In the process of literary editing of a manuscript, the editor often has to note errors in word usage. Wrong word choice makes the speech inaccurate, and sometimes distorts the meaning of the statement.

In such cases, one speaks of using the word without regard to its semantics. Such lexical errors arise as a result of the author's stylistic negligence, inattention to the word, or poor knowledge of the language. New railways will arise in areas that are difficult to develop.

Wrong word choice can cause various speech errors. So, due to inaccurate word usage, anachronism may arise (violation of chronological accuracy when using words related to a certain historical era): AT Ancient Rome plebeians dissatisfied with the laws staged rallies.

Incorrect word usage often leads to logical errors. Among them we will name alogism - a comparison of disparate concepts, for example: The syntax of encyclopedic articles is different from other scientific articles. It turns out that the syntax is compared with scientific articles.

The reason for the illogicality of the statement may be the substitution of the concept, which often occurs as a result of incorrect word usage: It is bad when the same movie title is shown in all the cinemas of the city.

Our speech is also made illogical by the unjustified expansion or narrowing of the concept, which arises as a result of mixing generic and specific categories: good care from each animal you can milk 12 liters of milk.

The distortion of the meaning and even the absurdity of the statement arise as a result of the discrepancy between the premise and the consequence. The speed of reproduction of pests depends on how stubbornly the fight against them is carried out. It turns out that the more they fight pests, the faster they multiply.

For correct use words in speech is not enough to know their exact meaning, it is also necessary to take into account the peculiarities of the lexical compatibility of words, i.e. their ability to connect with each other. So, "similar" adjectives long, long, long, long, long are "attracted" to nouns in different ways.

Violation of lexical compatibility can be caused by contamination of outwardly similar phrases. For example, they say: does not matter (does not matter - does not matter).

A careless attitude to the language can cause speech insufficiency - an accidental omission of words necessary for an accurate expression of thought: The Directorate should strive to avoid this indifference (missed to get rid of).

Speech deficiency as a common mistake should be distinguished from ellipsis - a stylistic figure based on the deliberate omission of one or another sentence member to create special expressiveness. The most expressive are elliptical constructions without a verb-predicate, which convey the dynamism of movement.

I'm for a candle, a candle - in the stove!

The ability to find the exact words for naming certain concepts helps to achieve brevity in the expression of thought, and, on the contrary, the author's stylistic helplessness often leads to speech redundancy - verbosity.

Versatility appears in various forms. Often one can observe an obsessive explanation of well-known truths. Milk consumption is a good tradition, not only children eat milk. Such idle talk is suppressed by the editor: arguments that are not of informative value are excluded during literary editing.

Sometimes the manifestation of verbal redundancy borders on the absurd: The corpse was dead and did not hide it. Stylists call such examples of verbosity lapalissiads. The absurdity of the lapalissiada lies in the assertion of a self-evident truth.

Speech redundancy may take the form of pleonasm. Pleonasm is the use in speech of words that are close in meaning and therefore unnecessary words ( main point, everyday life).

Pleonasms usually arise due to the stylistic negligence of the author. However, such a manifestation of speech redundancy should be distinguished from "imaginary pleonasm", to which the author refers consciously as a means of enhancing the expressiveness of speech. In this case, pleonasm becomes a striking stylistic device. Give me a paw, Jim, for luck. I have never seen such a paw. Let's bark with you in the moonlight on quiet, noiseless weather ...

The use of pleonastic combinations is also characteristic of folklore. In oral folk art, expressively colored pleonastic combinations of sadness-longing, sea-okian, path-path were traditionally used.

A variation of pleonasm is tautology. Tautology as a phenomenon of lexical stylistics can arise when repeating words with the same root (tell a story, ask a question), as well as when combining a foreign and Russian word that duplicates its meaning (memorable souvenirs, debuted for the first time). In the latter case, one sometimes speaks of a hidden tautology.

However, the repetition of cognate words should not always be regarded as a stylistic error. Many stylists rightly believe that it is not always necessary to exclude single-root words from sentences, replacing them with synonyms: in some cases this is impossible, in others it can lead to impoverishment, discoloration of speech. Several cognates in a close context are stylistically justified if related words are the only carriers of the corresponding meanings and cannot be replaced by synonyms. White flowers bloomed on the bushes.

Tautology, like pleonasm, can be a stylistic device that enhances the effectiveness of speech. Tautological repetition can give the statement a special significance, aphorism. To the winning student from the defeated teacher.

What do the news clips that the video below has in common? Correctly! In each of them, the same phrase "unpleasant incident" is used. And in each of them, the editorial staff missed the airing of a news text with a lexical error. Let's figure out what's the matter here.

We look in the explanatory dictionary for the lexical meaning of the word "incident".

INCIDENT-a; m. [from lat. incidens (incidentis) - happening] An incident, an incident of an unpleasant nature; misunderstanding. border incidents. Possibility of incidents between smb. I. is exhausted (has no bad consequences). Big dictionary Russian language. - 1st ed.: St. Petersburg: Norint S. A. Kuznetsov. 1998.

As we can see, the word is borrowed. In its meaning in Russian, not only information about the event is encoded, but also its specific assessment. AT this case it's some kind of misunderstanding that happened to someone. By adding the adjective “unpleasant” to the word incident, we duplicate information and, of course, make a lexical error. This phenomenon is called pleonasm.

The discussion about total speech errors in our time is becoming more and more relevant. Even the speech of media workers, which should be a reference, is replete with such misunderstandings, to say nothing of ordinary people. That is why, apparently, there are ideas to introduce oral part in the Unified State Examination in the Russian language, so that the conversation about speech errors is conducted in the classroom in a substantive and constant manner. But it is never too late to become a schoolboy again for a while.

Pleonasm, lapalissiads, perissology, isosemy, tautology... Don't be afraid, they are not contagious.

Although it is not only media workers and writers who need to carefully monitor them. Such mistakes do not adorn anyone. They, like weeds, are capable of disfiguring our speech. In order to “remove them by the root” whenever possible, it is necessary to “know the enemy by sight”.

We have already met with pleonasm. This is a fairly common language phenomenon, although many may read its name for the first time. Home it distinguishing feature- redundancy, excess. In Russian, in such cases, they usually say "butter oil". By the way, such a repetition of single-root words is called tautology. Many linguists believe that tautology is a kind of pleonasm.

Semantic pleonasms are associated with semantics, the lexical meaning of a word. Such pleonasms often include borrowed words. It's not hard to guess what the reason is. A person does not quite understand what this word means, and adds another word, already Russian, which duplicates the meaning of the first. Such a phenomenon is called perissology. Here are the most common examples:

• Price list. Price list (German Preiskurant, from Preis - price and French courant - current) - a guide to prices for goods.
• Timekeeping. Timing (Greek chronos - time and metreo - measure) - a method of studying the time spent on performing cyclically repeated manual and machine-manual operations.
• Internal interior. Interior (fr. interieur
• Debuted for the first time. Debut from fr. début - beginning, appearance). Debut - the first appearance of an artist in public. Debut (chess) - the beginning of a chess game.
• atmospheric air. Atmosphere (from other Greek ἀτμός - "steam" and σφαῖρα - "sphere") - air envelope Earth.
• First premiere. Premiere (fr. première - "first") - the first show, the first performance.
• There are many such examples: other alternative, free vacancy, the most optimal, nostalgia for the motherland, top priority, incriminate guilt, hair removal, memorial monument, memorable souvenir, folklore, biography of life, my autobiography, patriot of the motherland, work colleague, national referendum, demobilize from the army , extra bonus, exciting thriller, interactive interaction, informational message, highly extremist, 24/7 non-stop, local native, people's democracy, unusual phenomenon, optional elective, unexpected surprise, main leitmotif, retaliatory counterattack, future prospects, complete fiasco, full house, popular hit, preliminary announcement, high-level summit, stable stabilization, strict taboo, screen shot.
• Sometimes native speakers misunderstand the lexical meaning of native words. There are also our, domestic, semantic pleonasms that go beyond language norm: torrential downpour, five rubles of money, thirty construction workers, the month of March, eventually go back, met for the first time, gesticulated with his hands, nodded his head, blinked his eyes, temporary reprieve, illegal gangs, the main essence, there is a place to be, the real truth, short moment, me personally, surprisingly strange, initial basics, unconfirmed rumors, flock of sheep, retreat back, feathered birds, repeat again, completely destroyed, preliminary planning, warn in advance, equal half, mix together, joint meeting, see with your own eyes, hear with your ears, employment for a job, climb up/down the stairs.

Remember these expressions and do not let them into your speech again. This is exactly the case when there is a clear redundancy, duplication of information.

On the other hand, language - this is a very complex living organism, and, of course, there are times when everything is not so simple.

Types of pleonasms

AT recent times pleonasms began to appear more and more often, which include the abbreviation: CD, ERD diagram, IT technology, RAID array, VIP person, GPS system, SMS message. It is more difficult to get rid of duplication in this case, since the main lexical meaning is encoded in just one letter. And this letter - Latin, and the word that is encrypted in it is also foreign, most often English. The Russian equivalent in the expression acts as an explanation. There are also domestic pleonasms-abbreviations. For example, "power line lines" or "AvtoVAZ".

Some pleonastic combinations have already taken root in the language and have become the norm. A striking example- "sandwich with butter".

The original meaning borrowed from German language words were gradually erased in the memory of native speakers. A sandwich in our understanding can be not only with butter, but also with sausage, caviar, cheese, and so on.

Verbosity is considered another kind of semantic pleonasm. Example: he walked towards the house. This phrase contains words that add nothing to its meaning. - "towards".

Pleonasms are not always errors. Stylistic pleonasm is characteristic of colloquial, journalistic and artistic speech, especially folklore, where pleonastic epithets and comparisons can crystallize into stable poetic formulas: path-path, field-field, sadness-longing, grief-grit, fate-fate, young-green, sea-okian.

Stylistic pleonasms (they are also called expressive) are often used consciously in fiction. This is the author's technique, not a mistake.

About the field, field, who are you
dotted dead bones?
Whose greyhound horse trampled you
In the last hour of a bloody battle?

Agree that Pushkin's pleonasm from "Ruslan and Lyudmila" adds imagery.

And here is a vivid speech characteristic of one of Chekhov's characters. “Take at least this case for example ... I disperse the people, and on the shore on the sand drowned corpse of a dead person. On what basis, I ask, does he lie here? Is this something in order? What is the officer looking at? Why, I say, officer, do you not let the authorities know? Maybe this drowned dead man drowned himself, or maybe this thing smells like Siberia. Maybe it's a felony murder..."(A.P. Chekhov, "Unter Prishbeev")

In fairness, it must be said that pleonasm in linguistics is not considered exclusively a speech error. Scholars define it more broadly. This is precisely the speech turnover, which, under certain circumstances, either goes beyond the boundaries of the norm, or is considered quite acceptable. AT colloquial speech it can be used to heighten emotionality or comedy.

Lapalissiada: what kind of animal is this?

Here is an interesting example - the English poem " Guinea pig"(translated by S.Ya. Marshak):

Guinea pig
Was
Mala
And, therefore, she was not a big pig.
Legs worked
The little pig
When I ran away
She is on the path.
But she didn't stand
When I ran
And did not remain silent
When she screamed.
But suddenly for some reason
She died,
And from this moment
Was not alive.

The poet used in this text a lapalissiade . This is another kind of speech redundancy - the statement of obviously obvious facts, bordering on the absurd. They usually create a comic effect in inappropriate, sometimes even tragic situations: "he was dead and did not hide it."

The Lapalissiades got their exotic name under very interesting circumstances. The term is derived from the name of the French Marshal Marquis Jacques de La Palis. According to legend, the soldiers composed a song about him, in which there was a play on words: "S'il n'était pas mort, Il ferait encore envie" (if he were not dead, he would be envied). The phrase can be read differently: "S'il n'était pas mort, Il serait encore en vie" (if he were not dead, he would be alive).

Tautological tautologies

One of the varieties of semantic pleonasms, many scientists recognize tautology. This term is better known and usually strongly associated with the phrase "butter oil", which we have already mentioned above. These are expressions, which include the repetition of the same (single-root) or similar words. Most often this repetition is unfounded: smiled a smile, a young girl, re-renew, ask a question.

If pleonasm is an unreasonable excess, verbosity, as they say, "woe from the mind", then tautology is considered a grosser speech error, since it usually indicates poverty vocabulary and illiteracy.

But even here there are exceptions. Sometimes the tautology is a variant of the norm. For example, in colloquial and poetic speech, the following combinations are used: bitter grief, wonderful miracle, marvelous marvel, black night, white day, icy water, mortal anguish. Such epithets are considered quite hallmark poetic speech.

On the Internet, I found a wonderful example of a parody that perfectly explains the essence of the tautology. Moldovan comic duet "Ostap and Bender" came up with a miniature called "Unusual Lesson", where tautological expressions are intentionally included in almost all dialogues. At the end of the scene, there is this poem:

Lukomorye has a crafty bow,
Chain chain on that chain.
Half day to noon
Somewhere in the afternoon
Walker stilted walker.
Go right, right - right,
Go left - left there.
There miracles of miracles are more wonderful,
There were no miracles.
There on unknown paths
Traces follow, follow.
There's a chicken on chicken legs
Kurei oversees by smoking.
And I've been there, been there, been there
I drank honey with honey ...

In addition to semantic pleonasms, there are also syntactic ones. In them, redundancy, duplication of information extends not to one expression, but to entire syntactic constructions. Compare two sentences: “She told me that she would come tomorrow” and "She told me she would come tomorrow."

Both sentences are grammatically correct, but the words “about that” are considered in this case as pleonastic, that is, redundant.

Time to test yourself

Let's consolidate the result now and try ourselves in the role of a strict and impartial television editor. Find semantic pleonasms in the suggested videos. By the way, all of them have already met earlier in this article. At the same time we will check and attention.

If you personally found all 15 errors, then you can consider that the test on the topic “Lexical errors. Pleonasm" in your pocket. It looks like you learned your lesson well in the end.

Speech redundancy- this is a problem, born largely due to the author's unwillingness to spend time and effort on polishing his own text. That is, instead of denoting his thought with a couple of precisely formulated phrases, the writer indulges in long explanations, which give us verbal redundancy.

Speech redundancy in the text can manifest itself in various forms.

Sometimes you can observe an obsessive explanation of already known truths: Daily consumption of milk is a healthy habit, not only children, but also adults eat milk, the habit of milk can persist until old age. Can this habit be called bad? Should it be abandoned? Of course no!

Speech redundancy also occurs when the same thought is retransmitted. For example: Russian athletes arrived at the Olympic Games in order to take part in competitions in which not only ours, but also many foreign athletes will participate.

In some cases, the manifestation of speech redundancy can border on the absurd: The body was obviously dead and showed it with all its appearance.. In literary theory, such examples are called lapalissiades. The name of the term is derived from the name of the French marshal Marquis La Palis, who died in 1525. The fact is that the soldiers composed a song about the deceased commander, which contained the following words: Our commander was alive 25 minutes before his death. Lapalissiades give speeches an inappropriate comedy, asserting obvious truths. And inappropriateness, as a rule, is expressed in the fact that such turnovers emerge in situations associated with the most tragic circumstances.

Pleonasm.

Pleonasm (from gr. pleonasmos - excess) - this is the use in speech of words that are close in meaning and therefore unnecessary words ( anticipate, speak aloud, dark night, etc..). Pleonasms arise mainly due to the stylistic negligence of the author. For example, when combining synonyms: dull and boring; helped and contributed; nevertheless, however; for example.

However, in addition to obvious errors and oversights, there is the concept of " imaginary pleonasm", which the writer uses consciously as a means of enhancing the expressiveness of speech: Not will come back the time when the history of our country was rewritten to please someone's petty interests. Such a deliberate discrepancy attracts the reader's attention, enhancing the expressive effect.

It would not be superfluous to mention that the use of pleonastic combinations is very characteristic of folklore. As is known, expressively colored pleonasms have long been used in oral folk art, such as lived-were, sea-okiya, path-track and others.

Tautology.

A special case of pleonasm is tautology. Tautology(from Gr. tauto - the same, logos - word) occurs as when repeating words with the same root ( make a riddle, stop at a bus stop), and when combining a foreign and Russian word that duplicates its meaning ( young child prodigy, first debuted, interior design). The second case is often called hidden tautology, and often this indicates that the speaker does not understand the exact meaning of the borrowed word.

In general, tautology - and in fact, the unintentional use of combinations of words with the same root - is a very common mistake. And even with careful proofreading of the text, it is not always possible to find all the tautological links. However, I believe that such repetitions should not always be considered as errors. After all, in many cases it is simply impossible to avoid tautology, and the exclusion of a single-root word from a sentence, replacing it with a synonym does not always give the desired effect - very often this leads to a distortion of the meaning or impoverishment of speech. We can assume that a pair of cognate words in a close context is stylistically justified if such words are the only carriers of the corresponding meanings and cannot be replaced by synonyms ( edit - editor; cook - jam, etc..)

Exceptions should also include the use of terminological vocabulary, which also often gives rise to tautological combinations ( dictionary of foreign words, investigation of investigating authorities, etc..)

12. Correlation between the concepts of "clericalism", "stamp", "standard".

When analyzing errors caused by the unjustified use of stylistically colored vocabulary, Special attention should be given to the words associated with the official business style. Elements of official business style, introduced into a context stylistically alien to them, are called bureaucracy. It should be remembered that these speech means are called clericalisms only when they are used in speech that is not bound by the norms of official business style.

Lexical and phraseological clericalisms include words and phrases that have a coloring typical for official business style ( presence, in the absence of, to avoid, reside, withdraw, the above, takes place etc.). Their use makes speech inexpressive ( If there is a desire, much can be done to improve the working conditions of workers; There is currently a shortage of teaching staff.).

As a rule, you can find many options for expressing thoughts, avoiding clericalism. For example, why would a journalist write: Marriage is a negative side in the activity of the enterprise if you can say: It is bad when an enterprise releases marriage; Marriage is unacceptable at work; Marriage is a great evil that must be fought; It is necessary to prevent marriage in production; It is necessary, finally, to stop the production of defective products!; You can't put up with marriage! A simple and specific wording has a stronger effect on the reader.

The clerical coloring of speech is often given verbal nouns formed with suffixes -eni-, -ani- and etc. ( revealing, finding, taking, inflating, closing) and non-suffixed ( tailoring, theft, day off). Their clerical shade is exacerbated by prefixes not-, under- (undetected, failure). Russian writers often parodied the syllable "decorated" with such clericalisms [ The case of gnawing the plan thereof by mice(Hertz.); The case of flying in and breaking glass by a crow(Pis.); Having announced to the widow Vanina that in her non-sticking of the sixty-kopeck mark ...(Ch.)].

Verbal nouns do not have the categories of tense, aspect, mood, voice, person. This narrows their expressive possibilities in comparison with verbs. For example, the following sentence is inaccurate: From the farm manager V.I. Shlyk was shown a negligent attitude towards milking and feeding cows. You might think that the manager milked and fed the cows poorly, but the author only wanted to say that Farm manager V.I. Shlyk did nothing to facilitate the work of milkmaids, to prepare fodder for livestock. The impossibility of expressing the meaning of voice by a verbal noun can lead to ambiguity in the construction of the type professor's statement(Professor claims or his claim?), love singing(I love sing or listen when they sing?).

In sentences with verbal nouns, the predicate is often expressed as a passive participle or reflexive verb, this deprives the action of activity and enhances the clerical coloring of speech [ At the end of the sightseeing tour, tourists were allowed to take pictures of them.(better: Tourists were shown sights and allowed to photograph them)].

However, not all verbal nouns in the Russian language belong to the official business vocabulary, they are diverse in stylistic coloring, which largely depends on the characteristics of their lexical meaning and word formation. Verbal nouns with the meaning of a person have nothing to do with clericalisms ( teacher, self-taught, confused, bully), many nouns with an action value ( running, crying, playing, washing, shooting, bombing).

Verbal nouns with book suffixes can be divided into two groups. Some are stylistically neutral meaning, name, excitement), many of them -tion changed in -ne, and they began to designate not an action, but its result (cf.: baking pies - sweet biscuits, sour cherries - cherry jam). Others retain a close relationship with verbs, acting as abstract names for actions, processes ( acceptance, rejection, rejection). It is precisely such nouns that are most often characterized by clerical coloring; only those that have received a strict terminological meaning in the language ( drilling, spelling, joining).

The use of clericalisms of this type is associated with the so-called "splitting of the predicate", i.e. replacing a simple verbal predicate with a combination of a verbal noun with an auxiliary verb that has a weakened lexical meaning (instead of complicating, it leads to complication). So, they write: This leads to complication, confusing accounting and increased costs., but it is better to write: This complicates and confuses accounting, increases costs.

However, in the stylistic assessment of this phenomenon, one should not go to extremes, rejecting any cases of the use of verb-nominal combinations instead of verbs. The following combinations are often used in book styles: took part instead of participated, instructed instead of indicated etc. Verb-nominal combinations are fixed in the official business style to declare gratitude, to accept for execution, to impose a penalty(in these cases the verbs thank, fulfill, commend inappropriate), etc. AT scientific style terminological combinations such as visual fatigue occurs, self-regulation occurs, transplantation is performed etc. Expressions function in a journalistic style workers went on strike, there were clashes with the police, an attempt was made on the minister etc. In such cases, verbal nouns are indispensable and there is no reason to consider them clericalisms.

The use of verb-nominal combinations sometimes even creates conditions for speech expression. For example, a combination take an active part more capacious in meaning than a verb participate. The definition with a noun allows you to give the verb-nominal combination an exact terminological meaning (cf .: help - provide emergency medical assistance). The use of a verb-nominal combination instead of a verb can also help eliminate the lexical ambiguity of verbs (cf.: give a beep - buzz). The preference for such verb-nominal combinations over verbs is naturally beyond doubt; their use does not damage the style, but, on the contrary, gives greater effectiveness to the speech.

The influence of formal business style often explains the unjustified use of denominative prepositions: along the line, in a section, in part, in business, by virtue of, for the purposes of, to the address, in the area, in plan, at the level, due to and others. They have become widespread in book styles, and under certain conditions their use is stylistically justified. However, often their passion is detrimental to the presentation, weighing down the style and giving it a clerical coloring. This is partly due to the fact that denominative prepositions usually require the use of verbal nouns, which leads to stringing of cases. For example: By improving the organization of repayment of arrears in the payment of wages and pensions, improving the culture of customer service, the turnover in state and commercial stores should increase- the accumulation of verbal nouns, a lot of identical case forms made the sentence heavy, cumbersome. To correct the text, it is necessary to exclude the denominative preposition from it, if possible, replace verbal nouns with verbs. Let's make an edit like this: In order to increase the turnover in state and commercial stores, it is necessary to pay salaries on time and not delay the pension of citizens, as well as improve the culture of customer service.

Some authors use denominative prepositions automatically, without thinking about their meaning, which is still partly preserved in them. For example: Construction has been suspended due to lack of materials.(as if someone foresaw that there would be no materials, and therefore the construction was suspended). Incorrect use of denominative prepositions often leads to illogical statements.

The exclusion of denominative prepositions from the text, as we see, eliminates verbosity, helps to express the thought more concretely and stylistically correctly.

The use of speech stamps is usually associated with the influence of the official business style. Speech stamps become widely used words and expressions with erased semantics and faded emotional coloring. So, in a variety of contexts, the expression get a residence permit begins to be used in a figurative sense ( Each ball that flies into the goal net receives a permanent registration in the tables; Muse Petrovsky has a permanent residence in the hearts; Aphrodite entered the permanent exhibition of the museum - now it is registered in our city).

Any frequently repeated speech means can become a stamp, for example, stereotyped metaphors, definitions that have lost their figurative power due to constant reference to them, even hackneyed rhymes ( tears - roses). However, in practical stylistics, the term "speech stamp" has received a narrower meaning: this is the name for stereotypical expressions that have a clerical coloring.

Among the speech stamps that arose as a result of the influence of the official business style on other styles, one can first of all single out formulaic turns of speech: at this stage, in this period of time, to date, emphasized with all sharpness etc. As a rule, they do not contribute anything to the content of the statement, but only clog the speech: In this period of time, a difficult situation has developed with the liquidation of debts to supplier enterprises; At present, the payment of wages to miners has been taken under unremitting control; At this stage, the crucian spawning is normal, etc. Deleting the highlighted words will not change anything in the information.

Speech stamps also include universal words, which are used in a wide variety of, often too broad, indefinite meanings ( question, event, series, conduct, deploy, separate, specific etc.). For example, a noun question, acting as a universal word, never indicates what is being asked ( Of particular importance are nutrition in the first 10-12 days; The issues of timely collection of tax from enterprises and commercial structures deserve great attention.). In such cases, it can be painlessly excluded from the text (cf.: Nutrition in the first 10-12 days is especially important; It is necessary to collect taxes from enterprises and commercial structures in a timely manner).

Word be, as universal, is also often superfluous; this can be seen by comparing two wordings of sentences from newspaper articles:

The unjustified use of linking verbs is one of the most common stylistic flaws in professional literature. However, this does not mean that linking verbs should be banned, their use should be appropriate, stylistically justified.

Speech stamps are pair words, or companion words; the use of one of them necessarily suggests the use of the other (cf.: event - held, scope - wide, criticism - sharp, problem - unresolved, overdue etc.). The definitions in these pairs are lexically defective, they give rise to speech redundancy. Speech stamps, relieving the speaker from the need to look for the right, exact words, deprive the speech of specificity. For example: This season was held at a high organizational level- this proposal can be inserted into the report on hay harvesting, and on sports competitions, and on preparing the housing stock for winter, and harvesting grapes ...

The set of speech stamps changes over the years: some are gradually forgotten, others become "fashionable", so it is impossible to list and describe all the cases of their use. It is important to understand the essence of this phenomenon and prevent the emergence and spread of stamps.

Language standards should be distinguished from speech stamps. locale are called ready-made, reproduced in speech means of expression used in a journalistic style. Unlike the stamp, "the standard ... does not call negative attitude, as it has a clear semantics and economically expresses a thought, contributing to the speed of information transfer. The language standards include, for example, such combinations that have become stable: Public sector employees, employment service, international humanitarian aid, commercial structures, law enforcement agencies, branches of Russian government, according to informed sources, - phrases like household service (nutrition, health, recreation etc.). These speech units are widely used by journalists, since it is impossible to invent new means of expression in each specific case.

The accumulation of verbal nouns, chains of identical case forms, speech clichés firmly “block” the perception of such statements that cannot be comprehended. Our journalism has successfully overcome this "style", and it "decorates" only the speech of individual speakers and officials in public institutions. However, while they are in their leadership positions, the problem of combating clericalism and speech stamps has not lost its relevance.

13. Literary editing as one of the components of the profession of a journalist: the concept of literary editing; the place of literary editing in the process of preparing a manuscript for publication; literary editing tasks

Literary editing - the search for the most accurate verbal expression of formulations, certain ideas, specific judgments or concepts, as well as arguments proving the author's position. Literary editing - this is such a reading of the text, which may require not only the correction of individual errors, but also the alteration of individual fragments of the text, the restructuring of sentences, the removal of unnecessary repetitions, the elimination of ambiguity, etc., so that the form of the text best matches its content.

Literary editing involves correcting stylistic flaws. Stylistic errors are understood as various kinds of errors associated with a violation of style and, in general, the literary norm, including the wrong choice of the form of a word, the choice of an inappropriate, inappropriate general style text of a stylistic variant, etc.

Tasks lit. editing:

Evaluation of the manuscript in terms of relevance of the text to the goal

Identification of substantial advantages and disadvantages, verification of the accuracy and reliability of facts

Evaluation of the literary qualities of the text: compositional, genre, stylistic and logical

One of the problems of modern philology is speech redundancy and its insufficiency. She points to a poor vocabulary, inability to clearly express her thoughts. The manifestation of verbal redundancy in the works of novice writers and journalists is especially detrimental. Its main manifestations include the repetition of words, tautology and pleonasm.

The ability to find these texts in a timely manner to correct them is the key to competent, beautiful and easy readable text. True, tautology and pleonasm are far from always gross speech errors. In some cases, they can be an excellent means of expressiveness and emotional design of the text.

The main types of speech errors

Speech redundancy, or verbosity, implies the transmission of the same thought in a sentence and an utterance. The main types of such errors associated with lexical insufficiency are primarily tautology, pleonasm and repetition of words in sentences. These speech errors indicate low level speech culture. But at the same time they are used in fiction as a means of emotional expressiveness.

Quite often in the texts you can find repetition of words. For example: “The newspaper came out once a week. In the morning the newspaper was delivered to the kiosk.” It's unacceptable to write like that. The word "newspaper" is used in both the first and second sentence, which is a rather gross speech error. In this case right decision it would be to replace it with a synonym or a pronoun.

The repetition of words indicates that the author cannot clearly and concisely formulate his thought, owns a meager vocabulary. True, it is worth noting that in some cases such speech redundancy can be justified. It is able to become beautiful with the help of which the author emphasizes this or that thought. For example: "They walked, and walked, and walked, not one day, not one night." In this case, the repetition of the verb indicates the duration of the process.

Pleonasm

The term "pleonasm" (pleonasmos) is translated from Greek as "excess", "excess". And it means the use in speech of words that are close in meaning, superfluous in a sentence. Bright can be found in such sentences:

1. "A blonde blonde came up to me."
2. "They found a dead body in the room."
3. "He worked silently, without words."
4. "Oil is very oily."
5. "He was writing his autobiography."
6. "He was interested in a vacancy in the firm."
7. "Vasily fell down."
8. "We are trampling our native land with our feet."

All these proposals are overloaded with superfluous clarifications or pleonasms. So, the blonde is in any case light, the autobiography comes from two Greek words and means a self-written story of one's own life, etc.

Like any other speech redundancy, pleonasm is a sign of a person’s insufficient education, a very poor vocabulary. You should carefully analyze your vocabulary. And also in time to find and correct errors associated with the use of pleonasms in speech.

Tautology

The term tautology consists of two Greek words. The first - tauto - means "the same", the second - logos - "word". Treated as repetition or morphemes in a sentence. Most philologists note that tautology is one of the varieties of pleonasm.

It also exhibits verbal redundancy. Examples of this phenomenon are clearly expressed in the following phrases: tell a story, there are buses in the bus depot, etc. There is also a hidden tautology when Russian and foreign word with a close, identical meaning. For example: debuted for the first time, interior design, folklore, own autobiography.

Use in style

It should be noted that speech redundancy, examples of which can be found in fiction, is not always a speech error. Thus, in stylistics, the use of pleonasms and tautologies helps to enhance the effectiveness and emotionality of speech, to emphasize the aphorism of the statement. Humorous writers use these mistakes to create puns.

We note the main functions that speech redundancy and tautology play in style:

1. The use of the main characters in the speech in order to emphasize the poverty of his vocabulary, lack of education.
2. To enhance the semantic significance of a particular moment, to highlight a certain thought in the text.
3. The use of tautological repetitions to emphasize the intensity or duration of an action. For example: "We wrote and wrote."
4. The use of pleonasms in order to emphasize or clarify the sign of an object, its characteristics.
5. Sentences with speech redundancy can also be used to indicate a large accumulation of objects. For example: “And everywhere there are books, books, books…”.
6. Use to create puns. For example: "Let me not let."

Note that tautology and pleonasm are most often found in folklore. For example: once upon a time, there was a path, a path, apparently not visible, a wonderful marvel, a wonderful miracle, grief to grieve. At the heart of most phraseological tricks, sayings is a tautology: small is small less, you can’t hear, you can see the views, walk shaking, all sorts of things, bitter grief, sit down.

Regulatory Use Cases

It is worth noting that in some cases pleonasm and tautology can be normative. Often this happens when semantic congestion is not felt in the phrase. So, speech redundancy is absent in such expressions: white linen, black ink. It is explained simply. After all, linen can be both gray and yellow. And the ink can be both black and blue, green, red.

conclusions

One of the main mistakes that can often be found in oral and writing- speech redundancy. Tautology and pleonasm are its main manifestations, which indicate the paucity of the language, a poor vocabulary. At the same time, these lexical phenomena can be used in fiction to create bright, colorful pictures, to highlight a particular thought.

For anyone educated person, especially if he works in the field of journalism or is fond of writing books, it is important to be able to find pleonasm and tautology in the text, correct them in a timely manner so that the texts are easy to read. Speech redundancy and lack of vocabulary make the material presented uninteresting for a wide audience.

Topic 3.4. Lexical errors and their correction

Lexical word compatibility- this is the ability of a word to combine with other words of the context without violating the semantic and grammatical patterns of word combinations. Lexical compatibility is determined by the language of the possibility of combining words within a phrase or connecting a subject with a predicate. An extreme case of the dependence of words on such a possibility can be considered phraseological units language.

Deliberate violation of the semantic or grammatical patterns of word combinations underlies some stylistic figures and tropes.

Unintentional, accidental violation of lexical compatibility leads to speech error. A common case of violation of lexical compatibility is a construction in which parts of synonymous phrases are erroneously combined: play a role (play a role and make a difference), take action (take action and take action).

Lexical redundancy- this is common name two stylistic phenomena: pleonasm and tautology, associated with the presence in a sentence of two words instead of one.

Lexical redundancy is used as a stylistic device of amplification: see with your own eyes, hear with your ears.

Pleonasm- this is lexical redundancy arising from the duplication of the lexical meaning of one word by another, whole or any part of it: interior(the interior already matters internal), idle.

There are two types of pleonasms. Pleonasm is obligatory, or structurally conditioned, which is not a stylistic error and is widely represented in the language: come down the mountain(duplication of preposition and prefix), never read.

Pleonasm – stylistic error, in which superfluous, redundant words are combined into a phrase or into a sentence. PLEONASM(Greek - excess).

1. A means of lexical expressiveness based on the use in a sentence or text of words that are close in meaning, creating semantic redundancy.

Pleonasm is found in folklore: once upon a time, sadness-longing, path-path, sea-okiya. Also, this tool is widely used in fiction, usually with the aim of concretizing the details of the narrative or enhancing emotions, assessments: Indeed, extremely strange! - said the official, - the place perfectly smooth like a freshly baked pancake. Yes, unbelievably smooth! (N. Gogol, "The Nose"); The old fear gripped him again. everything from head to toe (F. Dostoevsky, "Crime and Punishment"); - I didn't see you the whole week I didn't hear you so long. I passionately want, I thirsty your voice. Speak up.(A. Chekhov, "Ionych").

2. A kind of lexical error associated with a violation of the norms of lexical compatibility, when words that are unnecessary from a semantic point of view are used in a phrase or sentence. For example, in a sentence They ensured the rhythmic and uninterrupted operation of the enterprise. definitions express similar meanings; here one of them is sufficient. Author's inscription on the cover of the book I dedicate to my dad - Sergey Mikhailovich pleonastic; enough Dedicated to my dad...

Typical examples of non-normative pleonasm are phrases in which the meaning of one word repeats the meaning of another: more important (more redundant because more important means "more important") first premiere(enough premiere- "the first performance of a play, film or performance of a musical work"), atmospheric air(enough air- "a mixture of gases that forms the Earth's atmosphere"), eventually(right in the end or enough eventually), go back(verb return indicates movement backwards, in the opposite direction), import from abroad(enough import- "to import from abroad").

Some pleonastic phrases have become entrenched in the language and are not considered erroneous, for example: go down, go up, time period, exhibit(Latin exponatus means "exposed"), people's democracy (democracy translated from the Greek language "power of the people").

In fiction and journalism, non-normative lexical redundancy can act as a means of speech characterization of characters: - Here you are laughing and bare your teeth, - said Vasya, - but I really, Marya Vasilievna, warmly welcome you love and I love (M. Zoshchenko, "Love").

Tautology- this is lexical redundancy, in which within the phrase or combination of the subject and the predicate in the sentence, single-root words are repeated: soon the fairy tale is told, but not soon the deed is done.

The tautology is humorously demonstrated in the Baby Monitor program in the following poem:

I prefer autumn the most

When everything bears fruit,

And they mow hay in a hayfield,

And butter is on the table.

Often tautological repetitions are not a stylistic mistake, but the only possible characteristic of an object (salt salt, life to live). Tautological combinations of words are found in folk poetic works, in proverbs and sayings: friendship is friendship, and service is service.

Unintentional tautology testifies to the inability to use the synonymous richness of the language, that is, it is a stylistic mistake.

Lexical repetitions Stylistically inappropriate repetition of the same words: I study at a technical school. After graduating from college, I will work in the gas field.

Lexical insufficiency- a stylistic error, consisting in the omission of the necessary component of the phrase: This question worries me to the depths (soul). Lexical deficiency is sometimes associated with a linguistic phenomenon called constriction: he drinks (alcoholic drinks), his brother serves (in the army). But with lexical insufficiency, such semantic contraction does not occur, and the fulfillment of the missing component of the phrase remains necessary.

Tautology, pleonasm, inappropriate repetitions of words make the text dissonant and make it difficult to perceive. The reasons for such errors are common: poverty of speech, inability to use synonyms, ignorance of the lexical meaning of words, as well as underdevelopment of “speech hearing”: the speaker does not notice that he inappropriately uses words that are close in meaning or have the same root.

The use of phraseological units in speech obeys historically established rules fixed by tradition. From the point of view of stylistic phraseological units of the language are heterogeneous. Some of them have a colloquial or colloquial emotional and expressive coloring and therefore are not used in purely bookish styles (official business and scientific). Other shades of bookishness, refer to high vocabulary, are often part of poeticisms.

As a language game, there is a deliberate destruction of a phraseological phrase, the replacement of one of the components in order to give a different, often ironic meaning: The one who shoots first laughs best.

Unintentional destruction of phraseological turnover is a stylistic mistake.

TAUTOLOGY(Greek - the same and - the word) - a kind of pleonasm; the use of single-root words in a sentence or text.

Tautology is found in proverbs and sayings: friendship friendship , a service by service; life to live– not a field to go; free will ; in phraseological turns: walk shaking, crowded, eat by eater .

Expressively colored tautological combinations are characteristic of folklore: Soon fairy tale affects, but not soon the deed is done; sit down sit, bitter grief .

The intentional use of single-root words serves as a means of lexical expressiveness in fiction and journalism: “ Gorky with fur mine laugh "(N. Gogol); " How mind is smart, how business is efficient, // How terrible fear, how darkness is dark!// How life is alive! How death is fatal! // How youth young yuna ! "(Z. Ezrohi)," Law there is law " (from the newspaper).

The tautology is lexical error if the use of cognate words is not justified by stylistic purposes and is random: put together, dance a dance, treat sports in a sporty way, confirm the statement. Usually, an unintentional tautology is said like this: butter oil.