Abbreviations ARI and ARVI ( acute respiratory disease And acute respiratory viral infection) are one of the most common diagnoses that a local doctor or pediatrician can make when, upon examination of a patient, characteristic symptoms of inflammation of the respiratory tract are observed. Both terms indicate the presence of inflammation occurring in acute form in the respiratory department respiratory system person.
The development of acute respiratory infections causes any infection capable of affecting the ciliated epithelium of the respiratory tract. The main method of infection is inhalation of air containing an infectious agent. An exception may be an adenoviral infection, for which an oral route of administration is possible (for example, with water).
ARIs are widespread in the most different countries the world, they affect representatives of different social groups, people of different gender, age, race. They account for a third of the total annual incidence. For example, on average per year, adults get sick with the flu or other acute respiratory infections more than twice, schoolchildren or students 3 or more times, and children attending preschool institutions get sick 6 times.
The difference between acute respiratory infections and acute respiratory viral infections is key reason causing the disease. In the case of ARVI, it is a viral infection. The list of main causes of respiratory diseases most often includes the following:
- Hypothermia;
- Bacterial infection (including chronic);
- Viral infection;
- Allergic reaction to the action of foreign substances.
The separation of ARVI from the group of respiratory diseases is primarily due to the difference in the pathogenesis and treatment of these diseases. However, p According to many authors, ARVI accounts for about 90-92% of morbidity in the structure of acute respiratory infections.
Brief characteristics of pathogens of acute respiratory infections
The development of acute respiratory infection occurs due to bacteria and viruses belonging to various families and genera, as well as mycoplasmas and chlamydia. Possible combinations in the form:
- Virus-virus infection,
- Virus-bacterial infection,
- Virus-mycoplasma infection.
The clinical picture of such forms of acute respiratory infections may have similar manifestations with varying severity of the disease and spread of infection.
The greatest contribution to the overall incidence of acute respiratory infections is made by a viral infection, which is caused by:
- Respiratory syncytial viruses.
Damage to local immunity and the development of inflammation of the respiratory organs can provoke further development bacterial:
- (calls out "typical");
- Respiratory and.
influenza virus, depending on the season and the prevalence of a particular type, it may contribute 20-50% contribution to the overall incidence of respiratory diseases. He belongs to the family orthomyxoviruses, the genome of which consists of RNA molecules, is distinguished by the presence on its surface of neuraminidase and hemagglutinin molecules, which provide antigenic variability this virus. The most variable type A differs from the stable types B and C in that it very quickly changes structural properties and forms new subtypes. Viral particles have rather weak resistance in warm climates, but are resistant to low temperatures(from -25 to -75 ºС). Warming and dry climate, as well as the effect of small concentrations of chlorine or ultraviolet radiation, suppress the spread of the virus in environment.
Adenovirus infection cause DNA containing viruses family of the same name, differing in genomic composition. Adenoviral infection can compete with the influenza virus in terms of incidence, especially in the group of children from 0.5 to 5 years old. The virus does not have high variability in terms of antigenic structure, but has 32 types, the 8th of which causes damage to the cornea and conjunctiva of the eye (keratoconjunctivitis). The entry gate for adenovirus can be the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract and intestinal enterocytes. Adenoviruses can persist in the environment for a long time; to disinfect the room, regular ventilation and mandatory treatment with a bleach solution or ultraviolet irradiation are required.
Parainfluenza virus belongs to the same family of myxoviruses as the influenza virus. At the same time, the infection it causes has a different course from influenza and has its own characteristics. Parainfluenza contributes about 20% to acute respiratory infections in adults and about 30% to childhood morbidity. He belongs to the family paramyxoviruses, whose genome contains an RNA molecule, differs from other viruses in the relative stability of the antigenic component. 4 types of this virus have been studied, which cause damage to the respiratory tract, mainly the larynx. A mild form of parainfluenza develops as a result of infection with a type 1 and 2 virus, which results in hoarseness and cough. A severe form develops when infected with a virus of types 3 and 4, accompanied by spasm of the larynx () and severe intoxication. The parainfluenza virus is unstable and is quickly destroyed (up to 4 hours) in a well-ventilated area.
In the structure of a viral respiratory infection rhinoviruses account for 20-25% of morbidity cases. They belong to the family picorno viruses, whose genome consists of an RNA molecule. The strains are able to actively reproduce in the ciliated epithelium of the nasal cavity. They are extremely unstable in the air and lose their ability to cause infection when left in a warm room for 20-30 minutes. The source of infection is virus carriers; rhinovirus spreads by airborne droplets. The gateway to infection is the ciliated epithelium of the nasal cavity.
Respiratory syncytial infection is caused by an RNA paramyxovirus. distinctive feature which is the ability to cause the development of giant multinucleated cells (syncytia) along the entire length of the respiratory tract - from the nasopharynx to the lower parts of the bronchial tree. The virus poses the greatest danger to infants in the first months of life, since it can cause severe damage to the bronchi of various sizes. A severe form of infection causes up to 0.5% mortality in the group of children under one year of age. By the age of three years, children develop stable immunity, so the incidence of respiratory syncytial infection rarely exceeds 15%. The virus is extremely unstable in the external environment.
Coronavirus infection accounts for 5-10% of cases of ARVI. Infection in adults is accompanied by damage upper section respiratory tract, in children penetrates deep into the bronchopulmonary tissue. Coronavirus belongs to the family pleomorphic viruses, containing an RNA molecule in the genome. Viruses are not resistant when in indoor air.
Features of the development of acute respiratory infections
Often, it is quite problematic to separate acute respiratory infections and acute respiratory viral infections without complex methods of clinical laboratory diagnostics, only by external signs, among which the most pronounced are:
The cause of a runny nose is:
- Reduced resistance of the body under the influence of allergens (dust, smoke, gas and aerosols);
- Weakening of local resistance, as a result of hypothermia of the extremities or the whole body (cold).
Symptoms and differences between acute respiratory infections and acute respiratory viral infections
A characteristic symptom of acute respiratory diseases is intoxication of the body, which is accompanied by:
- General weakness;
- Body temperature up to 37.5-38ºС for acute respiratory infections and 38-39ºС for acute respiratory viral infections;
- Development of catarrhal inflammation.
The question of the difference between a viral and bacterial respiratory infection often arises. The importance of this issue lies in the choice of treatment tactics and the prescription of either antiviral or antibacterial drugs.
When viral infection the most characteristic symptoms will be the following:
- Sudden onset of symptoms of the disease;
- A sharp increase in temperature to 39-40ºС;
- Lack of appetite;
- Characteristic wet shine of the eyes;
- Scanty discharge from the nasal cavity;
- Flushed face (especially cheeks);
- Moderate cyanosis (blue discoloration) of the lips;
- It is possible to develop herpes rashes in the lip area;
- Headaches and muscle pain;
- Painful reaction to light;
- Tearing.
The symptoms of viral infections are, in some cases, very similar, so Only laboratory diagnostic methods can accurately assess which virus caused the disease. for example, immunofluorescence assay (ELISA). However The development of some viral infections has characteristic features:
When bacterial infection the development of the disease is characterized by:
- Gradual deterioration of the patient's condition;
- Body temperature, as a rule, does not rise above 38.5-39ºС and can be maintained for several days;
- The presence of a characteristic;
- Characteristic tingling and tingling of the palate;
- Enlarged submandibular and postauricular lymph nodes.
It is important to take into account the patient’s age when analyzing the symptoms of the disease. Since the symptoms of the disease may manifest differently in infants, preschoolers, children school age, adults and elderly people.
In infants up to 6 months Mother's antibodies (IgG class immunoglobulins) remain in the blood, so the development of both viral and bacterial infections, as long as the care requirements for children of this age are met, as a rule, does not occur. In children, after 6 months, antibodies disappear, and their own are not yet produced in the required volume; the child’s immunity “gets acquainted” with foreign agents and adapts to the new environment on its own. Therefore, in case of illness bacterial infection, just like a viral infection, can develop rapidly.
The nature of the development and course of acute respiratory infections and acute respiratory viral infections in infants older than 6 months and up to 3 years deserves special attention. Expressed clinical picture Children of this age may not have it, but the mother should be alert to the following signs:
- Pale skin;
- Refusal of breastfeeding;
- Reduced body weight gain.
A rapidly developing viral infection can be accompanied by a bacterial infection, which aggravates the course of the disease and leads to the development of complications in the form of:
It is possible to develop coccal infection in the form of meningitis and meningoencephalitis.
Among the listed complications, croup syndrome or laryngeal spasm should be highlighted.
This is a fairly common occurrence in infants and is characterized by some genetic and seasonal predisposition. Long-term observations show:
- Croup syndrome is more likely to occur at night when the child is in a horizontal position;
- Among children, it is more common in boys than in girls;
- More pronounced in children with white skin, blond hair and blue eye;
- It is more likely to occur in a dry and poorly ventilated area.
Often, there are no characteristic signs indicating laryngospasm. During the day the child is active, mobile, there are no changes in appetite or mood, body temperature is normal. There may be some nasal congestion. Acute phase develops at night, the child develops short-term barking cough, he wakes up from suffocation and screams. Screaming stimulates increased spasm of the laryngeal muscles, so parents should not panic, but try as much as possible to calm the child and call an ambulance. In case of croup, you should never self-medicate. However, during the time the ambulance is traveling, you should open the window, ventilate and humidify the room, or take the child to the bathroom and turn on the water. The more humid the atmosphere in the room, the easier it will be for the child to breathe. Ambulance specialists will most likely inhale an adrenaline solution to relieve croup syndrome. After which they will recommend going to a hospital, where the mother and child will have to spend at least 24 hours.
The appearance of an acute runny nose in children is usually accompanied by the spread of the inflammatory process to the pharynx, with subsequent development. Considering that the space of the nasopharynx is connected through the Eustachian tube to the cavity of the middle ear, in young children there is a high probability of complications in the form of acute otitis media. The inability of a baby to breathe through the nose leads to the fact that he cannot suckle effectively. After a few sips, he has to switch to mouth breathing, which leads to rapid fatigue and malnutrition of breast milk.
In young children, infection with dust particles may penetrate into the deeper parts of the respiratory tract, which can cause the development of inflammation not only of the larynx, but also damage to the trachea or bronchi. In all of these organs, the mucous membrane is also covered with ciliated epithelial cells and is susceptible to infection.
Some features in the morphology of the respiratory tract also contribute to the development of infection in children:
- The glandular structures of the mucosa and submucosa are not sufficiently developed, as a result of which immunoglobulin production is reduced;
- The layer underlying the mucous membrane is formed by loose fiber, poor in elastic fibers - this reduces the tissue’s resistance to maceration;
- Narrow nasal passages, the lower passage is not formed (up to 4 years);
- The narrow diameter of the larynx (from 4 mm in a newborn to 10 mm in an adolescent), which contributes to the development of stenosis (narrowing) of the larynx in the event of even slight swelling.
In children aged 3-6 years, a bacterial infection, as a rule, does not develop so rapidly. Therefore, before the temperature rises, previous signs of the disease appear, causing the premorbid background:
- Paleness of the skin and mucous membranes;
- Some decrease in the child’s activity (lethargy);
- Decreased appetite;
- Possible mood swings.
Most children of this age attend preschool institutions and may be in constant contact with the source of a viral infection, the development of which can provoke a bacterial infection and regular return of the disease (relapse).
At an older age, children and adults strengthen their immunity, so the frequency of morbidity begins to decrease. At the same time, the premorbid background becomes less noticeable and the symptoms of a mild viral infection (or cold) practically do not appear. The development of a bacterial infection comes to the fore, accompanied by:
- Development;
- Inflammation of the tonsils (, or);
- Inflammation of the trachea;
- Bronchitis and bronchiolitis;
Clinical observations show that in adults, a viral infection that develops in the form of a runny nose, with proper care (plenty of warm drinks, adherence to the regimen, etc.), does not descend further through the respiratory tract.
In elderly people (over 60 years old), due to weakened immunity, a protracted course of ARVI is observed. There is a high probability of complications, among which problems of the heart and vascular system come to the fore. Intoxication of the body and the subsequent increase in temperature are not typical for people of this age. Body temperature slowly rises to 38ºС and is maintained for a long time, depleting the body's strength. The duration of the disease is one and a half times longer than in other people age groups.
ARVI during pregnancy poses a danger to the developing embryo in the early stages. Viral infections are especially dangerous because they are able to pass through the placental barrier of the mother to the fetus, causing infection. In addition, it is possible that the infection affects the placenta itself, thereby causing transport disruption nutrients and gases (CO 2 and O 2). The most dangerous period is considered the first 2-3 weeks. when the mother may not yet know about the development of the fetus. The presence of infection during this period can lead to termination of pregnancy due to detachment of the ovum. If the mother becomes ill at 4-6 weeks of pregnancy, damage to the fetus can lead to disruption of organ formation, which can cause developmental defects. Therefore, it is important to remember that an infection such as the common flu poses a significant threat and requires, at the slightest sign, urgent contact with a specialist.
Video: what is the difference between acute respiratory viral infections and acute respiratory infections - Doctor Komarovsky
Treatment of acute respiratory infections
When treating a patient at home, the following rules must be observed:
- Limit the communication of the patient with acute respiratory infections with household members, if possible, isolate him from contact with children and the elderly;
- The patient should use separate dishes, cutlery and towels;
- It is important to regularly ventilate the room in which the sick person is located, preventing him from hypothermia;
- Maintain air humidity in the room at least 40%.
Depending on the reasons causing the development of a respiratory infection, treatment tactics should be aimed at both eliminating the cause of the disease, i.e. pathogenic agent and the resulting symptoms of the disease. In this case, they say that etiotropic and symptomatic treatment should be carried out.
Etiotropic treatment for ARVI includes the use of 2 groups of drugs:
- Antiviral drugs aimed at blocking the antigenic structure of the virus;
- Immunomodulatory drugs aimed at cellular activation immune system that produce antibodies to the virus.
The group of antiviral drugs includes inhibitor drugs:
- Remantadine;
- Oseltamivir (commercial name Tamiflu);
- Arbidol;
- Ribaverine;
- Deoxyribonuclease.
When using this group of drugs, there are restrictions on their use for the treatment of children and adults. These limitations are due, on the one hand, to insufficient knowledge of side effects, and on the other hand, to the effectiveness and feasibility of their use in relation to a particular strain of the virus.
Remantadine It is advisable to use in case of influenza infection caused by type A2. Its antiviral effect is aimed at the process of virus reproduction in host cells. Contraindicated for pregnant women and children under 7 years of age.
A well-known drug Tamiflu (oseltamivir), also has its own characteristics - it has been established that taking this drug, in case of influenza infection, should be started no later than 48 hours after the onset of symptoms of the disease. In this case, one should take into account the fact that incubation period the influenza virus has one of the shortest and can range from 12 to 48 hours. The use of oseltamivir is indicated for children over 12 years of age.
Arbidol– a drug that blocks the penetration of the influenza virus into the cell. In addition, it stimulates the production of antibodies, therefore, it is included in the group of immunostimulating antiviral drugs. According to the instructions, it is used against influenza and coronavirus infections. The drug is indicated for children from 3 years of age.
Ribaverine– a drug that suppresses the synthesis of viral RNA or DNA molecules that have entered the cell, as well as specific viral proteins. Ribaverin exhibits the greatest activity against respiratory syncytial virus and adenoviruses, but has virtually no effect on the development of rhinovirus infection. Contraindicated during pregnancy and breastfeeding, as well as for use under the age of 18! Due to the high risk of side effects, ribaverine is used only in an intensive care unit.
It is important to remember that the use of complex chemotherapeutic antiviral drugs for the treatment of ARVI in children and pregnant women is possible only as directed by the attending physician, in order to avoid severe complications from ARVI.
In cases where the source of the viral infection is not clearly established, it is more advisable to use immunomodulators:
- Interferon preparations or interferon inducers (cycloferon, anaferon, amixin, vitamin C, ibuprafen);
- Bronchomunal;
- Oibomunal;
- Kridanimod (viferon, gripferon);
- Aflubin;
- Immunomodulatory spray (IRS-19);
- Immunal (echinacea preparations).
The use of drugs of the immunomodulatory group has a more universal purpose, since the drugs themselves do not have a direct effect on viruses. They stimulate the production of cytotoxic components of T-lymphocytes and macrophages, which ensure phagocytosis, as well as the production of specific antibodies by B-lymphocytes, which convert viral particles into an inactive form.
Symptomatic treatment for ARVI includes:
- Bed rest during periods of increased body temperature;
- Lowering body temperature (antipyretics);
- Dilution and removal of sputum (expectorants and mucolytics);
- Restoring breathing through the nose (vasoconstrictors);
- Increasing the general resistance of the body (vitamins).
Etiological treatment of acute respiratory infections caused by bacteria, mycoplasma or chlamydia involves the use of antibiotics. Moreover, indications for the use of antibiotics are only cases of severe disease and the presence of risk factors. The most common pathogens of bacterial acute respiratory infections are:
- pneumococci ( Streptococcus pneumoniae);
- hemolytic streptococcus; ( Streptococcus pyogenes);
- (N. influenzae).
The standard for the treatment of non-viral acute respiratory infections is the use of antibiotics of three groups:
Beta-lactam antibiotics:
- Ampicillin;
- Amoxicillin;
- Clavulate (often in combination with amoxicillin).
A group of these drugs prevents the formation of the membrane of predominantly gram-positive bacteria, thereby exerting a bacteriostatic effect.
Macrolide antibiotics, which include the well-known antibiotic erythromycin, as well as lesser-known drugs:
- Josamycin;
- Spiromycin;
- Clatrimycin.
The listed drugs are also used to combat infections caused by mycoplasmas and chlamydia, as well as in the development of streptococcal or pneumococcal infections, in the case of replacing lactam antibiotics that cause allergies.
Macrolides belong to the group of antibiotics with minimal toxicity. However, in in some cases call:
- headache;
- nausea;
- vomiting or diarrhea with abdominal pain.
They have a limitation in use - they are not shown for the following groups:
- Pregnant women;
- Breastfeeding women;
- Infants up to 6 months.
In addition, macrolides can accumulate and are slowly cleared from cells, allowing microorganisms to produce an adapted population. Therefore, when prescribing drugs of this group, be sure to notify the doctor that the patient has previously taken macrolides in order to select an antibiotic to which the infectious agent is not resistant.
Antibiotics cephalosporins (I-III generation)– a group of drugs that have bactericidal, i.e. action that stops the growth of bacteria. These drugs are most effective against gram-negative bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumonia, Staphylococcus spp., which are pathogens purulent sore throat, bronchitis and pneumonia. This group of drugs includes:
- Cefazolin;
- Cefuroxime;
- Cefadroxil;
- Cephalexin;
- Cefotaxime;
- Ceftazidime.
Cephalosporins are highly resistant to the enzymatic system of microorganisms that destroy antibiotics of the penicillin group.
Taking an antibiotic depends on the severity of the acute respiratory infection; if you choose the right antibiotic, the effect can occur within a week, however, taking the drug should in no case be stopped if the course prescribed by the doctor takes a longer period. One of the most important rules when treating with antibiotics should be followed: continue taking the antibiotic for another 2 days after the onset of effect.
A separate issue is the prescription of antibiotics to pregnant women with acute respiratory infections and women breastfeeding healthy children. In the first case, taking antibiotics is possible only for serious indications; in the second case, it should be remembered that all three groups of antibiotics are capable of entering breast milk. Therefore, the use of these drugs should only be carried out under the supervision of the attending physician if indicated.
For pregnant women, antibiotics can be divided into 3 groups:
- Prohibited antibiotics (eg, tetracycline, fluoroquinolines, clarithromycin, furazidine, streptomycin);
- Acceptable antibiotics in extreme cases (for example, metronidazole, furadonin, gentamicin);
- Safe antibiotics (penicillin, cephalosporin, erythromycin).
Each antibiotic exhibits its negative effect on fetal development depending on the period of pregnancy. The most dangerous period is the time of formation of organs and body systems (the first trimester), so in the early stages of pregnancy you should, if possible, avoid taking antibiotics.
Video: all about ARVI - Doctor Komarovsky
Prevention of acute respiratory infections and acute respiratory viral infections
For the prevention of acute respiratory infections, bacterial or viral etiology Experts advise adhering to the following recommendations:
- Limit contacts during seasonal epidemics (going to crowded places - theatre, cinema, public transport during rush hours, large supermarkets, especially with small children, i.e. to any places where excessive crowds of people are possible);
- Carry out regular cleaning of the premises using disinfectants (chloramine, chlorcin, dezavid, dezoxon, etc.);
- Ventilate the room and maintain optimal air humidity in the range of 40-60%;
- Include rich foods in your diet ascorbic acid vitamin P (bioflavonoids);
- Regularly rinse the nasal cavity and throat with an infusion of chamomile or calendula flowers.
World statistics show that vaccination can reduce the incidence of ARVI by 3-4 times. However, you should approach the issue of vaccination carefully and understand in what cases it is necessary to be vaccinated against a particular virus.
Currently, prevention of ARVI is mainly aimed at influenza vaccination. It has been shown that the practice of influenza vaccination is justified for the so-called risk groups:
- Children with chronic diseases lungs, including asthmatics and patients with chronic bronchitis;
- Children with heart disease and hemodynamic disorders ( arterial hypertension etc.);
- Children, after immunosuppressive therapy (chemotherapy);
- People suffering from diabetes;
- Elderly people who may come into contact with infected children.
In addition, it is recommended to vaccinate against seasonal flu in September-November in preschools, schools, and for staff of clinics and hospitals.
For vaccination, live (rare) and inactivated vaccines. They are prepared from strains of the influenza virus, which are grown in chicken embryo fluid. The reaction to the vaccine is local and general immunity, which includes direct suppression of the virus by T lymphocytes and the production of specific antibodies by B lymphocytes. The virus is inactivated (neutralized) using formaldehyde.
Influenza vaccines are divided into three groups:
- Inactivated whole virion vaccines are used, due to low tolerability, only in the high school group and for adults;
- Subviral vaccines (splits) - these vaccines are highly purified and are recommended for all age groups, starting from 6 months;
- Subunit polyvalent influenza vaccines - such vaccines are prepared from derivatives of the viral shell; this group of drugs is the most expensive because it requires high purification and concentration of the virus-containing material.
Among the drugs used in vaccination are:
When using a particular vaccine, local or general reactions may occur, accompanied by:
- Malaise;
- Slight redness at the vaccine injection site;
- Increased body temperature;
- Muscular and headache.
Children should be given special attention on the day of vaccination. Vaccination requires a preliminary examination of the child by the attending physician. It should be remembered that if there is a suspicion or signs of any infection are already appearing, vaccination should be postponed until the body has completely recovered.
Video: treatment of acute respiratory infections, Dr. Komarovsky
What is the difference between the symptoms of influenza and ARVI? Let's figure out what these diseases are, how they are similar, and how they are completely different. And how to choose the right treatment plan.
Every year more than 40 million people in the world suffer from ARVI.
The peak of the disease occurs in the demi-season period, for some the disease occurs in a mild form and they do not even pay attention to it, and some people endure it hard, and then suffer from complications.
What is ARVI?
Acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) include a group of microorganisms that affect a person with weak immunity and are accompanied by characteristic clinical signs: high temperature, weakness, body aches, headache, intoxication.
The source is mainly humans, but can also be animals and birds. Children are very susceptible to the disease, so it is necessary to vaccinate on time.
And in autumn and spring you need to take a course of vitamins, so vitamin Constant consumption of vitamin C improves immunity. 
What is the flu?
The virus enters the respiratory tract and multiplies there, commonly called the flu. Most often it develops in the autumn-winter period, when the weather outside is bad, there are not enough vitamins and immunity is reduced.
Many people are interested in how to understand that you have the flu, because during this period of the year you can have both a cold and a bacterial infection.
A high temperature, fever, malaise immediately rises, and literally within a few hours of the onset of the disease you can no longer get out of bed.
While other colds develop gradually, over several days. We hope you don't have a cold or flu question?
What is ORZ?
Acute respiratory disease, in medical practice It is customary to abbreviate it to ORZ. It is infectious in nature. The respiratory tract is most often affected.
The signs of acute respiratory infections in adults and children do not differ, but due to weakened immunity, the latter are more susceptible to pathology.
Also at risk are older people and those who work in a large team (office employees, educators, teachers, etc.).
Damage to the body can be caused by cooling, lack of vitamins, overexertion, stress, and the presence of chronic diseases.
You should not send a sick child to school, kindergarten, or go to work yourself. It is recommended to take sick leave for a week and visit a doctor who will prescribe medications.
How to distinguish a virus from a bacterial infection?
Bacteria are single-celled organisms that live in the human body and are present in the environment.
The body contains beneficial microorganisms, for example, lactobacilli, which are responsible for the proper functioning of the female reproductive system, and harmful ones, but until the immunity is reduced, they do not manifest themselves in any way.
Source: website Viruses are represented by antibodies; under favorable conditions, they begin to multiply and feed on living cells. One of the most common is adenovirus infection.
Viruses are smaller in size than bacteria and antiviral agents are used to combat them. A bacterial infection can be treated with antibiotics.
How do diseases develop, what are their differences?
- The disease develops within 2-12 days after infection;
- Pain only in the affected area (eg, throat, behind the breastbone);
- Temperature 37-38 C, not higher;
- With a sore throat appears;
- Purulent discharge may appear;
- Frequent headaches;
- Constant fatigue, lethargy, loss of interest in life.
Bacterial infection does not go away on its own and without treatment; the symptoms only worsen.
At the moment, more than a million bacteria have been identified that can infect humans, but most of them can be treated with antibiotics wide range actions.
- The disease develops within 5 days after infection;
- Aches all over the body;
- Temperature 38-40 C;
- Intoxication syndrome;
- Fever;
- , cough is added
In each specific case, certain symptoms may be present; a viral infection is not always accompanied by all the symptoms at once.
What is the difference between influenza and ARVI: table
Many people confuse illnesses by calling them colds, for example, acute respiratory infections, it is necessary to clearly understand these concepts, since they are treated differently and also have different symptoms.
If you do not know for sure that you have the flu or ARVI, we recommend checking the table, which shows the main symptoms of influenza and ARVI.
| ARVI | Flu | |
| Onset of the disease | Gradually, Clinical signs grow over several days. | Rapid, for several hours. |
| Temperature | The first few days it stays within 37.0-37.3 C. Then it rises to 38 C, and is easily reduced by antipyretic drugs. | It immediately rises to 39-40 C. It is practically not knocked down by medications. |
| Clinical picture | Weakness, a feeling of being “broken”, there is no clear manifestation of any symptom. | Pain in joints, muscles, sometimes it seems that “bones hurt.” Stuffy ears, body aches. |
| Nasal congestion | The nose is always stuffy, the mucous membrane is swollen, sneezing. | If you are interested in the question: “Is there a runny nose with the flu?” The answer is yes, but it goes away quickly, within a couple of days, and mainly affects people with chronic diseases nasal cavity. |
| Cough | The cough lasts the entire period, dry. | The cough does not begin immediately and quickly changes from dry to wet. |
| Enlarged lymph nodes | Yes, but not always. | No. |
| Gastrointestinal problems | Not observed or extremely rare. | Nausea and vomiting in children, in adults - diarrhea. |
| When is recovery? | In 7 days. | Complete recovery of the body in 20 days. |
Many people are interested in the question, what is worse than the flu or ARVI? The first is more severe and longer, recovery occurs more slowly, it is especially dangerous in children, since it causes serious complications; if viruses enter the skull, meningitis may begin to develop. Therefore, it is considered more dangerous than a viral infection.
E.O. Komarovsky, a pediatrician with the highest category, hosts a television program dedicated to children's health. Here are the main rules of prevention he highlights in order not to get sick:
If possible- Get your child vaccinated, but on condition that you do not sit with your baby in a long line at the clinic, since there are not only healthy people in the hospital, but also many sick people, and you can quickly catch the virus.
The source of infection is the person himself. During the cold season, avoid places with large crowds of people, for example, walk a couple of stops from work. No need to travel on a crowded bus. The likelihood of getting sick will be significantly lower.
Wash your hands as often as possible and don't touch your face. During epidemics, it is advisable to wear a simple gauze bandage, which can be purchased at a pharmacy. Remember that they need to be changed periodically.
Viruses can stay around for a long time in dry, stagnant and warm air. Therefore, do not be afraid to open the windows and ventilate the rooms, including the children's room. The main thing is not to create a draft.
Mucus forms in the respiratory tract, It is a protective immune factor; when it dries out, the body is vulnerable and more susceptible to damage from viruses. Therefore, do not allow dry air in the apartment, and it always appears during the heating season; if possible, install a humidifier.
Such simple rules will help you stay healthy and not get sick. Correct prevention get rid of feeling unwell and long-term treatment.
How to treat?
It is necessary to observe bed rest for at least 3 days from the onset of the disease.
Many people neglect their health, are in no hurry to take sick leave and continue to go to work.
Remember that you can infect your colleagues, but you also put yourself at risk, because the flu and respiratory infections are dangerous due to their consequences.
Do not rush to bring down the temperature, especially if it is less than 38 degrees, this is how the body fights viruses and this is a normal reaction of the immune system; in the first days of illness you should not disturb it.
To alleviate the condition, you can wipe your body with vodka or apply a cloth soaked in cold water to your forehead and change it as it warms up.
Drink more fluids, especially vitamin fruit drinks and tea with honey, this will strengthen your immune system and enhance recovery.
Forget about antibiotics, they are only necessary in the presence of bacterial infections, viruses are treated with antiviral drugs and only for initial stages, in the midst of illness they are useless.
How to treat viruses? After all, the symptoms are completely unsettling. Use medications to suppress signs of illness. Sprays, lozenges and ointments for the throat, vasoconstrictor drops in the nose, etc.
How to distinguish the flu from a cold?
The flu is a disease that is caused by viruses, and a cold is hypothermia of the body with subsequent symptoms of the disease. So what are the signs of a cold or flu?
You can get a cold by getting your feet wet, by inhaling cold, frosty air through your mouth, or by being outside in the cold season without a hat, gloves, or inappropriate shoes. It develops slowly and can move from one organ to another.
How to tell if it's a cold:
- Runny nose;
- Frequent sneezing;
- Temperature 38-39 C (on days 2-3).
The initial stage of development of a cold is slow, symptoms increase gradually and also pass. After a week, the person returns to his normal schedule.
The flu is characterized by a sharp development and the first thing is a high temperature.
Initial flu symptoms:
- 39-40 C, temperature;
- Soreness in muscles and bones;
- Sore throat;
- Tearing.
It is necessary to be able to distinguish the symptoms of the flu from a cold in a child. If the temperature rises quickly, parents begin to worry and immediately call an ambulance.
But if a child has a cold, does not feel very well and is lethargic, then many ignore these signs. They force you to go to school or kindergarten.
But it is in this state that the child’s fragile immunity is weakened even more, and soon a cold can develop into severe pathologies from the acute respiratory infections group, and complications often appear.
If your child feels unwell, even if you don’t know the difference between a cold and a viral infection, you must either call an ambulance or visit a children’s clinic as soon as possible.
ARVI and acute respiratory infections differences
Incomprehensible words that doctors often write in a medical card, but it is difficult for a person far from medicine to understand what kind of disease this is and what the difference is between them.
ARI - acute respiratory infections, which are caused by microbes, bacteria or fungi.
ARVI - acute respiratory viral infections, those. it is clarified who exactly is the causative agent of the disease.
It is worth noting
In terms of symptoms, they are very similar and only a specialist can see the difference, and also after testing for the pathogen, but it is rarely prescribed, only if treatment is ineffective.
The main signs of a respiratory disease are high fever, cough, which subsequently develops into bronchitis.
Inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose with the secretion of clear mucus.
In case of an acute respiratory viral infection, the temperature rises on the 2-3rd day, at first it does not exceed 37 C, severe symptoms of intoxication, the virus can enter the mucous membrane of the eye and cause conjunctivitis, general weakness and sneezing.
In a child, the disease develops in the same way as in an adult, but due to weaker immunity it occurs in a more severe form and is often accompanied by complications (chronic tonsillitis, pneumonia, sinusitis, etc.)
The difference between a cold and ARVI
Popularly, any disease accompanied by cough, fever and runny nose is called a cold. What then is ARVI?
After all, such a disease has been around for a long time. Many people consider these words to be synonyms, but let's figure out what the difference is between a cold and a virus.
There are about 200 pathogens, and they can cause adenovirus, rhinovirus and enterovirus infection, parainfluenza and other infectious pathologies.
This happens against the background of decreased immunity. For example, yesterday you were outside for a long time, your feet were cold and wet, and in the morning you woke up with a sore throat, fever and runny nose.
In such cases, it is customary to say that you have a cold, but most likely due to unfavorable conditions, the immune system could not cope with the load and viruses entered the body and began to develop, thereby causing ARVI.
both the whole and some part, which leads to diseases. Thus, a cold may be a harbinger of the development of an acute viral disease.
Now you know the difference between a cold and a virus and you will not confuse these diseases.
Influenza and parainfluenza: differences
These two diseases are very similar. Both are caused by viruses, but there is a slight difference in symptoms. In addition, influenza is seasonal, while parainfluenza can occur at any time of the year. The table below shows the main differences between these pathologies.
| Clinical manifestations | Flu | Parainfluenza | |
| How does the disease begin? | Sudden and acute, immediately worsens general state body. | Hoarseness of voice, cough, headache, and stuffy nose appear. Develops slowly. | |
| Temperature | High jump to 39-40 degrees. | Absent or not high. | |
| How long does the temperature last? | On average 3-5 days. | If present, then 2-4 days. | |
| Symptoms of intoxication | Pronounced, possibly toxic encephalopathy, with dominance of neurological disorders. | Weakly expressed, often not paid attention to. | |
| Cough | Dry, accompanied by chest pain. | “Barking” with hoarseness. | |
| Airways | Tracheitis, mild runny nose, laryngitis. | Difficulty breathing, severe nasal congestion with copious discharge. | |
| The lymph nodes | They become inflamed only when the disease becomes more complicated. | Palpable, painful. | |
Now you know the difference between a cold and a virus. If you know and understand the nature of the disease, then it will become much easier to treat it, namely from correct setting The diagnosis depends not only on further treatment, but also on the health of the entire body.
Children suffer from colds much more often than adults. This fact is known to many. With the beginning of the cold season, most parents are faced with a problem - the child does not feel well, has a fever, runny nose, cough... The cause of these symptoms can be a cold, acute respiratory infection, acute respiratory viral infection or flu, but how do these diseases differ? How to find out what exactly your child is sick with? How to protect it from viral infections? For clarification, we turned to a pediatrician with 33 years of experience, a specialist in the treatment infectious diseases in children, Valentina Ivanovna Rolina.
Differences between colds, acute respiratory infections, ARVI and influenza.
One of the first and main differences is that these diseases are caused by different viruses (influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, adenovirus infections, rhinovirus infections, etc.). There are more than two hundred types of different viruses. It is very important to understand in time what exactly your child is sick with. Incorrectly treated flu can cause serious complications. There are mild complications: bronchitis, otitis, pneumonia, lesions urinary tract, peunephritis, and more severe: neuritis, encephalitis, serous meningitis.
Scientists distinguish three main types of influenza virus – A, B and C. The most fundamental difference between them is the ability to change. Thus, the influenza C virus is practically stable. Having been ill once, a person has immunity for almost his entire life, that is, you can get sick with influenza C only at the first meeting with it. This influenza virus is widespread and only affects children. The influenza B virus changes, but only moderately. If influenza C is a disease exclusively of children, then influenza B is primarily a disease of children. Influenza A is the most insidious; it is the one that, constantly changing, causes epidemics.
The next difference is the different course of diseases. The flu begins suddenly and is accompanied by a sharp rise in temperature. Severe intoxication of the body appears, which has the following symptoms: chills, adynamia, muscle and headaches, aches throughout the body, dry cough with pain in the chest. Catarrhal symptoms are mild. With any other viral infection (acute respiratory infection, adenoviral infection or just a viral infection), catarrhal symptoms usually predominate, that is, the child begins to have a runny nose, a sore throat, catarrh of the upper respiratory tract, then lower, and bronchitis. And only then, against the background of these catarrhal phenomena, does the temperature appear.
The main difference between acute respiratory infections and influenza is that with them the temperature is least manifested, it rarely rises above 38°C, and catarrhal symptoms come to the fore: a profuse runny nose, sore throat, and wet cough.
The term ARVI (acute respiratory viral infection) refers to those acute respiratory infections (acute respiratory disease) in which the etiological role of respiratory viruses has been proven or, more often, assumed. Typically, influenza is excluded from this group, which is diagnosed only if there is characteristic symptoms(especially during an epidemic) or laboratory confirmation.
Colds in children and adults are most often a consequence of hypothermia, and have similar symptoms to viral infections. In general, ARI is a general designation for a cold. But colds can hurt different organs. Due to this The following types of acute respiratory infections are distinguished: laryngitis, rhinitis, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, bronchiolitis, nasopharyngitis.
Of all the diseases that children suffer from, influenza and ARVI account for 94%. Most often, children become infected with influenza from adults, since a feature of influenza is its rapid spread. This is especially true for children who are in organized groups, for example, in kindergartens and schools.
Features of treatment and prevention.
To prevent viral infections, the pediatrician advises staying less in crowded places. If this cannot be avoided, try to always use special protective masks. During periods of epidemics, limit your child’s visits to sports clubs, shops and any other public places. At the slightest sign of illness, it is better not to send your child to school or kindergarten.
It is necessary to pay special attention in advance to strengthening the child’s immunity. Infants and very young children need to be provided with proper feeding, nutrition and care. Older children are prescribed vitamin therapy.
The basis of treatment for all acute respiratory viral infections is the use of symptomatic therapy. It includes proper drinking regimen, taking antipyretic and antihistamine medications, vitamin C. You must drink at least 2 liters of fluid per day. This helps the body cope with fluid loss due to heavy sweating at high temperatures, and also helps to liquefy mucus and remove it when coughing. During illness, the body loses not only water, but also useful substances, so for drinking you should use drinks containing vitamins and microelements. Best to drink mineral water, juices, berry fruit drinks.
In acute respiratory viral infections, antipyretic drugs are used to reduce fever, as well as to reduce inflammation and as a pain reliever. Paracetamol is most suitable for children. It is well tolerated, practically does not irritate the gastric mucosa, and does not cause severe allergic reactions and Reye's syndrome in children. Paracetamol is even used to treat children under 3 months of age.
Very often, acute respiratory viral infections are accompanied by nasal congestion, copious mucus discharge from the nasal passages, etc. In such cases, it is usually recommended to use antihistamines. They relieve swelling well and help children tolerate the disease more easily.
How to treat colds in children, because they don’t like taking medications so much? In this case, a complex drug is best suited for their treatment. But it is a mistake to believe that the more components included in the composition medicinal product, the more effective it will be. The composition of the classic complex medicine is paracetamol, an antihistamine and vitamin C. Among such drugs, we can note "AntiGrippin for children" (Natur Produkt), which has a special "baby formula". It contains the same components as in drugs for adults, but in a lower dosage. Its advantage over other drugs is that it has a water-soluble form, in the form effervescent tablets with a pleasant taste. It does not damage the gastric mucosa and also ensures faster delivery active ingredients, and the effect occurs immediately after administration. In addition, it is much easier to persuade a child to drink tasty medicine.
Note!
It is very important to pay attention to several points when purchasing a drug.
Firstly, this is the quality of medicines. European manufacturers working according to the GMP standard guarantee quality and safety medicines. GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice) is a standard applied to the production of medicines. Guarantees high quality products, which is achieved through careful control over the production process at all stages from the production of components to packaging of the finished product.
Secondly, it is necessary to carefully study the composition of the complex product. There are medicines that contain a huge number of components, but this does not guarantee fast and better treatment. Some components may be incompatible with each other or should not be taken by children. For example, due to the toxicity of rimantadine (found in some flu medications), the benefits of taking it are much less than the possible negative consequences. You should also remember that children should not be given aspirin, as it weakens the walls of blood vessels.
Another important rule What you need to know is that you should not try to treat the flu with antibiotics and antiviral drugs without a doctor’s prescription. Remember that antibiotics only kill bacteria and are not effective against viral infections. Sometimes the doctor prescribes antibiotics for the flu, but only if complications caused by bacteria arise during the illness (pneumonia, middle ear or paranasal sinuses nose). And it's important to remember that cold and flu treatment must always be correct!
ARVI and acute respiratory infections are groups of diseases caused by damage to the respiratory tract by infection. The difference between them is determined by the types of pathogens.
The causative agents of acute respiratory infections are respiratory viruses, some fungi and opportunistic bacterial microflora. ARVI includes only viral infections of the respiratory system, which is what distinguishes this group of diseases from acute respiratory infections.
Pathogens
Infection occurs through airborne droplets and contact. Both adults and children can become infected with respiratory infectious agents, but in children, symptoms of acute respiratory viral infections and acute respiratory infections are observed 4 times more often than in adults.
A viral or bacterial infection develops:
- in the upper respiratory tract (above the vocal cords), causing a runny nose, sore throat, otitis media, laryngitis;
- in the lower respiratory tract (below the vocal cords), causing tracheitis, pneumonia, bronchitis.
More than 90% of all acute respiratory infections are caused by viruses. For this reason, viral acute respiratory infections are classified as a separate group of acute respiratory viral infections, the decoding of this abbreviation is acute respiratory viral infections.
More often than other viral pathogens, ARVI is caused by the following viruses:
- parainfluenza – they account for up to 50% of cases of infection;
- rhinoviruses - 20-40%;
- influenza - in epidemics up to 15%;
- adenovirus – up to 5%;
- respiratory syncytial - up to 4%.
Unlike acute respiratory viral infections, bacterial acute respiratory infections are caused primarily not by external infection, but by opportunistic bacteria and protozoa. These microorganisms colonize the respiratory tract of children from birth without causing any negative reactions in a healthy child.
When the immune system is weakened, for example, due to the introduction of a viral infection, bacterial opportunistic microflora acquires pathogenic properties, multiplies, and causes inflammation.
In children younger age The most common causes of bacterial infection are:
- streptococci - cause tonsillitis;
- pneumococcus - provokes otitis media, pneumonia;
- Haemophilus influenzae - serves as a causative agent of sinusitis, epiglottitis, pneumonia;
- less commonly cause mucosal damage Staphylococcus aureus, chlamydia, legionella, mycoplasma.
With age in children, the proportion of mycoplasma and chlamydial acute respiratory infections increases and reaches 44% and 30%, respectively.
Bacterial respiratory disease can be caused by intestinal microflora. Similar cases occur with the uncontrolled use of antibiotics, which disrupts the balance of microflora in the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract, causing a decrease in local immunity.
The following fungi can infect the respiratory tract with the appearance of acute respiratory infections symptoms:
- Candida albicans – causes candidal laryngitis, pharyngeal thrush;
- Pneumocysta jurovici is an opportunistic ascomycete fungus that can cause Pneumocystis pneumonia in people with immunodeficiency conditions.
All types of respiratory diseases are characterized by the appearance of symptoms that manifest themselves:
- intoxication - fever, headache, pain in muscles, joints, sweating;
- catarrhal symptoms - runny nose, cough.
The severity of acute respiratory infections is assessed by the degree of intoxication of the body. Intoxication is typical for bacterial acute respiratory infections; with acute respiratory viral infections, severe forms of intoxication are observed with influenza and adenovirus infection.
It is possible to distinguish ARVI from signs of acute respiratory infections by catarrhal manifestations, symptoms such as a runny nose, the nature of the cough, the condition of the nasopharyngeal mucosa, and the conjunctiva of the eyes.
Runny nose with mucous transparent discharge, acute conjunctivitis, bright red without a filmy coating, purulent plugs throat are characteristic of ARVI.
In the bacterial form of acute respiratory infections, nasal discharge becomes mucopurulent, acquires a yellowish, greenish color, which is given to them by neutrophils dying in the fight against infection, destroyed fragments of viruses, and exfoliated particles of epithelium.
The nature of nasal discharge serves diagnostic sign, which allows you to distinguish acute respiratory viral infections from bacterial types of acute respiratory infections in adults and children before conducting laboratory clinical studies.
Thus, inflammation of the paranasal sinuses (sinusitis) is initially caused by viruses. With proper treatment and a favorable course of sinusitis, the disease resolves within 2 weeks.
If a bacterial infection is added to viral sinusitis caused by ARVI, then this condition is accompanied by the appearance of purulent discharge, which delays recovery and indicates the danger of complication of acute respiratory infections with meningitis.
A viral attack on the mucous membrane of the throat causes sore throat and pharyngitis. The causative agent of sore throat is most often adenovirus, as well as bacteria - hemolytic streptococcus, Staphylococcus aureus and other species.
Acute otitis media is caused by inflammation of the nose and paranasal sinuses and is a bacterial complication of a viral infection. The presence of bacteria is indicated by the appearance of pus.
Symptoms of acute respiratory infections caused by various types of infection are sometimes so similar to each other that identifying the actual cause of the disease in order to choose the right treatment regimen is possible only with the help of laboratory tests blood.
Read more about the symptoms of ARVI in the article Symptoms and treatment of ARVI in adults.
Features of treatment
There are differences in the treatment of acute respiratory infections and acute respiratory viral infections that are characteristic of pathogens certain types. If damage to the respiratory tract is caused by viruses, then antiviral drugs, antipyretics, painkillers, and immunomodulators are prescribed to maintain immunity.
In case of a bacterial complication, the doctor must prescribe antibiotics. Antibiotics are needed to avoid complications. It is especially important to determine the difference between acute respiratory infections and acute respiratory viral infections in order to properly treat children, since these diseases are more severe in them than in adults.
For fungal infections of the respiratory tract, antimycotics, antiseptics, and probiotics are prescribed.
Treatment is prescribed taking into account the location of the respiratory tract lesion, the severity of the disease, and the results of a blood test:
- with bacterial acute respiratory infections, blood tests show an increase in the number of neutrophils and a high ESR;
- with ARVI, the total number of lymphocytes and monocytes increases, leukocytes are normal or reduced.
Prevention
A person who has recovered from an acute respiratory infection or acute respiratory viral infection develops immunity only to those infectious agents that caused the disease. Due to the large number various types and strains of infections, you can get sick with acute respiratory infections more than once, several times a year.
In the prevention of acute respiratory infections, attention should be paid to:
- strengthening your own immunity;
- prevention of infection.
To prevent infection, you need to use gauze bandages during periods of epidemics, avoid crowded events, vaccinate against influenza and adenovirus, promptly treat all acute infections, and prevent the appearance of chronic foci of infection in the body.
What is the difference between acute respiratory infections and acute respiratory viral infections? Acute respiratory disease. Acute respiratory viral infections
Most people often confuse what “ARVI” and “ARI” are. Many people are mistaken in thinking that they are the same thing. What is the difference between acute respiratory infections and acute respiratory viral infections? By understanding the difference between them, you can avoid a number of mistakes when selecting medications for treatment.
What are acute respiratory viral infections and acute respiratory infections?
To understand how acute respiratory infections differ from acute respiratory viral infections, it is enough to understand their definitions.
ARI (acute respiratory disease) is a disease of the upper respiratory tract due to any infection (bacterial, atypical, fungal, viral, etc.). In fact, acute respiratory infections are not a disease. This is the general name for several diseases with similar symptoms, because “acute” means the rapid onset of the disease.
Acute respiratory disease is transmitted by airborne droplets. Within 7-10 days, a patient can infect others with the virus, so acute respiratory infections quickly cause an epidemic.
Diseases of the upper respiratory tract of bacterial etiology are most often caused by staphylococcus, pneumococcus, streptococcus, tonsillitis. In the case when acute respiratory infections are caused by mycoplasma etiology, that is, mycoplasmosis occurs, a complication such as pneumonia occurs.
ARVI is a specified, private diagnosis of acute respiratory infections, that is, an acute respiratory viral infection transmitted by airborne droplets. This disease is always confirmed by tests. The most common type of ARVI is influenza. In addition, there is parainfluenza, adenovirus and rhinovirus infections, coronavirus infection, etc. All these diseases have a viral etiology. 
The flu affects everyone's general well-being. Patients complain of fatigue, muscle aches, weakness, headache, and sweating. The temperature, as a rule, does not rise above 39 degrees and subsides after 2-3 days. Symptoms such as runny nose, cough, sore throat and sneezing are mild and may not be present on the first day.
Parainfluenza primarily affects the larynx, pharynx and bronchi. Sore throat, painful to swallow, hoarse voice, cough. The temperature fluctuates between 37-38 C.
Adenovirus infection affects The lymph nodes(or aden node), so they increase. The main difference from other infections is the appearance of watery eyes and redness of the eyes on days 2-3. All other symptoms are moderate: temperature within 37-38 degrees, malaise, chills, headache and muscle pain. After 2-3 days the nose becomes stuffy.
Rhinovirus infection is primarily characterized by the appearance of dryness and discomfort in the nose, this gradually develops into a runny nose with a strong watery discharge. This is precisely the main symptom of rhinovirus infection. But the patient may also be bothered by a cough, sore throat, and the temperature rises slightly.
Now, knowing what ARVI and acute respiratory infections are, their differences from each other become obvious - pathogens, causing disease. To more accurately determine the causes, special tests are performed to study the microflora of the throat. Since the disease is just beginning, it is necessary to immediately make an accurate diagnosis and begin proper treatment.
ARI affects the respiratory tract when, along with a developing viral infection, a bacterial infection also appears. In most cases, the disease occurs due to hypothermia. While acute respiratory viral infections appear due to the presence of harmful viruses in the body.
ARVI symptoms
When making a diagnosis, the doctor first pays attention to the symptoms. ARVI is accompanied by clear mucus in the nasopharynx, the patient often sneezes. Increasing pain in the throat, intensifying when swallowing, after a while the voice becomes hoarse. The cough is dry, annoying, painful, and after a while it becomes wet. In addition, the patient complains of general weakness, aching muscles and joints due to sudden temperature changes, due to the virus entering the blood (intoxication appears). Chills, headache and loss of appetite occur. Often the virus also affects the mucous membrane of the eyes and the gastrointestinal tract. In addition to all of the above, there may be insomnia or, conversely, drowsiness.
Symptoms of acute respiratory infections
Symptoms of acute respiratory infections are pronounced: the temperature rises; dry cough turns into wet; the red throat is covered with a white coating; the mucous membrane is inflamed and clear fluid, mucus or pus is released.
Which is more dangerous?
Most people are most wary of ARVI, and this is justified. It is this disease that is more difficult to tolerate and carries unpleasant consequences in the form of complications. The virus in the body is always in a state of mutation and changes. Therefore, doctors have to change the treatment program every time and select other drugs. This is complicated by the fact that the human body is trying to develop immunity from viruses that have already existed. But the new virus needs to be fought for longer.
How to treat acute respiratory infections and acute respiratory viral infections
Having found out how acute respiratory infections differ from acute respiratory viral infections, you can move on to the selection of medications.
In most cases, antipyretic and antihistamine drugs are prescribed for acute respiratory infections. But it cannot be treated, since it is not a disease, but a generalized name for several diseases. But at the same time, you need to constantly carry out prevention in order to protect yourself from unpleasant consequences.
Prevention of acute respiratory infections
Prevention of acute respiratory infections involves strengthening the immune system. This requires:
- take more vitamins (especially A, C, B);
- gargle with infusions of medicinal herbs;
- rinse the nose, for example, with saline;
- ensure that the air around is moist and cool;
- periodically carry out inhalations;
- drink about 1.5 liters clean water in a day;
- If possible, avoid contact with sick people;
- keep your hands clean.
Prevention of ARVI is no different from prevention of acute respiratory infections. It is important to remember that if the spread of the disease among others is high (epidemic, season - autumn or winter), it is necessary to protect yourself from participating in public events, and if there is a need to use public transport, it is better to use a gauze bandage. This will once again protect you from a possible virus, and therefore protect you from a serious illness with possible complications.
Treatment of ARVI
ARVI is treated with antiviral agents. In some cases, you can, of course, do without them, but this happens extremely rarely. Because high temperatures (above 38.5 degrees) must be brought down. In addition, the patient really wants to quickly get relief from an unpleasant sore throat, runny nose and annoying cough.
You can help your immune system by drinking plenty of fluids, eating light foods and staying cool. moist air(75-90% at 17-19 0 C). If you don't follow these simple rules, then even the most expensive medicines won't help.
In addition, from the very first days of illness it is necessary to support the body with immunostimulating agents - echinacea, eleutherococcus, etc. Antiviral agents should be taken at the onset of the disease. This is more effective, since at this moment the virus actively multiplies.
At the same time, you should not overload the body with all kinds of potent drugs. Basically, the virus “burns out” within a week.
Ambulance required if...
Upper respiratory tract diseases are not catastrophic, so there is no need to panic or be afraid. The point is not how an acute respiratory infection differs from an acute respiratory viral infection, but that you should consult a doctor at the first symptoms, without triggering the disease or self-medicating.
ARVI and acute respiratory infections: what is the difference?
For a cold with standard symptoms, doctors most often diagnose acute respiratory infections or acute respiratory viral infections. Many people believe that these diagnoses are the same disease. In fact, this opinion is wrong. Acute respiratory infections and acute respiratory viral infections have similar symptoms, but require different treatment. What differences and similarities exist between these diagnoses we will consider in our article.
What are the similarities between acute respiratory infections and acute respiratory viral infections?
ARI and ARVI have a similar course of the disease. Moreover, the disease occurs in the same way in both children and adults.
- The method of transmission of acute respiratory viral infections and acute respiratory infections is usually through airborne droplets.
- The main feature is considered to be the location of the pathogen - both diagnoses affect the respiratory tract.
Simplified scheme of acute respiratory infections
Differences between acute respiratory infections and acute respiratory viral infections
Below we will look at the main differences between these two diseases.
Pathogen
The main difference between both diagnoses is the pathogen.
It often happens that a person falls ill with an acute respiratory disease, which in turn is caused by bacteria (staphylococcus, streptococcus, pertussis, etc.). In this case, after a few days, a viral infection occurs. As a rule, doctors do not bother and diagnose acute respiratory infections.
Infographics: differences between acute respiratory infections and acute respiratory viral infections
Localization of the pathogen
Depending on the location of the pathogen, the following diseases related to acute respiratory infections are distinguished:
- If the causative agent of the disease is located in the larynx, most likely the diagnosis is pharyngitis or tonsillitis.
- If it's in the nose, it's rhinitis.
- If in the larynx - laryngitis.
- If in the bronchi - tracheitis, bronchitis.
Seasonality
Since viruses and various bacteria are constantly in the air, you can get sick with acute respiratory viral infections or acute respiratory infections at absolutely any time of the year.
- According to statistics, the period of February-March is considered to be the ARVI season.
- Frequent outbreaks of acute respiratory infections in children and adults occur in April and September.
Incubation period
- Viral acute respiratory infections have a very short incubation period - 1-5 days.
- In bacterial acute respiratory infections it is longer - 2-14 days.
How to determine the diagnosis
As mentioned above, the symptoms of acute respiratory infections and acute respiratory viral infections are very similar, but there are some peculiarities.
For acute respiratory viral infections characteristic:
- general malaise,
- drowsiness,
- sneezing and runny nose with watery discharge.
- In some cases, purulent plaque is observed on the mucous membrane of the larynx.
- Body temperature usually rises within 2-3 days and remains at subfebrile levels.
- As soon as the state of health returns to normal, an expectorant cough appears.
Concerning acute respiratory diseases, they are characterized by:
- Sharp pain in the throat, the mucous membrane of the larynx is bright red.
- Body temperature rises almost immediately and stays at 38 to 39 degrees.
- A wet cough appears.
Of course, symptoms alone are not enough to make a correct diagnosis. For this reason, doctors prescribe tests (general blood test, urine test) to identify the pathogen and the presence of infection in the body.
Treatment of acute respiratory infections and acute respiratory viral infections
If your acute respiratory illness is severe, your doctor will most likely prescribe you antibacterial drugs.
Acute respiratory viral infection is treated with antiviral drugs. Perhaps this is the only difference in the treatment of acute respiratory infections and acute respiratory viral infections.
Otherwise, the treatment is practically the same. Let's look at how the disease is treated in adults (in children - similarly):
- drugs to lower body temperature,
- vasoconstrictor drops or nasal sprays,
- anti-inflammatory drugs for the throat,
- mucolytic cough suppressants.
The general rules for the treatment of acute respiratory infections and acute respiratory viral infections are:
- compliance with bed rest,
- use large quantity liquids,
- regular ventilation of the room.
The difference between influenza and acute respiratory infections
Influenza is an acute respiratory viral infection. However, today it is generally accepted that influenza is a separate disease of viral etiology, which is more severe, in contrast to acute respiratory infections and acute respiratory viral infections, and most often gives complications.
The disease is caused by orthomyxovirus, which can cause serious harm to the body. In some cases it is possible deaths. This infection is contagious and can cause a massive epidemic.
Table: Differences between colds, ARVI and flu
It can be concluded that influenza, acute respiratory viral infections and acute respiratory infections are classified as colds. However, with the flu, symptoms develop much faster, and after recovery, it takes much longer for the body to fully recover.
There are situations when a patient after the flu feels general malaise, fatigue and drowsiness for several weeks after complete recovery.
Komarovsky's opinion
Komarovsky believes that today ARVI is considered the most popular disease. The doctor answers the questions of many mothers specifically: ARVI is a disease caused by a viral infection.
Both of these groups of diseases are colloquially called “colds.” Their symptoms are often very similar: the throat hurts and itches, there is often a dry or wet cough, the nose is stuffy, the body temperature rises, the person feels lethargic and lack of strength. At the same time, acute respiratory infections and acute respiratory viral infections are still different groups of ailments.
The main difference lies in the causes of the diseases. Acute respiratory infections are generally all acute respiratory diseases. Whatever the causative agents of the disease, they enter the internal environment of a person along with the inhaled air and are usually localized in the nasopharynx and lungs. “Respiratory” means “respiratory, pertaining to breathing.”
The causative agents of respiratory diseases can be viruses, bacteria, fungal spores, even protozoa (for example, Giardia). Due to the fact that this group includes the most various diseases, it is clear that acute respiratory infections are a generalized group of ailments of the respiratory system. ARVI is a more specific diagnosis. The abbreviation stands for: “acute respiratory viral infection.”
From the name itself it becomes clear that this group of diseases is caused specifically by viruses, and not by some fungi or protozoa. A doctor can diagnose ARVI when he already knows for sure that this or that virus is the causative agent of the disease. The diagnosis of acute respiratory disease is usually made when the picture of the patient’s condition clearly indicates that the disease is respiratory in nature, but its root cause is not yet clear.
Difference in treatment methods
There is a difference in treatment methods. After a preliminary diagnosis of an acute respiratory infection, the doctor usually directs the patient to undergo tests, that is, to provide material for a series of laboratory tests. Thanks to the latter, a specific diagnosis is established, and most importantly, the very pathogens that caused it all to begin are identified.
The most famous causative agent of ARVI is the influenza virus, which has conquered the entire planet. There are many varieties of it, which does not change the very essence of the disease. Flu is very dangerous. Everyone has long been accustomed to the fact of his periodic appearance in their lives. And yet you should not neglect this frequent guest. Influenza can cause serious complications if treated incorrectly or incompletely.
Many acute respiratory viral infections can be prevented by vaccination. Vaccinations against influenza and other viral diseases help the body build immunity and “fully armed” to meet the insidious enemy. In the treatment of ARVI, antiviral drugs are used, which in each specific case should be prescribed only by a specialist.
