Bella Rosenfeld was an eighth child in an orthodox Jewish family. Her parents held a jewelry store and were quite consistent. The father was constantly immersed in Torah, the impaired and practical mother was engaged in trade. Despite the patriarchal lifestyle of the Rosenfeld family, their views were wide enough to give Bella the opportunity to get secular education. Bella studied in Moscow at the women's courses of the historian V.I. Gerier was interested in literature, theater.
Bella Rosenfeld - Wife Mark Shagal
In 1909, visiting his girlfriend, Brahman Bella met a poor young artist Masha Segal. Pensive, constantly immersed in the painting, which he considered the matter of his life, not recognized by anyone, the surrounding Moisha caused bewilderment and pity.
Bella saw in him talent and hardness of the spirit, she believed in him even then believed for life. Later he wrote: "For many years, her love covered everything I did. July 25, 1915, they got married. Bella became the first wife and the Mastern Mark Stegal.
Love theme in the work of Stegal is invariably connected with the image of Bella. With the webs of all periods of his work, including the later (after the death of Bella), her convex black eyes look at us. Her features recognizable in the faces of almost all women depicted. ("Blue lovers" 1914, "Pink lovers" 1916, "Gray lovers" 1917, "Acrobatki" 1930), characteristic of painting walked the motive of the flight, revolving, separation from reality - is often associated with the theme of love. Often, love on the canvases of Stegal is their joint with Bella Flight. ("Birthday" 1915, "Above the City" 1914-1918)
The brand characteristic of creative art was Shagal's motive as a wedding, probably, the most fully reveals the attitude of the artist to his wife. In the work of Shagal, the reality is invariably merged with the world of mystical, so the archetypical situations are of particular importance for the artist - death, birth, wedding.
M.Shagal. "Bella in White Gloves", 1915
The figure of the bride - a black-haired woman in a white dress - always air and not a bride, in her deep black eyes - admission to the secret of the universe. This is an image of realized femininity, future wife and mother. ("Wedding" of 1918, "Newlyweds on the Eiffel Tower" 1939, "Artist over Vitebsk" 1982 - 1983, "Artist and his Bride", 1980, "Wedding lights" 1945)
The mythopoethic image of Native Vitebsk was also unthinkable for Stegal without Bella. Most of the life, the artist spent on a foreign land, his hometown over time has changed beyond recognition. However, Vitebsk Stegal existed not only in his soul, but also in Bella's soul.
Birthday, 1915, New York, Museum of Contemporary Art
"It is your birthday today! Stop, do not move ... I still kept the flowers ... You pounced on the canvas, he, the poor, trembled at your hand. Tassels dipped into paints. Rolled red, blue, white, black splashes. You skidd up me in the whirlwind of the paints. And suddenly pulled off from the ground and pushed his foot himself, as if it became closely in a small room ... stretched out, rose and swam under the ceiling. So threw the head and turned my myself. So touched my ear lips and whisper ... And here we are both, in unison, slowly inquiring in a deserted room, take off up. We want a will, through window glass. There is a blue sky, the clouds are called us. "
Bella Shagal
Their common forever lost homeland was their common cherished secret, the world of their dreams. The image of a pre-revolutionary town in Belarus is displayed not only in the paintings of the brand, but also in the book of the memories of Bella walked "burning lights".
Russian translation of the book is not made from the original written in Yiddish, but from French Arrangements, but it does not reduce the artistic value of the text. Mark wrote to this book after throwing and made illustrations. "Burning lights" - imbued with nostalgia, deeply lyrical work. Like the memories of Mark Stegal "My Life", it helps to feel deeper to feel the picturesque work of the Great Master.
In a long, almost a century of life and creative biography, Mark Stegal "Women's", the topic occupied far from last. And not exaggerating, and not understood, I will say that in terms of the most beautiful women, Chagall was from men, about which they usually say: "not miss". And it belongs not only to his muse, his first wife Belle Rosenfeld, not only to Virginia Haggard, with which the artist was connected with six years of living together, not only for Valentina Brodskaya, from which Mark Zakharovich finished his earthly days, but also to his first youth hobbies.
He knew how to like the girls, to fire them, when and what should be said, and when to intrigue silence. And externally walked looked attractive.
By the age of 17-18, it was no longer a physically stuttering boy, who was constantly offended at school, and broadly, strong young man, with an air chapel, which "like wings carried him", and the profile, which was to be coined in Roman coins.
Agree, on such young people, girls necessarily pay attention.
At the beginning of the seventies, now the last century has now, when Mark Shagall, thanks to the Moscow exhibition, after a fifty-year-old break, he found himself in the Soviet Union, he met in Leningrad with the sister of Maryasy.
After two or three questions about the health and sighs about the past years, Mark Zakharovich began to ask Maryasy about his heaven girlfriends.
Marryya, although it was the youngest in the family, probably knew something about the hearts of his brother. But now, nodding on nieces and instantly by going to Yiddish, replied:
- Well, not with them, - implying that it is impossible to tell such details when children.
The nieces have long been overgrown by the Balzakovsky age, and Yiddish was not a secret for them, although they spoke on it lately they very rarely, just smiled in response. 
Mark Zakharovich hugged them by the shoulders and said:
- What are the glorious years. What a pity that you can not return to them at least on an hour.
Chagall never participated in the contests Don Juanov. (I do not know if there are such?). But if this happened, I am sure that I would take a lot of last place in such a tournament.
I'm not going to engage in archaeological excavations of the artist's personal life. And I will only tell about what he made public himself.
The first girl, whom the date appointed a date was Nina from Liosno. In the town of Mark came to his numerous relatives. There were a walk under the moon and nights together. Hot kisses. In a small town, where everything was in sight, they spoke about the city youth, who is too dare. Someone disapprovingly responded about modern ingredients, someone, with regret, thought that his own youth had long left for a long time ... But then the business walks did not go with Nina. Later, walked writing that he had success, "but he failed to use it." I think it was not regrettable in these lines, it was just a farewell smile of the past years.
Then Stegall met Annie and stubbornly looked around her for several years. From these meetings, the feelings were left, which in the mature years, Shagall expressed in words: "In amur practice, I am a complete ignorant."
By the third youthful novel with a gymnasium Olga Mark became much more decisive. "The desire burst in me, and she dreamed of eternal love." Their interests were walking along the parallel tracks, until once Mark saw Tue Brahman.
In fact, her name was Tauba. But with early youth, the girl was passionate about the art and poetry of the "Silver Century", the drama of Ibsen, the work of Hauptman. And even his name changed to Tay, trying to imitate the character from the drama Ibsen "Builder Solness".
Tay was an unusual girl even for Vitebsk, which in those years was not considered a deep province. Maybe outwardly, she did not resemble supermodel, speaking today. Lightly complete. Widewater, steep forehead, hard straight hair is braided in a thin girl's pigtail. She has big strong hands, which she always hid in his pockets. He loved to greet her hand, and if he would take her, then the little fingers would not spread.
And even, according to the statement of Bella Rosenfeld, the nearest girlfriend and classmates in the prestigious Mariinsky gymnasium, "the face is not the girl, not the guy." Although it is unlikely to seriously refer to the girlfriends. 
TEI liked a boyish company. She led himself somewhat strange. It kissed the guys on the lips, then fought with them. It was, as they say, "his boyfriend." And the jokes at the TEI were whip, juicy. The most combat guys who lived on the Dvina embankment, were afraid not so much Dogs of the Marquis, whom she always took with him how much her "sharp language."
But with his friends Tay was different. The girls believed with tenderness. Could admire the long girl's neck with a clock or beautiful hands.
TEI often changed the mood. She could sing for hours, there were funny stories without a celestial, he began to be sad - and melancholy fell on it. And then she stood for a long time at the window and watched, as the street, paved by a cobblestone, breaks to the station Polys.
Parents of TEI, Wulf Brahman and his wife, was a very welcoming and baxophone. In the evenings, interesting people often gathered here. They played scenes from performances, musicated.
At first, the center of all companies was Mom TEI. Externally tiny, fragile, trudge, alive, like a bird. Its long sweened nose was similar to the beak, the convex black eyes glistened.
She worked as a costume at the theater. The actors were often published in their house: both local and consequences of celebrities. And the musicians and artists stretched behind them. On the table there are always delicious cakes and breads that the hostess of the bake itself.
"Neighboring houses, frozers, listen to Sonata Mozart, Beethoven. Passerspit will stop under these windows, stands for a minute, drinking a melody, and, who's fascinated, will go to his expensive, "the last-light visitor of Bella Rosenfeld wrote in his book. 
Love for music was transferred to children. And all three sons are musitis: who is on a violin who is on the piano, and Tay's herself played well on the piano. Although in the choice of the profession of sons went in the footsteps of the Father. Boris became a pharmacist, and Rouvim, or, as he later began to be called Ruben, was to the Great Patriotic War, the head physician of the Vitebsk infectious hospital.
The head of the family Wulf Brahman worked at the Red Cross pharmacy. But in the city he was considered a doctor, and the patients sought to get to him. He picked up the right medicine, gave a good word for a farewell. Satisfied relatives complained to the visit of the Filling.
Loved him and peasants. I came even from remote villages, especially in bazaar days. In the evenings, Wulf Brahman traveled with visits at home. Tay often helped him in work, especially when he took patients at home. She knew that such an open and purulent wounds was able to do dressings and calm patients.
True, in the evening home companies, Wulf Brahman rarely took part. Maybe because it was invisible against the background of his wife.
A small one-storey house of Brahmanov, who decorates a lot of colors and where many songs of birds lived, became a permanent place for the collection of bean friends. Here loved to look at the Avicdor, or, speaking into Russian Floor, Viktor Meclole, the son of a wealthy merchant, who dreamed of the artist's career.
Meclerge and walked well knew each other, were classmates. And when Mecler saw that the drawing and painting had a progress, he asked the brand to give him lessons. Promised money for it. From the money Chagall refused. "We are better friends," he answered.
Once, Victor suggested to look in the evening to the house to Brahmanam. Mecler loved to be in sight, loved to pay attention to him. The brand he wanted to imagine a bohemian company as a season of season, a talented artist who draws at home on the stove, and when he gets off her, the sisters snatch from his hands and littered them instead of rugs on freshly leaned floors. Probably beautiful, charming, "correctly" the brought up Mecloler was sure that the "place" Chagall will benefit the company and only. But female psychology has such riddles that it is impossible to understand elementary logic. Tae liked Mark, or it will be more correctly Moses. Mark, the artist became only in France, choosing his own alias on the European. Tay saw in a young artist's rare naturalness in their companies. It did not have a gram of a chance, no gram of false. He said what thought. Sometimes it sounded naive. But Tay enthusiastically caught every word.
Probably, the passion for Chagalom was to some extent inner protest against the manners, which was considered a good tone in "decent" companies, and at the same time, TE wanted to be near the young artist. I wanted to help the brand, participate in his affairs.
And Tae liked the thin lips of the brand. When he laughed, they could not cover her mouth and teeth. The same subtle lips were her mother and her mother.
"This is a hereditary," Tay said. - And you, probably, we are a relative ... or my soul. "
Mark interested the house in which he got, a company that surrounded him. It did not often have to be in homes where people gathered, easily juggling with such words as the "scene", "painting", "Romance" ...
Tay Mark drew attention immediately. But it was more curiosity. The girl was unusually dress. Her outfits were far from fashion, so the artistic bohemia was rather dressed. For example, I could put on a blouse that my grandmothers was worn or even great-grandmothers. These outfits brought mom from the theater. But everything harmonized: the girl had a great taste.
One day, Mark heard Tay speaks German. Not a god message what achievement for the gymnasics. Mark knew Yiddish, Russian, able to read in Hebrew. He did not have to face German, and it seemed that the girl owns this language as his relatives. Then he heard the verses with a restrained voice reading. She remembered a lot of poems, all literary innovations. Mark found out that Tay and herself writes poems. When she danced, Mark drew attention to her slim, strong legs.
Where is the border that separates curiosity from affection? And do we notice themselves when we go?
Mark changed his daily route. Previously, to get to the city center, he walked to the attribution area, and he kept the path to the bridge through Dvina. Now he walked around the street, on which Tay lived. And did it specifically to see her again.
In the evenings, they walked along the shore of Dvina. Mark told about the lessons he takes from Apuda Pan. She talked about the artist who seemed strange to everyone. And Tay said that the artist is not only a profession, this is the state of the soul. There are few real artists, and they always seem strange.
In the autumn of 1906, Tay went to St. Petersburg. She did learn from the famous women's Bestuzhev courses. Young people rewrote. Tay, who possessed a considerable literary talent, told about the capital of the Russian Empire and the artistic and artistic life that literally burst in St. Petersburg. And who knows that he played a decisive role when in the winter of 1906-1907 Mark Shagal, together with Viktor Meclole, went to study in St. Petersburg. Although Chagall himself wrote that the initiator of the trip was Victor, but if the TEI was not in St. Petersburg, would Mark would be so insistently to ask the father from his father for this trip or would quietly reconcile with a provincial life?
If Victor and Tay, having material support of parents, could not think about food, and walk on theaters, attend exhibitions, interested in novelties of literature, then Mark had not sweet in the capital city. The entire cash supply took away from the house was 27 rubles accumulated in the family "for a black day". Otherwise it was possible to count only on ourselves.
Initially, Chagall followed a residence permit in St. Petersburg, which was not given to all the Jews. It was necessary to be an academician or at least to be listed in his servant, to be an artisan or as a last resort of a merchant agent. Mark's father agreed at first with one merchant, and he helped get the necessary paper. On the recommendation of his teacher, Apudel Pan Mark receives the work of the retoucher at the Jaffa photographer. Thank God with such work he was familiar in Vitebsk. Then Shagall tried to draw signs, but this undertaking was not successful. The owners of stores and shops did not see the future celebrity in it and called his arts "Maznei". In the end, the patron and lawyer Goldberg took Stegal under his guardianship, assuring the authorities that hire him as servants.
Mark begins to study at school in Nikolai Roerich. The works of the young artist are noticed, and he is awarded a small scholarship. Then goes to learn to Lion Baksta. Chagall slowly mastered in the capital. And, I think that the confidence was attached to Tay, who said: "Do not throw painting. You are talented. It is necessary to go through difficulties - and success will come to you. " The words of the girl who Mark trusted his secrets, encouraged him. They walked along the embankment washing. Tay read poems block. Chagall talked about the artist Gaen. And one day admitted: "I want to draw a naked woman. But I have no money for simators. " And Tay, leaning, replied: "I will be your simulator."
She came to a small room under the staircase, in which the artist lived and who was his workshop. Understanding, however, at the same time, asking Mark turns away, and sat on the couch with the focused mattress.
- Are you sleeping here? She asked surprised.
But Chagall did not hear her words. He stood, afraid to turn and look at Tay.
"Artist, draw," Tia said, said. - How do I need to sit down?
Chagall turned and began to look at Tay. He could not take a glance from the bending of the shoulder, from the chest ...
Tay caught his gaze, and the blush made his way on her face.
"Hold the curtains," she asked.
"No need," Mark replied.
Through a small window in the room did not get bright sunlight, but still his presence was felt. And the blush on the face of the TEI was the same color as the old paint, which was added a slightly eloch.
- Will you draw? - Now timidly asked Tay.
"Yes, of course," Mark touched his eyes from the girl and began to quickly squeeze out of the tubes to the easel of paints.
Once Chagall surprised his first teacher Pan, drawing an old man-Jew with one green paint. Now he was going to draw a Tay in a reddish-yellow gamma.
"Put your head on a roller, and the hands thump behind the head," said Mark.
Tay has repeatedly came to Chagall. Posted to him. And I think that a series of works "Nude" appeared in 1908-1909 thanks to Tee Brahman.
Later Bella will write how Tay convinced her:
- You see, we must help them. You do not imagine, under what conditions they have to work. In the family of their classes do not approve. Software to take no place - too expensive. And here we can help them - we can pose for etudes ... Study of naked nature ...
Both Tay, and Mark often came to Vitebsk. In the fall of 1909, during one of the Vitebsk Vitebsk, Mark first saw Bella Rosenfeld, who at that time he studied in one of the best educational institutions for girls - Gerier school in Moscow. In those days, after rest in Germany, she was also in Vitebsk.
It happened in the house in TEI. However, nobody will tell him better than Stegal himself:
"TEI at home I was lying on the sofa in the office of her father-doctor. Updated with wiped, places with a hole with a black glue, the sofa stood at the window.
It can be seen, the doctor laid for him for examination of patients: pregnant women or just patients suffering from stomach, heart, headaches.
I went to my back, putting my hands under the head, and thoughtfully looked at the ceiling, the door, the edge of the sofa, where Tay was sidewged.
We must wait. Tay is busy: cotton in the kitchen, prepares dinner - fish, bread, butter, - and her huge fat psyss is spinning under her feet.
I chose this place on purpose to, when Tay is suitable for kissing me, stretch your hands to meet her.
Call. Who is it?
If the father, you have to get off the sofa and hide.
So who is it?
No, just Teina Girlfriend. It comes and chatting with TEY. I do not go out. Rather, I go out, but a girlfriend sits back to me and does not see.
I have some strange feeling.
An annoying thing was disturbed and moved hope to wait when Tay is suitable.
But this similarity was the girlfriend, her melodic, as if from another world, the voice of what I worry me.
Who is she? Right, I'm scared. No, you need to approach, speak.
But she is already saying goodbye. It goes, barely looking at me.
We are taired and we go to walk. And on the bridge again we encounter her girlfriend.
She is alone, quite alone.
With her, not with Tay, and with her, I must be, - suddenly illuminates me!
She is silent, I, too. She looks - oh, her eyes! - I, too. As if we have long been familiar, and she knows everything: my childhood, my present life and what will happen to me; As if he always watched me, was somewhere near, although I saw her for the first time.
And I understood: this is my wife.
Eyes shine on a pale face. Large, high, black! These are my eyes, my soul.
Tay Vamig became someone else's indifferent "...
Youth, youth ... Time when life seems eternal, and decisions are taken instantly.
Mark and Tay have seen more than once. But now Bella was between them.
Do Mark Chagall remember, already being a world famous artist, about his first youthful love? Of course! And although without general words that the first love by the end of the days "lives" in each of us, it's not to do here, I want this well-known truth to reinforce some facts.
Selma Rubenovna Brahman lives in Moscow. She is a professor, teaches at the Higher Theater School. Shchepkin at the Small Theater in Moscow, the author of many books and articles. Selma Rubenovna - TEI Brahman's niece.
I recently got a letter from Moscow. This is what Selma Brahman writes: "When Tay was already aged, the daughter of Marc Chagall unexpectedly declared, which was likely to, on behalf of the Father, the world famous celebrity and a millionaire. And Tay (perfect in his spirit) gave a pack of letters to her Mark Stegal - just like that, without understanding the material value of this relic. In response, the daughter of Stegal sent her black cashmere shawl from Paris and a book about Shagale, released by her son-in-law ... "
The daughter of Marka Shagal Ida was twice in the Soviet Union: in 1959 and 1963. Perhaps during one of her arrings and a visit to Tee Brahman took place. I will not comment on the style of the author. Probably, the word "claimed" was the answer to the "generous" gift sent from Paris - Cashmere Shawl and a book about the artist.
Of course, Ida could learn about the letters written before her birth (although I do not exclude that the correspondence continued after marriage), only from the Father. And if the artist more than half a century decided to pick up letters (and it was not easy to do it, they still lived in the neighborhood!), Therefore, there were lines that were not intended for foreign eyes and auctions "Sotbis" and could somehow influence The perfect picture of the life of Mark and Bella.
We assume that these letters are now stored in the artist's archive in St. Paul de Vansa.
How was the future life of TEI Brahman? Some pages of her biography are known from the research director of the House-Museum Marka Stegal in Vitebsk Lyudmila Khmelnitsky. She managed to find documents that were published in the "Museum Bulletin of Mark Shagal" No. 2, 2000 (November).
"In the active social life of Tay Brahman, he was involved in December 1918. In just created in Vitebsk, a proletarian university, she began to lecture, was the head of the seminar and performed the responsibilities of the secretary. Later, she moved to the post of instructor out-of-school submissions of Witgubnarraz (sorry, I myself hardly read this word -A.Sh.) and the instructor submissions of arts on museum construction. As noted in the archive document, "At the same time, it continued to lead lecture and teaching work in evening schools for adults, in music schools and circles, reading the course on the history of literature and the Russian public and lecture course on the oral Russian folk art."
Being since October 1919 to December 1920, the instructor of the museum section at submissions of the arts, Tay Brahman was engaged in "work on inventory and classification of collections of artistic archaeological gippers and the Fedorovich Museum."
... Intensive and diverse social activities of TEI Brahman in Vitebsk ends at the end of December 1920 with her departure "to Moscow at the disposal of the drugproof."
These years, and more specifically, in 1918, Mark Shagal is appointed authorized on arts in Vitebsk; His submission is museums, art education and theater.
And in 1920, Mark Chagall leaves for Moscow. At first he ... then she ...
It may be, this is only another chronological coincidence in the biographies of Mark and TEI, but how to pay attention to it.
In Moscow, Tay stayed for a long time. Maybe because Mark lived there for a long time - only two years. The artist leaves first in Kaunas, then was Berlin, Paris. And Tay comes back to St. Petersburg.
"To thirty years, the crowd of her fans scattered, but one heaven everyone, and she married him. It was a man of a completely different circle, Grigory Zakharovich Gurvich, before the revolution, a modest banking officer who turned into a merchant during the NEP years - these are rows from the letters of Selma Brahman. "He had a huge apartment on the caravan street, then populated by various tenants, including the family of the older brother TEI - Boris. So Tay with her daughter Guild remained in two adjacent rooms. Grigory Zakharovich constantly drove on some commercial affairs, sent his wife an expensive inlaid furniture of the red tree and different rarities, and she often sat without a piece of bread. "
The daughter of TEI was sick tuberculosis. Yes, and externally, it was not attractive, suffered by strabismus. Tay imagined that the girl has a musical talent. Perhaps mom was not allowed to quietly live genes, and she believed that in their family everything should be talents, people creative, gifted by nature. But, apparently, God ordered differently. Tay made the daughter of the day long to sit at the piano. She did not even go to a common school. But the guild music career turned out to be a mother's fantasy. So stretched until the war. In 1941, Tay with his daughter was evacuated to Tyumen.
After removing the blockade, the family returned to Leningrad. They were given a room in a communal service on the Petrograd side. Tay taught in some fire department, Grigory Zakharovich sick and soon died. Guild hardly got a lab in some kind of hospital laboratory. The family was betented, but Tay was still Vitala in the clouds and did not complain about.
After the death of Mother, Guild sold a book about Marche Chagale. Remember, the one that was sent from Paris in gratitude for the package of letters in which Shagali wrote Tay about his feelings. And the money bought a winter coat, which she did not have.
The guild was courageously held, honestly worked, she was respected by colleagues.
... At the funeral of the guild there were a lot of people and many colors.
... The scarca residues of the Skarba Family Brahman-Gurwich disassembled the neighbors on a communal service.
Here is such a sad finale in this story ...
Arkady Schulman
Publications used drawings Mark Stegal
Minchenok Dmitry. - Writer, playwright. Born in 1971. He graduated from Gitis. For many years I wrote stories and essays for the "MK-Sunday", later on the basis of these plots the book "43 love stories from the famous people of the planet was released." In 1997, he won the competition of playwrights of Germans and the Baltic States with a play "Who are you, Madame?" And in 1998, the play was put by Nikolai Pinigin in the Vitebsk Academic Theater named after Yakub Kolas. The performance became the winner of the festival of modern dramaturgy in Belarus. Based on his unnecessary novel, "Mysterious Mrs. Nerm" wrote a play, which was set in 2001 at the Moskovsky theater of the stage called "Farewell, Marlene, Hello."
D. Minchenka belongs to the scenario of several television documentaries of the First Channel, TV channels "Russia" and "Culture". Together with Olga Dubinsk, he wrote a book-essay about the modern and ancient Abkhazia "Dreams about Apsna". D. MINECHNOK is a winner of the Irina Arkhipov Foundation Prize and Vladislav Poyavko and the owner of the silver medal for the book about Isaac Dunaevsky in the Zhzl series, published in 2008.
Movysha Hatskelevich (subsequently Moses Hatskelevich and Mark Zakharovich) Shagal Born on June 24 (July 6), 1887 in the Vitebsk district of Vitebsk district, was a senior child in the family of Clap Khackel Mordukhovich (Davidovich) Shagal (1863-1921) and his wife Feigi-Itterevna Chernina (1871-1915). He had one brother and five sisters. Parents got married in 1886 and accounted for each other with cousins \u200b\u200band sisters. Grandfather of the artist, Dovid Yeselevich Shagal (in documents also Dovid-Mordhu Ioselievich Sagal, 1824-?), It took place from the town of Babinovichi of the Mogilev province, and in 1883 it settled with sons in the town of Dobromysli of the Orsha district of the Mogilev province, so in the "Lists of immovable owners Property of the city of Vitebsk »Father of the artist Hatskel Mordowovich Chagall recorded as" Dobromyssland Motor "; The mother of the artist came from Liozino. Chagalov's family since 1890 belonged to a wooden house on a large Pokrovskaya Street in the 3rd part of Vitebsk (significantly expanded and rebuilt in 1902 with eight apartments for delivery). A significant part of the childhood Mark Chagall also held in the house of his grandfather on the mother line Mendel Chernina and his wife Bashevi (1844-?, Grandmothers of the artist from the Father), who by that time lived in the town of Liozino 40 km from Vitebsk. Received traditional Jewish education at home, having studied the Hebrew, Torah and Talmud. From 1898 to 1905, Chagall studied in the 1st Vitebsk four-class school. In 1906 he studied the visual arts in the art school of the Vitebsky painter, Judel Pan, then moved to St. Petersburg. In St. Petersburg, for two seasons, Shagall was engaged in the drawing school of the Society for the promotion of art, which was headed by N. K. Rerich (he was taken to school without an exam on the third course). In 1909-1911, it continues to occupies from L. S. Baksta in the private art school E. N. Zvantseva. Thanks to his Vitebsk friend, Viktor Meclera and Tee Brahman, the daughter of the Vitebsk doctor, who also studied in St. Petersburg, Mark Chagall entered the circle of young intelligentsia, enthusiastic art and poetry. The Brahman's Teast was educated and a modern girl, several times she posed Shagalu naked. In the fall of 1909, during his stay in Vitebsk, the Tagged Marka Stegal with his girlfriend Berthi (Bellah) Rosenfeld, who at that time he studied in one of the best educational institutions for girls - Gerier school in Moscow. This meeting was decisive in the fate of the artist. "With her, not with the they, and I should be with her - suddenly illuminates me! She is silent, I, too. She looks - Oh, her eyes! - I, too. As if we have long been familiar, and she knows everything: my childhood, my present life, and what will happen to me; As if he always watched me, was somewhere near, although I saw her for the first time. And I understood: this is my wife. Eyes shine on a pale face. Large, convex, black! These are my eyes, my soul. Thia of the Namig became someone else's indifferent. I entered the new house, and he became my forever "(Mark Chagall," My Life "). Love theme in the work of Stegal is invariably connected with the image of Bella. With the webs of all periods of his creativity, including the later (after the death of Bella), her "convex black eyes" are watching us. Her features recognizable in the faces of almost all women depicted.
In 1911, walked on the received scholarship went to Paris, where he continued to learn and met with those who lived in the French capital by artists and avant-garde poets. Here he first began using the personal name Mark. In the summer of 1914, the artist arrived in Vitebsk to meet his relatives and see Bella. But the war began and the return to Europe was postponed indefinitely. On July 25, 1915, a wedding of Stegal with Bella took place. In 1916, they had a daughter of Ida, subsequently became a biographer and researcher creativity of his father. In September 1915, Shagal went to Petrograd, he entered the service to the Military Industrial Committee. In 1916, Shagall joined the Jewish society for the promotion of art, in 1917 with his family returned to Vitebsk. After the revolution, he was appointed by the Authorized Commissioner for the Arts of the Vitebsk Province. On January 28, 1919, the Vitebsk Art School was opened by Chagall.
In 1920, Shagal went to Moscow, settled in the "House with Lions" at the corner of Likhov Luga and Sadovaya. On the recommendation of A. M. Efrosa settled to work in the Moscow Jewish Chamber Theater under the leadership of Alexey Granovsky. He took part in the art decoration: first painted wall paintings for the audience and lobby, and then costumes and scenery, including "Love on stage" with a portrait of a "ballet pair". In 1921, the Granovsky Theater opened with the play "Evening Shole Aleichema" in the design of Stegal. In 1921, Mark Shagal worked as a teacher in the Moscow region of the Jewish Labor School-Colony "III International" for streets in Malakhovka. In 1922, together with his family, he left first to Lithuania (his exhibition was held in Kaunas), and then to Germany. In the fall of 1923, at the invitation of Ambruz Vollar, the Shagal family went to Paris. In 1937, Shagal received French citizenship.
In 1941, the leadership of the Museum of Contemporary Art in New York invited Shagal to move from France controlled by the Nazis in the United States, and in the summer of 1941, the Shagal family came to New York. After the end of the war, Shagali decided to return to France. However, on September 2, 1944, Bella died from Sepsis in a local hospital; Nine months later, the artist wrote two paintings in memory of his beloved wife: "Wedding lights" and "next to her." Relations with Virginia McNill-Haggard, the daughter of the former British Consul in the United States, began when Chagall was 58 years old, Virginia - 30 with a little. They had a son David (in honor of one of the Schagal brothers) McNill. In 1947, Chagall arrived with his family to France. Three years later, Virginia, taking a son, unexpectedly ran away from him with her lover.
On July 12, 1952, Chagall married Wave - Valentina Brodskaya, the owner of the London Salon of Fashion and the daughter of the famous manufacturer and Sakharo Zavar of Lazarus Brodsky. But the muse of the whole life remained only Bella, he refused to talk about her before death, as the dead. In 1960, Mark Shagal became the winner of the Erasmus Prize. Since the 1960s, Chagalls became mostly moved to monumental arts - mosaic, stained glass windows, choplaresters, and was also carried away by sculpture and ceramics. In the early 1960s, at the request of the government of Israel, a mosaic and choplares for the Parliament building in Jerusalem had created. After that success, he received many orders for the design of Catholic, Lutheran temples and synagogue throughout Europe, America and Israel. In 1964, Chagall painted the plander of the Paris Grand Opera commissioned by the President of France Charles de Gaulle, in 1966 he created two panels for the Metropolitan Opera in New York, and Chicago decorated the building of the National Bank with a mosaic "four time of the year" (1972). In 1966, Shagall moved to the house built specifically for him, which served simultaneously and the workshop located in the province of Nice - Saint-Paul-de-Vance.
In 1973, at the invitation of the Ministry of Culture of the Soviet Union, Leningrad and Moscow visited Shagharad. He was organized by an exhibition in the Tretyakov Gallery. The artist presented the Tretyakovka and the museum of the arts. A.S. Pushkin's work. In 1977, Mark Chagall was awarded the highest award of France - the Big Cross of the Honorary Legion, and in 1977-1978 an exhibition of works by the artist in Louvre was arranged, timed to the 90th anniversary of the artist. Contrary to all the rules, the works of another living author were put up in the Louvre. Chagall died on March 28, 1985 at the 98th year of life in Saint-Paul de Vanas. Buried on the local cemetery. Until the end of the life, the "Vitebsk" motifs were traced in his work. There is a "Chagal Committee", which includes four of its heir. There is no full catalog of the artist.
Shagal Mark Zakharovich (1887-1985) - an artist of Jewish origin, which worked in Russia and in France. He was engaged in painting, graphics, scenography, was fond of writing poems on Yiddish. He is a bright representative of avant-garde in the arts of the twentieth century.
Children's and Youth Years
The present name is Mark Stegal - Moses. He was born on July 6, 1887 on the outskirts of the city of Vitebsk (now this Republic of Belarus, and at that time, the Vitebsk province belonged to the Russian Empire). In the family he was the first child.
Father, Shagal Khackkel Mordowovich (Davidovich), worked as a clerk. Mom, Feigi, Mendelevna Chernina, was engaged in homemaking and raising children. Father with mother among themselves was a cousin and sister. Mark had another five younger sisters and brother.
Most of the childhood Mark spent her grandparents. Primary education, as was customary from the Jews, received at home. At the age of 11, Shagal became the student of the 1st Vitebsk four-class school. From 1906 he studied painting at Vitebsk artist Apuda Pan, who kept his own school of visual art.
Petersburg
Mark really wanted to learn further art, he asked his father to give him money to study in St. Petersburg. He threw the son of 27 rubles, poured myself tea and smugly swaying, said that there is no more and a penny he will no longer come.
In St. Petersburg, Mark began to study in the drawing school of the Society for the promotion of art, where two seasons were engaged. This school was led by the Russian artist Nikolai Roerich, Shagal took on the third course without passing exams.
After the drawing school, he continued to study painting in a private school. Two of his Vitebsk friends also studied in St. Petersburg, thanks to them, Mark began to enter the circle of young intellectuals, poets and artists. Chagall lived very poorly, he had to earn a day and night, working as a retoucher.
Here in St. Petersburg, Chagall wrote his two first famous paintings "Death" and "Birth". And then the brand appeared the first admirer of creativity - the lawyer famous at the time and the State Duma deputy Vinaver M. M. He acquired two canvases from a novice artist and gave a scholarship to travel to Europe.
Paris
So in 1911, the brand was able to go to Paris to the received scholarship, where he was acquainted with the avant-garde creativity of European poets and artists. Shagall fell in love with this city immediately, he called Paris by the second Vitebsk.
During this period, despite the brightness and uniqueness of his work, in the paintings of the brand there is a subtle thread of the influence of Picasso. The work of Shagala began to exhibit in Paris, and in 1914 his personal exhibition in Berlin was supposed to be held. Before that significant in the life of the artist, Mark decided to go on vacation to Vitebsk, especially since his sister married. He went for three months, and stayed for 10 years, everything turned over the World War I began to overside.
Life in Russia
In 1915, Mark was an employee of the National Industrial Committee of St. Petersburg. In 1916, he worked in the Jewish society to promote art. After 1917, Shagal went to Vitebsk, where he was appointed to the post of authorized commissariat for arts in the Vitebsk province.
In 1919, Mark contributed to the opening of the artistic school in Vitebsk.
In 1920, the artist moved to Moscow, where she got a job in the Jewish chamber theater. He was an artistic designer, first Mark painted the walls in the lobby and the audiences, then made sketches of scenic costumes and scenery.
In 1921, he got a job in the Jewish labor-colony school for street children, which was located in Malakhovka. Mark worked there by the teacher.
All this time, he did not cease to create, from under his brush, such a world famous canvas came out:
- "I and my village";
- "Calvary";
- "Birthday";
- "Stroll";
- "Above the city";
- "White Crucifix".
Life abroad
In 1922, with his wife and daughter, Shagall emigrated from Russia, first they left for Lithuania, then to Germany. In 1923, the family moved to Paris, where after 14 years the artist gave the citizenship of France.
In the period of World War II, at the invitation of the American Museum of Contemporary Art, he left in the United States away from the occupied Nazi France, he returned to Europe only in 1947.
In 1960, the artist awarded the Erasmus Prize.
From the mid-1960s, walked with mosaic and stained glass windows, sculpture, trellis, ceramics. He painted the Parliament of Jerusalem and the Paris Grand Opera, the Metropolitan Opera in New York and the National Bank in Chicago.
In 1973, Mark came to the USSR, where he visited Moscow and Leningrad, his exhibition took place in the Tretyakovo, he gave the gallery several of his works.
In 1977, Chagall received the highest French award - the Big Cross of the Honorary Legion. In the year 90th anniversary of Shagal, the exhibition of his works was held in the Louvre.
Mark died in France on March 28, 1985, where he was buried at the graveyard of the Provencal town of Saint-Paul-de-Vans.
Personal life
In 1909, in Vitebsk a friend of Shagala, Tela Brahman introduced him to his girlfriend Berta Rosenfeld. On the first second of the dating, he realized that this girl was all his eyes for him, his soul. He was sure immediately that his wife had before him. He gently called her Bella, she became for him the only and unique muse. From the date of their acquaintance, the topic of love occupied in the work of Stegal's main place. Bella features can be found in almost all the artist's pictures.
In 1915, they got married, and in the next 1916 their baby Ida appeared.
Bella was the main love in his life, after her death in 1944, he forbade everyone to talk about her in the past time, as if she had come down somewhere and would come back.
The second wife of Shagal became Virginia McNill Haggard, she gave birth to the artist of David's son. But in 1950 they broke up.
In 1952, Mark married the third time. His wife VAVA - Valentina Brodskaya - owned in London Fashion salon.
She is a daughter of a rich jeweler, he is the son of the herd dealer. She is an incredible spiritualized beauty, studies the work of Dostoevsky and plays in the theater from Stanislavsky. He is not too pretty, an unknown experimenter artist who is only looking for his artistic face, teacher and himself. Two different worlds were so close as love broke out between them forever joined these people and created a completely unique, distinctive art that could not be written in any direction - the phenomenon of the world of the wizard Mark Stegal.
This is a fantastic, surreal, heavenly letter of the painter, in whose paintings people fly, cows play on violins, green and blue dyed houses as if they are sailing somewhere in the amazing world of his fantasies. Schedule, painter, scene, poet, illustrator, master of monumental and applied art types. Mark Chagall is one of the most famous representatives of the global artistic avant-garde of the XX century.
It all started in the city of Vitebsk in 1909, in the summer. They accidentally met then the girl washed in the mouse (he sounded the name Stegala sounded before his arrival in Paris), in the Tei Brahman. The theya picked him nude, and he was lowned her and inspired her first fantastic female figures without clothes. It is difficult to imagine which way the work of Stegal would have moved if there were no nineteen-year-old Bella Rosenfeld, who accidentally went to his girlfriend, to tell about his impressions from a foreign trip. Moisha lay on the couch, where Dr. Brahman usually examined his patients. And suddenly I saw Bert. Their eyes met ...
They immediately understood that they were created for each other. Later, already walking with the theee in the city, Shagal again saw this girl. She stood lonely on the bridge, at that most bridge from which he had already looked at the water and the sky, inventing unusual plots of his paintings.
In his book, burning lights Bella will describe his first meeting with Chagall: "I do not dare to raise my eyes and meet him look. His eyes are now greenish gray, the colors of the sky and water. I swim in them, like in the river. "
In the autobiographical book "My Life" Mark Chagall will draw about the same picture: "... she is silent, I, too. She looks - oh, her eyes! - I, too. As if we have long been familiar, and she knows everything: my childhood, my present life and what will happen to me; As if he always watched me, was somewhere near, although I saw her for the first time. And I understood: this is my wife. Eyes shine on a pale face. Large, convex, black! These are my eyes, my soul ... ".
A year later, they declared themselves with the bride and groom, but they got married only four years old, because Moses went to St. Petersburg, and then to Paris to look for himself and his place in art. Berta (the first name Bella) unconditionally took his decision and waited for him all these years communicating with her beloved in gentle and romantic letters. She understood him until the depth and knew that he would definitely return.
Somehow he told her that he was born dead. Yes, doctors could not wake up life in it, pierced needles, slapped on the buttocks. And he, stillborn, was, as if the "white bubble, which was whipped by the pictures of Shagal." In that area of \u200b\u200bVitebsk, where he was born at that time, terrible fires broke out. The flammable wooden houses broke out one after another, like matches, and a guinea with a child, urgently moved to a safe place to the other end of the city. "Since then, I am drawn to change places!" - he explained the bride. But Bella understood them another: he, as a stillborn child, should certainly find and wake in himself the artist Mark Shagal, whose paintings were in it already when he was born. And for this little gray and boring Russia, you need a bright, creative Paris. And let him go, in his heart forever tied to himself.
They both immediately understood that this is a real love that happens, perhaps, only once in life and which will change them forever. Bella could become a famous actress, a writer, a philologist, but she chose the path of the genius - Mark Stegal, taking all the associated difficulties. She and her presence largely determined the artistic world of his canvases. In almost all of his paintings, one way or another is Bella or part of their common happy family world.
"Everything can be changed in life and in art, and everything will change when we get rid of shame, pronouncing the word love. It is real art: that's all my craftsmanship, and my whole religion. "
In 1915, Moses Chagall and Berta Rosenfeld got married, despite the unwillingness of the relatives of the bride to take in the family of a poor artist from the family of a simple merchant. But this marriage was for the artist with a real creative impetus, he was overwhelmed and practically created Stegal again. From now on, all or almost all of his paintings are devoted to Belle. He flies with her so high in the sky that all his earthly attachment, houses, fences and bridges, cows and horses, are also beginning to soar over their favorite fabulous Vitebsk.
And even the revolution is painted for walked into some fabulous paints, he opens up the school of arts, becomes authorized on art business in the Vitebsk province. Now he could create decrees in the field of new art and turned. In one of the decrees of October 16, 1918, it was written: "To all persons and institutions with easels, it is proposed to transfer those for the temporary order of the Art Commission for the decoration of the city of Vitebsk to the first anniversary of the October Revolution." Yes, hello the revolution of words and sounds! Revolution of new colors! They painted the houses of Vitebsk in the Spirit of the Wizard Stegal: On a white background, green and blue circles, orange squares, blue rectangles. And on the main square above the state institution, a flag was developed with the image of a person on a green horse and the inscription: "Shagal-Vitebsk".
Bella took it his temporary hobby of the area of \u200b\u200bSoviet art, she was next to him, with his students, sharing his hot thirst for life and all of that new, which brought the revolution.
But Casimir Malevich appeared in Vitebsk with his squares and suprematism and called Stegal to the outdated artist. He suppressed him with his even more radical revolutionary, arguing that new art should be impossible, and in the pictures of Stegal, although flying with twisted heads, but quite real recognizable people, cows and horses. And at home and fences, carpets and bouquets. In short, all this meshchansky outdated world. Arguing in this way, Malevich lured to his school all students of Shagal.
Maybe it happened to happily, because it would be if Mark Chagall really became a revolutionary artist and began to truly, and not for his own fantasy to serve Bolshevik art. And so, Malevich, essentially saved Stegal for world art and for his own unique and fabulous poetics ...
In 1922, together with his wife, Chagall goes to Paris. Then the famous artist in 1941 in the last flight will fly out of Paris in the United States. Good luck accompanies his salvation (although the paintings were demonstratively burned in Germany and then in Paris during the occupation) and glory, as if an angel keeper was constantly behind the shoulder. This angel was for him Bella's beloved wife. She gave him a daughter to go and divided everything related not only with questions to the content of his work: "Why is his cow green, and the horse flies into the sky?" But also quite material associated with money, hunger and disease.
But in 1944, when Paris was already liberated and the spouse gathered to return to France, herself suddenly fell ill. At that time, the drugs were allocated only to the army and Save Bell Chagal doctors could not. She died…
The artist seemed that the sky had collapsed on him with all the severity of hopelessness. With Bella, the main part of his soul died. Nine months he did not take in the hands of the brush, paints, pastel ... And then I realized that love did not die, she lives in his heart. And he will never lose her, because its main purpose is to live in his canvases. And again entered his river, the flow of pure lyrics, which some researchers are called "the poem in paints and lines." Poem about love ...
Once, in childhood, the spelling predicted Shaghau his future: "There is an unusual life awaits you, you will love one extraordinary woman and two ordinary. And die in flight. "
Schagal, really, there were two more women, whom he may loved. But the female image, soaring with him over the Eternal Vitebsk, who became for him and Paris remained the same. This was all the same first and only his love - Bella. And he died in flight in the literal and figurative sense of the word. In an incessant creative flight in the elevator of his house, which carried him on the second floor in his workshop on March 28, 1985.
