Triumphal arches were built by ancient Romans for the solemn ceremony entry of the winning warbed in the city of Triumphs. In the old part of the city, several similar monuments are well preserved. The arches traditionally decorated crackers filled with bas-reliefs and laudatory inscriptions, which makes them real "gates" in the history of ancient Rome.
Arch Tito (Arco Di Tito)
Arch Tita is the oldest of the two remaining Arches of the Roman Forum. It was built in the interval between 81 and 85. n. e. To mark the seizure of Jerusalem and the victory over the Jews. Tit captured Jerusalem in 70. e. With the help of four legions, and after the fall of the Masada fortress in 72 N. e. The uprising was completely suppressed.
Inscription on the arch
The 15-meter arch is located on the Roman Forum, at the highest point of Via Sacra. Inside it there are two panels with reliefs. One depicts a triumphal march with trophies - seven-letters of candelabrome or menori, silver pipes and bread table. The other shows titts in the chariot, accompanied by Victoria's Goddess and Roma.
Interesting fact! The inscription on the frieze, which reads the "Senate and People of Rome (dedicate or erected this arch) of the Divine Titus Vespasianu Augustus, the son of Divine Vespasian," was originally bronze. The reliefs were also painted, and Arch itself was crowned with a bronze quadriga.
Restoration
In the XI century The arch of Tita was combined with the fortress built by the Frangipani family, which helped preserve the monument. In 1821, she restored Giuseppe Valadier. Part of the outer sides were rebuilt between 1822 and 1823, using lime tuff instead of marble, so they can be distinguished from the original.
How to get
The arch of Tita can be found on the eastern side of the Roman Forum near the Colosseum. Use the metro station (Stop Colosseum): Line V. For visiting the forum you need to pay 12 EUR. Tickets are better to buy in advance.
Arch Septimia of the North (Arco Di Settimio Severo)
The arch Septimia of the North was built in 203 in honor of the Roman emperor of the North. This is one of the three remaining triumphant arches of the Roman Forum. It was built in honor of the victory of the emperor of the North in Parfia (now partially, Iran and Iraq).
Arch
The arch has 23 m in height and 25 m wide, as well as three passages: the central - 12 m, the remaining - 7 m 80 cm. Initially, a staircase was initially through the central arch. In IV century She replaced the road.
Relief panels and inscriptions
Relief panels upstairs depict various steps of war between the Romans and Parfyans. Other panels show the capture of the Romans of the barbarians.
Interesting fact! Initially, the arch was crowned with a bronze quadrigue with the statues of the emperor of the North and his sons - Karakalla and Geta. The bronze inscriptions on the arch dedicated to the Septimia of the North and both of his sons, but after the death of the father of Karakalla killed Getu and erased his name from the arch.
Restoration
Arch Septimia of the North is a well-preserved monument of the Roman Forum, and all due to the fact that it was united in the Middle Ages with the Old Church.
Later, the church moved to another place, but she still defended the arch from destruction. Although parts of other monuments, such as the Colosseum, were used to build the palaces of the Renaissance, the Arch Septimia of the North remained untouched.
In the Middle Ages until the XVIII century, when the Roman Forum's excavation began, most of The arches were covered with soil and garbage. Today it is one of the most unique and impressive Roman monuments.
How to get
The arch Septimia of the North can be found in the Roman forum, close to the Colosseum. Use the metro station (Stop Colosseum): Line V. For visiting the forum you need to pay 12 EUR.
Arka Constantine (Arco Di Costantino)
Next to the Coliseum is the Arch Constantine, built at the beginning of the IV century, to perpetuate the victory of the emperor over Maksentius. She remained relatively unharmed.
Konstantin's victory
In the period of many years of civil War Constantine's Army's victory over numerically superior to Makenius's army in the Battle of the Milvian Bridge in 312, finally brought the world of the Roman Empire. To commemorate this unforgettable victory, the Senate awarded the Emperor to the Triumphal Arch. It was built in 315 N. e.
A large arch with three aisles has a width of almost 26 m and a height of 21 m. During construction, many parts of old structures were reused, which was at that time the usual phenomenon.
Interesting fact! The decorations at the central and lower parts of the arch were created specifically for it. Fris shows that Konstantin's army led Maksentius troops to Tiber. The finish itself is noticeably lower quality than the one that was in the era of Adrian and Trajana. The artistic level during Constantine was significantly lower than in the past, which is symbolic for the decline of the Roman Empire.
Emperor Konstantin
Konstantin believed that his incredible victory happened due to the help of the Christian God. As a result, during his reign, Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire. In 325 n. e. Constantinople became the capital of the empire.
How to get
Arch Konstantin is located near the Colosseum, at Via di San Gregorio. You can get to it by the subway line in (Stop Colosseum). For the entrance you do not need to pay.
Konstantin Triumphal Arch is one of the largest and best of all the preserved times of ancient Rome. Unlike the arches, Septimia of the North and Tita can be viewed free of charge by walking around. Go through it will not succeed.
is one of the most famous ancient Roman structures, a bright sample antique architecture, Symbol of the Great Roman Empire.Historical reference
Unlike other triumphant arches, Konstantinova symbolizes not a victory over the external enemy, and the triumph in civil war. In October 312, Konstantin Nepolovo defeated the army of Marksenction in Mulvieva Bridge, showing him an excellent strategist.
There is a legend that in front of this most important battle Constantine was a sign: in a dream he saw a sign of the cross. The Christian symbol he took with him into battle and won a victory with him. Later, Konstantin, who was inflamed great, declared Christianity a single religion of the empire and moved the capital to Constantinople.
The arch was built three years and finished in 315. A squat monumental structure of a 21-meter height was erected, from three flights, with a length of the facades about 26 m and the width of the end sides of 7.5 meters. On the front sides of the arch, eight Corinth columns from Numidia marble were distinguished. Above them were established statues of Ducks, made of marble of another breed - light, with purple streaks. The main part of the structure was made of massive white-grade blocks.
Decor
Decor for Arch builders took from previously existing Roman buildings: the creators of such a grand construction had little time on its sculptural design. Three years for that epoch were considered a very short term. Historians suggest another explanation for this fact - the symbolic association of Constantine with the great rulers of the past. On some elements of the decor, the arch is guessed by images of the previously rules of emperors - they gave similarity to the emperor Konstantin.
Attic
Eight statues for Attica Arches were taken with. Eight bas-reliefs on the attic were transferred from another, previously destroyed Arch of the time of Mark Aureliya. Marble frieze was borrowed - it was divided into four fragments and installed over small arches and inside the main span. On these decorations, you can learn the military scenes of the times of Trajan. Medallions installed above the side arches depict the scene of the hunt of the Emperor Adrian.
Today, Arch Konstantin is considered the most famous from the ancient Roman arches and the most surviving. She stands on the ancient road Via Triumphalis, between and. This arch has become a visual model for many later triumphant structures built in the world.
Visiting this sight is free.
How to get
The nearest stop is the Colosseo metro station (line B).
You can reach the arch by bus:
51, 75, 85, 87, 118, №2 before the colosseo stop;
75, 85, 87, 118, C3, №2, №10 - to Celio Vibenna.
Tram 3, 8 - to Piazza del Colosseo.
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Coliseum (from colosseus. - huge, colossal) or amphitheater Flaviev (Amphitheatrum Flavium.) - Amphitheater, architectural monument Ancient Rome, the most famous and one of the most ambitious structures Ancient Mirapreserved to our time
I will start with the story, although, for sure, it is familiar to many. In this case, simply refresh your memories.
The Colosseum in Rome was built in the 80th of our era with the Roman Emperor Titis from the genus Flaviev. In pristine, the Amphitheater Colosseum had 3 floors. On the first there was a bed of the emperor and marble places For the Senate. On the second floor, marble benches were installed, intended for citizens of ancient Rome. On the third floor there were places for all other spectators, made in the form of wooden benches and just standing places. I ranked 9. The last fourth floor was completed.
Thus looked the Colosseum on the project, and, probably, he was indeed such a new era in the first century.
And so I depicted the Colosseum Sylvester Feodosievich Shchedrin (1791-1830) in his picture "The form of Rome. Colosseum." In the foreground, the triumphal arch of Constantine.
It is very close to what we see now after 2 centuries after writing this picture.
The main purpose of the Colosseum in Rome was the conduct of gladiator fights. Arena amphitheater allowed to accommodate up to 3 thousand fighters. And although in our days, the Colosseum in Rome is half destroyed, he still produces a huge impression and with dignity keeps the title of symbol of Rome.
Now for free Colosseum you can see only outside. Plot to crowd tourists around. And in ancient Rome, not only the entrance was free, there are still the audience for free fodder. It is not surprising that the third of the life of the Romans was carried out in the Coliseum, where various games, competitions and holidays went to 100 days a year!
A little more historical facts.
Under the arena there was a whole system of cells, galleries, warehouses, changing and basements, now opened thanks to the excavations. We are talking about a number of rooms where various items and mechanisms were stored, and where animals were kept before and after the spectacle. The main spectacles were fighting gladiators and animal hunting (elephants, tigers, lions, bears, hippos, etc.). On the arena there were also performances of magicians, sports competitions, horse tournaments and even sea battles. The lower part of the Colosseum under the Arena was filled with water from specially subordinated aqueducts.
From history, it is known that on the day, when officially opened the Colosseum in Rome, more than two thousand gladiators died in the arena and about five thousand animals were killed. And according to the most modest calculations, in the history of this unique Monument Architecture, more than half a million people died here and at least a million predators.
On the day of the official opening of the Colosseum on his stage, 5 thousand animals were killed. By modest estimates, in the entire history of this structure, more than 500 thousand people and more than a million animals were killed in it.
In 1349, the powerful earthquake in Rome was the cause of the colosum collapse, especially his southern part. After that, it began to look at it as a source of production of building material. Not only falling off, but also the stones flared from it began to go to new facilities.
At the end of the 13th century, a quarry was generally formed here: more than 20 aristocrat houses and churches were built from parts of the Colosseum - it was used as a cheap building material. A part of the destroyed by earthquakes of the Colosseum was used to build the Basilica of St. Peter ... Everyone tried to drag at least a brick.
Stones in the Coliseum turned out so much that so far from their remnants produce various souvenirs. One of these souvenirs as the memory of the 2008 electroluminescence conference, I stored in my collection.
This travertine marble of the 1st century, from which the Colosseum was built.
At the end of the first part of the story about the Coliseum, I tried to appreciate how many photos of the Colosseum made by humanity for last years. By attendance of all Museums Italy, the Colosseum confidently ranks first. For the year it is attended by about six million tourists. Over the past 20 years, when they became actively used digital camerasIt was visited by about 120 million. If we assume that every visitor made at least a dozen shots (actually much more), then a breathtaking figure is already obtained, exceeding 1 billion pictures! Is it possible to add something new to the general photo of the Piggy Bank about the Coliseum? Probably, not. Nevertheless, everyone has their own associations, so I will give some photos, which we remember the Colosseum.
So we saw the Colosseum on the first day of our stay in Rome from the Wittoriano observation deck.
Majestic skeleton
Triumphal arches
Arch Tita
Returned after successful victories of commander or emperors in ancient Rome was always met solemnly. To perpetuate their exploits, they began to build special triumphal arches. These were powerful stone structures decorated with statues. outstanding people, bas-reliefs with images of their great acts.
The oldest of the three preserved triumphal arches of the ancient Rome is the one-year-old arch of the emperor of tit. She was erected in 81. Tit was awarded such a high honors for the capture of Jews and the destruction of Jerusalem in 69.
Arch Tita. Rome. 81
Arch Konstantin
The more solemn three-span triumphal arch was awarded the emperor Konstantin. Arch is located next to the Coliseum. It began to build it in 312, a year of victory Konstantin over Emperor Maksenzi. And they could not finish. Therefore, when Konstantin entered Rome with the honors of the triumphant, he did not see his arch. This is the only Triumphal Arch in Rome, which was built in honor of victory not over the external enemy, but over their own Roman despot.
Triumphal archKonstantin (Arcus Constantini., Arco Di Costantino.) - Treated Arch, located in Rome on the ancient Via Triumphalis. This is one of the most huge arches ever built in Rome. Its height reaches 21 meters, almost 36 meters is its width, and its thickness of its walls exceeds 7 meters.
To feel her thickness, it is better to look at her from the end
We wage the arch from the opposite side, and mentally return to 306 years.
In Rome, the rules of McColenia - Tirans, unbridled in his desires, the ruler. Residents very quickly regretted that they helped him become the emperor. And then Konstantin, who came about the events in Rome, spoke with the army from Britain, the Alps moved, and in 312 in the territory of Italy, a part of Maxénia was broken. Corpse Maxation was found and beheaded. The head was taken to Rome to demonstrate all residents - the former emperor was defeated. After that, Konstantin with all the appropriate emperor honors entered Rome. But not through the Triumphal Arch, which they still built for him ...
Almost in 315 finished the arch, and the inscription "Emperor Flavia Konstantin, the greatest, pious, happy ..." appeared on it, then all his feats were further listed. But Konstantin did not appreciate later the attention shown to him by the Senate and Rome citizens. He sobbed this city and in 326 he suffered the capital of the state in Byzantine (in 330 he was renamed Constantinople), creating a new one there state device. And the triumphal arch in his honor remained in Rome.
The main part of the arch is made of powerful marble blocks. On both sides, four Corinth columns are decorated. Bas-reliefs are pressed into the walls depicting the victorious episodes of Emperor Constantine. Some decorative elements for the monument were taken from other, earlier Roman facilities. For example, from the forum of Emperor Trojan, the statues were postponed, medallions with scenes of hunting, from the building of the emperor Mark Aureliya - Bas-reliefs with the image of his triumph ...
During the 1960 Olympic Games, Marathonians finished near this arch.
April, 2016.
"You can pick up the whole world, but leave it Italy"
Giuseppe Verdi
In more detail with walks in Italy, you can get acquainted in the book: " Italian vacation "
Italian vacation
This book can serve as a short guide to Italy for 7 days:
Three days in Rome(Venice Square. Navona Square. Trevi Fountain. Square of Spain. Capitolian Hill. Roman Forum. Colosseum and Triumphal Arches. Melting Truth. Bridges and the Embankment Tiber. Pantheon and Romani Square. Roman Castles. Grottarrata, Crypt Ferrat. Frascati. Castel Gandolfo. Tuskul. Rome streets.
Two days in Florence: Church of Santa Maria Novella. Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore. Baptistery San Giovanni. Republic Square. Signaine Square. Ponte Vecchio. Gallery Uffizi. Basilica San Lorenzo. Santa Croce (Saint Cross) Square Michelangelo. Palazzo-Pitty.
One day in Venice: Murano. Square and St. Mark Cathedral. City Tour.
In the book, I also included not tourist routes, very interesting and few well-known travelers. I hope that the book will cause interest in those who have already visited these places, and they will be pleased to once again mentally go through familiar places, remember and compare this virtual campaign with their own impressions about this amazing and beautiful Italy.
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The triumphal arch of Constantine in Rome is located between the Palatin and the Coliseum - the two main attractions of the city. She was erected in 315 to commemorate the victory of the Roman emperor in the battle, which was held at the Milvian Bridge in 312. This is the most late arch of all preserved, in which decor elements previously used in more ancient monuments are traced.
The triumphal arch of Emperor Constantine symbolizes the sunset of the Great Roman Empire, although it looks squat. Against the background of its arched decorations, the Corinthian columns are especially highlighted - it seems that the entire arch is based on them.
At the attic - a decorative wall over the cornice - there are eight marble statues borrowed from the Thracian forum - the last of the imperial forums of Rome. Smaller spans are decorated with medallions, on which you can consider the scenes of hunting.
Historical reference
Constantine Arch construction was conducted for three years and was completed only in 315. The construction reaches in an altitude of 21 meters and consists of three spans. The main part of the arch is made of susceptible blocks of impressive sizes. General design Looks like the design of the arch Septimia of the North, located here, in Rome. Both have sculptural panels, antables - beam overlaps of spans, and eight columns adorn two front arches.
Architectural features
The columns of the Arches are made of yellow marble, on the grounds are visible reliefs depicting prisoners of barbarians, Roman soldiers and goddess Victory Victoria. The goddess is depicted on the head of the main span. All reliefs belong to the era of Constantine.
The medallions of the two-meter diameter relating to the time of the reign of the Roman emperor Adrian, are located over the side arches. They depict the hunt for the Vepry, Leo and the Bear, bringing the victim to the gods of Apollon, Hercules, Diana.
In the scenes of hunting placed on the north side, the head of Adrian is replaced by the heads of Constantine, in sacrifices - Licinia and the Khlora constancy; On the south side, on the contrary. Konstantin hike against maxiance illustrates a relief frieze. On medallions from the side of the arches, the arches are depicted by the Divine of the Sun and the Moon on the chariots.
The attack is made of pairwise composed of eight bas-reliefs, taken from the monument to the era of Mark Aurelia. On the north side, the return of the emperor in Rome, the emperor leaves the city, gives money to the people, interrogates the captive.
On the south side - the German leader in front of the emperor, appeal to the troops, sacrifice the gods of sheep, pigs and bull. The vertices of the columns are crowned with Dakov's figures - groups of Thracian tribes. There is an assumption that they are taken from the Tranana Forum. From there, the bas-reliefs located on the side walls of Attica Ark Constantine are borrowed. They illustrate the celebration of victory over Daca.
Decor
The decor for the arch is used the same as in the previously erected Roman buildings, the estimated reason - the creators of the structure (due to the need for quick construction of the Arch) there was no time for its sculptural design.
Historians offer another explanation - the symbolic association of Constantine with the rulers of the past. On separate elements of the decor, images of previously rules of Roman emperors are guessed - they were given similarity with Konstantin.
How to get
Arch Constantine is located on Via Sacra Street. You can reach it on the subway, reaching the station Colosseum lines V. This is just two stops from Termini Station. Already coming out with the subway, you can see how much it is a massive structure. Also in this area there are buses and tram. If you wish, you can order a taxi - the driver will quickly deliver to the destination.
The arch is available for tourists daily, without breaks and weekends. The entrance is free for everyone.
- Arch Konstantin became a model for many similar structures raised in later periods.
- During the reign of Nero, a fountain was installed around the arch, in which gladiators bathed after the battle. Until our days, only particles of the foundation in the form of a semicircle reached it.
- Arch Konstantin in Rome is the only one built in honor of the victory in the Civil War.
Recent changes: December 20, 2018
The ancient construction installed near the Colosseum is one of the most recognizable monuments of the Eternal City. The Arch Konstantin, preserved to this day, is one of the most magnificent monuments of ancient Rome, located on Triumph Street (Via Dei Trionfi), which in ancient times was intended for solemn processions carried out into the glory of the emperor.
The arch was erected in honor of Emperor Konstantin, who became for the Roman people, the Liberator and Messenger of the World as gratitude for his merit. According to the conclusions of historians, Konstantin Great was indeed one of the best rulers of Rome and a commander capable of protecting the empire.
History of an ancient monument
The Triumphal Arch was erected by the decision of the Senate in memory of the victory of Konstantin over the emperor Maksenzem in the battle of October 28, 312g.n. At the Milvio Bridge. The official opening of the monument took place in 315. The studies have shown that the construction was built in the first half of the 2nd century, during the reign of the Emperor Adrian (117-138) and it, in all likelihood, was originally intended for a completely different historical character, whose name was lost in the annals of history. At the beginning of IVV. The arch was repaired again, decorated with new bas-reliefs and used as the basis for the new monument of glory.
It is interesting!
Arch Konstantin is the only monument in Rome, who perpetuated the victory is not over the external enemy, but in the civil internecine conflict of two emperors.
At 306g.n. The next emperor was proclaimed Mark Aurelius McCencies (278-312), which came to power by intrigue. Unrighteous tyrant, mired in a breakdown, posted the population with unbearable taxes, spending assembled funds for lush numerous festivities. In 312 With his army against Tiran, Emperor Konstantin I acted and, defeating in several battles, the main forces Maxienthood, approached Rome. The opposing parties met in Ponte Milvio and after a short fighting troops, Maxientation appealed to panic escape. A narrow bridge, not to withstand the huge mass of the accumulated people, stunned overnight, the burrs under her wreckings hundreds of bodies and most of the maximation itself. Konstantin, solemnly joining Rome on October 28, carried away the bloody head of Tirana. Monumental arch Constantine erected in Eternal city To commemorate this particular victory.
In its decorative design, the triumphal structure has elements of different historical periods. They differ not only by age, but also the quality of working out parts. For example, it is reliably known that the previously existing marble blocks of the old brick arch was added bas-reliefs and the decor, glorifying the era of Trajan (98-117). In addition, the images of Adrian and Commoda emperors appeared somewhat later.
Capital restoration of the Arch Constantine was held several times: in the XII, in the XV-XVIV., And also in 1733. Then the missing fragments were added to the structure.
Description Arch Constantine
The Triumphal Arch consists of three cross-cutting spans, of which the central is higher and wide in relation to the side. Its architectonics is similar to the Triumphal Arch Septimia of the North, located on. Both facade parts, external and interior walls of the structure are decorated with bas-reliefs, which represent two hundred years of the history of the Empire, captured in marble. For the construction of the Arch, marble of various origin and quality was used, and some blocks were borrowed from more ancient structures, as well as its some decorative elements.
In the central top on both sides of the Arch, the inscription on Latin was carved, with the same text: "The Senate and the people of Roman are dedicated to this outstanding arch of triumphs to the emperor Caesar Flaviya Konstantin Maximus Peter Felice Augustus, which spiritualized by the Divine and the greatness of his spirit along with his army Reliced \u200b\u200bovernight with the state tyrannia faithful weapons. "
Plots of TDDO facade from the north side of the arch
- Hunt for boar
- Sacrifice to Hercules
- Sacrifice Apollon
- Lion hunting
Bas-reliefs Mark Aureliya on the arch of Constantine
The attic and the facades of the structure established eight bas-reliefs belonging to the era of the Board of Mark Aureliya. Their location is pairwise on both sides of the inscription. Rectangular marble plates, a height of about three meters, contain the scenes of the battles Mark Aurelius, held in the second half of the II century against the German peoples - quads and Markarkov.
Bas-reliefs of the southern facade Arch
- Rex Datus - Representation of the defeated ruler Mark Auraliya;
- Captivi - emperor captives;
- Adlocutio - Emperor with his army;
- Lustratio - sacrifice on the battlefield.
Two of them are located in the attic on the side of the arches, two others - on the inner surface of the central span. According to the conclusions of researchers, four marble plates used for decorative design of the Arch Constantine are only part of a large bas-relief. Some fragments of the ancient trayan bas-relief today are stored in the Louvre, Antiqua of the Roman Forum, as well as in. You can see all four plates combined together, in the Museum of the Roman civilization, where their copies are presented.
If you compare the image data with reliefs made on, it becomes apparent to the fact that they all were performed by one master or in one workshop.
