2) Psychological induction. One of the most common mechanisms for the formation of a negative attitude in children towards a separately living parent is psychological induction, which can be carried out in various forms from the child's reflection of the opinions and assessments of significant adults to the active setting of the child by the adults with whom he lives. Mental induction is facilitated, on the one hand, by the natural age immaturity of children, their suggestibility; and on the other hand, increased emotional closeness with the cohabiting parent. A necessary prerequisite for psychological induction is the involvement of the parent living with the child with hostility towards ex-spouse and unwillingness to protect the child from involvement in family conflict.
In the presence of psychological induction, the child's presentation of information about a separately living parent and relations with him is emotionally saturated. The accusations that a child makes against a parent are often not supported by the materials of a civil case and the results of an expert examination of the parent, but they fully correspond to the accusations that the former spouse makes against the parent rejected by the child.
In some cases, hostility to a rejected parent in children is of an overvalued nature and may be accompanied by induced sensitive ideas of attitude that determine the behavior of the subjects (Sukhareva, 1955; Kovalev, 1985; Makushkin, 1996). So, subject 3. refused the gifts brought by his mother, fearing that she could add sleeping pills to them in order to “steal” him. Very characteristic is the change in personal-semantic memory with a violation of its selectivity or distortions, reaching in some cases the level of cryptomnesia. Many children could not remember a single pleasant episode associated with a rejected parent. Others, with affective preoccupation, spoke about unpleasant events associated with the rejected parent, the memories of which, with a high probability, could not be completely independent due to the child’s small age and the long duration of the event, or due to the level of understanding of the situation that exceeded the capabilities of this child. Thus, expert K. recalled with conviction that his mother had been constantly in a state of alcoholic intoxication for several years. He explained that there were bottles of wine in the house, my mother had a “drunk” look. When questioned, he said that he personally did not see the bottles, but knew about their existence from his father, that his mother was “drunk”, he learned from him.
A child's negative attitude towards a parent living apart due to uncritical acceptance of the opinions and assessments of significant adults when identifying with them can be illustrated by the following example.
The examination was carried out on a minor, 5 years old, and both of his parents. During the period of cohabitation, the father paid a lot of attention to the child, the boy was very attached to him. The subject's parents had been living separately for a year and a half. A month after the parents left, the father agreed with the mother that the child would stay with him for several days, but subsequently did not return his son, believing that he provided for him Better conditions for living and development. During the period of residence with the father, the communication of the minor with the mother was limited: the father did not allow her to see the child alone, limited the frequency and duration of meetings. When once she arrived without prior agreement, her father did not let her into the apartment, he asked his son if he wanted to meet his mother. The child nodded his head: “yes,” but replied that he did not want to meet. The next day, the father told the mother that he and his son did not want her to come and that he would not allow her to communicate with her son anymore. At the time of the examination, the child lived with his father for more than a year, he saw his mother extremely rarely and irregularly.
During the conversation, the boy said that he "wants to live with his dad, because he loves him more." When asked why he loves dad more, he replies that "dad loves him, but mom doesn't." He did not name other reasons why he prefers to live with his father during directed questioning. He thinks so because "she does not come to us." He said that his mother came to him only twice, bought him toys "to pick him up." In an experimental psychological study, it was found that the relationship of the child to the mother is of an internal conflict nature with elements of negativism. It was concluded that given relation to the mother is associated with the peculiarities of the current family situation (lack of regular contacts with the mother), as well as his involvement in a chronically flowing emotional conflict between parents. It was pointed out that the persistence of intra-family conflict could have Negative influence for further emotional and personal development minor. It was noted that, despite the unwillingness expressed by the child to meet his mother, as well as a feeling of resentment towards her, the boy showed a need for close positively colored relationships with his mother, in connection with which it was recommended to carry out psycho-correctional work aimed at restoring the relationship of the minor with his mother, as well as a change in the totality of parent-child relationships.
AT recent times on a variety of Internet resources, articles and interviews of various specialists about one interesting disease, which occupies a special place among a large number of mental disorders - induced psychosis, are increasingly common. What is it?
Induced delirium, known in French literature since the end of the 19th century under the name of "insanity together", today does not lose popularity. Induced psychosis or delirium is a special form of psychosis in which there is an involuntary and imposed reproduction by a person of other people's overvalued ideas.
Those affected by induced psychosis, without any criticism, adopt the beliefs of the patient (paranoid, psychopath), with whom they live together or communicate closely. Most often, induced psychosis occurs in old married couples, among parents and children, brothers and sisters, especially if they live in conditions of social isolation. Induced delirium can also take on a mass character.
For example, let's imagine a family - a single mother and an adult son who did not have time to get his own family. Mom genetic predisposition to schizophrenia, with the onset of menopause, the symptoms of this disease begin to manifest themselves persistently, and an extraneous voice begins to be heard more and more clearly inside her head every day. She does not know whose voice it is, at first it frightens her, she even realizes that she is sick, is at a loss and does not know what to do.
But the voice inside your head is so persuasive that anyone wins. common sense and logic. And then, in an attempt to explain what is happening, she comes up with her own plot, that the voice is nothing but a message from aliens, and she is the very “chosen one” who was entrusted with super-valuable information for all of humanity.
In psychiatry, this phenomenon is called "crystallization of delusions." Over time, the delirium grows stronger, overgrown with details, rituals and habits. Gradually involved in a crazy idea close person- a son who, after some time, proudly announces to mankind the construction of "saving" underground tunnels in the nearest forest belt. Neighbors, acquaintances, acquaintances of acquaintances are “infected” with the idea. And now, several dozen people are already waiting underground for the imminent end of the world. That is how, imperceptibly for all, the induced psychosis turns into a mass one.
Is it really so easy to make a person or a group of people believe in obvious nonsense? Unfortunately, it's easier than ever. If a sick person enjoys the authority and respect of others, then his ideas are automatically accepted as the truth without any critical evaluation. History knows many examples of clouding the mind of entire nations. Caught up in the delusional idea of their leader, stricken with mass hysteria, people committed such atrocities that still do not fit in their heads.
Today, as then, each of us lives surrounded by delusional ideas. One delirium is replaced by another, the old delirium is replaced by a new one. People come up with new objects for their faith, and blindly worship them. Phenomena that were once considered perversions are now accepted by society as a variant of the norm, and the old truths, proven over the years, are mercilessly depreciated. Today, a huge role in the "infection" of the population with induced delusions is played by the media - this is television, and the Internet, and printed materials, which willy-nilly fall into our mailboxes. We have long been accustomed to believing in television and often perceive any information conveyed to us automatically, bypassing our “inner critic”. As a result, we do not notice how we begin to take someone else's opinion for our own, buying what respected television experts advised us.
What to do? How not to drown in a huge stream of information surrounding us? How not to become a victim of induced delirium and mass psychosis, to maintain logic and an adequate perception of reality?
First you need to know whether you belong to the category of people who are at risk for the incidence of induced psychosis or mass hysteria.
Personality traits influencing predisposition to induced psychosis
1. Hysteria
Excessive emotionality, self-dramatization, theatrical behavior, inadequate seductiveness, provocative behavior, superficiality of judgments, susceptibility to the influence of others. If it’s hard for you to remember when and for what reason you last threw a scandal or tantrum, then you can sleep peacefully, this item has nothing to do with you.
2. Suggestibility
By nature, a person is quite suggestible, this is evidenced by the experience of Soviet psychotherapists who studied the suggestibility of the inhabitants of Leningrad back in 1966. The psychotherapist, who was then speaking on television, said from the screen the suggestion formula - “fasten your hands” (suggestibility test), but after its cancellation (counter-suggestion), many who watched this session could not do this. As a result, a flurry of calls fell on television from different parts of the city with a request to come and “disengage” hands. If you have previously attended hypnosis sessions, then you probably already know whether you are suggestible or not. If not, remember how emotionally you react to hurtful words or curses addressed to you. How long are you worried? Then, most likely, you are quite suggestible.
3. Superstition
Superstitiousness is like a litmus test, showing a person's willingness to believe in a wide variety of crazy ideas, without requiring any proof or verification of facts. If you are inclined to believe various divination, signs, magical conspiracies and other speculations not confirmed by facts, it is worth considering.
4. Fanatical religiosity
An important diagnostic signal can be a crowd of believers whose behavior contradicts their own. religious teaching(any religion condemns violence and aggression, torture and executions, terrorist attacks and persecution).
5. Low intelligence
An intellectually undeveloped, uninterested individual is easier to mislead than an erudite and intellectually savvy person.
If in the crowd of supporters of a certain idea there are characters with the above characteristics, this is a clear signal that, most likely, we have people “infected” with induced delirium or mass psychosis. Well, if you find yourself at risk, then in order not to fall for the “induced hook”, you should be more attentive to yourself, your lifestyle and your circle of friends.
Treatment of induced psychosis
To treat induced delusions in people who are closely related, it is enough to completely stop communication between them. Soon after this, a healthy person should go on the mend, and a patient with true delirium will be shown long-term therapy for his main disease - schizophrenia. If you suspect the presence of mass psychosis, you need to temporarily stop watching the usual TV channels, news, various talk shows, and thematic programs.
For the reliability of the information received, it is necessary to use various sources of information - a variety of print media, Internet resources, radio, pay attention to world statistics, and do not neglect the opinion of real experts, not home-grown charlatans.
Rave- this is a disorder of thinking, which is characterized by false conclusions, persistent beliefs that do not reflect the surrounding reality. Moreover, unlike delusions, delusional ideas are unshakable, they are completely uncorrectable by reasonable arguments, evidence, facts. Attempts to dissuade the patient, to prove to him the incorrectness of his delusional constructions, as a rule, only lead to an increase in delirium. Characterized by subjective conviction, the patient's confidence in the full reality, the reliability of delusional experiences. V. Ivanov (1981) also notes the impossibility of correcting delusions in a suggestive way.
induced delirium - the kind of delirium that is imposed is suggested to a mentally healthy person. The question is, how can a healthy person be imposed with nonsense, i.e. make him believe in a non-existent reality, and make him believe so firmly that no reasonable arguments debunking his ridiculous conclusions can shake his faith in the imposed nonsense? As a rule, induced delusions suffer passive personalities, which are in close and constant contact with the delirium inducer. Usually ideal for the role of an inductor close relative or another significant person with the traits of a leader, such as the secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU or the president, or the leader of the party, a popular artist, academician, writer. With prolonged contact with such an inducer of delirium, a mentally healthy person begins to believe in the false conclusions of his leader, and soon he himself is ready to defend them with foam at the mouth.
Usually, when the pair "delusional inductor - passive recipient" is separated, the induced delirium quickly passes. There is something similar to a hangover that occurs the next morning after a stormy party.
Or maybe a group of people suffer from induced delirium? historical experience shows he can. After all, we all know that in Nazi Germany, the majority of the population believed in Hitler's delusional concepts about the special role of the "German race" in world history and about the existence of "inferior races" to be destroyed. Or in the USSR about the leading role of the CPSU. Or religions and their perversions. How did it happen?
The scheme of having a delusional inductor-leader and passive masses of people who are in close contact with him worked, which provided by all the mass media available at that time. After the disappearance of the leader, most of the population got rid of delirium, experiencing a sense of moral "hangover". What the party took advantage of, while the hangover was going on, they stole the country under the guise.
Approximately 45% of the world's population believe in God. They believe in the creation of a woman from the rib of a man, the arks of the covenant and Noah, resurrection, heaven, hell. The planet Nibiru, numerology, tarot cards, astrology, hollow earth, aliens. The rest of humanity believes in String Theory and big bang. Even here, however, there is no more evidence. They believe in the dollar, in the uniqueness of the commodity-money economy. They believe academicians, laureates nobel prize, government, politicians, economists, lawyers, historians, publicists, fortune-tellers, all sorts of gurus, journalists, media, TV, liar.
It turns out that inducing belief in another nonsense is one of the tools for managing humanity by world organized crime groups. Mankind suffers from induced psychoses like the flu - in droves, millions, billions of people and for long decades, centuries, millennia without remission. Moreover, one nonsense can be replaced by another, just as an artist uses different colors, so the world organized criminal groups use different crazy ideas. For example, religious nonsense was changed to Marxist nonsense. Is it any wonder that some schizophrenic infected his healthy wife with a schizophrenic idea? This is completely normal for most people.
Is it really so easy to make a person believe in obvious nonsense? Alas, it's easier than ever. Moreover, it is possible to induce delirium not of one person, but of several. History knows cases when the ruler of a state, suffering from paranoia or mania, induced entire nations with his delirium: the Germans fled to enslave the world, believing Hitler in the superiority of their nation. The Russians fled from the USSR to the Russian Federation, Ukraine, and other false states, believing the CPSU party. Induced delirium, distributed to a large crowd, has a special name - mass psychosis.
And today sometimes a huge amount of mental healthy people, contrary to common sense, suddenly begin to repeat nonsense after their not very normal leaders. A striking example is Ukraine. Similar phenomena occur in the USA, in Russia, and in other countries.
A person in his mass is always a product of education, society. Most citizens of any country are able to believe in anything. In the superiority of one's race or religion, beliefs over the rest. The need to burn young women suspected of witchcraft at the stake. The fact that the DPRK is the happiest country in the world, and all the people of the globe envy us. In the healing water, charged with a psychic. In the icon of Matryonushka, healing from infertility and prostatitis. The fact that the USSR collapsed, fell apart, that the Russian Federation is the heiress and successor of the USSR. The fact that Putin is the leader of the nation and almost a tsar, that Taraskin is the acting president of the USSR. Against logic. No evidence. Despite the contrary! And if there is a need for logic, a person will find one suitable “fact” for himself, which will irrefutably prove that Hitler gave sweets to children, the icon really cured an employee, water can remember music (the scientist checked it!), And UFOs were shot down by the military, showed in a TV show. Since there is a president and government of the Russian Federation, and they write laws, then the Russian Federation is legal. If I have a Russian passport, then I am no longer a citizen of the USSR.
As a rule, in cases of induced delusions, the induced person either has hysteria, increased suggestibility, or low intelligence- is not able to critically comprehend the ideas suggested to him, and repeats other people's delusional plots as the truth in the final instance. Curiously, induced delusions are often just as persistent, just as intensely affective, and just as defying logical reasoning or critical explanation as true primary delusions. “Who does not jump, that Muscovite! The USSR collapsed! USSR in the past! The power is in the Kremlin, in Kyiv, in Washington, etc. Marx is our everything! The king is our everything! Allah and his prophet Muhammad, Christ, the Beatles, Hitler, Krishna, etc., etc. are our everything! Putin is a national leader! Historical multiple situations in which the inducer of delirium is a mentally healthy person or group, organization, party introducing into the psyche of the recipients, the people a crazy plot, taken for truth with subsequent appropriation and development. This is especially true of mass delirium.
Inducing moments are extremely important in the event of mass psychoses. So, for example, a leader who, in a state of hysterical ecstasy, shouts out various fanatical, illogical, unreasonable ideas, can induce a crowd, which then jumps with screams. Today, similar situations are repeated are found everywhere in the world, especially in Ukraine, the East - Maidans, rallies, processions, "revolutions". In such cases, mass psychoses begin with the induction of the crowd by one person from the podium. In any case, the basis of such a psychosis is hysteria, suggestibility, combined with an insufficient level of intelligence of the participants in the incident. Typical examples are Hitler, Kurginyan, Tyagnibok and their fans. The delusional plot in such situations, as a rule, is primitive, of the same type and has no development.
It is on such artificially and purposefully induced psychoses, anti-logic and delirium that regimes of lies and deceit have been kept for thousands of years. Firstly, with the help of religion, a person is deprived of his will, his judgment, then independent rational thinking is suppressed by divine, scientific authorities, and after that all sorts of dogmas, alogisms, delusional plots, theories begin to be pressed in. And he can no longer resist viral programs, crazy ideas: the mind is turned off, critical perception is blocked, the worldview is turned upside down with alogisms. Man and society are degrading, turning into a sheep and a herd - food for the criminal, gangster, party, banking "elite".
Each of us lives among patients with a variety of induced delusions (it is more dangerous if they are the same, for example, that the power is in the Kremlin, Washington, Israel, the State Duma), and he himself is also sick. However, there is a place where sober-minded adequate people gather who are surprised how you can believe in crazy, illogical ideas despite the facts, logic, common sense and all available statistics - this is the VOINR of the USSR. But logic and common sense still exist on the planet in some places, and some ideas are adequate. How to figure out which ones? How and by what signs can this be distinguished from delirium and mass psychosis?
It is clear that the main criterion is the internal logic of the theory and its consistency. If there are suspicions of the presence of mass psychosis, it makes sense to abandon TV and other means of mass induction, and instead use fundamentally different sources, constantly comparing and evaluating the reliability of information, for example, VOINR websites, Viktor Katyushchik's videos, Atsyukovsky's lectures on the etherodynamic picture of the world. Independently learn logic from textbooks, courses, lectures. Useful skills: constant comparison of theory with facts given by a variety of statistics, and not with a single case that happened to an employee, the ability to use methods, tools of logic.
In more detail, who induces delirium and why, what delirium leads to, how to help yourself and loved ones, how to stop being food, a slave and become a person - see the means and methods of treatment on the VOINR website.
You can start from here - https://voinrblog.wordpress.com/pretenziya-grazhdan-sssr/
Application:
Video examples of how to induce delirium:
but the induced delirium is treated or changed to another - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8XBi1jNEzXs
Induced psychosis is a form of psychosis that is initially involuntary. This psychosis is imposed by the reproduction by the individual of those overly valuable ideas that, in fact, took possession of another person - the one with whom this particular individual closely communicates. When diagnosing induced psychosis, the diagnostic criteria are the following indicators:
- delusions are formed in the context of close relationships with other persons who already have delusions (primary case);
- the delirium in the second person is similar in content to the delirium observed in the primary case;
- before the onset of the induced delusion, the second person immediately does not show a psychotic disorder or a prodromal symptom of schizophrenia.
In the process of staging differential diagnosis options for this disease are:
- simulations,
- artificially demonstrated disorder,
- psychological disorders,
- organic diseases.
The diseased subject sometimes has a personality disorder.
treatment
To cure induced psychosis, the best clinical approach is to isolate the affected subject from the source of the delusion - the dominant partner. A patient with induced psychosis will have to organize care, wait until spontaneous remission occurs, delusional experiences disappear. Effective psychotherapy with a dominant subject. Pharmacotherapy is used only when needed.
symptoms
The main sign of this condition is the acceptance of the delusional experiences of an outsider for the truth, and without the slightest hesitation. At the same time, delusional experience, in itself, can be attributed to the sphere of quite probable. The patient's views are usually not as bizarre as they often are in schizophrenia. Delusional experiences often contain hypochondriacal moods or ideas of persecution. By the type of concomitants, sometimes they are found personality disorders, but there are no symptoms or signs that meet the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia, mood disorder, or delusional disorder. In some cases, thoughts of suicide or murder are recorded, but collecting this information is very difficult.
Thinking disorders.
Psychologists well define the forms of thought disorder, the degree of its deviation from the "norm".
It is possible to single out a group of short-term or minor disorders that occur in completely healthy people, and a group of thought disorders that are pronounced and painful.
Speaking of the second, they attract the classification created by B.V. Zeigarnik and used in domestic psychology:
1. Violations of the operational side of thinking:
❖ reduction in the level of generalization;
❖ distortion of the level of generalization.
2. Violation of the personal and motivational component of thinking: ❖ diversity of thinking;
❖ reasoning.
3. Violations of the dynamics of mental activity:
❖ lability of thinking, or "leap of ideas"; inertia of thinking, or "viscosity" of thinking; inconsistency of judgments;
❖ responsiveness.
4. Violations of the regulation of mental activity:
violation of critical thinking;
❖ violation of the regulatory function of thinking;
❖ fragmented thinking.
Let us briefly explain the features of these disorders.
Violations of the operational side of thinking appear as reduction in the level of generalization, when it is difficult to isolate the common features of objects.
Judgments are dominated by direct ideas about objects, between which only specific connections are established. It becomes almost impossible to classify, find the leading property, single out the general, a person does not catch the figurative meaning of proverbs, cannot arrange the pictures in a logical sequence. Similar manifestations are characterized by mental retardation; in dementia (the advancing senile dementia) in a person who was previously mentally full, similar disorders also appear and the level of generalization decreases. But there is a difference: mentally retarded people, albeit very slowly, are able to form new concepts and skills, so they are trainable. Dement patients, although they have remnants of previous generalizations, are not able to learn new material, cannot use their previous experience, they cannot be trained.
Distortion of the generalization process It manifests itself in the fact that in his judgments a person reflects only the random side of phenomena, and the essential relationships between objects are not taken into account. At the same time, such people may be guided excessively common features, rely on inadequate relationships between objects. Thus, a patient who is characterized by such disturbances in thinking classifies a mushroom, a horse, a pencil in one group according to the "principle of the connection between the organic and the inorganic." Or he combines "beetle" and "shovel", explaining: "They dig the ground with a shovel, and the beetle also digs in the ground." He can combine "a watch and a bicycle" by thinking: "Both measure: a watch measures time, and a bicycle measures space when it is ridden." Similar thinking disorders are found in patients with schizophrenia, in psychopaths.
Violation of the dynamics of thinking manifests itself in different ways.
lability of thinking or “leap of ideas”, is characteristic of that person who, without having time to finish one thought, moves on to another. Each new impression changes the direction of his thoughts, he talks incessantly, laughs without any connection, he is distinguished by the chaotic nature of associations, a violation of the logical course of thinking.
Inertia, or "viscosity of thinking", - this is such a disorder when people cannot change the way they work, their judgments, they are not able to switch from one type of activity to another. Such disorders are often found in patients with epilepsy and as a late consequence of the transferred severe injuries brain. In extreme cases, a person cannot cope even with an elementary task if it requires a switch. Therefore, a violation of the dynamics of mental activity leads to a decrease in the level of generalization: a person is not able to classify even at a specific level, since each picture is a single instance for him, and he is not able to switch to another picture, compare them with each other, etc.
Inconsistency of judgments it is noted when the adequate nature of judgments is unstable, i.e. right ways performance of mental actions alternate with erroneous ones. With fatigue and mood swings, this also occurs in completely healthy people. Similar fluctuations in the correct and erroneous ways of performing the same mental action occur in 80% of people with vascular diseases of the brain, in 68% of patients who have suffered a brain injury, in 66% of patients with manic psychosis. The fluctuations were not caused by the complexity of the material - they also manifested themselves in the simplest tasks, that is, they testified to the instability of mental activity.
"Responsiveness"- this is the instability of the way of performing actions, manifested in an excessive form, when right action alternate with ridiculous ones, but the person does not notice this. Responsiveness is manifested in an unexpected response to various random environmental stimuli that are not addressed to a person. As a result of this, a normal thought process becomes impossible: any stimulus changes the direction of thoughts and actions, a person either reacts correctly, or his behavior is frankly ridiculous, he does not understand where he is, how old he is, etc. The responsiveness of patients is a consequence of a decrease in cortical activity brain. It destroys the purposefulness of mental activity. These disorders occur in patients with severe vascular diseases brain, with hypertension.
"Slip" consists in the fact that a person, talking about some object, unexpectedly strays from the correct train of thought after a false, inadequate association, and then again is able to reason correctly, without repeating the mistake made, but without correcting it.
Thinking is connected with the needs, aspirations, goals, feelings of people, therefore, violations of its motivational and personal components are noted.
Diversity of thinking- this is a disorder when judgments about a phenomenon are on different planes. At the same time, they are inconsistent, occur at different levels of generalization, that is, from time to time a person cannot reason correctly, his actions cease to be purposeful, he loses his original goal and cannot complete even a simple task. Such disturbances occur in schizophrenia, when thinking “seems to flow along different channels at the same time”, bypassing the essence of the problem under consideration, having no purpose and switching to an emotional, subjective attitude. It is because of the diversity of thinking and emotional richness that everyday objects begin to act as symbols. For example, a patient suffering from delusions of self-accusation, having received a cookie, comes to the conclusion that today he will be burned in the oven (the cookie for him is a symbol of the oven where he should be burned). Such absurd reasoning is possible because, due to emotional capture and diversity of thinking, a person considers any objects in inadequate, distorted aspects.
reasoning- verbose, fruitless reasoning, appearing as a result of increased affectivity, inadequate attitude, the desire to bring any phenomenon under some kind of concept, moreover, intelligence and cognitive processes in humans in this case are not violated. Reasoning is often characterized as a tendency "to a large generalization in relation to a small object of judgments and to the formation value judgments"(B. V. Zeigarnik).
Violation of the regulatory function of thinking manifests itself quite often even in quite healthy people. With strong emotions, affects, feelings, a person’s judgments become erroneous and inadequately reflect reality, or his thoughts may remain correct, but cease to regulate behavior, inadequate actions, absurd actions occur, sometimes he becomes “insane”. “In order for feelings to prevail over reason, it is necessary that the mind be weak” (P. B. Gannushkin). Under the influence of strong affect, passion, despair, or in a particularly acute situation in healthy people, a state close to "confused" may occur.
Violation of critical thinking. This is the inability to deliberately act, to check and correct one's actions in accordance with objective conditions, ignoring not only partial mistakes, but even the absurdity of one's actions and judgments. Errors can disappear if someone forces this person check his actions, although he often reacts differently: "And so it will do." The lack of self-control leads to the indicated violations, from which the person himself suffers, i.e., his actions are not regulated by thinking, are not subject to personal goals. Purposefulness is deprived of both action and thinking. Violation of criticality is usually associated with damage to the frontal lobes of the brain. I. P. Pavlov wrote: “The power of the mind is much more measured by a correct assessment of reality than by the mass of school knowledge, which you can collect as much as you like, but this is the mind of a lower order. A much more accurate measure of the mind is the correct attitude to reality, the correct orientation, when a person understands his goals, foresees the result of his activity, controlling himself.
"Disrupted thinking" it happens when a person can say monologues for hours, although other people are nearby. At the same time, there is no connection between the individual elements of statements, there is no meaningful thought, only an unintelligible stream of words. Speech in this case is not an instrument of thought or a means of communication, it does not regulate the behavior of the person himself, but acts as an automatic manifestation of the mechanisms of speech.
At euphoria, enthusiasm(for some people in the initial phase of intoxication) there is an extraordinary acceleration of the thought process, one thought, as it were, “jumps” onto another. Judgments that constantly arise, becoming more and more superficial, fill our consciousness and pour out in whole streams on those around us.
The involuntary, continuous and uncontrolled flow of thoughts is called mentism. Opposite thought disorder - sperrung,t. e. interruption of the thought process. Both of these species occur almost exclusively in schizophrenia.
Unjustified "detailed thinking"- this is the case when it becomes, as it were, viscous, inactive, and the ability to single out the main, essential is usually lost. When talking about something, people suffering from this disorder diligently, endlessly describe all sorts of little things, details that do not have any meaning details.
Emotional, excitable people sometimes try to combine the incomparable: completely different circumstances and phenomena, ideas and positions that contradict each other. They allow the substitution of some concepts for others. This "subjective" thinking is called paralogical.
The habit of formulaic decisions and conclusions can lead to the inability to independently find a way out of unexpected situations and accept original solutions, i.e. to what in psychology is called functional rigidity of thinking. This feature is associated with its excessive dependence on accumulated experience, whose limitations and repetition then lead to stereotypes.
A child or an adult dreams, imagining himself a hero, an inventor, a great person, etc. A fictional fantasy world that reflects the deep processes of our psyche becomes the determining factor in thinking for some people. In this case, one can speak of autistic thinking. Autism means such a deep immersion in the world of one's personal experiences that interest in reality disappears, contacts with it are lost and weakened, the desire to communicate with others becomes irrelevant.
The extreme degree of thought disorder - rave, or "intellectual monomania". Thoughts, ideas, reasonings that do not correspond to reality, that clearly contradict it, are considered crazy. So, normally reasoning and thinking people suddenly they begin to express ideas that are very strange from the point of view of those around them, and it is impossible to convince them. Some, not having a medical education, invent a “new” method of treating, for example, cancer, and give all their strength to the struggle for the “implementation” of their brilliant discovery (“nonsense of invention”). Others are developing projects to improve the social structure and are ready to do anything for the sake of fighting for the happiness of mankind (“nonsense of reformism”). Still others are absorbed in everyday problems: they either “establish” the fact of their spouse’s infidelity around the clock, which, however, they are already obviously convinced of (“nonsense of jealousy”), or, confident that everyone is in love with them, importunately pester others with loving explanations ( "erotic nonsense"). The most common is the “nonsense of persecution”: a person is allegedly mistreated in the service, slipped him the most difficult job, mocked, threatened, and started to persecute.
The intellectual quality and degree of "persuasiveness" of crazy ideas depend on the thinking capabilities of the one who is "captured" by them. Finding them is far from easy, and not always possible. Therefore, delusional interpretations and positions can easily "infect" others, and in the hands of fanatical or paranoid individuals turn out to be a formidable social weapon.
Rave(lat. Delirium) - a set of ideas and ideas, conclusions that did not arise from information received from the outside world and is not corrected by incoming new information (it does not matter whether the delusional conclusion corresponds to reality or not), a component of productive symptoms in schizophrenia and other psychoses.
Within medicine, delirium belongs to the field of psychiatry.
It is fundamentally important that delirium, being a disorder of thinking, that is, of the psyche, at the same time is a symptom of a disease of the human brain. Treatment of delusions, according to ideas modern medicine, is possible only by biological methods, that is, mainly by drugs (for example, antipsychotics).
Delusion is distinguished from the Kandinsky-Clerambault syndrome (mental automatism syndrome), in which thinking disorders are combined with pathology of perception and ideomotor.
Often in everyday life they are mistakenly called nonsense mental disorders(hallucinations, confusion), sometimes occurring in somatic patients with elevated temperature body (for example, in infectious diseases).
Acute delirium
If the delirium completely takes possession of consciousness, then such a state is called acute delirium. Sometimes the patient is able to adequately analyze the surrounding reality, if this does not concern the subject of delirium. Such nonsense is called encapsulated.
Being a productive psychotic symptomatology, delusions are a symptom of many diseases of the brain, but it is especially characteristic of schizophrenia.
[edit] Interpretive (Primary, Primordial, Verbal)
At interpretive delirium the primary is the defeat of thinking - rational, logical knowledge is affected, the distorted judgment is consistently supported by a number of subjective evidence that has its own system. This type of delusion is persistent and tends to progress and systematization: "proofs" add up to a subjectively coherent system (at the same time, everything that does not fit into this system is simply ignored), more and more parts of the world are drawn into a crazy system.
[edit] Hallucinatory (Secondary, Sensual, Explanations)
hallucinatory delusion resulting from impaired perception. This is delirium figurative, with a predominance of illusions and hallucinations. Ideas with him are fragmentary, inconsistent - primarily a violation of sensory cognition (perception). Violation of thinking comes a second time, there is a delusional interpretation of hallucinations, the absence of conclusions, which are carried out in the form of insights - bright and emotionally rich insights. Another reason for the development of secondary delusions can be affective disorders. The manic state causes delusions of grandeur, and depression is the root cause of ideas of self-abasement. Elimination of secondary delirium can be achieved mainly by treating the underlying disease or symptom complex.
[edit] Delusional syndromes
Currently, in domestic psychiatry, it is customary to distinguish three main delusional syndromes:
- paranoid syndrome
- paranoid syndrome
- paraphrenic syndrome.
Close to delusional syndrome of mental automatism and hallucinatory syndrome, often included in the form of an integral part of delusional syndromes (the so-called hallucinatory-paranoid syndrome).
Delusion, by definition, is a system of false judgments and inferences. Existing criteria for delirium include:
- occurrence on "painful" soil, that is, delirium - is a manifestation of the disease
- redundancy in relation to objective reality
- no correction
- going beyond the existing socio-cultural characteristics of a given society
[edit] Subject (plot) of nonsense
The plot of delusion, as a rule (in cases of interpretive delusion), is not actually a symptom of the disease and depends on the socio-psychological, as well as cultural and political factors, within which the patient is located. At the same time, several groups of delusional states are distinguished in psychiatry, united by a common plot. These include:
- delusions of persecution (persecutory delusions)
- delusional relationship- it seems to the patient that all the surrounding reality is directly related to him, that the behavior of other people is determined by their special attitude towards him
- delirium of reformism
- delirium of love (Clerambault syndrome)- almost always in female patients: the patient is convinced that a famous person loves him (her), or that everyone who meets him (her) falls in love with him (her)
- religious nonsense
- antagonistic delusion(including Manichaean nonsense)
- delusions of litigation (querulism)- the patient is fighting for the restoration of "trampled justice": complaints, courts, letters to management
- delusions of jealousy- belief in the betrayal of a sexual partner
- delirium of origin- the patient believes that his real parents are high-ranking people, or that he comes from an ancient noble family, another nation, etc.
- delirium of damage- the belief that the patient's property is spoiled or stolen by some people (as a rule, people with whom the patient communicates in everyday life)
- delusions of poisoning- the belief that someone wants to poison the patient
- nihilistic nonsense(characteristic of TIR) - a false feeling that oneself, others or the world around does not exist or the end of the world is coming
- hypochondriacal delusions- persuading the patient that he has some kind of disease (usually serious)
- so-called anorexia nervosa in most cases, it is also a crazy design.
- delusions of staging (intermetamorphoses)- the patient's conviction that everything around is specially arranged, scenes of some kind of performance are played out, or an experiment is being conducted, everything constantly changes its meaning: for example, this is not a hospital, but in fact the prosecutor's office; the doctor is actually an investigator; patients and medical staff - security officers disguised in order to expose the patient.
Induced ("induced") delirium
In psychiatric practice, induced (from lat. inducer- “induce”) delirium, in which delusional experiences are, as it were, borrowed from the patient in close contact with him and the absence of a critical attitude to the disease. There is a kind of “infection” with delusion: the induced begins to express the same delusional ideas and in the same form as the mentally ill inducer (dominant person). Usually induced by delirium are those persons from the environment of the patient who communicate especially closely with him, are connected by family and kinship relations.
Psychotic illness in a dominant person is most often schizophrenic, but not always. The initial delusions in the dominant person and the induced delusions are usually chronic and are by the plot delusions of persecution, grandeur, or religious delusions. Typically, the group involved has close contacts and is isolated from others by language, culture, or geography. The person who is induced into delirium is most often dependent on or subservient to a partner with a true psychosis.
The diagnosis of induced delusional disorder can be made if:
- one or two people share the same delusion or delusional system and support each other in this belief;
- they have an unusually close relationship;
- there is evidence that the delusion was induced in a passive member of a couple or group by contact with an active partner.
Induced hallucinations are rare, but do not exclude the diagnosis of induced delusions.
