Presentation Diseases with airborne transmission: chicken pox. presentation on the topic. Chickenpox Presentation on the topic of smallpox

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Chicken pox(Varicella-Zoster virus, VZV) – infection, characterized by fever and rash on the skin and mucous membranes in the form of small blisters with transparent contents. The causative agent is a herpes group virus (identical to the causative agent of herpes zoster - herpes zoster). The virus is volatile, unstable in the external environment, and not pathogenic for animals.

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The varicella zoster virus belongs to the herpesvirus family. Despite the fact that the description of the infection was known back in ancient times, and the infectious nature of the disease was proven back in 1875, the virus itself was isolated only in 1958. The chickenpox virus only affects humans. In addition to chickenpox itself, the virus causes shingles (so-called herpes zoster). It is one of the most contagious viruses in nature. If one person in a group gets sick, the probability that everyone else will get sick is about 95% (although this does not apply to those who have had chickenpox before). Moreover, the virus can fly not only from one room to another, but also from one floor to another.

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The source of infection is a sick person, who poses an epidemic danger from the end of the incubation period until the scabs fall off. The pathogen is spread by airborne droplets. Mostly children aged 6 months to 7 years are affected. Adults rarely get chickenpox, since they usually experience it in their childhood. childhood. In persons with severe immunodeficiency of various etiologies (in rare cases, with HIV infection and in patients after organ transplantation; often with acclimatization, decreased immunity caused by severe stress. Susceptibility to V. o. is high. Preschool and younger children are more often affected school age. Children under 2 months of age. and adults rarely get sick. The highest incidence occurs in the autumn-winter period.) Re-infection is possible. Epidemiology

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The disease usually begins acutely with an increase in temperature, and almost simultaneously a rash appears on the skin, scalp and mucous membranes. The rash occurs within 3-4 days, sometimes longer. The primary element of the rash is a small spot or papule (nodule), which very quickly (after a few hours) turns into a vesicle (vesicle) with hyperemia around it (Fig.). Chickenpox round vesicles are located on non-infiltrated skin; after 1-3 days they burst and dry out. The drying of the bubble begins from the center, then it gradually turns into a dense crust, after which there are no scars after falling off. Since chickenpox elements do not appear all at once, but at intervals of 1-2 days, elements of rashes can be seen on the skin at the same time different stages development (spot, nodule, vesicle, crust) - the so-called false polymorphism of the rash. Sometimes the disease begins with a short prodrome ( low-grade fever, deterioration of health). Before the rash of chickenpox elements, and more often during the period of their maximum rash, a scarlet fever or measles-like rash may appear. Symptoms

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Skin rashes due to chickenpox: papules, fresh and drying blisters (vesicles), surrounded by a zone of hyperemia.

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There are typical (light, medium and heavy) and atypical forms V. o. At mild form general state the patient is satisfactory. The temperature is sometimes normal, but more often subfebrile, rarely exceeding 38°. Rashes on the skin are not abundant, on the mucous membranes - in the form of single elements. The duration of the rash is 2-4 days. The moderate form is characterized by slight intoxication, elevated temperature, quite profuse rashes and itching. The duration of the rash is 4-5 days. As the vesicles dry, the temperature normalizes and the child’s well-being improves. The severe form is characterized by a profuse rash on the skin and mucous membranes of the mouth, eyes, and genitals. The temperature is high, vomiting, lack of appetite, poor sleep, and the child is restless due to severe itching. The duration of the rash is 7-9 days.

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Treatment. Patients are usually treated at home; Only children with severe or complicated forms of V. are hospitalized. Careful hygiene care, aimed at preventing secondary infection (daily baths with a weak solution of potassium permanganate, ironing underwear). Elements of the rash are lubricated with 1-2% aqueous solution potassium permanganate or 1-2% aqueous or alcohol solution brilliant green. Be sure to rinse your mouth after eating. When purulent complications antibiotics are indicated. Consequences: After the illness, only single scars remain in place of the burst blisters. They persist for quite a long time (the older the person and the more severe the illness, the longer) and completely disappear only after a few months, and sometimes remain for life (for example, if they are scratched). In addition, a person becomes a lifelong carrier of the herpes virus; it is stored in the cells of the nervous tissue and, with a decrease in the body’s defenses or stress, can manifest itself in the form of shingles.

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Drafts. The virus is afraid of ventilation, so arrange them more often. Cleaning. Frequent wet cleaning will not hurt, but will not have any effect on the likelihood of the virus spreading. Prevention Prevention: Isolation. Anyone who has been in contact with the patient must be isolated for 21 days. Patients can return to the team no earlier than 5 days after the appearance of the last element of the rash.

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Vaccination: All currently available commercial vaccines contain attenuated live Oka virus. Numerous variations of this strain have been tested and registered in Japan, South Korea, USA and several European countries. The optimal age for vaccination is 12-24 months. In the United States, the vaccine is given twice, 4-8 weeks apart, and is also recommended for adolescents 13 years of age and older. Most other countries limit it to a single shot. This difference in vaccine administration schedules is due to their different dosages. About 95% of children will produce antibodies in response to vaccination and 70-90% will be protected from infection for at least 7-10 years after vaccination. According to Japanese researchers (Japan is the first country in which the vaccine was registered), immunity lasts 10-20 years. It is safe to say that the circulating virus promotes “re-vaccination” of vaccinated people, increasing the duration of immunity. Apart from purely preventive indications, the vaccine can be used for emergency prevention infections - if the vaccination is given no later than the 3rd day after probable contact with the source, in at least 90% of cases it is possible to prevent infection. Vaccines for the prevention of chickenpox: Okavax vaccine, Biken (Biken Institute), (Distributor - Aventis Pasteur) Varilrix vaccine, GlaxoSmithKline

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Confluent smallpox is characterized by a profuse rash that spreads very quickly throughout the entire body, including the scalp, face, mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract and conjunctiva. The blisters quickly turn into pustules, merging with each other. The disease occurs with constant high fever and severe toxicosis. Mortality - 30%. With pustular-hemorrhagic smallpox, the incubation period is also shortened. Noted heat, toxicosis. Hemorrhagic manifestations develop already during the formation of papules, but especially intensively during the formation of pustules, the contents of which become bloody and give them first a dark brown and then a black color. Blood is found in sputum, vomit, and urine. The development of hemorrhagic pneumonia is possible. Mortality - 70%. With smallpox purpura (black smallpox), the incubation period is shortened. The temperature from the first day of illness rises to 40.5°. Characterized by multiple hemorrhages in the skin, mucous membranes and conjunctiva. Bleeding from the nose, lungs, stomach, and kidneys is observed. Mortality - 100%.

biology teacher

Zaitseva Olga Petrovna

1) Smallpox

2) History of the study

3) Edward Jenner

4) Etiology

5) Symptoms

6) Famous victims of smallpox; Survivors of smallpox

7) List of used literature

( lat. Variola, Variola vera ) or, as it was also called earlier, smallpox - highly contagious (infectious) viral infection, which only affects people.

It is caused by two types of viruses:

1) Variola major (mortality rate 20-40%, according to some data - up to 90%)

2) Variola minor (mortality rate 1-3%).

People who survive smallpox may lose some or all of their vision, and almost always have numerous scars on the skin where the former ulcers were.

Variolation (vaccination with an early, unsafe vaccine) was known in the East at least since early Middle Ages: in India there are records about it from the 8th century, and in China from the 10th century.

This vaccination technique was first brought to Europe from Turkey by the wife of the British ambassador in Istanbul in 1718, after which the British royal family was vaccinated.

At the end of the 18th century English doctor Edward Jenner invented a smallpox vaccine based on the cowpox virus, which was widely vaccinated in Europe.

Cowpox virus

Edward Jenner (1749-1823.)

Edward Jenner, born May 17, 1749. in the English town of Berkeley. Having chosen the profession of a doctor, he went to London to obtain a medical education.

Smallpox is a disease that claims millions of lives every year. Since ancient times, people have been looking for ways to combat this disease. It was known that people did not get smallpox again. Liquid from a smallpox abscess of a patient was rubbed into a wound on the skin of a healthy person.

Often this liquid was pre-mixed with medications. Then the person suffered from smallpox in a mild form. From the Latin name this procedure is called variolation. It often led to smallpox epidemics. Edward Jenner couldn't help but think about how to learn to protect people without endangering his life

A talented scientist began to collect facts to confirm or refute the existing popular observation: a person who has had cowpox is not afraid of natural, or black, smallpox. Then he came up with the idea that cowpox and smallpox are two forms of the same disease, and a person who has had mild cowpox cannot get severe blackpox. The scientist decided to conduct an experiment to confirm his idea.

The decisive day came on May 14, 1796. He made two tiny incisions on the shoulder of a healthy eight-year-old boy with a lancet, which he dipped into an abscess on the arm of a milkmaid with cowpox. After a few days of the usual malaise associated with cowpox, the boy was healthy.

“On July 1, 1796, I took liquid from the smallpox abscess of a smallpox patient and rubbed it into the boy’s wound.”

“I didn’t sleep a minute for three days and constantly visited the child. After 3 days it became clear that the boy remained completely healthy. After the first attempt, I repeated the experiment 23 times before officially declaring my discovery.” Soon the vaccine began to be used everywhere.

In typical cases, smallpox is characterized by general intoxication, fever, peculiar rashes on the skin and mucous membranes, successively passing through the stages of spot, vesicle, pustule, crust and scar.

The causative agent of smallpox belongs to the family of viruses Poxviridae , subfamilies Chordopoxviridae , kind Orthopoxvirus ; contains DNA, measures 200-350 nm, multiplies in the cytoplasm to form inclusions.

When inhaling contaminated air, viruses enter the respiratory tract. Infection through the skin during variolation and transplacentally is possible. The virus arrives in the coming The lymph nodes and further into the blood, which leads to viremia. Weakening of the immune system leads to the activation of secondary flora and the transformation of vesicles into pustules, and scars are formed.

In the typical course of smallpox, the incubation period lasts 8-12 days.

The initial period is characterized by chills, increased body temperature, severe tearing pain in the lower back, sacrum and limbs, severe thirst, dizziness, headache, and vomiting. Sometimes the onset of the disease is mild.

Elizabeth I ( Queen of England )
Mirabeau
Nikolay Gnedich

( blind in one eye )

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Joseph Stalin

Maria II ( Queen of England )
Joseph I ( emperor

Holy Roman Empire )

Louis I of Spain
Peter II
Louis XV

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Diseases with airborne transmission: chickenpox. Prepared by 1st year student AltSPU Institute of Psychology and Pedagogy Erbist L.L.

AIR TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS Many of this group of diseases are highly contagious, that is, they affect a large number of people. A clear example of this is the high incidence of children in conditions kindergarten. Catarrh of the upper respiratory tract allows mucus to splash from the nasopharynx during talking, coughing and sneezing, resulting in healthy man, who is nearby, gets sick. Disease causative agents can be both bacteria and viruses.

AIR TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS include: influenza diphtheria rubella scarlet fever whooping cough parotitis measles to chicken pox

Chickenpox and its causes How the disease manifests itself Danger of infection and possible complications Incubation period Disease prevention How chickenpox infection occurs

Chickenpox – viral disease. Its causative agent is the Varicella-Zoster virus. It is what causes herpes and shingles. All diseases caused by a virus are characterized by rashes on different parts bodies.

Chickenpox, or chickenpox, occurs from the herpes virus. It mainly affects children attending kindergartens, nurseries and schools, places with large crowds of people. It can also be transmitted from a person suffering from herpes zoster, since the nature of the occurrence of these two pathological diseases is the same. The disease is characterized by local rashes over all parts of the body.

The rashes are bubbly in nature. Liquid accumulates inside the bubbles. Smallpox blisters contain several million viral particles each.

The disease is transmitted by airborne droplets. It is enough to stay in the same room with a patient with chickenpox for some time - and viral disease you're guaranteed. By air, chickenpox spreads over a distance of up to 20 meters.

The source of the disease is a sick person

Susceptibility to chickenpox is very high (up to 100%), and therefore, from the ages of 6 months to 12 years, almost all children experience smallpox. By the age of 15, 70-90% of people become ill. After past illness lifelong non-sterile immunity remains. Repeated cases of the disease are extremely rare.

elevated temperature; heat; chills; general malaise; fatigue; feeling of discomfort; headache; abdominal pain; loss of appetite; nervousness; rash on various parts of the body; severe itching affected areas. The main signs of chickenpox

How does chickenpox become infected? Chickenpox infection occurs in large groups when there is a cluster large quantity people in one room.

Symptoms of the period of pronounced clinical symptoms The virus, having got on the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract, penetrates them, multiplies and enters the blood, with which it spreads throughout the body, but mainly settles in the skin. Here it further multiplies and damages the skin with the formation of blisters.

Incubation period The incubation period lasts from 11 to 21 days. You can get chickenpox until dense crusts form; the patient will be safe for others only after 5 days from the appearance of the last rash.

Treatment of chickenpox Treatment of chickenpox in children does not require any special therapy, there are no medicines against it, you just need to stay in bed and change it more often bed sheets, drink a lot, follow a diet (consume only dairy products, fruits and vegetables). To prevent the development of a purulent infection, it is necessary to treat all the child’s rashes 2 times a day with brilliant green or a solution of potassium permanganate.

Prevention The virus dies under the influence of ultraviolet radiation, disinfectants, high and low temperatures. E daily medical observation of contact children with temperature measurement, examination of skin and mucous membranes; vaccination

Myths about the contagiousness of chickenpox You can get chickenpox through a third party. Adults are more resistant to infection with the chickenpox virus than children. Infection is possible only through direct contact between a sick person and a healthy person. In the world, there have been no reliable cases of chickenpox infection through a third party. In fact, this is not the case; the degree of contagiousness is the same for both. It’s just that people under 12 years of age tolerate chickenpox much easier.

How to avoid scars? All crusts will fall off on their own and will not leave any traces if they do not join bacterial infection. It is also important to know that under no circumstances should you forcibly tear off the resulting crusts. In fairness, it should be noted that there are cases of such severe disease that the scars still remain for life. It is not yet possible to eliminate them in the future. Even the most can't cope with this modern means cosmetology such as chemical peeling, dermabrasion and others.

Chickenpox in adults Unfortunately, a person who has not previously had it can become infected and become ill with chickenpox at any age. Even more unpleasant is that in adults this disease is much more severe than in children. Clinical picture diseases and treatment methods are the same. However, you should not despair ahead of time: perhaps in childhood you suffered from an erased form of chickenpox, and you still have immunity to it. According to some studies, tests show that acquired immunity (antibodies to the varicella-zoster virus) to chickenpox is detected in 2/3 of people who are confident that they have never had this disease. In those cases where people have doubts about this, immunity is detected in 90% of cases. If you feel the need to clarify this issue, take a blood test for antibodies to the varicella-zoster virus.

Chickenpox and pregnancy There is a slight danger during pregnancy only for those who have never had chickenpox before. When infected with chickenpox before 14 weeks of pregnancy, the risk to the fetus is small and does not exceed 0.4%. When infected between 14 and 20 weeks, the risk increases to 2%. After 20 weeks and almost until the end of pregnancy, there is practically no risk to the unborn child. It can be further reduced if treated with a specific immunoglobulin. Chickenpox becomes dangerous if it develops between one week before birth and one month after birth. Then there is a serious risk of infection of the newborn. Women who contract chickenpox 5 days before or 2 days after giving birth should be given immunoglobulin with antibodies to the varicella-zoster virus. In any case, if a woman has chickenpox during pregnancy, it is necessary to monitor the condition and development of the unborn child using an ultrasound and be sure to consult a geneticist. It should be noted that the incidence of chickenpox among pregnant women is not high - 0.5 - 0.7 cases per 1000. Pregnant women do not get sick more often or more severely than other adults.

Is there prevention? There is a vaccine (vaccination) against chickenpox, similar to other vaccinations (for example, against measles, rubella, etc.). In the United States, most children have been vaccinated against chickenpox since 1995, resulting in a nearly 80% reduction in the incidence of chickenpox. This vaccine is not registered and is not used in our country. But not at all because we are so poor and backward. Even in rich and prosperous Europe, children are not vaccinated against chickenpox, since this disease is not considered dangerous. Moreover, researchers fear that mass vaccination of children against chickenpox will result in millions of people suffering from shingles in old age. For those who have not had chickenpox, are afraid of its severe course in adulthood, and are therefore interested in this information, let us inform you that it makes sense to get vaccinated no later than 72 hours after contact with someone with chickenpox. The name of the vaccine is Okavax.

1 . Golubev V.V. Fundamentals of pediatrics and hygiene of infants and children preschool age: textbook for students. Institutions of higher professional education / V.V. Golubev. – 2nd ed., erased. – M.: Publishing center “Akademiya”, 2013. – 240 p. 2.A. P. Kazantsev, V. S. Matkovsky. Handbook of Infectious Diseases. - M.: Medicine, 1985. 3. V.I. Pokrovsky. " Infectious diseases and epidemiology", 2007 4. Article by Dr. A.V. Komarovsky on the website www.ladoshka.ru. 5. Article by Dr. I.Yu. Kokotkin on the website www.herpes.ru. 6. http://theherpes.ru/vetryanka /puti-rasprostraneniya-ospy.html 7. http://moipediatr.ru/vetryanka/kak-peredaetsya-vetryanka.html#oglavlenie0 Literature

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