Serving for direct communication between people. Its main function is communicative (information exchange). The conversational style is presented not only in but also in writing - in the form of letters, notes. But mainly this style is used in oral speech - dialogues, polylogue.
It is characterized by ease, unpreparedness of speech (lack of thinking over a sentence before speaking and preliminary selection of the necessary language material), informality, immediacy of communication, the obligatory transfer of the author's attitude to the interlocutor or the subject of speech, economy of speech efforts ("Mash", "Sash", "San Sanych "and others). An important role in the conversational style is played by the context of a certain situation and the use of non-verbal means (the interlocutor's reaction, gestures, facial expressions).
Lexical characteristics of the conversational style
Linguistic differences include the use of non-lexical means (stress, intonation, speech rate, rhythm, pauses, etc.). The linguistic features of the colloquial style also include the frequent use of colloquial, colloquial and slang words (for example, "start" (start), "now" (now), etc.), words in a figurative meaning (for example, "window" - in meaning "break"). Colloquial is distinguished by the fact that in it very often words not only name objects, their signs, actions, but also give them an assessment: "dodger", "good fellow", "careless", "clever", "golubit", "cheerful".
The conversational style is also characterized by the use of words with augmentation or diminutive-caressing suffixes ("spoon", "little book", "bread", "tea", "pretty", "big", "red"), phraseological phrases ("got up a little light "," rushed as fast as he could "). Particles, interjections, and appeals are often included in speech ("Masha, go get some bread!", "Oh, my God, who came to us!").
Conversational style: syntax features
The syntax of this style is characterized by the use of simple sentences (most often compound and non-union), (in dialogue), the wide use of exclamation and interrogative sentences, the absence of participial and participial expressions in sentences, the use of sentence words (negative, affirmative, incentive, etc.) ... This style is characterized by interruptions in speech, which can be caused by various reasons (excitement of the speaker, looking for the right word, unexpected jumping from one thought to another).
The use of additional structures that break the main sentence and introduce certain information, clarifications, remarks, corrections, explanations into it also characterizes the conversational style.
In colloquial speech, they can also occur in which parts are connected with each other by lexical-syntactic units: the first part contains evaluative words ("clever", "well done", "fool", etc.), and the second part justifies this assessment, for example : "Well done, that helped!" or "Fool Bear, that he listened to you!"
In the field of morphology, one can note, firstly, grammatical forms that function mainly in a colloquial style, and secondly, the use of stylistically unmarked grammatical categories, their relationship here is different in comparison with other functional styles. This style is characterized by forms na -a in the nominative plural, where in book styles the normative form is na -ы (bunker, cruiser, searchlight, instructor), na-u forms in the genitive and prepositional cases (kilogram of sugar, glass tea, a bunch of grapes, in the workshop, on vacation); zero inflection in the genitive plural (five grams, ten kilograms, kilogram of tomato, compare the book: grams, kilograms, tomatoes).
Specifically, the quantitative distribution of the case forms of nouns: in the first place in terms of usage is the nominative case, the genitive is rarely used with the meaning of comparison, a qualitative characteristic; not usable instrumental with the meaning of the subject of action.
Possessive adjectives are used that are synonymous with the forms of indirect cases of nouns: Pushkin's poems (Pushkin's poems), the foreman's sister (the foreman's sister), Katya's brother (Katya's brother). In the predicative function, not the short form of the adjective is usually used, but the full one: The woman was laconic; Conclusions are indisputable (compare books: Real wisdom is laconic; Conclusions are indisputable). Short forms of adjectives are active only in reinforcing structures, where they are characterized by a pronounced expressive coloring: Well, cunning !; It hurts too simple; Your deeds are bad!
One of the characteristic features of colloquial speech is the wide use of pronouns, not only replacing nouns and adjectives, but also used without reliance on context. For example, such a pronoun can denote a positive quality or serve as an amplifier (She is such a woman! - beautiful, gorgeous, intelligent; Such beauty is all around!). A pronoun in combination with an infinitive can replace the name of an object, that is, exclude a noun. For example: Give me something to write; Bring something to read; Do you have something to write about?; Take something to eat. Due to the use of pronouns in colloquial speech, the frequency of the use of nouns and adjectives is reduced. The insignificant frequency of the latter in colloquial speech is also associated with the fact that objects and their signs are visible or known to the interlocutors.
In a colloquial style, verbs prevail over nouns. The activity of the personal forms of the verb increases due to the passivity of verbal nouns, as well as participles and participles, which are almost never used in colloquial speech. Of the forms of participles, only the short form of the passive past participle of the middle gender singular is active (written, smoked, plowed, done, said). The number of adjective participles is significant (a knowledgeable specialist, a hard worker, a wounded soldier, a torn boot, fried potatoes). A vivid sign of colloquial speech is the use of verbs of repeated and single actions (read, sat, walked, twisted, whipped, blasted), as well as verbs with the meaning of ultra-instantaneous action (knock, break, jump, jump, fuck, shas).
The immediacy and unpreparedness of the statement, the situation of verbal communication and other characteristic features of the colloquial style especially affect its syntactic structure. At the syntactic level, more actively than at other levels of the linguistic system, the incomplete structure of the expression of meaning by linguistic means is manifested. Incompleteness of designs, ellipticity is one of the means of speech economy and one of the most striking differences between colloquial speech and other varieties of the literary language. Since the conversational style is usually realized in conditions of direct communication, everything that is given by the setting or follows from what was known to the interlocutors even earlier is omitted from speech. A. M. Peshkovsky, characterizing colloquial speech, wrote: “We always do not finish our thoughts, omitting from speech everything that is given by the situation or previous experience of the speakers. So, at the table we ask: "Are you coffee or tea?"; when we meet a friend, we ask: “Where are you going?”; having heard the annoying music, we say: “Again!”; offering water, say: "Boiled, do not worry!" one
The colloquial syntax is dominated by simple sentences, and they often lack the verb-predicate, which makes the statement dynamic. In some cases, statements are understandable outside the situation and context, which indicates their linguistic systemic nature (I am in the cinema; He is in the hostel; I would have a ticket; Tomorrow to the theater), in others - the missing predicate verb is prompted by the situation: (by mail) - Please , stamped envelope (give). Used words-sentences (affirmative, negative, incentive): - Buy a ticket? - Necessarily; Can you bring a book? - Of course; - Read the note? - Not yet; - Ready! March! Only colloquial speech is characterized by the use of special words and corresponding sentences expressing agreement or disagreement (Yes; No; Of course; Of course), they are often repeated (- Let's go to the forest? - Yes, yes!; - Do you buy this book? - No, no ).
Of the complex sentences in this style, the most active are compound and non-union ones. The latter often have a pronounced colloquial coloring, and therefore are not used in book speech (You come - call; There are people - do not spare themselves). Unpreparedness of the statement, the inability to preliminarily think over the phrase prevent the use of complex syntactic constructions in a colloquial style. Emotionality and expressiveness of colloquial speech is due to the wide use of interrogative and exclamation sentences (Haven't you watched this film? Would you like to see it? We are now going to "October", Well, why are you sitting at home! In this weather!). Interjection phrases are active (No matter how it is! connecting structures are used (The plant is well equipped. The latest technology; He is a good person. He is also cheerful).
The main indicator of syntactic relations in colloquial speech is intonation and word order, while morphological means of communication - the transmission of syntactic meanings using word forms - are weakened. Intonation, closely related to the rate of speech, tone, melody, timbre of the voice, pauses, logical stress, etc., in a conversational style carries a huge semantic, modal and emotionally expressive load, giving speech naturalness, ease, liveliness, expressiveness. It makes up for what is unsaid, enhances emotionality, and is the main means of expressing actual division. The topic of the statement is highlighted with the help of logical stress, so the element that acts as a rhema can be located anywhere. For example, the purpose of the trip can be clarified using the following questions: Are you going to Moscow on a business trip? - Are you going to Moscow on a business trip? - Are you going to Moscow on a business trip? - Are you going on a business trip to Moscow? A circumstance (on a business trip) can take a different position in the statement, since it is emphasized with logical stress. Highlighting a rheme with the help of intonation allows you to use interrogative words where, when, why, why, etc., not only at the beginning of the utterance, but also in any other position (When will you go to Moscow? - When will you go to Moscow? - Will you go to Moscow when?) ... A typical feature of colloquial syntax is the intonational division of topic and rheme and their design into independent phrases (- How to get to the circus? - To the circus? To the right; How much is this book? - This one? Fifty thousand).
The word order in colloquial speech, while not being the main means of expressing the actual division, has a high variability. It is freer than in book styles, but still plays a certain role in expressing the actual division: the most important, essential element, which has the main meaning in the message, is usually placed at the beginning of the statement: The snow was heavy in the morning; He is strange; There was a fluffy herringbone; You need to run faster. Often the noun in the nominative case is put forward in the first place, since it serves as a means of actualization: Railway station, where to get off ?; Shopping center, how to get there ?; The book was lying here, haven't you seen it?; The bag is red, please show me!
For the purpose of expressive emphasis, a complex clause often begins with a subordinate clause in cases where its postposition is the norm in other styles. For example: I don’t know what to do; That he was not afraid - well done; Who is brave - come out.
The simultaneity of thinking and pronouncing a speech in direct communication leads to frequent restructuring of the phrase on the go. At the same time, sentences are cut off, then additions to them follow, then their syntactic structure changes: But I do not see any particular reason to worry so much ... although, by the way ...; They bought a kitten recently. Nice little one, etc.
Note:
1. Peshkovsky A. M. Objective and normative point of view on the language // Izbr. works. Moscow, 1959, p. 58.
T.P. Pleschenko, N.V. Fedotova, R.G. Chet. Stylistics and culture of speech - Minsk, 2001.
Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation
Togliatti State Academy of Service
Department of Russian and Foreign Languages
By discipline: "Russian language and culture of speech."
On the topic: "Features of the conversational style."
Completed: student
Groups T - 301
Averyanova E.V.
Checked by: Konovalova E.Yu.
Togliatti 2005
1. Features of the conversational style ………………………………………… 3
2. Colloquial vocabulary …………………………………………………… 6
3. Morphology of the conversational style ……………………………………… .. 8
4. Conversational syntax …………………………………………… 10
List of used literature ………………………………………… 14
1. Features of the conversational style.
A conversational style is a style that caters to the realm of oral communication or oral communication.
Conversational style (colloquial speech) is used in a wide range of personal, that is, informal, off-duty relationships. This style is more often called colloquial and everyday, but it would be more accurate to call it colloquial, since it is not limited only to the everyday side, but is used as a means of communication in almost all spheres of life - family, industrial, socio-political, educational, scientific , cultural, sports.
The function of the conversational style is the function of communication in its "original" form. Speech is generated by the needs of direct communication between two interlocutors or more and acts as a means of such communication; it is created in the process of speaking and depends on the response of the interlocutor - speech, mimicry, etc.
Intonation, logical stress, tempo, pauses play a huge role in the sounding speech. In conditions of easy communication, a person, to a much greater extent than in the presence of official relations, has the opportunity to show his personal qualities - temperament, emotionality, sympathy, which saturates his speech with emotional and stylistically colored (mainly stylistically reduced) words, expressions, morphological forms and syntactic constructions.
In colloquial speech, the function of communication can be supplemented by the function of the message or the function of influence. However, both the message and the impact are manifested in direct communication, and therefore occupy a subordinate position.
The most common factors in conversational and everyday style are the personal, informal nature of the relationship between the participants in communication; their direct participation in communication; continuation of speech in the process of communication without preliminary preparation.
Although these factors are closely related to each other, their role in the formation of the proper linguistic features of the spoken style is far from homogeneous: the last two factors - direct participation in communication and unpreparedness of communication - are closely related to the oral form of speech and are generated by it, while the first factor is personal, informal nature of the relationship - also applies in written communication, for example, in personal correspondence. On the contrary, in oral communication, the relationship between its participants can be official, official, "impersonal."
Linguistic means used during personal, everyday, informal relations between speakers are characterized by additional shades - ease, a sharper evaluative moment, greater emotionality compared to neutral or book equivalents, i.e. these language means are spoken.
Similar linguistic means are widely used outside of colloquial speech - in artistic and journalistic, as well as scientific texts.
The norms of the colloquial and everyday style in oral form differ significantly from the norms of other functional styles, for which the written form is the determining (although not the only one). The norms of the colloquial-everyday style are not established and are not officially regulated, that is, they are not subject to codification, which gives rise to the illusion, which is very common among non-specialists, that colloquial speech does not have a norm at all: as you say, okay. However, the very fact of automatic reproduction of ready-made structures in speech. Phraseological turns, all sorts of stamps, i.e. standardized linguistic means, corresponding to certain standard speech situations, testifies to the imaginary or, in any case, limited "freedom" of the speaker. Colloquial speech obeys strict laws, has its own rules and norms, as evidenced by the fact that the factors of the book and, in general, written speech are perceived in colloquial speech as alien. Strict (although unconscious adherence to ready-made standards is the norm of unprepared oral speech.
On the other hand, the unpreparedness of the speech act, its attachment to the situation, along with the lack of a clear idea of the norm, determine a very wide freedom in the choice of options. The boundaries of the norm are becoming shaky, vague, the normativity itself is sharply weakening. Spontaneous everyday speech, consisting of short replicas, dialogical speech allows significant deviations from generally accepted norms due to its inherent impulsive nature.
2. Colloquial vocabulary.
The vocabulary of the colloquial style is divided into two large groups: 1) common colloquial words; 2) colloquial words, socially or dialectically limited.
Common vocabulary, in turn, is divided into colloquial-literary (bound by the norms of literary use) and colloquial everyday (not bound by strict norms of use), common language adjoins the latter.
The vernacular vocabulary is also heterogeneous: 1) vernacular, which is on the verge of literary use, not rude in its essence, somewhat familiar, everyday, for example: potato instead of potatoes, savvy instead of quick wits, become instead of happen, get it wrong instead of to be guilty; 2) non-literary vernacular, rough, for example: drive up instead of push for, flop instead of fall, weave instead of talk awkward, hang around, hang around instead of walk without de la; this includes the actual vulgarisms and swear words: thorns (eyes), die, die; whip, lackey etc. Such words are used for certain stylistic purposes - it is common when depicting negative phenomena of life.
Colloquial vocabulary, socially or dialectally limited, includes in themselves such lexical groups as colloquial professionalisms (for example, the names of varieties of brown bear: vulture, fescue, ants and others), dialectisms (gutt - talk, veksha - squirrel, stubble - stubble), slang vocabulary (plezir - pleasure, fun; plein air - nature), argot (split - betray; salagi, salazhonok - young, inexperienced; crust - boots). Many jargonisms arose even before the revolution in the speech of the ruling classes, some argotisms survived from the speech use of declassed elements. Slang vocabulary can also be associated with the general age of generations (for example, in the language of youth: cheat sheet, pair (deuce). All these categories of vocabulary have a narrow sphere of distribution, in the expressive plan they are characterized by an extreme decrease. The main lexical layer of the colloquial style is made up of commonly used words, both colloquial and vernacular. Both of these categories of words are close to each other, the line between them is unsteady and flexible, and sometimes elusive, it is not for nothing that in different dictionaries many words are supplied with different labels (for example, words squat, really in the "Explanatory Dictionary" ed. DN Ushakova are classified as colloquial, and in the four-volume "Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language" - as vernacular; words richer, carminative, sourness in the "Explanatory Dictionary" ed. D. N. Ushakova are assessed as vernacular, and in the "Dictionary of the modern Russian literary language" they do not have marks, that is, they are classified as interstyle - stylistically neutral). In the "Dictionary of the Russian language" ed. SI Ozhegov, the boundaries of colloquial vocabulary have been expanded: many words marked in other dictionaries as colloquial are classified as colloquial. Some common words in dictionaries have a double label - common and regional, since many common dialectisms pass into the category of common words. The colloquial style is characterized by the predominance of words with an emotionally expressive coloring, labeled "affectionate", "playful", "abusive", "ironic", "diminutive", "contemptuous", etc.
In a colloquial style, words with a specific meaning are usually used. (pantry, changing room), names of persons (Chatterbox, couch potato) and much less often - words with abstract meaning (superficiality, boast, nonsense). In addition to specifically colloquial words (krokhobor, ogoro sew), there are words that are colloquial only in one of the figurative meanings, and 8 others are perceived as stylistically neutral (for example, the verb unwind e meaning "to lose the ability to restrain"). Colloquial words, as a rule, are synonymous with neutral and relatively rarely - with books. Sometimes there is a complete correspondence of stylistic opposites (for example: eyes - eyes - peepers).
3. Morphology of the conversational style.
Distinctive features of the morphology of the colloquial-everyday style are associated with the peculiarities of the functioning of the parts of speech in it. The relative activity of morphological categories of words and individual word forms in the colloquial-everyday style is different than in other functional styles. Such forms of the verb as participle and gerunds are practically not used in colloquial speech. The absence of gerunds can to some extent be compensated for by the second predicate expressing the "accompanying" sign: "And I am sitting writing"; “They
they are punished, but I am sorry I do not punish ”; "I see: he is staggering."
The well-known analogy (but, of course, not identity) with turns of the type
"Please take out the pliers that are on the shelf."(or
"Lying on the shelf") make up the construction: “Get it, please
pliers ... on the shelf over there "(or: "Over there on the shelf").
Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation
Togliatti State Academy of Service
Department of Russian and Foreign Languages
By discipline: "Russian language and culture of speech."
On the topic: "Features of the conversational style."
Completed: student
Groups T - 301
Averyanova E.V.
Checked by: Konovalova E.Yu.
Togliatti 2005
1. Features of the conversational style ………………………………………… 3
2. Colloquial vocabulary …………………………………………………… 6
3. Morphology of the conversational style ……………………………………… .. 8
4. Conversational syntax …………………………………………… 10
List of used literature ………………………………………… 14
1. Features of the conversational style.
A conversational style is a style that caters to the realm of oral communication or oral communication.
Conversational style (colloquial speech) is used in a wide range of personal, that is, informal, off-duty relationships. This style is more often called colloquial and everyday, but it would be more accurate to call it colloquial, since it is not limited only to the everyday side, but is used as a means of communication in almost all spheres of life - family, industrial, socio-political, educational, scientific , cultural, sports.
The function of the conversational style is the function of communication in its "original" form. Speech is generated by the needs of direct communication between two interlocutors or more and acts as a means of such communication; it is created in the process of speaking and depends on the response of the interlocutor - speech, mimicry, etc.
Intonation, logical stress, tempo, pauses play a huge role in the sounding speech. In conditions of easy communication, a person, to a much greater extent than in the presence of official relations, has the opportunity to show his personal qualities - temperament, emotionality, sympathy, which saturates his speech with emotional and stylistically colored (mainly stylistically reduced) words, expressions, morphological forms and syntactic constructions.
In colloquial speech, the function of communication can be supplemented by the function of the message or the function of influence. However, both the message and the impact are manifested in direct communication, and therefore occupy a subordinate position.
The most common factors in conversational and everyday style are the personal, informal nature of the relationship between the participants in communication; their direct participation in communication; continuation of speech in the process of communication without preliminary preparation.
Although these factors are closely related to each other, their role in the formation of the proper linguistic features of the spoken style is far from homogeneous: the last two factors - direct participation in communication and unpreparedness of communication - are closely related to the oral form of speech and are generated by it, while the first factor is personal, informal nature of the relationship - also applies in written communication, for example, in personal correspondence. On the contrary, in oral communication, the relationship between its participants can be official, official, "impersonal."
Linguistic means used during personal, everyday, informal relations between speakers are characterized by additional shades - ease, a sharper evaluative moment, greater emotionality compared to neutral or book equivalents, i.e. these language means are spoken.
Similar linguistic means are widely used outside of colloquial speech - in artistic and journalistic, as well as scientific texts.
The norms of the colloquial and everyday style in oral form differ significantly from the norms of other functional styles, for which the written form is the determining (although not the only one). The norms of the colloquial-everyday style are not established and are not officially regulated, that is, they are not subject to codification, which gives rise to the illusion, which is very common among non-specialists, that colloquial speech does not have a norm at all: as you say, okay. However, the very fact of automatic reproduction of ready-made structures in speech. Phraseological turns, all sorts of stamps, i.e. standardized linguistic means, corresponding to certain standard speech situations, testifies to the imaginary or, in any case, limited "freedom" of the speaker. Colloquial speech obeys strict laws, has its own rules and norms, as evidenced by the fact that the factors of the book and, in general, written speech are perceived in colloquial speech as alien. Strict (although unconscious adherence to ready-made standards is the norm of unprepared oral speech.
On the other hand, the unpreparedness of the speech act, its attachment to the situation, along with the lack of a clear idea of the norm, determine a very wide freedom in the choice of options. The boundaries of the norm are becoming shaky, vague, the normativity itself is sharply weakening. Spontaneous everyday speech, consisting of short replicas, dialogical speech allows significant deviations from generally accepted norms due to its inherent impulsive nature.
2. Colloquial vocabulary.
The vocabulary of the colloquial style is divided into two large groups: 1) common colloquial words; 2) colloquial words, socially or dialectically limited.
Common vocabulary, in turn, is divided into colloquial-literary (bound by the norms of literary use) and colloquial everyday (not bound by strict norms of use), common language adjoins the latter.
The vernacular vocabulary is also heterogeneous: 1) vernacular, which is on the verge of literary use, not rude in its essence, somewhat familiar, everyday, for example: potato instead of potatoes, savvy instead of quick wits, become instead of happen, get it wrong instead of to be guilty; 2) non-literary vernacular, rough, for example: drive up instead of push for, flop instead of fall, weave instead of talk awkward, hang around, hang around instead of walk without de la; this includes the actual vulgarisms and swear words: thorns (eyes), die, die; whip, lackey etc. Such words are used for certain stylistic purposes - it is common when depicting negative phenomena of life.
Colloquial vocabulary, socially or dialectally limited, includes in themselves such lexical groups as colloquial professionalisms (for example, the names of varieties of brown bear: vulture, fescue, ants and others), dialectisms (gutt - talk, veksha - squirrel, stubble - stubble), slang vocabulary (plezir - pleasure, fun; plein air - nature), argot (split - betray; salagi, salazhonok - young, inexperienced; crust - boots). Many jargonisms arose even before the revolution in the speech of the ruling classes, some argotisms survived from the speech use of declassed elements. Slang vocabulary can also be associated with the general age of generations (for example, in the language of youth: cheat sheet, pair (deuce). All these categories of vocabulary have a narrow sphere of distribution, in the expressive plan they are characterized by an extreme decrease. The main lexical layer of the colloquial style is made up of commonly used words, both colloquial and vernacular. Both of these categories of words are close to each other, the line between them is unsteady and flexible, and sometimes elusive, it is not for nothing that in different dictionaries many words are supplied with different labels (for example, words squat, really in the "Explanatory Dictionary" ed. DN Ushakova are classified as colloquial, and in the four-volume "Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language" - as vernacular; words richer, carminative, sourness in the "Explanatory Dictionary" ed. D. N. Ushakova are assessed as vernacular, and in the "Dictionary of the modern Russian literary language" they do not have marks, that is, they are classified as interstyle - stylistically neutral). In the "Dictionary of the Russian language" ed. SI Ozhegov, the boundaries of colloquial vocabulary have been expanded: many words marked in other dictionaries as colloquial are classified as colloquial. Some common words in dictionaries have a double label - common and regional, since many common dialectisms pass into the category of common words. The colloquial style is characterized by the predominance of words with an emotionally expressive coloring, labeled "affectionate", "playful", "abusive", "ironic", "diminutive", "contemptuous", etc.
In a colloquial style, words with a specific meaning are usually used. (pantry, changing room), names of persons (Chatterbox, couch potato) and much less often - words with abstract meaning (superficiality, boast, nonsense). In addition to specifically colloquial words (krokhobor, ogoro sew), there are words that are colloquial only in one of the figurative meanings, and 8 others are perceived as stylistically neutral (for example, the verb unwind e meaning "to lose the ability to restrain"). Colloquial words, as a rule, are synonymous with neutral and relatively rarely - with books. Sometimes there is a complete correspondence of stylistic opposites (for example: eyes - eyes - peepers).
3. Morphology of the conversational style.
Distinctive features of the morphology of the colloquial-everyday style are associated with the peculiarities of the functioning of the parts of speech in it. The relative activity of morphological categories of words and individual word forms in the colloquial-everyday style is different than in other functional styles. Such forms of the verb as participle and gerunds are practically not used in colloquial speech. The absence of gerunds can to some extent be compensated for by the second predicate expressing the "accompanying" sign: "And I am sitting writing"; “They
they are punished, but I am sorry I do not punish ”; "I see: he is staggering."
The well-known analogy (but, of course, not identity) with turns of the type
"Please take out the pliers that are on the shelf."(or
"Lying on the shelf") make up the construction: “Get it, please
pliers ... on the shelf over there "(or: "Over there on the shelf").
In colloquial speech, the forms in -a (-ya), (-v) shi (si),
resembling gerunds: “I’m all Monday without getting up
lay "," go further without turning to the store. " Such forms
are considered adverbs of the adverbial type. Forms of the same type:
"Is he a knowledgeable specialist?" - of course are adjectives.
Different than in other styles, is the ratio in colloquial style of full and short adjectives. The short forms of most quality adjectives are not used, preference is given to short adjectives such as grateful, faithful, satisfied, needed, for which full forms are not characteristic, as well as adjectives that have the meaning of inconsistency of the measure with the quality of the type "The dress is short for you."
In the colloquial and everyday style, non-significant words (pronouns, particles) have become more common; significant words are used less often. With the situational attachment of colloquial speech, pronouns with their generalized semantics are used instead of nouns and adjectives: "Kindly, get me that ... well ... what's on the top shelf ... on the left" (book), "And what is he like? - Yes, such ... you know ... "," Hello ... it is you ... and where is he? " etc. In almost 25% of cases, non-significant words are used not so much to express some shades of meaning as to fill in the pauses forced in colloquial speech: "Well ... since you have come ... well ... be, well ... consider yourself a guest "; "Well ... I don't know ... do as you want"; “But Pavel is right ... but he still ... here ... found it, then ... solved the problem here. "
According to E.A. Stolyarova, nouns in colloquial speech are on average 142 per 1000 words, while in artistic speech - 290, in oral speech - 295, in written scientific speech - 386; there are 39-82-114-152 adjectives per 1000 words, respectively.
Among the case word forms of the noun, the nominative case is the most active, which is explained by the peculiarities of the colloquial syntax, i.e. the prevalence of constructions with "nominative themes" ("Buy there ... well, kefir, cheese ... yes ... here's another ... sausage ... don't forget it "; “And the Palace of Congresses ... did you get there? "), as well as the use of nouns in the nominative case with various kinds of additions, clarifications ("And you go straight, straight ... there is such a house ... so you pass by"; "Well, You can't remember everyone ... Sveta ... I know her ”).
In colloquial speech, a certain group of real nouns is used in counting form in the meaning of "a portion of this substance": two milk(two bags or bottles), two sour cream, two borscht etc.
The feminine form is also activated when designating a profession, position: cashier(instead of the official "cashier"), librarian(instead of "librarian"), doctor(instead of "doctor").
4. Conversational syntax.
The most peculiar feature of the colloquial style is its syntax. And this is not surprising: the unpreparedness of colloquial speech is especially strongly reflected in its syntax.
Direct contact of the participants in a speech act, instant registration of the interlocutor's extra-linguistic reaction (facial expressions, gestures, etc.), communication in the form of a dialogue, attachment to the situation cause various kinds of incompleteness, incompleteness of the message.
In colloquial speech, in particular, are widespread
structures capable of performing functions and missing parts
statements - for example, the so-called main independent and subordinate independent. So, at the end of a conversation that touches on complex, conflict issues, the solution of which turned out to be problematic, or even after a considerable time after such a conversation, the person says: “Oh, I don’t know, I don’t know.” Due to its special intonation, this structure performs the function
not only the main, but also the unsubstituted subordinate clause: "... what will happen next (... what will come of it)." There is even more reason to talk about the main independent when a pronoun is used in a sentence such or adverb So, i.e. index words, after which, however, in this case there are no subordinate clauses: “Not so dirty with you
hands ... "," I know how to sew ... "
Sentences are used as "independent subordinate clauses" only in those cases when the content of the unsubstituted principal included in them finds expression in intonation and union or union word or is prompted by the structure of the sentence itself: that she is, that she is not(instead of “It doesn't matter what she is, that she is not there ").
The colloquial style is characterized by a variety of types of incomplete constructions or "unsubstituted syntactic positions." They are investigated especially in detail in the monograph "Russian colloquial speech".
For example, the unsubstituted syntactic position of the predicate verb in constructions like he is home. The fact that such a statement will be correctly understood outside the context of the situation proves its systemic linguistic nature. Unsubstituted can be a wide variety of categories of verbs - verbs of movement: “ Where are you going?" - "Only to the store"; speech verbs: " Not very interesting - you are shorter »; « Well this is me in praise »;
verbs with a meaning close to the meaning "address": "We are already with this in the district committee and in the newspaper"; “Study, study”: “She does gymnastics every morning. Regularly"; with a value close to the value "Read, study": "Well, with my knowledge of German, I probably have this book in a week"; with a value close to the value "Beat": "They are great," "It seems to me, this is his club" etc. A verb in an indefinite form can also be unsubstituted: “We could go to the theater tomorrow”, “I could not talk about it”.
It is known that spoken language is characterized by increased emotionality, which is achieved in various ways. Word order and intonation play an important role. So, in order to focus on the part of the message that is expressed by the adjective in the role of the predicate, it is made the beginning of the sentence; she pulls on the logical stress and is separated from the noun unstressed by a bunch to be: there was a small rivulet; were great mushrooms. As noted by O.A. Laptev, constructions in which the only purpose of an adverbial word is to fill in an empty shock link in order to preserve the expression of speech are of particular interest: "So I like her!" so it will start biting! " Using stressed pronouns such, what, some, no allows you to maintain the appearance of constant emotional tension in speech: "It was such a heat, terrible"; “Such was the noise”; "And we bought such flowers."
Expressive constructions are useful in colloquial speech, in which the informative center of the utterance strives for maximum formal independence from the rest of the utterance, for example, the so-called nominative theme. True, the "nominative theme" is used in other functional styles, both in written and oral form, representing a stylistic device, the purpose of which is to attract
attention of the reader or listener to the most important, from the point of
the speaker's view, part of the utterance. A.M. Peshkovsky suggested that the use of the nominative theme in
lecture speech "arises from the desire to highlight the given presentation and thus facilitate the forthcoming connection of this presentation -
with another. In this case, the thought is presented as if in two steps:
first, an isolated object is paraded, and the listeners only know that there will now be something about this object
it is said that for now this object must be observed; Next
moment the thought itself is expressed. "
In colloquial speech, this process of dismembering the utterance into parts occurs automatically. What is done in a lecture to facilitate the listener, then in colloquial speech can be done by the speaker to facilitate himself, for example: Sky / it everything is in clouds; Lecture / where will it be ?; Nikolay Stepanovich / Nikolay Stepanovich won't be here today; Sausage / cut, please; She I really liked / the picture. ABOUT. Sirotina singles out "nominative themes" in "qualitative situations" that are widespread not only in oral (literary and dialectal), but also in writing. These structures are characterized by a pronounced value of the qualitative characteristics of the subject: Grandma - she will talk to everyone(i.e. chatty).
Typical for colloquial speech and addition construction (And your daughter, is she a historian?); interrogative constructs with additional phrasal border (Is it you on purpose, huh? A raw log (brought in); non-union subordinate constructs (Want \ a pie - did your grandmother bake it?); overlay designs (This body center, and she - tower, she asked); two predicative constructs with who (Come in - who is for the procedure!).
In colloquial speech, there is no strictly fixed arrangement of the components of a phrase, therefore, the main means of actual division is not word order, but intonation and logical stress. This does not mean at all that in colloquial speech the order of words does not play a role at all in the expression of actual division. There are certain tendencies here: the informatively important part of the statement is located as close as possible to the beginning of the sentence; there is a tendency to preposition that part of the syntactic association that is more strongly accented (while book-literary speech is characterized by the opposite principle, corresponding to the rhythmic-intonational structure of book-literary speech - the postposition of that member, which is more emphasized). For example: I like it very much this theater(in a neutral written language it would sound like this: I like this theater very much); In Sochi ... no ... I will not go to Sochi; It was a difficult year, difficult; Strange as it may seem, but he gets tired a hundred meters more than two hundred meters. The active means of the actual division of colloquial speech are special excretory words and repetitions: And what about the teachers' council? Today will not?; For how many years he has been resting every year in Gelendzhik ... in Gelendzhik.
Bibliography
1. Barlas L.G. Russian language. Stylistics. Moscow: Education, 1978 .-- 256 p.
2. Valgina N.S., Rosenthal D.E., Fomina M.I. Modern Russian language. M .: Logos, 2001 .-- 528 p.
3. Goikhman O.Ya., Goncharova L.M. and other Russian language and culture of speech. - M .: INFRA - M, 2002.-192 p.
4. Grekov V.F., Kryuchkov S.E. A guide for classes in the Russian language. - M .: Education, 1984 .-- 255 p.
5. Pustovalov P.S., Senkevich M.P. Textbook for the development of speech. - M .: Education, 1987 .-- 288 p.
For colloquial and everyday speech, an informal, relaxed, relaxed atmosphere is typical. The specific features of the conversational and everyday style are usually most clearly manifested when it comes to objects, situations, and topics that are relevant in everyday life. In colloquial communication, a special, everyday type of thinking prevails. Conversational speech occupies an exceptional position in the system of the modern Russian language. This is the original, original style of the national language, while all the others are phenomena of a later secondary education. Colloquial speech was often characterized as vernacular, which was considered outside the framework of the literary language. In fact, it is a kind of literary language.
The conversational style is contrasted with the bookish style. It forms a system that has features at all levels of the linguistic structure: in phonetics, vocabulary, phraseology, word formation, morphology and syntax.
Conversational and everyday style finds its expression both in writing and orally.
“Colloquial speech is characterized by special conditions of functioning, which include: the lack of preliminary thinking of the statement and the associated lack of preliminary selection of linguistic material, the immediacy of speech communication between its participants, the ease of the speech act, associated with the lack of formality in the relationship between them and in the very the nature of the statement. An important role is played by the situation (the situation of verbal communication) and the use of extra-linguistic means (facial expressions, gestures, the reaction of the interlocutor). The purely linguistic features of colloquial everyday speech include the use of such extra-lexical means as phrasal intonation, emotionally expressive stress, pauses, speech tempo, rhythm, etc. In colloquial speech, there is a wide use of everyday-everyday vocabulary and phraseology, emotionally expressive vocabulary (including particles, interjections), different categories of introductory words, the originality of syntax (elliptical and incomplete sentences of various types, words-references, words-sentences, repetitions of words, breaking sentences by insertion structures, weakening and violation of forms of syntactic connection between parts of a statement, connecting structures, etc.).
In addition to its direct function - a means of communication, colloquial speech also performs other functions in fiction, for example, it is used to create a verbal portrait, for a realistic depiction of the life of a particular environment, in the author's narration it serves as a means of stylization, when faced with elements of book speech it can create a comic effect.
§ 2. Linguistic features of the spoken style
Pronunciation... Often, words and forms in a colloquial everyday style have an emphasis that does not coincide with the stress in more strict styles of speech: dO dialect(compare: normative Great DanesO R).
Vocabulary... Colloquial and everyday vocabulary, being part of the vocabulary of oral speech, is used in casual conversation and is characterized by various shades of expressive coloring.
These include:
i n e s t i n s: lies, nonsense, spiteful, well done, crush, nonsense and etc.;
i n e n a r i l g a t e l: meticulous, tricky, hard-working, lax and etc.;
Verbs: sneer, be greedy, secret, become ill, jabber, bother and etc.;
and I: basta, on the sly, somersault, instantly, little by little, little by little, good and etc.
There are also colloquial places (sort of) together (once - in meaning if), parts (maybe, get out in the meaning now, hardly whether), between me and me (well, hey).
In colloquial everyday speech, phraseology occupies a significant place. This is due to the dominance of a specific way of thinking in the sphere of everyday communication. Concrete thinking does not shy away from abstraction. A person generalizes his specific observations, highlighting something essential and abstracting from some particulars. For example: No smoke without fire. I can't hide an awl in a sack. Leopard change his spots. For me, mathematics is a dark forest. Quieter than water, below the grass. Instead of saying They live unfriendly, quarrel - they say: They squabble like dogs.
Colloquial phraseology is the great keeper of the traditional form. It stores many phraseological units that arose in ancient times.
Word formation. In the category of nouns, the following suffixes are used with a greater or lesser degree of productivity, giving the words a colloquial and everyday character:
- ak (-yak) - good-natured, big-hearted, simpleton;
- an (-yan) - rude old man;
- ah - bearded man;
"- ash - huckster;
- ak-a (-yak-a) for words of a general kind - reveler, bully, onlooker;
- shk-a- carve-up, cramming, feeding;
Yen is a darling;
- l-a - the bigwigs, the thugs, the cramps;
- n-i - fuss, bickering;
- rel-i - running around, messing;
- tay - lazy, slobber;
- un - talker, talker, screamer;
- wow - filthy, fat woman;
- ysch - silly, naked, sturdy, kid;
- yag-a - poor fellow, hustler, hard worker.
Colloquial vocabulary also includes words with the suffix - sh-a, designating female persons by their profession, position held, work performed, occupation, etc .: director, secretary, librarian, cashier.
In most cases, subjective suffixes give words a colloquial color: thief, playful, little house; dirt, beards; tremendous, feisty; in the evening, in a whisper etc.
For colloquial adjectives, the use of the suffix can be noted -ast-: big-eyed, big-toothed, tongued and etc.; as well as prefixes pre-: kind, sweet, unpleasant and etc.
Colloquial and everyday vocabulary includes many verbs ending in -nice: to misbehave, to wander, to cheat.
Morphological features of colloquial speech characterized by the following:
Prepositional form of nouns: I'm on vacation, in the shop (cf .: on vacation, in the shop);
The form of the nominative plural: contracts, sectors (compare: contracts, sectors);
Genitive plural: orange, tomato (compare: oranges, tomatoes);
The colloquial version of the infinitive: see, hear (compare: see, hear).
Syntactic features of colloquial speech are distinguished by great originality. This is:
Preferential use of the dialogue form;
The predominance of simple sentences; of the complex, complex and non-union are more often used;
Extensive use of interrogative and exclamation sentences;
The use of words-sentences (affirmative, negative, incentive, etc.);
Widespread use of incomplete sentences;
Interruptions in speech caused by various reasons (agitation of the speaker, unexpected transition from one thought to another, etc.);
Use of introductory words and phrases that are different in meaning;
The use of plug-in structures that break the main proposal and introduce additional information, remarks, clarifications, clarifications, amendments, etc .;
Extensive use of emotional and imperative interjections;
Lexical repetitions: - Yes Yes Yes.
- various kinds of inversions in order to emphasize the semantic role of the word highlighted in the message: I like the white shoes better;
- special forms of the predicate.
In colloquial speech, there are complex sentences, parts of which are connected by lexical and syntactic means: in the first part there are evaluative words - well done, clever, stupid etc., and the second part serves as the basis for this assessment: Well done for interceding.
Control questions and tasks
Exercise 1.
Determine which styles these texts belong to.
A thunderstorm is an atmospheric phenomenon consisting of electrical discharges between clouds (lightning and thunder), accompanied by rain, hail and violent gusts of wind.
- What a thunderstorm! It's scary to approach the window.
Yes, there hasn't been such a thunderstorm for a long time.
Imagine, in such a thunderstorm, find yourself in a field ...
3. A strong wind suddenly roared in the heights, the trees raged, large drops of rain caught sharply, slapped on the leaves, lightning flashed, and a thunderstorm broke out. (I. Turgenev).
Task 2.
Determine your speaking style. Indicate the linguistic signs of the spoken style.
Gay, kind man! the driver shouted to him. - Tell me, do you know where the road is?
The road is here; I'm standing on a solid strip. - answered the roadman, - what's the use?
Listen, little man, - I told him, - do you know this side? Will you take me to bed? (A. Pushkin).
Task 3.
What language means make the text emotional?
It was behind the tree. The mother asked the watchman for an ax, but he did not answer her, but got up on skis and went into the forest. He returned half an hour later.
Okay! Let the toys were not so smart, let the hares, sewn from rags, looked like cats, let all the dolls have the same face - straight-nosed and pop-eyed - and let, finally, fir cones wrapped in silver paper, but such a Christmas tree in Moscow, of course, no one had it. It was a real taiga beauty - tall, dense, straight, with branches that diverged at the ends like stars.
(A. Gaidar).
Task 4.
Determine the stylistic and semantic identity of the highlighted words.
1. With this diploma of his at all reached. 2. What are you here bazaar arranged? 3. I'll see you in the evening I'll take a look. 4. I will not go in front of anyone bow! five. The child also needs his own injection have. 6. And by the way, he is a figure at work.
The task 5.
Expand the meanings of colloquial metaphors.
1. Why are you sitting inflated? What are you dissatisfied with?
2. It is necessary that the foreman was toothy guy, so that he could talk with the authorities and with the suppliers, and make a suggestion to his own comrades.
3. The family almost never has everything smooth. Here Nadia takes offense at her Peter, but she herself has a character too - not sugar.
4. If from childhood you will not develop your will, then you will grow up not as a man, but as a rag.
5. He is now so grasping at this problem that getting him to do something else is completely useless.
Task 6.
Compare the meanings of the highlighted words. Determine which ones are stylistically neutral and which ones are conversational.
1. Nikolai in childhood is strong stuttered. About fishing you tell me don't stutter.
2. Under wadded it will be hot to sleep with a blanket. What are you today cotton some.
3. He was in love with me, even wooed. Woo me a master in our workshop.
Task 7. Determine which of the two synonyms is neutral and which is colloquial.
1. The controller, my dears, also has a hard job: first, stowaway to find a passenger, and secondly, to make him pay a fine. I didn't wear a jacket today, but the money is still there. Well I had to go to work hare to go - there was no time to return.
2. - How did you spend your vacation? - I went to the Oka, lived in the village. All day long went through the woods. Oh, how lovely! Today is half a day dangled shopping for gifts. People before the holiday - God forbid!
3. - Tell me honestly: you are freaked out then? Be honest. Well, I got scared, of course, a little. Would you be in my place did not fret?
4. Distribution of books disposes of Valentina Vasilievna, you should contact her. - Who do you have tests here? commanding?
Task 8. Determine the meanings of the highlighted words.
I wake up in the morning, someone bale-bale on glass. 2. There were cakes in the fridge. And the cakes bye. 3. Well, I think I'll sit down and study. And here - ding. - Vovka comes. 4. - Is Irina at home? - What you! I came, ate, changed, and fuck! - And Zhenya is swimming - oh-oh-oh! At least put him on the rescue team.
Assignment 9 . Explain the meaning of the highlighted expressions.
You and me, Artem, no stake, no yard. At a nearby large station, workers made porridge. To these smugglers Grishutka became across the throat. Disappeared as he sank into the water. Was looking for up to the seventh sweat. "It fell like snow on your head" - laughing, said Rita. By nightfall he completely exhausted. Business not worth a damn. I am in these matters shot bird. Tell me, Tsvetaev, what are you on do you have a grudge?
Assignment 10 . Explain the meanings of the following phraseological units. In case of difficulty, refer to the phraseological dictionary.
Be in seventh heaven; not trust your own eyes; walk on hind legs; open your mouth; freeze in place; both ours and yours; to be silent like a fish; walk around to about; from small to large; play cat and mouse; come out dry from water; lead a cat and dog life; it is written in black and white; house is a full bowl; chickens do not peck money; only bird's milk is not enough.
Assignment 11 . Write down phraseological units with the word eye. Pick up similar phraseological units from your native language.
Keep your eyes on; eat with eyes; clap your eyes; do not close your eyes; pull the wool over someone's eyes; close (to what), open your eyes (to whom, what); speak into the eyes; speak behind the eyes; talk face to face; you need an eye and an eye; do by eye; blurred in the eyes; spin in front of your eyes; sparks fell from his eyes; hide your eyes; go wherever they look; do not believe your eyes; fear has big eyes.
Assignment 12 . Replace the highlighted combinations with phraseological units with the word eye.
Such apples were sent to me from Georgia yesterday - extraordinary beauty! 2. My friend and I are engaged in wood inlay. But in different ways. He will calculate everything, copy the drawing, then he will pick up a tree as if. And I - without any precise calculations. As a result: I envy him, he - me. 3. Now Sergey must come to me. Won't you be offended if we immediately go to my room? We really need to talk alone. 4. Something Ivan to us has not come for a long time. Maybe he went somewhere? 5. That closet is the whole room spoils - I feel sorry for him somehow: they got used to it, sort of like a family member. 6. I think: what is Frolov trying to do not date me. And if he meets, he tries not watch on me. Well, then he himself came and honestly told everything.
Task 13.
What are the colloquial phraseological units you know with words head, hands, tongue etc. Pick up similar phraseological units from your native language.
Task 14.
Using the suffixes -UN / UN-ya, -UKH-a, -USH-a, -USHK-a, -L-a (-LK-a), -K-a, -G-a, -IK form colloquial nouns with the meaning "name of a person on the basis of an overly manifest sign".
Boast, grumble, walk, work, yawn, whine, whine, chat.
Task 15.
Using the suffixes (-ya) Г-а, -УЛ-я, (-я) К (-як), -ЫШ, - CHAK, -АЧ, ОН-я, -IK, -ITS-а, form from the following adjectives colloquial nouns with the general meaning "name of a person by a strongly manifested sign".
Modest, dirty, fat, healthy, strong, kind, cheerful, dexterous, naked, quiet, clean, dumb, smart.
Task 16.
Explain from which words these colloquial verbs are derived.
To be idle, to be frank, to be careful, to be liberal, to be fashionable, to be modest, to be capricious, to be delicate, to be lazy.
Task 17.
Determine by context what semantic and stylistic shades each of the selected nouns has.
1. Alexander! You are already an adult and I intend to talk to you like a man to a man. 2. Sasha, you listen to what your father says to you, he is worried about you, and he knows life better than you. 3. Sasha! You don’t fool me - you don’t have any urgent business right now. So come with us. 4. Ah, Sasha! Come on, brother, come in, they just talked about you. Just in time for tea. five. Sasha, you would have a little rest. Come son, take a walk in the fresh air.
Task 18.
Try to recover the full form of the following colloquial phrases. Sample: Not seen with a baby carriage? - Did not see a woman with a nursery a stroller?
1. Do you have a cough?
2. With green balconies - is it yours?
3. Am I two in my thirties and one bagel?
4. Behind me with glasses and a woman with a child.
5. Did you go in a gray fur coat here?
6. In a blue robe she always flirts with him.
Task 19.
Write these combinations in two columns: in the left column - stylistically neutral, in the right - stylistically marked (that is, colloquial and everyday)
Steep descent, steep disposition; household, domestic child; wave a handkerchief, wave out of town; go down the slope, go down the deuces; fighting glory, fighting girl; hold on to, city, hold on to a chair; climb a tree, get into a stupid story.
Task 20.
Replace phraseological units with synonymous words or free combinations.
They live in perfect harmony with their mother-in-law, she was just lucky with her mother-in-law. 2. I’m not boom-boom in these tables. 3. Don't worry! We will accept them honorably. 4. Didn't they know that they were coming here to work and not for a picnic? And they do not want to work properly - run like a tablecloth! 5. Don't explain it to me, it's been like twice two - four for a long time. 6. - Does Kostik get bored there? - What you! He and Petka - you can't spill water, he has no time to think about us.
