can break into a pulmonary tissue or bleeding mycobacteria to other organs and systems of the body (bones, brain, spleen, liver). The name of the miliarity infection was obtained because the tissue of the organs affected by tuberculosis externally resembles the grain of millet. On X-ray of the lungs, it is very well traced.
Open tuberculosis is not subject to independent treatment, which in any case will be ineffective. It implies therapy in the specialized separation of the tuberculous dispensary for six months (using 4-5 different types of medicines), which can take years. With timely appeal to the doctor and fulfill all the prescriptions, the outdoor tuberculosis forecast is favorable. Otherwise, the patient may die from complications.
Confirm the disease x-ray and computer tomogram.
Symptoms
Clinical manifestations grow gradually. At first, the symptoms are not felt and does not deliver discomfort to the disease, but over time, there is a permanent cough of dry type, which then becomes wet. The duration of the cough symptom is three or more weeks. It is the main factor in the danger of the open form (with wet coupling), since the sputum contains microbes.
The patient quickly loses in weight, his appetite disappears, and hemochkali may appear. The temperature rises in the evenings to subfebrile numbers, there is weakness and lethargy. The miliar form of secondary tuberculosis progresses a few months, the aggressive course of the disease begins, characterized by such symptoms:
- high fever up to 39 ° C;
- night pouring sweats;
- incessant dry cough, especially in the morning and night hours;
- pain in the joints and the sternum;
- skin pallor.
Then the total tone of the body decreases and the gastrointestinal tract is disorder.
After contact with the patient with tuberculosis, you need to pay attention to changes in your general condition, come to consult the phthisirate, especially if communication was long.
In order not to get infected, it is necessary to eat rationally, do not smoke, increase immunity, use vitamins, avoid close contacts with tuberculous patients, and not to abandon annual medical examinations and make fluorography. Tip from the experienced phthisiart: before visiting public areas it is advisable to eat tightly. Koch wand easier infects the organism of people who forget to eat on time ("loves hunger").
Signs of open tuberculosis
The moment from the time of contact with mycobacteria tuberculosis to the body before the development of signs of the disease is, approximately 2-3 months. Confirm the diagnosis - fluorography, x-ray, CT.
Signs of open tuberculosis are: clinical (symptomatic), laboratory (the pathogen is detected in analyzes) and radiographic (there are all signs of tuberculosis - the focus of the dimming, the presence of a cavern of different sizes, the gain of the pulmonary pattern).
Symptoms are detected using the Mantn tuberculin reaction. With a negative reaction, a year later positive, with increased sizes of Papula, they are talking about infection. In the presence of weakness, persistent subfebilite, tangible patients, we can talk about the signs of tuberculous intoxication lesion. The open form may well pass almost imperceptibly with inactive flow. But with acutely pronounced fever, sweating and constant cough occurs a more active phase of infection.
The open form of tuberculosis has such basic signs confirmed by laboratory sputum analyzes for the presence of bacilli or bronchoscopy:
- Cough, persistent dry, then with a wet.
- Hemochkali, which can be complicated by pulmonary bleeding.
If the disease is suspected after contact with tuberculosis patients, it is possible to suspect the infection at an early stage. With a timely appeal to the doctor, cerebral tuberculosis. If the patient is postponing treatment, then in the future, it will be much more complicated to cope with infection. The earlier treatment started, the greater the percentage of recovery.
Health to you!
One of the most common infections in the modern world is tuberculosis. The causative agent of this pathology is. Her danger is that it is possible to infected with air-droplet, that is, with ordinary contact with a person. The sick person is especially dangerous for others if the pathology proceeds in an open form, since together with its sputum there is a large number of mycobacteria. The open form of tuberculosis for people with low immunity is especially dangerous.
The concept of open tuberculosis
Tuberculosis, in which the constant isolation of mycobacteria in the external environment is called open. This form of the disease is transmitted after contact with an infected person in just a few minutes. Therefore, patients with bacteria are subject to immediate hospitalization. Bacteridation is a patient discriminated in the process to the surrounding medium of mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Treatment of patients with an open form of tuberculosis passes strictly in, since bacteria extend without difficulty when man coughs.
Home Danger of Open Tuberculosis
The main feature and danger lies in the fact that with the open form of mycobacteria is constantly allocated and, accordingly, there are constantly infection of other people. The incubation period of tuberculosis lasts 2-3 months. Only after this time begin to manifest the first symptoms of the open form of the disease.
Why is it possible to lengthen the incubation period
But there may be another situation when the incubation period lasts much more. A person can be an infected Koch stick for several years, and at the same time there will be no signs of illness, but when contacting with infected person, tuberculosis intoxication will appear. After that, the open shape of the pulmonary tuberculosis will begin.
Open tuberculosis primary and secondary
The open shape of the pulmonary tuberculosis is divided into 2 types:
- primary;
- secondary.
The primary type is manifested in people who have not contacted an infected person. At the same time there will be inflammation of the lungs, which proceeds weakly expressed, and then a focus is formed, which is reborn into a caseous node with the presence and fibrous tissue.
Secondary type - also called. It is characteristic of people who have already sought this ailment. At the same time, a person already has a primary focus, which drove, but when exposed to certain factors, it is rearred and breaks through, and mycobacteria begin to circulate throughout the body. The lungs with secondary tuberculosis acquire the structure similar to the grain millet (from here and the name "Miliary"), on X-ray it is clearly visible.
Symptoms of open tuberculosis
The symptoms of the open and closed form of the disease are significantly different.
Important! The open form of tuberculosis and its symptoms first do not appear at all.
It is always a manifestation of dry-type cough, then it changes to wet. Such a cough continues at a person for 3 weeks or more. It is the wet cough that is most dangerous, because at the same time a sputum is released, in which there are mycobacteria.
Gradually, over time, a person can notice in the sputum of blood impurities, which is already an alarming symptom. Even additionally there are other general signs of the open form of tuberculosis, for example, rapid loss in weight, appetite disorders, reduced performance and general weakness.
In addition, the open form is characterized by a regular increase, especially in the evenings.
If a person progresses secondary open tuberculosis, high body temperature indicators are recorded - up to 39 degrees. Also frequent symptoms of the open form tuberculosis are increased sweating at night, there are also:
- pain in the joints;
- pallor skin;
- cough is activated in the morning and night.
Dublotskation
It is manifested by common malaise, lethargy, moderate lifting body temperature and soreness in the joints. If there is a koch wand in the human body, then intoxication will manifest after stress or as a result of other factors weakening immunity. Tuberculosis intoxication arises as an allergic reaction to the pathogen.
In the process of developing the disease, disorders of other bodies and systems appear. The most frequently observed the defeat of the gastrointestinal tract.
Infection
Mycobacteria, falling into the air, settle on different objects and surfaces, can very much to maintain their resilience in adverse conditions, and after that they are able to re-enter the body and pathologically, therefore the open form of tuberculosis is very aggressive.
From man man
It's no secret that the open tuberculosis is most often transmitted directly when a person with a person. It can be concluded that if a person with an open form of pathology has been indoors for a long time, then the air and objects are infected there and are dangerous to others.
Infection can occur through dishes, for example, in public catering. And bacteria can be located in places where there is a constant stream of people - public transport, train stations, shopping centers, hospitals and clinics, etc.
Another way of infection is damage to the skin: cuts and wounds, through them bacteria fall into the body.
From animal man
It rarely happens to infection of a person from cattle. How is tuberculosis transmitted in this case? Through milk. Such infection can manifest itself for a person both open and closed with forms of the disease, while the incubation period of tuberculosis will be shorter.
Doctors note that with the most likely to get infected after a long close contact with the patient, and if there are regular meetings, but not long, it is not so dangerous.
Infection more than others are subject to
- people with autoimmune diseases (for example, HIV infection);
- elderly people and children;
- patients with reduced immunity;
- the population that lives in bad socio-living conditions;
- patients who regularly take hormone therapy;
- people with ulcerative disease.
The risk of infection also has medical workers who are constantly in contact with infected patients, especially in phthisiators doctors.
Diagnostics
The symptoms of the open form tuberculosis are not only pronounced clinically, but also has laboratory and radiographic signs.
Traditional methods
The main diagnostic method is x-ray. This is a quick and affordable study. At the same time, the hearth will be visible, which in the picture is darkened, there will still be a cavity of different sizes and amplification of the pattern of lung tissue. 
The studies conducted by directly on a person refers to the manta sample, at which tuberculin is subcutaneously introduced. If papula after administration increases by 0.5 cm, then this means that infection occurred. However, this is true, provided that a year ago, Mantu's sample showed a negative result.
Important! Today it is proved that such a study often gives false results.
Modern methods of diagnosis of tuberculosis
The modern method will be the analysis of sputum or blood. This method is much more accurate.
Sometimes a patient is prescribed computed tomography, to accurately confirm the diagnosis.
Phthisiators doctors recommend seeking medical help if a person has in contact with the patient. Also regularly examined those who have similar relatives are infected, this is also due to genetic predisposition. A person must be examined if he has been reduced by immunity due to various diseases. Immediately need to consult a doctor if a child or a teenager contacted a sick person.
Treatment of open tuberculosis
The open form of tuberculosis is a dangerous disease, so treatment must be carried out in a hospital. Tuberculosis is treated, but in this case, individual therapy is selected for each patient. It always includes. Usually antibacterial therapy includes 4 components. This is important because Koch wand often shows resistance to drugs. Treatment continues for 3-6 months.
After properly selected treatment, the disease passes into a closed form, and the person is no longer contagious.
How to extend remission
For remission to continue, you need to carefully execute the prescriptions of the doctor and take drugs that are selected and combined only by the doctor. Additionally, you need to regularly pass tests by controlling your condition.
In addition, the patient needs supporting therapy, since the long-term intake of antibiotics is negatively affected by the body. And after the main therapy, the patient is restored for a long time. In the treatment of adults with an open form of tuberculosis, sorbents are prescribed, which help to increase the resistance of the body and other drugs. It is necessary to use anti-inflammatory funds, and if adults have already visible the first signs of the disease during complex therapy.
Be sure to take multivitamins. This is important, both for those who have been treated from open tuberculosis and other people for prevention.
Forecast with tuberculosis
When tuberculosis in open form, doctors give positive predictions, but only if the diagnosis was carried out on time and appointed correct therapy. People with such a form of the disease live for a long time if they lead the right lifestyle, they feed correctly. Be sure to regularly take prescribed medications. Mortality among patients with tuberculosis is due to non-compliance with these conditions.
Statistics show that if you do not treat tuberculosis, then a person will live no more than 5-6 years.
The closed and open form of tuberculosis is the types of the same lung disease, both forms cause one and the same excitement - tuberculosis mycobacteria. But at the same time, the symptoms of open and closed tuberculosis differ, the diagnosis of the disease and treatment are carried out by different methods.
The closed form is considered less dangerous, the patient is a carrier of infection, but it is not infected with it. However, if the symptoms of the closed form of tuberculosis are ignored, and the treatment is not carried out, the disease can easily switch to an open form. With an open form, they suffer primarily light, but other vitally important organs and systems can also be affected. In addition, such a patient is a distributor of infection. Therefore, it is important to know what the open and closed forms of tuberculosis differs, how to find out the form of tuberculosis, and what is the features of treatment.
An open form is usually developing in people who first have collided with a chopstick of Koch, the causative agent of tuberculosis. The koche stick is transmitted mainly by airborne droplets. Much depends on immunity - the poor state of the immune system increases the risk of infection and rapid development of the disease, even with short-term contact with a sick person. If the immunity is strong enough, then the infection occurs only with long and close contact.
At the initial stage of the disease, the bacteria penetrate into the lungs and form a small focus of inflammation at the place of introduction. Over time, the focus expands, the tissues of the lung change, the caseosis is formed - the dissolution of dead tissues. At the last stage of the development of infection, this formation is impregnated with calcium - calcined. It is detected with an X-ray study of the chest organs. The external symptoms can be completely absent, while a person already spreads mycobacteria when talking, coughing, sneezing, spitting.
There is also a secondary or miliar form of the disease, develops among previously infected people. In this case, the disease has a long, chronic character, develops from several months to a year. Such a form of tuberculosis is called open miliary, as there is an extensive damage to the internal organs of a person. The disease debuts brightly, with all the characteristic symptoms of tuberculosis infection.
Symptoms of open tuberculosis
The open form of tuberculosis is characterized by:
- Strong cough, often with a sputter, which lasts more than 3 weeks.
- Loss of appetite, which leads to a noticeable reduction in body weight.
- Night sweating.
- Fast fatigue, general weakness, since the human body suffers from constant intoxication.
- Increased body temperature, chest pain, in the joints at the started stage.
- The main symptom, which is characterized by an open form of the disease, and which, with a closed version of the infection, is not marked. Any of these symptoms is the basis to immediately contact the phthisira doctor and go through a full survey.
What is he dangerous for others, as transmitted
The source of infection is the sputum of an infected person who are scattered during a conversation, cough, sneezing. Also, infection is transmitted:
- through kisses, if there is damage on the mucous membrane;
- through household items and hygiene;
- through the medical instruments and the cloth.
Mycobacteria has high resistance in the external environment, they are especially well preserved in cold, non-heated and non-ventilated rooms. Therefore, the place of constant finding of patients must be used daily, remove using antiseptics. And all things, objects of hygiene and dishes carefully disinfect or destroy after use.
This disease is extremely dangerous for the patient himself. In cases where mycobacterium was released into blood, the rapid spread of infection together with blood flow and lymphotock, can be affected by organs and systems - bones, leather, brain fabric, spleen, kidney, intestines.
How to diagnose outdoor tuberculosis
To obtain the highest possible result, such diagnostic methods are applied:
Radiograph or fluorography;
For the fence, a piece of fabrics for further research in the laboratory;
;
blood chemistry.
After the examination, the doctor prescribes a course of drug therapy, the treatment regimen typically includes a combination of 4-5 drugs. At the time of treatment, the patient is placed in a tuberculous dispensary, the duration of the minimum course, provided that the infection did not spread beyond the lungs, is 6 months.
What is closed tuberculosis
The closed form of the disease develops if the human immunity turned out to be sufficiently strong at the time of the meeting with the causative agent and managed to suppress them. In this case, the pathogens are partially removed from the body together with the decay products, but some part of them remains and is in sleeping state. Asymptomatic carriage can last for years and even decades. Sometimes a person does not even suspect that it was infected, and there is a safe tuberculosis with latent tuberculosis.
Can go to the open closed form of tuberculosis?
Yes, in 10% of cases infected people after a while, with the coincidence of factors favorable for the development of tuberculosis, are ill. An impetus can be another infectious disease, injury, surgery, imminent immunity associated with age, pregnancy, poor nutrition or vitaminosis.
Other factors provoking the transition tuberculosis from latent to active stage:
- smoking, drug addiction, alcoholism;
- HIV infection;
- stress, work in bad conditions.
Repeated contact with a person suffering from the active stage can also provoke the active growth of the colonials of the pathogen in the human body.
Symptoms of closed tuberculosis
There are no obvious symptoms. In very rare cases, the patient complains of general weakness, chest pain. Neither the study of sputum nor the radiograph does not indicate the presence of koche sticks in the body.
What is it beyd for others, can they get infected
The closed form is not dangerous, it is impossible to become infected with contacts with such tuberculous patients, as there is no main danger - bacteria. But the closed form of pathology can be called a delayed bomb. The development of active infection contributes both external and internal factors listed above.
How to diagnose closed tuberculosis
There are several ways to determine the open and closed form of tuberculosis, the most reliable and affordable - tuberculin samples of Mantu or Diskintest. Unfortunately, these methods are not reliable by 100%. New diagnostic methods - PCR, quantiferonic test allow you to detect the pathogen even in an inactive stage
Similarities and differences of open and closed tuberculosis
So, the main differences are as follows:
- the closed form is not dangerous for others;
- with it, characteristic symptoms (cough, hemopying, temperature) are often absent;
- with an open form, heelding and bacterial excretion are always marked;
- the closed form is not detected at fluorography and a bacteriological study of sputum.
The main similarity is that both forms are equally dangerous for an infected person, since the closed version easily goes into open, and vice versa. Such a process can be repeated several times throughout life, immunity to tuberculosis is not produced.
For others, patients with a closed form do not represent any threat. While open is extremely dangerous - the infection is transmitted even with short-term contact, in one day such a patient can infect to the fumes. If the treatment of tuberculosis is carried out correctly and sequentially, the open form goes into the closed. That is, foci of infection is encapsulated, and the inflammatory process stops. But the reverse process is possible: if people in the risk area do not adhere to the recommendations of the doctor, the foci of infection is activated, and the disease passes into the active stage.
Tuberculosis is one of the most dangerous infectious diseases and at the moment wears, in addition to medical, acutely social character. According to WHO, in Russia, 80 people suffer from this disease for every 100 thousand people.
The danger of the tuberculosis of the lungs is that in an open form it is transmitted even with unfinished contact. People do not always advertise the disease, and sometimes they are not suspected of him. And, although the disease is thoroughly studied, effective measures to combat it have been developed, the mortality from tuberculosis continues to remain at a high level. Therefore, everyone needs to know what tuberculosis is, as the open form of the disease is transmitted than differs from closed and how symptoms appear.
The open and closed form of tuberculosis differ in the fact that in the first case, a person is infected with a wand, a person is an active pedestal to infection, spreading mycobacteria around itself, which are easily transmitted to the body in contact with human patient. In the closed form, the tuberculosis patient is not infected, and the risk of grabbing infection is minimal from it.
The koche wand has high resistance to the factors of the external environment, long remains viable on various surfaces, weakly leaving disinfecting with disinfectants. Patients with tuberculosis should be isolated for a while, while the disease occurs in an open form. The problem is that the asocial elements of society often do not seek medical care, spreading the disease. When identifying such cases, carriers must be forced to undergo quarantine.
What is the risk of infection when contacting patients
People sometimes do not suspect that they are sick tuberculosis. According to the clinical picture, the open form of the disease can resemble the protracted bronchitis and other infections of the upper respiratory tract. Only when blood appears in sputum, it appears a reason to examine on tuberculosis.
The risk of infection depends on several factors. First of all, the role of the immune system plays the role: if it is in order, then immune cells will easily refuse the attack of pathogenic microorganisms. It is important and durability, and the density of contact with the carrier of the disease, accommodation on one territory with infected tuberculosis, the use of joint dishes, bathroom, towels repeatedly increases the possibility of infection.
Koha wand in a sick wet
With a one-time meeting with the patient, the risk is small, but regular, although short contacts, increase it. Close contact (kisses, hugs, sexual relationship) almost absolutely leads to infection.
Symptomatics
The incubation period of tuberculosis is from two to three months. Symptoms are largely similar to other infectious diseases, but some features are there. The most preferred for mycobacteria is a lightweight fabric. Penetrating into the tissue of lungs and other human organs, pathogenic microorganisms destroy the cellular structure, forming a cavity.
Symptoms of open shape:
- increased temperature;
- strong adsatory cough with an abundant wet compartment;
- the presence in the wet blood;
- strong pain in the chest;
- shortness of breath, breathing difficulties;
- total lethargy, reduced tone;
- abundant night sweats;
- a sharp reduction in weight due to the loss of appetite.
The symptoms of tuberculosis is diverse and largely nonspecific. The exact diagnosis can be delivered only after laboratory studies.
Stages of the disease
Distinguish three stages of the disease.
- The latent stage in open form is not manifested.
- Primary diagnosed in patients who have no tuberculosis in history. This phase can occur in the absence of pronounced manifestations or with symptoms characteristic of inflammatory processes in the lungs. If the primary stage is a danger to in contact with the carrier, the secondary in open form is dangerous for others, and for the most infected.
- Secondary tuberculosis develops due to re-infection against the background of immunity weakened disease. This stage is characterized by intensive progression and penetration of pathogenic bacteria to other organs and tissues.
Diagnostics
The phthisiarator collects and analyzes data for anamnesis, finding out the possible ways to infect tuberculosis. The formulation of accurate diagnosis is possible only after a series of studies. One hundred percent confidence can be obtained in carrying out bacteriological studies of sputum and the allocation of mycobacteria in it. If the Koch wand did not appear in the sputum and flushing waters of the bronchi, then we can conclude a negative sample. The diagnostic methods also include fluorography, biopsy of bronchi fabrics and lungs, endoscopic studies.
Treatment
Treatment of the open form of tuberculosis is carried out exclusively in hospital conditions, in special medical institutions. This is due to the fact that with the open form of the disease, insulation of tuberculosis patients is necessary in order to prevent the dissemination of infection. If you understand that you have the first signs of illness, you need to immediately seek medical attention and pass the survey.
With the open form of tuberculosis, drug treatment is prescribed, aimed at the destruction of koche sticks.
Preparations discharges the attending physician, selecting them individually for each case.
Treatment of tuberculosis is a long process that occupies, at best, half a year. If complications occur, the ineffectiveness of selected therapy, the development of the secondary form of the treatment of therapy may continue for a longer time. For treatment, sufficiently heavy preparations containing chemicals that vital activity of mycobacteria are used. Therapy is carried out on the basis of a complex of such drugs, the open form of tuberculosis involves a combination of 4 and more means.
In addition to anti-tuberculosis drugs, immunomodulators and means for symptomatic treatment are prescribed. During therapy, the patient shows observance of the day mode, full nutrition and reception of vitamin and mineral complexes. It is required to refuse bad habits: smoking, alcohol consumption. You can live with tuberculosis for a long time if the doctor's recommendations are strictly observed.
Preventive measures
Specific prophylaxis consists in timely vaccination. Grafting against tuberculosis () is included in the mandatory schedule throughout the Russian Federation. In order to timely detect tuberculosis, it is necessary to take fluorography annually.
The prevention of tuberculosis includes: keeping a healthy lifestyle, full nutrition and maintenance in the norm of immune properties of the body. If someone is diagnosed with tuberculosis in your environment, observation has a phthisiatra. The duration of observation depends on the density and duration of contact. Employees of the SES singlely process the place of residence of infected, after that it is necessary to regularly carry out wet cleaning with the use of disinfectants, ventilating rooms.
- Pathology at which the spread of the virus occurs in most cases, when coughing.
If mycobacteria is hit in pulmonary fabric, cell destruction begins, with the formation of deep cavities.
Without timely treatment, the patient with active tuberculosis can perish.
Therapist: Azalea Solntsev ✓ Article verified by the doctor
Active tuberculosis is a condition in which the body's immune system is unable to deal with tuberculosis bacteria, therefore bacterial excretion develops into an external or internal environment. Microorganisms spread through air and usually affect the lungs, although they can involve other organs and parts of the body into the pathological process.
If the body resistance is low, for example, due to aging, malnutrition, infections, such as HIV, or for other reasons, bacteria are activated and cause the open form of tuberculosis.
According to estimates of the World Health Organization, every year 8 million people develop an active species of illness and almost two of them dying. Each tenth, infected with pathogenic microorganisms, can occur open tuberculosis. The risk of development is most large in the first year after infection, but the form is often developing many years later.
Immediately infected with an open form of the disease, because it is necessary to go through its first phase. When microbes of tuberculosis fall into the body, they are inactive.
Sleeping microbes do not damage the organism or do not cause symptoms of the disease. This is called latent tuberculosis infection.
It can last for a short time or many years. When the microbes are activated, the organism begin to grow and damage, then specific signs of pathology appear. This is called active or open tuberculosis.
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The main symptoms of pathology
The manifestations of active tuberculosis depend on the individual characteristics of the body.
The open form of tuberculosis can cause symptoms such as:
- productive cough, which lasts 3 weeks or longer;
- pain in the chest;
- isolation of sputum with blood impurities.
Non-specific features may include:
- weakness or fatigue;
- weight loss;
- anorexia;
- chills;
- fever;
- night sweating.
These possible symptoms of tuberculosis are not reliable signs of the disease. Other health problems can also cause these signs. Anyone with the likely manifestations of the illness should consult a doctor as soon as possible that the problem can be diagnosed in a timely manner and treat.
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The risk of infection - how to get the pathology
How can I get an open form of tuberculosis? Anyone can get infected with a dangerous disorder. When someone suffering from the tuberculosis of the lungs, coughs, sneezes or talks, microbes are able to spray in the air. People are nearby, can inhale agents. It is impossible to infect the disease from a handshake or food, dishes, bed linen and other items. More others are subject to infection people with a weak immune system.
How can I get infected:
- abusing alcohol or drugs;
- having diabetes;
- in silicose;
- having cancer head or neck;
- in the presence of leukemia or Hodgkin's disease;
- in the diagnosis of severe kidney disease;
- having low body weight;
- during some types of treatment (for example, corticosteroids or organ transplantation);
- during the period of specialized therapy of rheumatoid arthritis or Crohn's disease.
If pathogens are in the lungs, you must be careful to protect other people from microbes, since the risk of infection with the open form of tuberculosis increases several times. Ask a doctor or nurse, they will tell you what to do to prevent the transfer of microbes to close and relatives and how to get infected yourself.
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How many live with this disease
Pathology does not always lead to death. Without treatment, life expectancy can range from 5 to 30 years, how many lives with an open form of tuberculosis depends on the set of external and internal factors.
First of all, the immune stability of the body, as well as the age and the presence of concomitant diseases.
You can expect to save your work, stay with your family and lead a normal life if sick with tuberculosis. Nevertheless, must regularly take the medicine to be confident in positive dynamics and prevent infection of other people.
After therapy, the chance for full recovery is very high, but not guaranteed 100%. There are particularly severe forms of disorders that are practically not susceptible to most antibacterial drugs.
Therefore, the importance of compliance with the prescribed impact mode cannot be underestimated. Without treatment, the disease will progress and can lead to disabilities and even a fatal outcome.
A bad forecast for life and high risk creates smoking more than 20 cigarettes per day. This increases the chance of the occurrence of pathology and hazardous complications in two or four times. Diabetes also worsens the forecasts of the ailment.
Other painful states that reduce the chances of recovery:
- alcoholism;
- the final stage of kidney diseases;
- malnutrition;
- hodgkin's lymphoma;
- chronic lung diseases.
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Open and closed form - comparison
Persons with a latent form of infection do not hurt and have no symptoms. They are infected with M. tuberculosis mycobacteria (Koch stick), but do not show signs of the disease.
The only confirmation is a positive reaction to a tuberculin skin test or blood test for tuberculosis. Persons with latent form are not indifferent for others.
In general, without treatment, 5-10% of infected people develop an open form of illness in a certain period of life. Half of them, it will happen during the first two years after infection.
In persons whose immune system are weak, especially in HIV-infected, the risk of developing an active form of illness is significantly higher than in patients with normal protection of the body.
A person with a hidden tuberculosis infection:
- typically, the skin test or the result of blood test results indicate an infection;
- normal chest x-ray and negative sputum test;
- tuberculosis bacteria in the body are alive, but inactive;
- no symptoms;
- microorganisms do not apply to others.
In some people, bacteria overcome the protection of the immune system and begin to multiply, which leads to progression from closed to the open form of pathology. Some fall shortly after infection, while others later, when their body's reaction becomes weak.
People are considered contagious for the surrounding society. In suspected, patients should be sent to a complete medical check.
The open form of tuberculosis is a very serious illness and can lead to death, without treatment. The closed form is always dangerous in that a person cannot in time to proceed to drug therapy in a timely manner.
At an infected person with an open form:
- positive skin test or blood test result indicating infection;
- anomalous X-ray of the chest or a positive wet smear, and the culture is also sewn;
- there are active tuberculous bacteria in the body;
- numerous symptoms appear, such as cough for 3 weeks or longer, hemoptia, breast pain, inexplicable weight loss and appetite, night sweats, fever, fatigue and chills;
- the spread of bacteria to others may occur;
- treatment is mandatory.
The first signs of the disease
Tuberculosis manifestations are usually developing slowly, for several months and years, often disguised by other states. Bacteria multiply very slowly, so the symptoms of the disease also appear slowly, usually from several months to many years. Many symptoms are vague and may have other reasons.
Classical manifestations of active tuberculosis are:
- malaise;
- night sweats;
- generalized pain in the body;
- periodic fever;
- weight loss and appetite;
- fatigue.
From specific symptoms - the first signs of the open form of tuberculosis is a permanent cough, which in the morning can be with yellow or green wet. Over time, traces of blood appear, although its large number is unusual.
Cough is often considered to be connected with smoking, asthma or recent disease, but forget about tuberculosis. Pathology causes the strengthening of the night trembling, while the person wakes up, impregnated later.
As the disease progressing, fatigue and indisposition increase, the weight loss and appetite progresses. Other common early phenomena are pain in the chest and shortness of breath. They may occur as a result of the formation of pleural effusion - the accumulation of fluid between thin membranes, which cover the lungs and the inner part of the pectoral wall.
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Tuberculosis and incubation period
Microbacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis has an incredibly low infectious dose - less than 10 microorganisms to initiate the disease. Bacteria have a long incubation period: from two to twelve weeks with a range of fourteen days to several decades.
They have the ability, both to hiddenness and to initiating the active form of the disease. Mycobacteria, inhaled by the owner, infect the lungs, and is absorbed by Alveol macrophages. After that, they can remain inactive or begin to multiply within the specified cells, which causes an open infection.
The duration of tuberculosis incubation varies depending on individual risk factors.
According to data, within six weeks after infection, an infected person develops primary infection in the lungs, which has no symptoms.
Then the disorder goes into an inactive phase that can last from several weeks to several years. The incubation period can be protracted. Therefore, the risk of becoming infected with everyone who comes into contact with potentially infected.
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How to protect yourself from the open form of tuberculosis
Vaccination can help protect against disease. The infectious disease is sufficient among children. BCG is provided to all babies in countries where the disease is common.
In such states as the United Kingdom, it is recommended to those who are at high risk. Before vaccination, man gives a skin test Mantu to identify the presence of hidden tuberculosis. The infection is considered the most dangerous for babies.
Prevention consists of two main stages:
- prevent people with an active phase in places of cluster of people;
- preventing the development of the active phase in people with hidden tuberculosis.
How to protect yourself at home:
- Houses must be fairly ventilated.
- Anyone who coughs is obliged to learn the respiratory etiquette, respiratory hygiene and adhere to the studied practice.
- With the positive results of the smear, patients with tuberculosis should:
- conduct as much time in the fresh air;
- sleep separately from other family members, in a well-ventilated room;
- as many time as possible is in public transport and in places where a large number of people are going.
Treatment of patients with a closed form of the disease is the most efficient method of protection against an open form of illness.
Many people with latent infection never develop an active disease.
A special increase in risk is:
- people with HIV infection;
- persons who have become infected over the past 2 years;
- babies and small children;
- drug addicts;
- elderly.
If you have a hidden infection, you need to take medicine.
