Main themes and motives of Pushkin's lyrics
1. Freedom motif: “Liberty”, “Village”, “To Chaadaev”, “To the Sea”, “Desert Sower of Freedom”, “Arion”. Freedom for Pushkin is the highest life value. Freedom is the basis of friendship, a condition for creativity. The words “freedom”, “liberty”, “free” are the key words in Pushkin’s dictionary.
2. Theme of the purpose of the poet and poetry: “The Poet”, “For the Poet”, “The Poet and the Crowd”, “I erected a monument to myself not made by hands.” Creativity must serve a higher ideal. Firmness, determination, exactingness, contempt for the “court of a fool”, for awards and honors - these are the qualities that Pushkin considers obligatory for all poets.
4. Theme of love: “I remember a wonderful moment”, “I loved you”, “on the hills of Georgia”, “Confession”, “Madonna”. The main features of Pushkin's love lyrics are nobility, sincerity of feelings, the ability to self-denial, and selfless admiration for beauty. Love is a source of inspiration.
5. Philosophical theme: “Three Keys, “Elegy” (1830), “Am I wandering along noisy streets”, “It’s time, my friend, it’s time...”, Wanderer.” The poet's reflections on the eternal questions of existence, comprehension of the secrets of the world.
Topic 1.3 Poem “The Bronze Horseman”.
History of creation
The poem “The Bronze Horseman” was written in Boldin in the fall of 1833. In this work, Pushkin describes one of the most terrible floods, which occurred in 1824 and brought terrible destruction to the city.
Heroes of the poem
There are two main characters in The Bronze Horseman: Peter I, who is present in the poem in the form of a living statue Bronze Horseman, and minor official Evgeniy. The development of the conflict between them determines the main idea of the work.
The author's attitude towards Peter the Great is ambiguous. On the one hand, at the beginning of the work, Pushkin pronounces an enthusiastic hymn to the creation of Peter, confesses his love for the “young city”, before whose splendor “old Moscow faded.” On the other hand, Peter the autocrat is presented in the poem not in any specific acts, but in the symbolic image of the Bronze Horseman as the personification of inhuman statehood.
Evgeny is an “ordinary man” (“little” man): he has neither money nor rank, “serves somewhere” and dreams of setting up a “humble and simple shelter” for himself in order to marry the girl he loves and go through life’s journey with her .
Conflict
The conflict of “The Bronze Horseman” consists in the clash of the individual with the inevitable course of history, in the confrontation between the collective, public will (in the person of Peter the Great) and the personal will (in the person of Eugene). For the first time in Russian literature, Pushkin showed the tragedy and intractability of the conflict between the state and state interests and the interests of the individual.
“And Petropol surfaced like Triton, “Where is home?”
Waist-deep in water."
And its area is empty
He runs and hears behind him -
It's like thunder roaring..."
Illustrations by artist A. Benois
Topic 1.4 M.Yu. Lermontov (1814-1841). Information from the biography. Characteristics of creativity. Stages of creativity.
Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov was born in 1814 in Moscow into the family of an army captain. After early death His mother was raised by his grandmother on the Tarkhany estate in the Penza province. Received an excellent home education.
Since 1827, Lermontov lived in Moscow, studied at the Noble boarding school of Moscow University, and later at Moscow University in the moral and political department, and then in the verbal department. Early poetic experiments indicate a passion for romantic literature. The hobbies of E. Sushkova, N. Ivanova, and V. Lopukhina experienced in 1830-1832 become material for the corresponding lyrical and confessional cycles. At the same time, work is underway on the romantic poems “Corsair”, “Criminal”, “Two Brothers”, “Demon”, “Confession”.
Leaving the university, Lermontov moved to St. Petersburg in 1832 and entered the School of Guards Ensigns and Cavalry Junkers; Issued as a cornet of the Hussars in 1834.
By the beginning of 1837, he had no literary status: numerous poems and poems had not been published, and the novels had not been completed.
Fame came to Lermontov with the poem “The Death of a Poet” (1837). The poem aroused the wrath of Nicholas I; Lermontov was arrested and soon transferred as an ensign to the Caucasus. The Caucasian exile was shortened by the efforts of the grandmother.
From 1838 to 1840 he served in the hussar regiment, conquering the great world and the world of literature. At this time, the novel “A Hero of Our Time” was written.
After a duel with the son of the French ambassador, Lermontov was transferred to the Caucasus. In the spring of 1841, returning from vacation, the poet lingered in Pyatigorsk. An accidental quarrel with N. Martynov leads to a duel and the death of Lermontov.
Lermontov began to write as a romantic. In the atmosphere of the 30s, characterized by the onset of reaction, Lermontov experienced the social contradictions of Russia as global contradictions. The central theme of his poetry was the conflict between a strong personality and existing reality. A heroic personality, carrying within himself all the contradictions of the universe - this is Lermontov’s lyrical hero. The desire for absolute inner freedom, the internal discord of the hero, reflecting the disharmony of the Universe, the struggle in the human soul of good and evil, the motives of wandering and loneliness are the main ones in the poet’s lyrics.
Lermontov's creativity is usually divided into two stages: early (1828-1836) and mature (1837-1841).
· Already in Lermontov’s early lyrics, civic motives and freedom-loving sentiments begin to sound (“Complaints of a Turk,” “Desire”). The defeat of the Decembrist uprising determined the motives of melancholy, depression, and despondency. The romantic moods of Byron had a great influence on the early Lermontov.
· Lermontov’s mature lyrics contain ideas related to Russian socio-political thought of this period (Pushkin, Chaadaev, Belinsky). Poems appear - reflections on the fate of his generation, the motives of disappointment and loneliness, the theme of tragic love, philosophical understanding of the poetic vocation and the high purpose of poetry intensify.
Topic 1.5 N.V. Gogol (1809-1852). Information from the biography.
Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol was born in 1809 in the village of Bolshiye Sorochintsy, Mirgorod district, Poltava province. Gogol came from a family of poor landowners. In 1818 - 1819, Nikolai Vasilyevich studied at the Poltava district school, and from 1821 to 1828 - at the Nezhin gymnasium of higher sciences. Gogol's first literary experiments in prose and poetry date back to this period.
After graduating from high school, he moved to St. Petersburg in December 1828. In 1829, Gogol published his first literary work, Hans Küchelgarten, but this work was not successful. Gogol leaves for Germany, but soon returns. In 1831, Gogol met A.S. Pushkin, which had a positive impact on Gogol’s further work. In 1831 - 1832, Gogol wrote “Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka”; this work makes him famous. And after the publication of the collections “Mirgorod” (1835) and “Arabesques” (1835), V.G. Belinsky called Gogol “the head of literature, the head of poets.”
In 1836, Gogol’s “The Inspector General” was staged at the Alexandrinsky Theater, but this production disappointed the writer, as it turned from a sharp social comedy into a vaudeville.
In the summer of 1836, Gogol left for Italy, Rome. There he begins work on the novel “Dead Souls,” which was published in 1842; work on the second volume, which began in 1840, progressed difficultly and painfully.
Soon, a four-volume collection of Gogol’s works was published, which included the story “The Overcoat,” which embodied the theme of the humiliation of the “little man.”
In the summer of 1845, Gogol, being in serious state of mind, burned the manuscript of the second volume " Dead souls».
In the spring of 1848, Gogol finally returned to Russia (having subsequently made only two short trips abroad), to Moscow, continuing work on the second volume of Dead Souls.
At the beginning of 1852 new edition The novel was almost ready, but on February 12, 1852, due to illness and a deep mental crisis, the writer burned this work too. A few days later, on February 21, he died. Gogol was buried in the cemetery of the St. Danilov Monastery. In 1931, Gogol's remains were reburied at the Novodevichy cemetery.
Lyrics (from Greek lyga - musical instrument, to the accompaniment of which poems, songs, etc. were performed), one of three types fiction(along with epic and drama), within which the attitude of the author (or character) is revealed as a direct expression, an outpouring of his feelings, thoughts, impressions, moods, desires, etc.
Unlike epic and drama, which depict complete characters acting in various circumstances, lyric poetry depicts individual states of character at a certain moment in life. A lyrical image is an image-experience, an expression of the author’s feelings and thoughts in connection with various life experiences. The range of lyrical works is limitless, since all phenomena of life - nature and society - can cause corresponding human experiences. The peculiarity and power of the impact of lyrics lies in the fact that they always, even if we are talking about the past (if these are memories), express a living, immediate feeling, experience experienced by the author in this moment. Each lyrical work, no matter how limited it may be in size, is a complete work of art that conveys the internally complete state of the poet.
The increased emotionality of the content of a lyrical work is also associated with the corresponding form of expression: lyricism requires concise, expressive speech, each word of which carries a special semantic and emotional load, lyricism gravitates towards poetic speech, which contributes to the expression of the poet’s feelings and a stronger emotional impact on the reader.
The lyrical work captures the poet’s personal experiences, which, however, are characteristic of many people, generalizes and expresses them with the power inherent in poetry.
In a lyrical work, the poet conveys the vital, typical through the personal. Lyrics, like other types of fiction, develop under the influence of historical conditions, social struggle, which evokes in people the need to express their attitude to new phenomena, their experiences associated with them. Lyrics, naturally, are connected with the entire literary process, in particular with the change of various literary trends, movements and methods: classicism, romanticism, critical realism.
The heyday of lyricism occurs in the era of romanticism.
It is characteristic that in many countries it was during this era that the work of great national poets took shape (Mickiewicz in Poland, Hugo in France, Byron in England, Pushkin, Lermontov, Tyutchev in Russia).
Types and themes of lyrics
There are various classifications of types of lyrics.
They are distinguished by subject:
· philosophical (“God” by G. R. Derzhavin, “The Inexpressible” by V. A. Zhukovsky, “A Vain Gift, an Accidental Gift” by A. S. Pushkin, “Truth” by E. A. Baratynsky, “Fountain” by F. I. Tyutchev)
· civil (“To Chaadaev” by A.S. Pushkin, “Farewell, unwashed Russia” by M. Yu. Lermontov, “Testament” by T. G. Shevchenko, “Reflection at the front entrance” by N. A. Nekrasova, “Newspaper Readers” "M. Tsvetaeva, "Midnight in Moscow" by O. Mandelstam, "Russia" by A. A. Blok, "Poems about the Soviet passport" by V. V. Mayakovsky, "The torn base of the monument is crushed" by A. T. Tvardovsky)
· landscape (“Autumn Evening” by F.I. Tyutchev, cycles “Spring”, “Summer”, “Autumn”, “Snow” by A.A. Fet, “Green Hairstyle”, “White Birch” by S.A. Yesenin)
· love (“I loved you” by A.A. Pushkin, “I don’t like your irony...”, “Yes, our life flowed rebelliously...”, “So this is a joke? My dear...” N.A. Nekrasova)
· political (“Napoleon”, “Like a dear daughter to the slaughter...” F.I. Tyutchev), etc.
However, it must be borne in mind that for the most part lyrical works are multi-themed, since in one experience of the poet various motives can be reflected: love, friendship, civic feelings (cf., for example, “I remember a wonderful moment”, “October 19, 1825” A. Pushkin, “In Memory of Odoevsky”, “I am writing to you...” by M. Lermontov, “A Knight for an Hour” by N. Nekrasov, “To Comrade Nette...” by V. Mayakovsky and many others). Reading and studying the lyrics of different poets of different eras is extremely enriching and ennobling spiritual world person.
The following lyrical genres are distinguished:
· Ode is a genre that glorifies something important historical event, person or phenomenon. This genre received special development in classicism: “Ode on the day of accession to the throne...” by M. Lomonosov.
· Song is a genre that can belong to both the epic and lyrical genres. The epic song has a plot: “Song of Prophetic Oleg» A.S. Pushkin. The lyrical song is based on the emotional experiences of the main character or the author himself: Mary’s song from “A Feast in the Time of Plague” by A.S. Pushkin.
· Elegy is a genre of romantic poetry, the poet’s sad reflection on life, fate, his place in this world: “The luminary of the day has gone out” by A.S. Pushkin.
· Message is a genre that is not associated with a specific tradition. A characteristic feature is the address to some person: “To Chaadaev” by A.S. Pushkin.
· Sonnet is a genre that is presented in the form of a lyric poem, characterized by strict requirements for form. A sonnet must have 14 lines. There are 2 types of sonnet: English sonnet, French sonnet.
· Epigram is a short poem, no more than a quatrain, which ridicules or presents in a humorous form a particular person: “On Vorontsov” by A.S. Pushkin.
· Satire is a more detailed poem, both in volume and in the scale of what is depicted. Usually makes fun of social disadvantages. Satire is characterized by civic pathos: Kantemir’s satires, “My rosy, fat-bellied mocker...” by A.S. Pushkin. Satire is often classified as an epic type.
This division into genres is very arbitrary, because in pure form they are rarely represented. A poem can combine several genres at the same time: “To the Sea” by A. Pushkin combines both elegy and message.
The main form of lyrical works is a poem, but it should be remembered that lyricism also exists in prose: these are inserted lyrical fragments in epic works (these are some extra-plot elements of N.V. Gogol’s “Dead Souls”), and isolated lyrical miniatures (some from “Poems in Prose” by I. S. Turgenev, many stories by I. A. Bunin).
Preview:
LESSON TOPIC:
Works of A.S. Pushkin.
The main themes and motives of Pushkin's lyrics.
Analysis of poems.
It is impossible to repeat Pushkin.
N.V.Gogol
Reading Pushkin, you can magnificently
Nurture the person within you
V.G. Belinsky
Type: practical lesson on analysis of poetic text, SNZ.
Methods: reproductive, creative reading.
Lesson objectives:
- Identify the main themes and motives of Pushkin’s lyrics
- To introduce the love, philosophical, civil lyrics of A.S. Pushkin, to arouse interest in the personality and work of the poet;
- Study facts, evidence, consider different points of view, interpretations of the poet’s personality;
- Compare the themes raised in the poet’s lyrics with the problems of today.
DURING THE CLASSES
1. Org. moment
2. The teacher will speak.
3. Frontal survey: biography of Pushkin.
4. New topic. The teacher's word.
The work can be group work (the whole class is divided into mini-groups that are responsible for a specific topic in the poet’s lyrics) or collective work.
MAIN THEMES OF PUSHKIN'S LYRICS
1. Civil theme:“Licinia”, ode to “Liberty” (1818 calls for sacred observance of the law, to which both the people and the tsar are equally subject), “To Chaadaev” (“Love, hope, quiet glory ...”, 1818), “Village” (1819) - (admiration for the beauty of native nature, but “a terrible thought here darkens the soul”, because “wild lordship, without feelings, without Law”), “Prisoner”, “Winter Evening”, “Arion”, “In the depths of the Siberian ores ...”, “Anchar”, “I erected a monument to myself not made by hands...”
2. Patriotic theme:“To the Slanderers of Russia” (1831), “Borodin Anniversary” (1831), the poet speaks of the need for the unity of the people and the authorities during periods of historical upheaval that threaten the very existence of Russia.
3. Love Theme: “I remember a wonderful moment...” (1825), “I loved you...”, “On the hills of Georgia...” (1829), “Burnt Letter”, “Confession”, “Don’t sing, beauty, in front of me...”, “What in my name?”, “For the shores of the distant fatherland”, “Black Shawl”, “Desire for Glory” (1825), “Elegy” (“Fading fun of crazy years...”, 1830)
4. Friendship theme: “Feasting students”, “October 19” (1825), “Friends”, “Delvig”, “Pushchina”, “In the depths of the Siberian ores...”, “Arion”
5. Theme of the poet and poetry: “Poet”, “Prophet” (1826) – (The purpose of the poet is “burn the hearts of people with the verb”), “The Poet and the Crowd” (1828), “To the Poet” (1830), “I have erected a monument to myself not made by hands...” (1836 ), “Conversation between a bookseller and a poet”, “Mob”,
6. Theme of homeland and nature:“Village”, “To the Sea”, “Winter Evening” (1825), “Winter Road”, “Winter Morning” (1829), “Demons”, “Cloud”, “Autumn” (1833), “Collapse” (1829 ), “Once again I visited...” (1835)
7. Philosophical lyrics:“The Cart of Life”, “A vain gift, an accidental gift...”, “Am I wandering along the noisy streets...”, “Demons”, “It’s time, my friend, it’s time...”, “I have erected a monument to myself not made by hands...” (1836
To Chaadaev (1818)
Love, hope, quiet glory
Deception did not last long for us,
The youthful fun has disappeared
Like a dream, like morning fog;
But the desire still burns within us,
Under the yoke of fatal power
With an impatient soul
Let us heed the calling of the Fatherland.
We wait with languid hope
Holy moments of freedom
How a young lover waits
Minutes of a faithful date.
While we are burning with freedom,
While hearts are alive for honor,
My friend, let's dedicate it to the fatherland
Beautiful impulses from the soul!
Comrade, believe: she will rise,
Star of captivating happiness,
Russia will wake up from its sleep,
And on the ruins of autocracy
They will write our names!
A portrait of the entire generation of that era is given; the lyrical hero sets clear goals for himself and believes in a bright future. The message is permeated with the spirit of citizenship, patriotism, and hope for the future revival of the country.
The lyrical hero is ready to sacrifice himself in the name of the Fatherland.
"Village" (1818)
1. What is the meaning of the rhetorical question at the end of the poem?
2. How do the ideas of the poem “Village” resonate with the ideas of the Decembrists?
Conclusion: In the poem “Village” the poetdenounces serfdom. The poet-dreamer turns into a poet-citizen, whose personal freedom is inseparable from the freedom of the people. Freedom, according to A.S. Pushkin, must be enshrined in the law (constitution).
Deep in Siberian ores(1827)
Deep in Siberian ores
Keep your proud patience,
Your sorrowful work will not be wasted
And I think about high aspiration.
Unluckily faithful sister,
Hope in a dark dungeon
Will awaken vigor and joy,
The desired time will come:
Love and friendship up to you
They will reach through the dark gates,
Like in your convict holes
My free voice comes through.
The heavy shackles will fall,
The dungeons will collapse and there will be freedom
You will be greeted joyfully at the entrance,
And the brothers will give you the sword.
Genre-message; The main theme is friendship, the poet supports friends in difficult times, does not turn away from them.
He did not lose faith in the ideals of the Decembrists, in their noble desire to help the common people. Subject- the author's faith in the triumph of justice. Idea - the homeland will not forget the feat of the Decembrists.
1. What were the living conditions of the Decembrists in Siberian exile?
2. What images help to understand the attitude of A.S. Pushkin to the Decembrists?
3. How does this poem reveal the poet’s soul?
Conclusion: A.S. Pushkin shares the views of the Decembrists, their “high aspirations,” the nobility of their thoughts. The concept of “freedom” is associated with political transformations:
“Heavy shackles will fall,
The dungeons will collapse and there will be freedom
You will be greeted joyfully at the entrance,
And the brothers will give you the sword"
The Cart of Life (1823)
Though the burden is heavy at times,
The cart is light on the move;
The dashing coachman, gray time,
Lucky, he won’t get off the irradiation board.
In the morning we get into the cart;
We're happy to break our heads
And, despising laziness and bliss,
We shout: let's go! . . . . . . .
But at noon there is no such courage;
Shocked us: we are more scared
And slopes and ravines;
We shout: take it easy, fools!
The cart is still rolling;
In the evening we got used to it
And dozing we go until the night,
And time drives horses.
"MADONNA" (1830)
Not many paintings by ancient masters
I always wanted to decorate my abode,
So that the visitor might superstitiously marvel at them,
Heeding the important judgment of experts.
In my simple corner, amidst slow labors,
I wanted to be forever a spectator of one picture,
One: so that from the canvas, like from the clouds,
Most Pure One and our divine savior -
She with greatness, he with reason in his eyes -
They looked, meek, in glory and in the rays,
Alone, without angels, under the palm of Zion.
My wishes came true. Creator
Sent you to me, you, my Madonna,
The purest example of pure beauty.
A vain gift, a random gift,
Life, why were you given to me?
Or why fate is a secret
Are you sentenced to death?
Who makes me a hostile power
From nothingness he called,
Filled my soul with passion,
Has your mind been agitated by doubt?..
There is no goal in front of me:
The heart is empty, the mind is idle,
And it makes me sad
The monotonous noise of life.
I loved you: love still, perhaps (1829)
I loved you: love is still, perhaps,
My soul has not completely died out;
But don't let it bother you anymore;
I don't want to make you sad in any way.
I loved you silently, hopelessly,
Now we are tormented by timidity, now by jealousy;
I loved you so sincerely, so tenderly,
How God grant you, your beloved, to be different.
Subject - a story about unrequited love; Idea – despite the unrequited feeling, the hero wishes his beloved great love. Past tense in form, but still present in meaning and content. This is a confession - a recognition of the poet, and not an appeal to a specific woman.
1. What is the poet’s attitude towards failed love: disappointment, grief, anger, humility, nobility, irony? Explain your choice.
“On the Hills of Georgia...”1829
The darkness of night lies on the hills of Georgia;
Aragva makes noise in front of me.
I feel sad and light; my sadness is light;
My sadness is full of you,
By you, by you alone... My despondency
Nothing torments, nothing worries,
And the heart burns and loves again - because
That it cannot help but love.
Subject – high feeling love; Idea - “the heart cannot help but love”
K*** (1825)
I remember a wonderful moment:
You appeared before me,
Like a fleeting vision
Like a genius of pure beauty.
In the languor of hopeless sadness,
In the worries of noisy bustle,
And I dreamed of cute features.
Years passed. The storm is a rebellious gust
Dispelled old dreams
Your heavenly features.
In the wilderness, in the darkness of imprisonment
My days passed quietly
Without a deity, without inspiration,
No tears, no life, no love.
The soul has awakened:
And then you appeared again,
Like a fleeting vision
Like a genius of pure beauty.
And the heart beats in ecstasy,
And for him they rose again
And deity and inspiration,
And life, and tears, and love.
The poem is dedicatedAnna Petrovna Kern, whom the poet met in St. Petersburg (1819), and in the summer of 1825 he met in Trigorskoye (neighboring the Mikhailovsky village). The poet gives this poem as a gift to Anna Petrovna on the day of her departure from the village. 3 parts: first meeting, years of separation, new meeting with Kern. In this verse, “love” is not so much a feeling as a state of the poet’s soul (a change in mental state).
Subject – the role of love in human life. Idea – life is meaningless without love.
Petersburg. 1819One of the noisy social evenings in the Olenins’ house with dinner, dancing, charades. Jokingly talking with his friends, Pushkin follows with his eyes a very young, charming woman. His imagination is struck by the deep, hidden sadness in the stranger’s huge eyes. During dinner, he exchanged a few ordinary phrases with her and admired her radiant beauty for a long time afterwards. By the end of the evening, he already knows a lot about her. Daughter of landowner P. M. Poltoratsky and E. I. Wulf,As a 16-year-old girl, she was married to a rude man, a complete stranger to her, who was 36 years older than her - General Ermolai Fedorovich Kern. And many years later, Pushkin will read in Anna Kern’s diary the lines in which she talks about her husband "It’s impossible to love him, I can’t even respect him, I’ll tell you straight, I almost hate him, hell would be better than heaven for me if I had to be with him in heaven.”
But Pushkin will read this only years later. In the meantime... The evening is over. The guests are leaving. Pushkin, without putting on his fur coat, jumped out into the cold and stood on the porch. How he would like, knee-deep in the snow, to run up to Kern’s departing carriage and help the beauty climb the folded steps. Perhaps she would thank him with a glance. Many fleeting impressions of his youth were erased without a trace in the poet’s memory,but the image of Anna Kern sunk deep into my soul. Many years later. During this time, Pushkin became a famous poet, a poet who was out of favor with the authorities. In exile, in the remote village of Mikhailovskoye, far from the capital, Pushkin was always a welcome guest in the neighboringvillage of Trigorsk. It was here in June 1825 that Pushkin again met with Kern, who stopped while passing through with her relative Osipova, the owner of the estate. For a month they saw each other almost every day. It was at this time that the famous poem "I remember a wonderful moment...
And here before us is another portrait - a pale, thoughtful girl, the daughter of Anna Petrovna Kern, Ekaterina. She is not as pretty as Anna, but she inherited her mother’s big, sad eyes... There was even something suffering, doomed in her pale face with thick lips... Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka saw her like this for the first time in March 1839. Throughout the evening, he kept watching Ekaterina Ermolaevna, listening to her voice, following the movements of her hands, and something unusually bright, not yet conscious, was born in his soul. He discovered in the girl an extraordinary mind and spiritual subtlety. She knew and loved music. How different it was from what he had encountered at home. The empty and narrow-minded wife turned out to be a frivolous flirt, completely alien to his interests. Often visiting his sister and communicating with Ekaterina Kern, Glinka became more and more attached to her. Meetings with her became a necessity for him. And soon she had the notes of Glinka’s romance “I Remember a Wonderful Moment.” It is remarkable that the poems written by the great poet for his mother were set to music by the great composer for her daughter. And again, like fifteen years ago, when Pushkin presented the poems to Anna Kern, they sounded like recognition. It is difficult to name a work where music is inextricably fused with poetry, as in this romance. Pushkin's poem expressed what the composer himself experienced, which is probably why such an amazing fusion of music and words became possible. The growth and deepening of feelings, all stages of spiritual experiences expressed in poetry, are conveyed by music, sometimes thoughtful and tender, sometimes passionate and even tragic.)
“Do I wander along noisy streets” (1829)
Do I wander along the noisy streets,
I enter a crowded temple,
Am I sitting among crazy youths,
I indulge in my dreams.
I say: the years will fly by,
And no matter how much we are seen here,
We will all descend under the eternal vaults -
And someone else's hour is near.
I look at the solitary oak tree,
I think: patriarch of the forests
Will outlive my forgotten age,
How he survived the age of his fathers.
Am I caressing a sweet baby?
I’m already thinking: sorry!
I give up my place to you:
It's time for me to smolder, for you to bloom.
Every day, every year
I'm used to accompanying my thoughts,
Coming death anniversary
Trying to guess between them.
And where will fate send me death?
Is it in battle, on a journey, in the waves?
Or the neighboring valley
Will my cold ashes take me?
And even to an insensitive body
Equally decay everywhere,
But closer to the cute limit
I would still like to rest.
And let at the tomb entrance
The young one will play with life,
And indifferent nature
Shine with eternal beauty.
Prophet (1826)
We are tormented by spiritual thirst,
I dragged myself in the dark desert,
And the six-winged seraph
He appeared to me at a crossroads;
With fingers as light as a dream
He touched my eyes:
The prophetic eyes have opened,
Like a frightened eagle.
He touched my ears
And they were filled with noise and ringing:
And I heard the sky tremble,
And the heavenly flight of angels,
And the reptile of the sea underwater,
And the valley of the vine is vegetated.
And he came to my lips,
And my sinner tore out my tongue,
And idle and crafty,
And the sting of the wise snake
My frozen lips
He put it with his bloody right hand.
And he cut my chest with a sword,
And he took out my trembling heart,
And coal blazing with fire,
I pushed the hole into my chest.
I lay like a corpse in the desert,
And God’s voice called to me:
“Rise up, prophet, and see and listen,
Be fulfilled by my will,
And, bypassing the seas and lands,
Burn the hearts of people with the verb"
Subject - character traits and qualities that a poet (as opposed to an ordinary person) must have in order to to the fullest fulfill your purpose.
Idea - only at the hottest intensity of his feelings is a poet able to create a highly artistic work, completely devoting himself to this task. We need a high goal, an idea in the name of which the poet creates.
« Winter evening" 1825
The storm covers the sky with darkness,
Whirling snow whirlwinds;
Then, like a beast, she will howl,
Then he will cry like a child,
Then on the dilapidated roof
Suddenly the straw will rustle,
The way a belated traveler
There will be a knock on our window.
Our dilapidated shack
And sad and dark.
What are you doing, my old lady?
Silent at the window?
Or howling storms
You, my friend, are tired,
Or dozing under the buzzing
Your spindle?
Let's have a drink, good friend
My poor youth
Let's drink from grief; where is the mug?
The heart will be more cheerful.
Sing me a song like a tit
She lived quietly across the sea;
Sing me a song like a maiden
I went to get water in the morning.
The storm covers the sky with darkness,
Whirling snow whirlwinds;
Then, like a beast, she will howl,
She will cry like a child.
Let's have a drink, good friend
My poor youth
Let's drink from grief: where is the mug?
The heart will be more cheerful.
“I erected a monument to myself, not made by hands” (1836)
I erected a monument to myself, not made by hands,
The people's path to him will not be overgrown,
He ascended higher with his rebellious head
Alexandrian Pillar.
No, all of me will not die - the soul is in the treasured lyre
My ashes will survive and decay will escape -
And I will be glorious as long as I am in the sublunary world
At least one piit will be alive.
Rumors about me will spread throughout Great Rus',
And every tongue that is in it will call me,
And the proud grandson of the Slavs, and the Finn, and now wild
Tungus, and friend of the steppes Kalmyk.
And for a long time I will be so kind to the people,
That I awakened good feelings with my lyre,
That in my cruel age I glorified freedom
And he called for mercy for the fallen.
By the command of God, O muse, be obedient,
Without fear of insult, without demanding a crown;
Praise and slander were accepted indifferently
And don't challenge a fool
Genre : a majestic ode.Poetic size– 6-foot solemn iambic.
Subject – the poet’s full and dignified assessment of the deed he accomplished; Idea - the main thing in poetic creativity is that the greatness and influence of a true poet will cross the borders of the country and era. Pushkin realized that for a poet there are 2 paths: the path of serving the crowd and the path of serving the truth. The poet confirms every word with actions, creativity, even life itself.
“This is at the same time a confession, self-esteem, manifesto and testament of a great poet” (V.V. Vinogradov).
QUESTIONS for self-test.
1. “With the verb, burn the hearts of people" What traits, according to Pushkin, should a poet have?
2. Analyze one of the poet’s poems.
3 Name the leading themes and motives of Pushkin's lyrics. Read by heart and analyze one of your favorite poems by the poet.
4 What do you see as the features of Pushkin’s romanticism? In which works are they most clearly manifested? Give examples from the poet’s lyrical and lyric epic works known to you.
5 What caused the evolution of Pushkin’s creative method, his turn to realism? How were the romantic and realistic principles combined in the poet’s work during the period of Mikhailovsky exile and subsequent years? V. G. Belinsky spoke about “soul-nurturing humanity"Poetry of A. S. Pushkin. Expand to specific examples the humanistic essence of the poet's lyrics. What is its significance for educating the reader’s feelings?
6. What is the significance of A. S. Pushkin’s work for Russian society and the development of Russian literature?
7. Most of Pushkin’s works formed the basis for the musical creations of famous Russian composers and were embodied in romances, arias, and operas. Which of the poet's works are set to music? Name the composers. What are the featuresworks of A. S. Pushkin made it possible
Gogol argued that Pushkin’s lyrics are “an extraordinary phenomenon.” Defining the versatility of the poet’s work, he wrote with admiration: “What was the subject of his poetry? Everything became her subject, and nothing in particular. The thought becomes numb before the countlessness of its objects...”
The versatility and multidimensionality of Pushkin’s creativity can be felt and realized by highlighting the main themes and motives of his lyrical works.
The leading theme of Pushkin's lyrics is the theme of freedom. Since “freedom” is a fundamental concept for the poet, this theme is seen as a kind of core running through the poet’s entire work. Freedom is seen as social, political and moral ideal Pushkin's poetry. This theme includes a number of motifs that reveal its breadth.
The motif of political freedom is expressed in the poems “Licinius” (1818), “To Chaadaev” (1818), “Village” (1819). These works express ideas close to the views of the Decembrists: service to social ideals, condemnation of tyranny and oppression.
The motif of personal freedom is heard in the poems “Prisoner” (1822), “Bird” (1823). Here, the romantic call for escape from the “dungeon” world and the desire to give liberation to “at least one creature” is reinforced by the images of birds, personifying the natural desire for will.
The inconsistency of the motive of personal freedom is reflected in the works “The Desert Sower of Freedom...” (1823), “To the Sea” (1824).
In the poem “I loved you: love is still, perhaps...” (1829) we encounter another manifestation of the motive of personal freedom - respect for the personality of another person. The philosophical understanding of slavery as opposed to freedom is clearly visible in the parable poem “Anchar” (1828).
Freedom of a creative personality - the most important motive of the theme is manifested in the poems “To the Poet” (1830), (From Pindemonti) (1836).
Freedom as a comprehensive concept, as the basis of human life - this motif sounds in the poem “It’s time, my friend, it’s time...” (1836). “Peace and freedom” is the spiritual ideal of a person seeking perfection.
The next theme that can be highlighted in Pushkin’s poetry is citizenship and patriotism. The motives for this theme are wide and varied.
The motif of love for native nature as an expression of love for the Motherland is reflected in the works “The flying ridge of clouds is thinning...” (1820), “The Caucasus” (1829), “Winter. us in the village? I meet...” (1829), “My rosy critic...” (1830), “Autumn” (1833), “...I visited again...” (1835).
The motive of serving social ideals as a manifestation of civic position is expressed in the poems “To Chaadaev” (1818), “Dagger” (1821), “In the depths of the Siberian ores...” (1827), “Arion” (1827).
In the poems “Stanzas” (1826), “Slanderers of Russia” (1831), “I have erected a monument to myself not made by hands...” (1836) Pushkin expresses his political ideals, shows his filial love for the fatherland and the desire to serve its interests in the poetic field.
The theme of friendship is based on lyrical works addressed to lyceum students. The “sacred union” of lyceum friends is sacred and unshakable for Pushkin. Poems in honor of lyceum anniversaries (October 19), messages to fellow lyceum students - the basis of lyrical poems about friendship: “October 19” (1825), “I. I. Pushchin” (1826), “The more often the Lyceum celebrates...” (1830).
Poems addressed to the Decembrists, with many of whom Pushkin was on friendly terms, relate to this topic - “In the depths of the Siberian ores...” (1827), “Arion” (1827) and the message “To Chaadaev” (1818) - friend and teacher, who had a serious influence on the formation of the views of the young Pushkin.
Standing apart are the lyrical works addressed to the nanny, whose kindness and warm relationship the poet carried throughout his life. These include the poem “Winter Evening” (1825).
Pushkina is full of bright and tender feelings for women. The theme of love, revealing a wide palette of human feelings, is reflected in the poems “The Daylight Has Gone Out...” (1820), “I Outlived My Desires...” (1821), “Burnt Letter” (1825), “Desire for Glory” ( 1825), “Keep me safe, my talisman...” (1825), “K-” (1825), “Under the blue sky of your native country...” (1826), “On the hills of Georgia lies the darkness of the night... "(1829), "Yavas loved: love still, perhaps..." (1829), "What's in my name for you?.." (1830), "Madonna" (1830), "For the shores of a distant fatherland.. ." (1830).
The theme of the purpose of the poet and his poetry dominates Pushkin’s work. The motive of the high purpose of poetry, its special role in society can be heard in the poems “To N. Ya. Pluskova” (1818), “Prophet” (1826), “Poet” (1827), “Autumn” (1833), “I am a monument to myself erected not made by hands...” (1836).
The poet's place in modern world defined by Pushkin in the poem “Conversation of a Bookseller with a Poet” (1824).
The poet as the supreme judge of his works is an important motive in the theme of the purpose of the poet and his poetry. Pushkin talks about the freedom of poetic creativity, about the complex relationship between the poet and the authorities, with the people, with the mob.
These thoughts are reflected in the poems “The Desert Sower of Freedom...” (1823), “The Poet and the Crowd” (1828), “To the Poet” (1830), “Echo” (1831), (From Pindemonti) (1836), “I He erected a monument to himself, not made by hands...” (1836).
Pushkin's philosophical lyrics reflect the poet's understanding of eternal themes human existence: reflections on life and death, on the relationship between good and evil. These thoughts are heard in such works as “I survived my desires...” (1821), “I was in a sweet blindness...” (1823), “A vain gift, an accidental gift...” (1828), “Anchar "(1828), "Do I wander along the noisy streets..." (1829), "Demons" (1830), "Elegy" (1830), "Poems composed at night during insomnia" (1830), "Don't let God, I'm going crazy..." (1833), "...I visited again..." (1835).
Isolating themes and motifs in Pushkin’s poetic work does not at all violate its harmony. All themes and motifs exist in organic unity, creating a rich artistic world, whose name is Pushkin’s lyrics.
Analysis of the poem “Village”
The poem was written in 1819, it reflects specific impressions of Pushkin’s trip to Mikhailovskoye between July 10 and 15, 1819. Peyzanet accurately reproduces the surroundings of Mikhailovskoye: “a dark garden”, “a meadow lined with fragrant stacks”:
Here I see two lakes, azure plains,
Where the fisherman's sail sometimes turns white,
Behind them are a series of hills and striped fields,
Scattered huts in the distance,
Roaming herds on the damp banks...
“The Village” as a work of art has absorbed the traditions of Russian and Western European educational literature and modern ideas of Decembrism.
Pushkin’s loyalty to the views of the enlighteners and many participants in the Decembrist movement was reflected in the idea of an “enlightened monarchy” capable of transforming society:
I'll see, oh friends! unoppressed people
And slavery, which fell due to the king’s mania,
And over the fatherland of enlightened freedom
Will the beautiful dawn finally rise?
However, continuing the tradition of 18th-century classicism, the work is distinguished by overcoming conventions. “Village” is a story about a real village, about the true suffering of peasants, with whom the poet expresses sympathy. This creates the realistic basis that distinguished Pushkin from his predecessors. The undeniable influence of Radishchev’s “Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow”, polemics with Derzhavin’s letter “Eugene. Zvanskaya’s Life,” with its idyllic pictures of rural life, enriched Pushkin’s lyrics and gave impetus to new discoveries.
Citizenship and freedom-loving pathos gave a special emotional mood poem. All this is reflected in the compositional structure and in the choice of visual means.
The composition of “Villages” is not only two-part, but also two-plane. The peculiarity of the construction of the work is reflected in its genre structure; it combines elegy and satire. The first elegiac part (ending with the verse “In the depths of the soul...") was printed, and the second was distributed in copies.
The poem is built on antithesis (opposition), which is clearly expressed at the beginning of the second part and emphasized by the conjunction “but”: “But a terrible thought here darkens the soul...” With these lines begins the denunciation of the “wild lordship”, which contrasts with the pictures of rural nature, shown at the beginning.
In the work, even in the first part, the social motive is strongly expressed. The “deserted corner”, “a haven of peace, work and inspiration” is contrasted by the poet with the “vicious palace of Circe”.
Defending the integrity and unity of the poetic text of Pushkin’s poem, E. A. Maimin writes: “The second part of “The Village” continues the first and opposes it in thought and the nature of the paintings. Pushkin's elegy imperceptibly turns into satire and merges with it. The second part is an elegy, permeated with high civic feelings, reflections born in “majestic solitude,” and this is a satire that is brought to life by both a uniquely personal view of things and the pathos of public, civil service.”
The intonation structure reflects the originality of the composition and ideological content, combining thoughts and the angry voice of the poet-citizen. Oratorical intonations are emphasized in the poem by rhetorical figures:
There seems to be a barren heat burning in my chest...
And hasn’t the fate of my life given me a formidable gift?
Need to download an essay? Click and save - » The main themes and motives of the lyrics of A. S. Pushkin. And the finished essay appeared in my bookmarks.Philosophical lyrics of A. S. Pushkin.
My sadness is light.
My path is sad
Promises me work and grief
The coming troubling sea...
But, oh my friends, I don’t want to die,
Russia will wake up from its sleep,
And on the ruins of autocracy
They will write our names!
The main themes and motives of M. Yu. Lermontov's lyrics.
The work of M. Yu. L is the post-Pushkin stage in the development of Russian poetry. It reflects an important period in the public consciousness of the noble intelligentsia, which did not put up with the lack of spiritual and political freedom, but after the defeat of the Decembrist uprising, it was deprived of the opportunity to openly fight. Not believing in the immediate victory of freedom, L, through his creativity, asserted the need to fight for it in the name of the future.
The lyrical “I” of early L appears in a contradiction between the heroic nature, thirsting for freedom, active action, and the real position of the hero in a society that does not need his exploits. L’s youthful lyrical “I” is still largely conditional. Its originality lies in the fact that through autobiographical events and impressions the author presents his hero as if in different guises: now a rebel, now a demon.
The theme of loneliness in the lyrics of M. Yu. Lermontov
The hero of mature lyrics L. longs to embrace the entire universe and enclose it in his chest, he wants to find harmony with everything, but he is not given such happiness. He is still a “world-driven wanderer,” challenging earth and heaven. If in early lyrics loneliness was understood as a reward, then in mature lyrics loneliness is boring, and in later poems it is the tragedy of a person alone among people and in the whole world.
The poem is dedicated to the theme of loneliness in society “How often, surrounded by a motley crowd...” The hero is bored at the ball among the “motley crowd”, “with the decorum of masks pulled together.” To distract himself from the noise and glitter, the hero is carried away in his memories to pictures of his childhood, which are so beautiful in comparison with the picture of the ball that the poet has a desire to openly challenge this soulless kingdom of masks:
Oh, how I want to confuse their gaiety
And boldly throw an iron verse into their eyes,
Doused with bitterness and anger!..
« And boring and sad" The image of the lyrical hero is embodied here character traits youth of the 30s. Hope for the fulfillment of desires disappears, having not found happiness either in love or friendship, the hero loses faith in them, loses faith in himself and in life.
The picture of the sea and a ship lonely among the endless expanses of the sea also appears in the poem “Sail”:
The lonely sail is white
In the blue sea fog!..
In poems such as “The Cliff”, “In the Wild North...”, “Leaf”, the leading motive is the tragedy of loneliness, which is expressed either in unrequited love or in the fragility of human connections.
Political and civic lyrics .
The creative activity of M. Yu. L proceeded during the years of the most severe political reaction that came after the Decembrist uprising in 1825. From the poet's poems one can trace the fate of a generation. A conflict arose between the poet and cruel reality, which killed the L-man, but the L-poet dealt an irresistible moral blow to the autocratic regime. The poem “Duma” became the “iron verse”. It reproaches the generation for its aimlessness:
I look sadly at our generation!
His future is either empty or dark,
Meanwhile, under the burden of knowledge and doubt,
It will grow old in inactivity.
In the poem “Farewell, unwashed Russia...” a bitter shade of sorrow and indignation is replaced by contempt and hatred for “the country of slaves, the country of masters,” “for the blue uniforms” and “the people devoted to them.”
The complex confrontation of feelings, the tragedy of the poet’s fate in secular society is revealed in the poem “ Death of poet", written by L after the tragic death of A.S.P. Grief and bitterness, sadness and admiration are heard in the poem. There are three heroes in the poem: P-n - “slave of honor”, the secular crowd and the poet, who brands it and mourns P-a. The crowd did not appreciate true talent, did not understand true art. The poet openly points out the true killers - this is the soulless secular society that guided the killer's hand:
He rebelled against the opinions of the world
Alone, as before... and killed!
Theme of Motherland and Nature
The theme of the Motherland occupies one of the leading places in the work of M. Yu. L, but it is revealed ambiguously. L creates a concrete historical image of Russia; it is closely related to the theme of the “lost generation”, which is important for the poet’s work. "Borodino". The poet talks about the heroic past of Russia. The poem is like a dialogue between the poet’s generation and the generation of fathers, participants in the war, in the person of an old soldier. Through the mouth of an old soldier, the author reproaches the “current tribe” for powerlessness:
Yes, there were people in our time
Not like the current tribe:
The heroes are not you!
At the same time, L clearly emphasizes this, repeating himself. Glorifying the exploits of his predecessors, the poet condemns his contemporaries for an ingloriously lived life. The poet’s image of Russia and attitude towards it are twofold. In the poem " Motherland" He says:
I love my fatherland, but with a strange love!
The unusualness of L’s love for the Motherland is that this love is contrasting - spiritual life is opposed to social life, and they are not in harmony. Hence the philosophical reflections, where real images become the embodiment of the general laws of existence. Poems such as “Clouds”, “In the Wild North...”, “Cliff”, “Three Palms”, “Sail” and others capture not just the spiritual beauty of nature, but tragic phenomena in the life of the human soul. In 1840, before leaving for the Caucasus, L wrote the poem “ Clouds". The spontaneous wandering of the clouds is compared with the exile of the poet: You rush, as if like me, exiles
From the sweet north to the south.
Theme of the poet and poetry
Already in his earliest poems, Lermontov appears as a poet of clearly expressed active, protesting thought. He proclaims: “Life is boring when there is no struggle... I need to act.” L sees the separation of people, and not their community, and therefore he does not believe that his confession will be heard. The human soul is changeable and contradictory, and the word is often powerless to reveal it.
In a poem "Poet" L compares the poet to a dagger.
In 1841, L wrote his last poem, “The Prophet.” The theme of this poem is the high idea of the poetic calling and the misunderstanding of it by the crowd. The prophet sees what the common man cannot see:
Since the eternal judge
He gave me the omniscience of a prophet,
I read in people's eyes
Pages of malice and vice.
The crowd is selfish and petty, they cruelly persecute, mock and humiliate the Prophet.
The prophet goes into the desert, he is left alone, since the crowd did not accept his teachings.
Love lyrics
Even in love, L could not find support for his ideals. His lyrical hero perceives true love as a wonderful gift that reflects the fullness of life, bringing joy and peace to a person from mental anxieties and suffering. In the poem " Like the heavens, your gaze shines“He talks about the “quivering soul” and “tender voice” that he met. According to the lyrical hero, if you love, then with all the fullness of your soul, selflessly. But the disharmony that reigns in life violates the beauty of love, makes it tragic, bringing only torment. Secular society is capable of vulgarizing and trampling even the purest earthly love.
Consistently, all his life, L loved Varvara Aleksandrovna Lopukhina, who married Bakhmetyev. Varvara Alexandrovna responded to L’s feelings, but fate had its own way. “Amidst the icy, merciless light,” the poet’s happiness was impossible. But the bright feeling they experienced will illuminate their subsequent lives. The poet talks about this in the poem “ We parted; but your portrait...»:
We parted; but your portrait
I keep on my chest:
Like a pale ghost of better years,
He brings joy to my soul.
The image of Grisha Dobrosklonov.
Grisha Dobrosklonov is a key figure in (Image of Grisha Dobrosklonov) Nekrasov’s poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'.” Let me tell you a little about him. Grisha was born into the family of a poor clerk, a lazy and untalented man. The mother was a type of the same female image drawn by the author in the chapter “Peasant Woman”. Grisha determined his place in life at the age of 15. It’s not surprising, because a hungry childhood, hard work, given by his father; a strong character, broad soul, inherited from mother; a sense of collectivism, resilience, incredible perseverance, brought up in the family and the seminary, ultimately resulted in a feeling of deep p (Image of Grisha Dobrosklonov) patriotism, moreover, responsibility for the fate of an entire people! I hope I clearly explained the origins of Grisha’s character?
Now let's look at the real-biographical factor of Grisha's appearance. You may already know that the prototype was Dobrolyubov. Like him, Grisha, a fighter for all the humiliated and insulted, stood for peasant interests. He did not feel the desire to satisfy prestigious needs (if anyone remembers lectures on social science), i.e. His primary concern is not about personal well-being.
Now we know something about Dobroskl "Image of Grisha Dobrosklonov" on. Let's reveal some of his "Image of Grisha Dobrosklonov" personal qualities, in order to find out the degree of significance of the “Image of Grisha Dobrosklonov” of Grisha as a key figure. To do this, we simply need to select from the above “Image of Grisha Dobrosklonov” the words that characterize it. Here they are: the ability to compassion, strong convictions, an iron will, unpretentiousness, high efficiency, education, a magnificent mind. Here we, unbeknownst to ourselves, have come to the meaning of the image of Grisha Dobrosklonov. Look: these qualities are quite enough to reflect the dominant idea of the poem. Hence the conclusion is as prosaic as it is laconic: Grisha reflects one of the main ideas of the poem. This is the idea: living in Rus' is good only for such fighters for the happiness of the oppressed people. Explaining why I’m unlikely to succeed is a philosophical question and requires knowledge of psychology. Still, I’ll try to give an example: when you save someone’s life, you get the feeling that you are strong and kind, a servant to the king, a father to the soldiers,...right? And here you save a whole people...
But this (Image of Grisha Dobrosklonov) is only a consequence, and we still have to find out where it began. Let's think about it, we know that from childhood Grisha lived among unhappy, helpless, despised people. What brought him to such a height, what forced him to sacrifice himself for the sake of the common people, because, frankly, limitless opportunities opened up for a literate and educated, talented young man. By the way, this feeling, quality or sensation, call it what you want, fueled Nekrasov’s work, from his input the main idea of the poem was determined, patriotism and a sense of responsibility take their origins from him. This is the capacity for compassion. A quality that Nekrasov himself possessed and endowed with it on the key figure of his poem. It is quite natural that this is followed by the patriotism inherent in a person from the people, and a sense of responsibility to the people.
It is very important to determine the era in which the hero appeared. The era is the rise of a social movement, millions of people are rising to fight. Look:
“...An innumerable army is rising -
the strength in her is indestructible..."
The text directly proves that people's happiness is possible only as a result of a nationwide struggle against the oppressors. The main hope of the revolutionary democrats, to whom Nekrasov belonged, was the peasant revolution. And who starts revolutions? - revolutionaries, fighters for the people. For Nekrasov it was Grisha Dobrosklonov. From here follows the second idea of the poem, or rather, it has already flowed; we just have to isolate it from the general flow of thoughts. The people, as a result of the direction of the reforms of Alexander II, remain unhappy and oppressed, but (!) the forces for protest are ripening. The reforms prompted his desire for better life. Did you notice the words:
"…Enough! Finished with past settlement,
The payment has been completed, sir!
The Russian people are gathering strength
And learns to be a citizen!..."
The form of transmission was songs performed by Grisha. The words precisely reflected the feelings with which the hero is endowed. We can say that the songs were the crown of the poem because they reflected everything that I was talking about. And in general, they inspire hope that the Motherland will not perish, despite the suffering and troubles that overwhelmed it, and the comprehensive revival of Russia, and most importantly, the changes in the consciousness of the ordinary Russian people.
The main themes and motives of A. S. Pushkin’s lyrics.
A.S. Pushkin entered the history of Russia as an extraordinary phenomenon. This is not only the greatest poet, but also the founder of the Russian literary language, the founder of new Russian literature. “Pushkin’s muse,” according to V. G. Belinsky, “was nourished and educated by the works of previous poets.”
Freedom-loving lyrics
First quarter XIX century - the time of the emergence of new political ideas, the emergence of the Decembrist movement, the rise of social thought after the victory in the War of 1812.
In 1812, A. S. Pushkin entered the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. This is where the creative life of the young poet begins. The sentiments caused by the War of 1812 and the ideas of the liberation movement were close to Pushkin and found fertile soil among the lyceum students. The development of Pushkin's free-thinking was greatly influenced by the works of Radishchev, the writings of French educators of the 18th century, meetings with Chaadaev, conversations with Karamzin, communication with friends from the lyceum - Pushchin, Kuchelbecker, Delvig.
Pushkin's lyceum poems are imbued with the pathos of freedom, the idea that peoples prosper only where there is no slavery. This idea is clearly expressed in the poem “Licinia” (1815).
Rome grew by freedom, but was destroyed by slavery!
During the St. Petersburg period, Pushkin’s lyrics were especially rich in freedom-loving political ideas and sentiments, most clearly expressed in the ode “Liberty”, in the poems “To Chaadaev” and “Village”. The ode “Liberty” (1817) denounced with crushing force the autocracy and despotism that ruled in Russia:
Autocratic villain!
I hate you, your throne,
Your death, the death of children
I see it with cruel joy.
The ode “Liberty” is written in verse close to the odes of Lomonosov and Derzhavin - it is a high, solemn verse that emphasizes the importance of the topic. In the poem “To Chaadaev” (1818), the internal plot develops the idea of a person’s civic maturation. Love, hope, quiet glory, animating the young man, give way to a selfless struggle against “self-government”:
While we are burning with freedom,
While hearts are alive for honor,
My friend, let's dedicate it to the fatherland
Beautiful impulses from the soul!
Pushkin sees the forces hindering the liberation of his homeland. “The oppression of the fatal power” opposes the impulses of the “impatient soul.” Best time The poet calls to dedicate his life to his homeland:
Comrade, believe: she will rise,
Star of captivating happiness,
Russia will wake up from its sleep,
And on the ruins of autocracy
They will write our names!
In the poem “Village” (1819), Pushkin passionately denounced the foundations of the serfdom - lawlessness, tyranny, slavery, and exposed the “suffering of peoples.” The poem contrasts the idyllic first part and the tragic second. The first part of “The Village” is a preparation for the angry verdict that is pronounced in the second part. The poet at first notices “traces of contentment and labor everywhere,” since in the village the poet joins nature, freedom, and frees himself “from vain shackles.” The limitlessness of the horizon is a natural symbol of freedom. And only such a person to whom the village “opened” freedom and whom it made “a friend of humanity” is able to be horrified by the “wild lordship” and “skinny slavery.” The poet is indignant:
There seems to be a barren heat burning in my chest
And hasn’t the fate of my life given me a formidable gift?
The poet no longer sees freedom as a distant “star of captivating happiness,” but as a “beautiful dawn.” From the passionate message “To Chaadayev” and the bitter anger of “The Village”, Pushkin moves to doubt, dictated by impatience (“Who, the waves, abandoned you ...”), to the crisis of 1823 (“The Sower”), caused by the fact that Pushkin turns out to be witness the suppression and death of European revolutions. He is not confident in the readiness of peoples to fight for freedom:
Desert sower of freedom,
I left early, before the star;
With a clean and innocent hand
Into the enslaved reins
Threw a life-giving seed -
But I only lost time
Good thoughts and works...
Majestic memories:
Napoleon was dying there.
There he rested amidst torment.
And after him, like the noise of a storm,
Another genius rushed away from us,
In the elegy “To the Sea,” the thirst for elemental freedom collides with the sober consciousness of the “fate of people” who live according to their own laws. In the meantime, the poet has only one thing left to do - to preserve the memory of the beautiful indomitable element:
The theme of freedom in a variety of variations is also manifested in the poems “Why were you sent and who sent you?”, “To Yazykov”, “Conversation between a bookseller and a poet”, “Defenders of the whip and whip”, etc. Throughout A.S. Pushkin was faithful to the ideals of Decembrism. He did not hide his spiritual connection with the Decembrist movement. And the defeat of the Decembrists on December 14, 1825 did not undermine the poet’s devotion to freedom. To his Decembrist friends exiled to Siberia, he wrote a message “In the depths of the Siberian ores” (1827), in which he expresses the belief that
The heavy shackles will fall,
The dungeons will collapse and there will be freedom
Although the poet was left alone, he was faithful to his friends and true to the ideals of freedom.
In the poem “Monument,” summing up his life and work, the poet says that his descendants will remember him for the fact that “in a cruel age he glorified... freedom and mercy for the fallen.”
Theme of the poet and poetry
The theme of the poet and poetry runs through the entire work of A. S. Pushkin, receiving over the years different interpretation, reflecting the changes taking place in the poet’s worldview.
The image of a freedom-loving poet-thinker, a fiery and stern denouncer of vices is lovely:
I want to sing freedom to the world,
Slay vice on the thrones...
In the poem “Conversation between a Bookseller and a Poet” (1824), the poet and bookseller express their attitude towards poetry in the form of a dialogue. The author's view of literature and poetry is somewhat down-to-earth here. A new understanding of the tasks of poetry is emerging. The hero of the poem, the poet, speaks of poetry that brings “fiery delight” to the soul. He chooses spiritual freedom and
poetic. But the bookseller says:
Our age of trade; in this iron age
Without money there is no freedom.
Pushkin considers his work-poetry not only as the “brainchild” of inspiration, but also as a means of livelihood. However, to the bookseller’s question: “What will you choose?” - the poet answers: “Freedom.” Gradually the understanding comes that no political freedom is possible without inner freedom and that only spiritual harmony will give a person
feel independent.
After the massacre of the Decembrists, Pushkin writes a poem "Prophet"(1826). The mission of the prophet is beautiful and terrible at the same time: “To burn the hearts of people with the verb.”
The process of human transformation is nothing other than the birth of a poet. “The eyes of the prophet have opened” in order to see the world, “the sting of a wise serpent” is given instead of a tongue, and instead of a tremulous heart - “a coal blazing with fire.” But this is not enough to become the chosen one. We also need a high goal, an idea in the name of which the poet creates and which revives and gives meaning to everything that he so sensitively hears and sees. "God's voice" commands
“burn the hearts of people” with a poetic word, showing the true truth of life:
Arise, prophet, and see and listen,
Be fulfilled by my will
And, bypassing the seas and lands,
Burn the hearts of people with the verb.
The poem has an allegorical meaning, but in this case the poet affirms the divine nature of poetry, which means that the poet is responsible only to the Creator.
In a poem "Poet"(1827) the motive of the divine election of the poet also appears. And when inspiration descends, “the divine verb touches the sensitive ear,” the poet feels his chosenness, the vain amusements of the world become alien to him:
He runs, wild and harsh,
And full of sounds and confusion,
On the shores of desert waves,
In the noisy oak forests...
In the poems “To the Poet”, “The Poet and the Crowd”, Pushkin proclaims the idea of freedom and independence of the poet from the “crowd”, “rabble”, meaning by these words the “secular rabble”, people deeply indifferent to true poetry. The crowd does not see any benefit in the poet’s work, because it does not bring any material benefits:
Like the wind, his song is free,
But like the wind she is barren:
What benefit does it have to us?
This attitude of the “uninitiated” crowd irritates the poet, and he says to the crowd with contempt:
Be silent, senseless people,
Day laborer, slave of need, of worries!
I can't stand your impudent murmur,
You are a worm of the earth, not a son of heaven...
Poetry is for the elite:
We were born to inspire
For sweet sounds and prayers.
This is how Pushkin formulates the goal in whose name the poet comes into the world. “Sweet sounds” and “prayers”, beauty and God - these are the guidelines that guide him through life.
Philosophical lyrics
The subject of Pushkin's poetry has always been life itself. In his poems we will find everything: real portraits of time, and philosophical reflections on the main issues of existence, and the eternal change of nature, and the movements of the human soul. Pushkin was more than a famous poet on a global scale. He was a historian, philosopher, literary critic, great person, representing the era.
The measure of beauty for him lay in life itself, in its harmony. Pushkin felt and understood how unhappy a person was who could not build his life according to the laws of beauty. The poet’s philosophical thoughts about the meaning and purpose of existence, about life and death, about good and evil are heard in the poems “Do I wander along the noisy streets...” (1829), “The Cart of Life” (1823), “Anchar” (1828) , “Scene from Faust” (1825), “Oh no, I’m not tired of life...” and others. The poet is haunted by inevitable sadness and melancholy (“Winter Road”), tormented by spiritual dissatisfaction (“Memories”, 1828; “Faded Fun of Crazy Years”, 1830), and frightened by a premonition of impending troubles (“Premonition”, 1828).
But all these adversities did not lead to despair and hopelessness. In the poem “On the hills of Georgia lies the darkness of the night...” the poet says:
My sadness is light.
The poem “Elegy” (1830) has tragic notes in the first part
My path is sad
Promises me work and grief
The coming troubling sea...
are replaced by an impulse to live no matter what:
But, oh my friends, I don’t want to die,
I want to live so that I can think and suffer.
The poem “To Chaadaev” (1818) reflects Pushkin’s dreams of change in Russia:
Russia will wake up from its sleep,
And on the ruins of autocracy
They will write our names!
Landscape lyrics
Landscape lyrics occupy an important place in the poetic world of A. S. Pushkin. He was the first Russian poet who not only himself knew and fell in love with the beautiful world of nature, but also revealed its beauty to readers.
For Pushkin, poetry is not only a merging with the natural world, but also complete harmony, dissolved in the “eternal beauty” of this world. It is nature in its eternal cycle that creates the artist himself. “The mighty ridge of clouds is thinning,” “The daylight has gone out...”, “To the sea” and others. In the poem “The Sun of Day Has Gone Out” (1820), the poet conveys the sad state of mind of the lyrical hero, who in his memories strives for “the sad shores of his foggy homeland.” The twilight of the evening turned the sea into a “gloomy ocean”, which evokes sadness, melancholy and does not heal “former wounds of the heart.”
And in the poem “To the Sea” (1824), the poet paints the “solemn beauty” of the sea, inspiring the poet:
I loved your reviews so much
Muffled sounds, abyssal voices,
And silence in evening hour,
And wayward impulses!
The poem “Winter Morning” (1829) reflects the harmony of the state of nature and human mood. When in the evening “the blizzard was angry,” the poet’s girlfriend “sat sadly,” but with the change in the weather, the mood also changes. Here Pushkin paints a wonderful picture of a winter morning:
Under blue skies
Magnificent carpets,
Glistening in the sun, the snow lies,
The transparent forest alone turns black,
And the spruce turns green through the frost,
And the river glitters under the ice.
P. was a true poetic painter of nature; he perceived it with the keen eye of an artist and the subtle ear of a musician. In the poem “Autumn” (1833) A. S. Pushkin is polyphonic and complex, like nature itself. The poet does not like the seasons, which seem monotonous and monotonous to him. But every line that creates the image of my favorite time of year - autumn, is filled with love and admiration:
It's a sad time! charm of the eyes!
Your farewell beauty is pleasant to me -
I love the lush decay of nature,
Forests dressed in scarlet and gold...
For the poet, autumn is sweet “with its quiet beauty, humbly shining,” “of the annual times, he is glad only for it.”
Theme of friendship and love
The cult of friendship inherent in Pushkin was born at the Lyceum. Throughout the poet's life, the content and meaning of friendship changes. What brings friends together? In the poem “Feasting Students” (1814), friendship for Pushkin is a happy union of freedom and joy. Friends are united by a carefree mood. Years will pass, and in the poem<19 октября» (1825) дружба для поэта - защита от «сетей судьбы суровой» в годы одиночества. Мысль о друзьях, которых судьба разбросала по свету, помогла поэту пережить ссылку и преодолеть замкнутость
"house of the disgraced." Friendship resists the persecution of fate.
Friendship for Pushkin is spiritual generosity, gratitude, kindness. And for a poet there is nothing higher than the bonds of friendship.
My friends, our union is wonderful!
He, like a soul, is indivisible and eternal -
Unshakable, free and carefree -
He grew together under the shadow of friendly muses.
The poet had a hard time experiencing the failure of the Decembrist uprising, among whom were many of his friends and acquaintances.
Love lyrics
Pushkin is sincerity, nobility, delight, admiration, but not frivolity. Beauty for the poet is a “shrine” (poem “Beauty”).
In the Lyceum, love appears to the poet as spiritualizing suffering (“Singer”, “To Morpheus”, “Desire”).
My love's torment is dear to me -
Let me die, but let me die loving!
During the period of southern exile, love is a fusion with the elements of life, nature, a source of inspiration (poems “The flying ridge of clouds is thinning”, “Night”). Pushkin's love lyrics, reflecting the complex vicissitudes of life, joyful and sorrowful, acquire high sincerity and sincerity. The poem “I remember a wonderful moment...” (1825) is a hymn to beauty and love. The period of southern exile (May 1820 - July 1824) constitutes a new, predominantly romantic stage in the path of Pushkin the poet, which is very important for his entire further creative development. It was during these years that, in accordance with one of the main requirements of romanticism, Pushkin’s desire for “nationality” - the national originality of creativity - was growing, which was an essential prerequisite for the subsequent Pushkin “poetry of reality” - Pushkin’s realism.
The poet not only completely rejects the rational “rules” of classicism, which regulate the choice of the object of depiction, genres, and style, but also increasingly overcomes the salon-literary narrowness of Karamzin’s “new style”, as well as the conventions and cliches of the elegiac style largely associated with it Zhukovsky - Batyushkov schools; he opens up ever wider access to the national folk linguistic element - “vernacular” (see, for example, his poem “The Cart of Life”, 1823). The poet is increasingly entering his independent creative path more firmly and confidently, thereby opening a qualitatively new “Pushkin period” (in Belinsky’s terminology) in the development of Russian literature.
Sadness, separation, suffering, hopelessness accompany Pushkin’s best love poems, which reached the heights of warmth and poetry: “Don’t sing, beauty, in front of me...” (1828), “I loved you...” (1829), “On hills of Georgia..." (1829), "What's in my name for you-?.." (1830), "Farewell" (1830). These poems enchant with the overflow of truly human feelings - silent and hopeless, rejected, mutual and triumphant, but always immensely
