general description
Cat. (or khata ) - the plant of the family of beelandist, containing psychoactive components - katinonand metcatinon.
Chemical name Katinona: 2- amino-1-phenyl-l-propanone(norefedron, beta-ketoamfetamine).
Chemical formula:
C.9h.11NO
Chemical name Metcatinon: 2-
methylamino-propiophenone
Synonyms and slang names:
english:
Cat, Chat, Kat, Qat, Quat, Miraa
russians: Jeff, Martsefal, Mulle
Cat ( Catha Edulis.)
- evergreen moisture-resistant shrub, in appearance resembling tea bush.
Kata leaves contain a catanon - chemical substance, according to the structure and effects, similar to the ephedrine and amphetamine. Cultivated in Arabia, India, Somalia and Sri Lanka.
In drugs are used, as a rule, young shoots and tops of plants, because as leaves ripen, katinon content They are noticeably reduced.
History
Chewing leaf kata - The traditional occupation of the peoples of East Africa and the Middle East. For Arabs, this tradition has about the same social and cultural context, as for Europeans the use of coffee. Possessing a light stimulating effect, the catanon contributes to the removal of fatigue and a decrease in appetite.
For the first time, the catanon was allocated by chemical synthesis in 1978, and for some time the attention of pharmacologists was attracted. Synthetic catanon It is part of such pharmaceutical drugs of anti-inflammatory action, as a "waffact" and "effect". Precisely because of numerous abuse synthetic catanonThe drug is currently under the ban in many countries, including Russia.
Kata
In case of chewing fresh kata leaves, effects arise that remotely resembling the effect of small doses of cocaine or amphetamine. Basically, they are expressed in light euphoria, tagging pulse and muscle relaxation. Sometimes there is an increased libido and urinary participation.
At the end, the state of relaxation is observed. Cat has a strong astringent effect, so there is a strong thirst after him.
The chewing process limits the flow of the katinon into the blood, so its plasma content is relatively stable throughout the time of use. A completely different picture is observed in the case of injecting administration.
For intravenous injection of Katinona Its action is expressed much more strongly: immediately after the introduction there is a feeling of "blow to the head", the chills and tingling of the skin begins, the pulse is very student. At the psychological level, there is a tide of strength and improved mood, a desire for physical activity is manifested. In the future, the mood shifts towards speech activity, characterized by a verbal presentation of "wise thoughts" and various kinds of projects. Strong doses of the drug can cause paranoid syndrome and hallucinations.
Narcotic intoxication lasts on average from one to three hours. Since the tolerance towards the drug develops rapidly, then after several techniques, its action is reduced to half an hour.
Harm and addiction
With regular kata use There are general muscular lethargy, frequent headaches, skin itching, tachycardia, sleep disorders and digestion. In some cases, the ulcer of the stomach and duodenal gut. Cancellation of the reception, as in the case of other psychostimulants, is accompanied by a decrease in appetite, increased fatigue, apathy and depressive state.
A special danger to the body represents the use of self-made solutions of the catanon for intravenous injections. Most often, in the process of handicraft synthesis, mangartanized potassium is used, causing in several years and even months of regular use of irreversible lesions of central and peripheral nervous system. Ultimately, these pathologies lead to violations of motor and speech functions, paranoid psychozam, paralysis of the limbs and even dementia.
Constant reception of the drug in any form causes as psychological, so I. physicaldependence, but especially acute the problem of dependence is as a result of injecting application. According to clinical studies, as a result of tolerance, the number of injections of the drug rapidly increases from 2-3 to 8-10 times a day. In particularly severe cases, more than twenty-time drug intake during the day was noted. In such conditions, complete identity degradation develops within one to the maximum of two.
Diagnosis and treatment
External signs of use katinona The rapid pulse, extended pupils, chills and sweating. Also characteristic violations of coordination of movements.
Acute poisoning of catanon, as in the case of other stimulants, does not have specific Andidotov.
Indications in this case are limited by the general activities to maintain the life of the body - light massage, peace and - in particularly severe cases - artificial respiration.
Legislation
In Russia cat, katinon (L-alpha-aminopropiophenone) and based on their basis articles are included in the "List of 1 narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, whose turnover in the Russian Federation is prohibited in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and international treaties of the Russian Federation"
The use of leaves and young shoots of the Cat Plants (Khat) is the centuries-old tradition of the population of some regions of East Africa in the Arabian Peninsula. The main interest in Katu is associated with its psychostimulating effect, which has led to the widespread chewing of fresh leaves in countries such as Ethiopia, Yemen, Djibouti, Somalia, in limited areas of Kenya and Tanzania, as well as in selected places of Saudi Arabia.
There are many geographic and linguistic options for the designation of kata. The population of Arab countries uses the names "Cat", "Khat"; These names are similar to Somali. In some countries of East Africa, Cat is denoted as "Mirai", "Mera", "MurunUGU". In Ethiopia, several names are used: cat, khat, chat, those, horfor and others. It is believed that the Amharic designation "Chat" does not have direct transcription in english alphabet . Cat is known as African, Abyssinian, Somali, Bushmen and wild tea. In English publishes, the word Khat is used. In translations and original Russian-speaking texts, a number of different names are found: Cat, Khat, Hut, Kato, Kato, Chat.
The history of the appearance of Kata bushes in the Arabian Peninsula and in Ethiopia has many contradictory versions. The Arab historian Abdul Cadar wrote the Arabic historian Abdul Cadar in the 14th century of cultivation of kata in the region of Aden and Yemen. Other authors lead a version that Cat fell into Yemen from Abyssinia in the 1930s of the XV century, after in Harere (Ethiopia) visited the Islamic missionary Sheikh Abu Zhinin. The same way is associated with another sheich missionary Ibrahim Abu Zagarbui, who also visited Harer and whose name was immortalized in Al-Yaman (Yemen), allegedly because of the plants delivered to them. According to one more of the versions, Kata Kush was brought from Arabian in the Arabian Peninsula only in the XVI century Sheikh Abu Saidom Ben Abdel Kadir.
In the same Harere, there are several own legends about the appearance of Kata. It seems appropriate to bring the retelling of these stories, as they reflect the main properties of kata as a stimulator with an awakening effect, mental activation and adaptogenic effect relative to certain climatic difficulties.
According to the first story, one Yemen's shepherd noticed a special action of kata on his goats 1. Having tried the leaves, he soon felt cheerfulness and tide of strength, and in the evening he could not sleep and many hours spent in prayers and reflections. The name of the glorified shepherd is mentioned in prayers, which are read in some places before using kata.
Among the Harara Muslims there is also a legend of two saints, which many nights spent in prayers, falling asleep from fatigue. They began to ask Allah to send them anything to wake, in order not to interrupt their prayers. That was then an angel appeared and pointed them to Kata Kush. Therefore, in certain regions, the Cat is still considered a sacred plant and a ablution is performed before harvesting the crop, and the collected leaves are wrapped with a clean cloth.
One of the stages is associated with the foundation of the city of Harera, located in the eastern average part of Ethiopia. The place of the settlement was chosen taking into account its hill, beautiful landscape and abundance of water sources. However, it was soon that people "constantly feel lethargy and deep taciousness that are associated with the peculiarities of the air of this area." To overcome the situation created in Yemen, merchants were sent for the sacred plant. Thus, according to this version, Kata bushes were planted in Harere.
Based on the comparison of Ethiopian, Somali and Yemen versions, more suspended points of view are expressed about the origin and distribution of kata. Their essence lies in the fact that "the question goes into an early story when there was no special obstacles for interchange."
In the history of Africa's History, the work of the Arab historian Schihab Al-Omari, which speaks about Kate. The historian wrote that the cat is growing in Ethiopia (its current southeastern part) and that it is prescribed to clarify the mind and strengthening memory. Another historian of the XV century Al-Marcuzy pointed to the places of growing this plant in the current central part of Ethiopia and, according to one of the retellings of his text, as follows, described the action of Kata: "He has the ability to excite and revive the imagination, to give clarity to thoughts, elevate mood, reduce The need for food and stimulate wakefulness. " In addition, Al Marcusi noted that the local population loves these leaves and uses them very widely.
As can be seen, the basic effects of kata were described in Arab manuscripts. The famous doctor Nadzhib Ad-Dean used the cat already at the beginning of the 13th century for the treatment of melancholy, as he was said in the "Book of Medicines" published in 1227. On the danger of abuse of a health cata for health was also known to the Arabs of the time. In the 14th century, they expressed their warnings in the Scriptures, which was repeatedly quoted in the medical literature of the present century.
The start of the scientific study of Kata among European scientists was putting a Swedish doctor and nerd Peter Forkal during the expedition. Forkal died in Arabia in July 1768. Of the five members of the expedition, only the gonograd geographer Carsten Numenburg survived, which in 1775 introduced the Botanical Report. In memory of his friend, he gave the plant name Catha Edulis Forskal. Subsequently, many scientists and travelers met and described the cat in various districts of Asia and Africa. Several posts provide detailed information about the places of growing wild and cultivated kata with botanical descriptions and lists of scientific and local names of this plant.
The Cat plant belongs to the family of bezescolet, Krasnopusarnikovy (ćlastrećees). Cat is found in shrub and woody form. Shrub has a height of 1-2 m and above; Cultivated forms are cut to hold them at a certain level. In appearance, it is compared with tea bush and lilac. Kata Leaves (Folium Khat) resemble tangerines, they have an elliptical form with pookuly or stupid top and fine sideways. The length of mature leaves reaches 5-10 cm, and the width is 1-4 cm. The leaves are red-brown, yellow-green and whitish color with a lot of shades, depending on the variety and degree of maturity. Riding bushes are located terraces on the slopes of mountains and in valleys, approximately at an altitude of 1500-2500 m. For Ethiopia, the most typical height is 1600-2100 m, and 900-1600 m and 2100-2500 m are the regional zones of growth.
Usually, the wild cat is found in Northeast Africa and in the south of the Arabian Peninsula. Natural riding arrays are mainly located in Ethiopia and Yemen, they are also in Kenya, Tanzania and Zambia. It is known that the cat grows in South Africa And in Northern Madagascar. In a number of countries, it was grown for research purposes, for example, in Egypt.
The most famous centers of kata cultivation are called Harer - in Ethiopia and measure - in Kenya. Cat is also grown in several yemen provinces and small territories in Zambia and Somalia. The second center of Kata cultivation in Ethiopia, after the region of Harerge, is considered to be the province of Shoa. Plantation Plants exist in a number of other provinces - suites, Valega, Illibribor, Kaffa, Wall and Aruci.
According to FAO UN Cultivated and Wild Cat (Chat) in 1971-1972. covered 99 thousand hectares of Ethiopian sown areas, and its fee was 7.2 thousand tons. The author also cites the data that at the beginning of the 70s the average annual collection of the plant reached 10 thousand tons, and that in the province of Harerge Cat was held up to 12% of the sowing areas. It was noted the growth of the latter and in general on Ethiopia.
In accordance with the color, the cat is divided into "red" and "white". Red is considered stronger, so it is popular and appreciated above. In Ethiopia, there are 7 market types of kata, which are divided into 2 large groups - Kudda and the picture. Kudda is considered more better qualitysince it has smaller and more delicate leaves; The cat urette is highlighted, which is grown in the dry season on irrigated lands and who prefer some connoisseurs. The author draws attention to the fact that in the literature there was a confusion in the names of varieties and the quality of kata, and explains, for example, that the red cat may be where, the picture and urett. In his opinion, 7 species grow in Ethiopia and about 15 subspecies of kata.
Cat is collected 2-3 times a week, the twigs are placed in bundles, and then wrapping with banana or corn leaves. To preserve freshness of leaves, and therefore their effects, good packaging, moisturizing and fast transportation are very important. Cat retains its freshness for 2-4 days. The size and weight of packages differ in the stages of its transportation and sale. In the Ethiopian province of Harerge, in the area of \u200b\u200bLake Alemaia, one of the Meroka Kata is "Accara" - about 50 twigs with a total weight of about 1 kg; large and smaller packaging are also used; 40 cm long pack contains all 3 varieties of kata (kudda, picture, urett); And the red and white branch usually weighs about 30 g. In Djibouti sold ligaments weighing about 280 g. The average weight of the market packaging in Kenya is 41.8 g. In Aden, the bundle contains 40 16 cm long twigs. In Somalia for sale 150-gram packs of kata leaves, called Marduf. Sale of kata is usually carried out on the bazaarsk, in the shops and in stores with special rooms.
1.2. Chemical composition of kata and experimental studies
At the end of the beginning of the century in the dry leaves of Kata Fluuciger and heroch discovered alkaloid, which was called Katin. In 1930, Katin was defined as (+) - nopsevoeffenin and his formula was clarified. The study of the local and central action of Katina showed that it is of a clear sympathomimetic nature and in qualitative relations corresponds to the basic effects of amphetamine. However, the cathin stimulates the central nervous system of 7-10 times weaker, less often causes stereotype, although its toxicity for humans and animals is close to amphetamine. It is believed that Katin has a greater extent somatotropic adrenomimetic property than psychostimulating. As part of Kata, researchers also discovered a number of amino acids, a large number of Tanins, high percentage of ascorbic acid, other vitamins and mineral salts.
The search for new alkaloids of kata continued, for the fresh leaves, as it was known, act on the chews somewhat differently, more and more are valued. In 1963, a message appeared on the release of a new leaf of a new, previously unknown alkaloid, differing from the cinema structure of the pyphenyl chain, which showed the results of chromographics and spectrometry. Since during chemical treatment, this alkaloid is easily disintegrated, the authors suggested that he was a labile predecessor of the Katina.
In 1971, the UN drug commission recommended the drug laboratories to study the chemistry of fresh kata and its components, combining their efforts with WHO in the study of pharmacological and socio-medical consequences, which eventually implemented with the financial support of the United Nations Control Fund. In 1974, the laboratory representatives held in Kenya, Yemen and Madagascar fence and special processing of fresh leaves for further research.
Chemical analysis of extracts from fresh leaves allowed to highlight several fractions. Two main groups of compounds represent phenylalkylamine derivatives and weakly-home alkaloids. Already known cathin was found in fresh leaves only in small quantities, and the main part of the psychoactive fraction was previously unknown alkaloid (-) - alpha-aminopropiophenone, called "Katinon". Katignon discovered instability and easily disintegrated; However, its absolute configuration was established, outlined and published in open print. It also reported on the synthesis of its racemic option and a number of optical isomers. As additional or transformed components of the psychoactive fraction of Kat, the identified nopsevoeffedrine, noreffene and compounds called "dimers" were considered. The weakly-home fraction had a complex structure and included 11 alkaloids (the structure of which was established), as well as a number of other substances. Most of the components of this fraction were united in one class of alkaloids with the common name "Katenulin".
Katignon (1-phenyl-2-aminopropanone), belonging to the phenylalkylamine derivative, differs from amphetamine (a hairpiece) by the fact that its inthenyl carbon is connected to a ketone radical. Similar differences have methylcytinone (ephedron) and pevitin (methamphetamine). Those substances that in an alkyl chain contain a keto group with alpha-carbon (i.e., near the aromatic ring) and have an amine radical with one carbon atoms belong to alpha-amino plates. Among the last authors were quite detailed by Ephedron and Norefedron. Based on the analysis of its own and literary data, the authors concluded that it was the presence of a ketone radical that it reduces approximately 2 times the excitation effect of ephedron and the norefferon compared, respectively, with a primit and hairpin, and also reduces the anorexogenic and toxic effect of the first 2.
The catanon is now considered by some authors as an oxidized Napsevoeefferin. From another point of view, the catanon seems to be demethylated ephedron (methotylinone), therefore it is assumed that a significant part of the latter may be subjected to demethylation in the liver and, consequently, to largely determine the psychostimulating and reinforcing effect of ephedron. It is necessary to pay attention to the fact that in the list of medicinal drugs and narcotic drugs, as well as in the English annotations of a number of articles on ephedron addiction, ephedron is represented as racemic ephedrine. This circumstance (i.e., the inconsistency of the chemical structure of substances equally referred to as ephedron) does not allow you to confidently compare the literature data on the action of Katignon and Ephedron.
The opening of the catanon caused a huge interest in learning his chemical pharmacological properties and gave rise to a lot of publications. The catanon was not recognized as a useless medical. He entered the list of 1 of the 1961 Psychotropic Substances Convention and therefore its use for scientific purposes is limited to certain conditions. Since the drug dependence experts committee does not have information about the use of the catanon for any purposes among people, therefore, in assessing his actions per person, he focuses on information about Kate. Such a situation to some extent paradoxical, for clinicians, in turn, analyzing literary information on biochemical, pharmacological and other studies of animal catanon, seek to deeper the nature and mechanism of action of kata on chews.
In a number of original and review publications, it is argued that the catanon in its neurochemical and behavioral profile is the same as amphetamine or close to it. Like amphetamine, the catanon stimulates the central nervous system, has a toxic effect, it easily causes the dependence and has several amphetamine-like properties. In domestic classifications, the catanon, like a fenamine, is assigned to "mobilizing type stimulants." The catanon is considered 7 times stronger in action than the cave. According to others, the strength of the individual effects of the catanon prevails over the boiled 4-8 times. It is especially emphasized that the psychostimulating effect of the catanon is significantly higher than its weak somatotropic adrenomimetic properties, which significantly distinguishes it from the Katina.
Biochemical studies have shown that (-) - the catanon at the power of the release of catecholamines from their places of physiological storage is comparable to (+) - amphetamine. It is observed that (-) - the catanon in a dose of 8 mg / kg rendered a weak effect on the change in the circulation of norepinephrine (on) in mice, but increased the exchange of dopamine (+ 32%) almost the same as (+) - amphetamine (+ 44% ), which has provided to the same lowering effect on the level of on; With a twofold increase in dosages, the catanon turned out to be weaker than amphetamine, influenced by the exchange of catecholamines: the first almost did not change the level of dopamine circulation, and the second - reduced it by 42%. It has been established that the catanon causes the release of dopamine in the striped body in rats and rabbits. The reinstalling of high doses (+) - the catanon causes long-term exhaustion in various sections of the rat and reduces the amount of synaptosomal dopamine, as well as re-administration (+) - amphetamine; It is noted that the neurotoxic effect of the catanon, as well as amphetamine, is selective, because, with a re-introduction, the level of norepinephrine and serotonin does not change. Based on the experiments, the authors conclude that the catanon, like amphetamine, causes the release of dopamine and blocks its reverse grip.
Important clarification has been made lately domestic scientists in the experiments on mice. The study confirmed an increase in the concentration of extracellular dopamine in the areas of the disposition of dopaminergic nerve terminals, however, it was revealed that amphetamine has a preferential effect on mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons (compared to mesocortical and nigrostrile neurons), while the katignon has a mesolimbic release effect only weakly relieved. It is this fact that the author explains the quantitatively smaller level of the ignitivity of the catanon than amphetamine.
The literature also expresses the opinion of the noradreengic and serotonergic action of the catanon. In favor of the serotonergic mechanism, data is given that the catanon has 4 times more affinity with serotonin receptors than racemic amphetamine. It also suggests that the euphoric effect of the catanon may also be associated with other neurotransmitters (glutamic acid, gamc, cainic acid) and neuropeptides (endorphine and substance P), since these substances can influence behavioral reactions caused by drugs. In animal experiments, it was found that the analgesic effect of the catanon is associated not only with catecholamines, but also with opioid neurotransmitters.
The results of the initial period biochemical studies Animal catanon allowed the three possible mechanisms of its action at that time: direct stimulation of postsynaptic receptors; stimulation of the release of catecholamines accumulated in the presynaptic terminals; Inhibition of the reverse seizure of synaptic slots of free, released catecholamines. The authors considered the third path of the Katinon's action less likely and drawn attention to the fact that the catanon mainly interacts with catecholamines due to indirect mechanisms, namely, the effects on the release of neurotransmitters of the labile cluster. Comparative studies confirmed that (-) - the catanon is similar to (+) - amphetamine 3 is an indirect sympathomimetic amine. The release of catecholamines from the places of their physiological storage under the action (-) - the catanon turned out to be approximately comparable in force with (+) - amphetamine. The modulating influence of the catanon on various catecholamine systems has detected a clear dose-dependent connection.
Interesting results of studying the individual physiological and behavioral effects of the catanon and their comparison with amphetamine. The catanon causes such behavioral effects in mice and rats as an increase in locomotor activity, exophthalm, raising, sneezing, but with a lesser degree of their severity than with an amphetamine action. Locomotor activity in mice is manifested in a dose-dependent form typical of amphetamine. There are reports of the same level of the locomotor effect caused by the catanon and amphetamine. Both drugs cause similar oral stereotype. Noting a very high locomotor activity in the action of catanon and amphetamine, it emphasizes that the istre stereotypical activity is twice as smaller. The locomotor stimulation caused by the catanon is inhibited by a number of neuroleptics, such as haloperidol, etc.. There is a similarity of rotational behavior under the action of amphetamine and catanon. Motor stereotype and tremor with some researchers were observed only when using small doses of Katignon. In general, it was noted that the catanon at least violates the behavior of animals than amphetamine.
The painkiller action of the catanon in animals was revealed. The catanon in small doses, as well as a fenamine, speeds up the manifestation of a conditional defensive reflex. Introduction Rabbit Katinon caused a hyperthythmic effect, which is characteristic of the chewing of kata.
Katignon and Amphetamine have discovered a similar effect on the cardiovascular system, on the basis of which it is assumed that cardiovascular complications in the use of large doses of kata and abuse them may be the same as amphetamine. In the anesthetized rats, blood pressure on the introduction (-) - the catanon has increased somewhat less than amphetamine; Cardiac rhythm intensified, but with a smaller severity of differences.
On EEG, the catanon showed pharmacological activity only a little less than amphetamine; At high doses, electrical activity is manifested in the form of pseudo-periodic sharp waves, and in large doses, the catanon caused a seizure. The authors were observed in rats trembling and stereotypes, which are associated with the action of the catanon on extrapyramidal subcortic structures.
The catanon increases the level of metabolism and oxygen consumption in tissues, as well as lipolysis induces. It is well absorbed during oral administration and is rapidly metabolized, and its main extracted metabolite is (-) - norefedrine.
A decrease in food intake by animals under the action of the catanon is established. It was reported that (-) - the catanon provides a more pronounced inhibitory effect on food intake rats than amphetamine.
It is important to note that when repeated reception of the catanon, there is a tolerance to some central effects. Animals with food tolerance to the catanon are crossedly tolerant to amphetamine. Despite the presence of tolerance and cross-tolerance on food reception, physical dependence to the catanon was not detected 4.
The catanon turned out to be a substance with the self-enabling intravenous effect of the Rus-Macak. Macaki-rhesus easily distinguish the catanon as an amphetami-like substance and they quickly form a need for self-cultivation. A number of researchers believe that the reinforcement of the qatignon effect is equivalent to amphetamine and cocaine, because the catanon very easily causes in animals (for example, Macaki-Rus) an active need for self-assembling. During the experience, two monkeys Macaki-Rh used catanon's self-deployment Day and at night, stopping it only during exhaustion; Less than a day, such fun renewed again and lasted from several hours to 2-3 days 5; The change of fun and rest lasted for about a month, and then one monkey weakened, and the second was developed by Eden, Eden.
Along with the amphetami-like psychomotor stimulation, the author notes the tremor, the expansion of pupils, anorexia, and the severity of psychotoxic effects compares with similarities in amphetamine and cocaine. When using graded techniques, in experiments on mice, it was revealed that the ignition of the catanon is lower than that of amphetamine and cocaine. The author also emphasizes that the catanon and amphetamine demonstrated the dependence of the addictive dose effect. It is important to note that by the gradual criterion of Methylcantinone (Ephedron) was in a group of typical drugs, which is not said about the catanon.
It should be especially highlighted on those domestic pharmacological studies, which indicate a number of qualitative differences between the catanon from the Fenamine in action on the motor sphere, behavior, differentiation of visual stimuli.
It has been established that the catanon, in contrast to the phenamine, caffeine and cocaine, causes a two-three-fold oppression of motor activity in white rats; In small doses, it causes stereotype other than Fenamine, and a long-term introduction for 4 weeks has enhanced the oppressive effect on all types of motor activity.
Small doses of Katignon found a violation of the differentiation of visual incentives, both short-term and long, although it is well known that the activation of the dopamine system should improve the differentiation of visual stimuli. In addition, it was noted that dopamine agonists, such as L-dof and apomorphine, weaken the effect of the catanon. Based on a series of experiments, researchers concluded that the catanon has a hallucinogenic effect on animal condition.
In experiments, it was noted that the minimum doses of psychostimulants (Katinon, Fenamine, Sidnokarb, Cocaine) improve the differentiation of short-term incentives in all cases except the catanon. With increasing doses of drugs, the differentiation of both short-term and long-term incentives has deteriorated from all drugs, except for cocaine. The authors conclude that psychostimulants improve the perception of visual incentives in minimal doses, while the hallucinogens, to which the catanon attributed, worsen the perception of physical parameters of visual signals, as well as the process of further processing. Later it was concluded that with the introduction of a catanon in the brain of animals, there is a shift in the consistent phased solution of problems to a less ordered structure of activity; In the course of the decision, there is a constant correction of the organization of a response with the participation of wide areas of neocortex, and therefore errors are supposedly due to a sharp increase in the motivational level. As can be seen, in contrast to the authors, approaching the catanon to amphetamines, this group of researchers belongs to the galtic cinema, based primarily on the results of tests with visual differentiation and their interpretation.
In addition to the isolated study of the properties of the Katina and Katignon, in last years A number of experimental studies of the action of fresh kata or its extract on small animals were carried out. Electricencephalographic control showed that in the first 5 hours, kata extract causes in rats an increase in the low-amplitude high-frequency activity of the beta-band of the frontal and the occipital brain bark; The stimulating effect of the extract is manifested in 0.5-1 hours (at a dose of 50-100 mg / kg); Increased doses (400 mg / kg) cause after 2-3 hours a change of activation of EEG to depression. In general, the authors come to the conclusion about the unfavorable action of kata extract on the central nervous system.
In rabbits, which regularly introduced the extract of kata leaves, changes were detected energy exchange in red blood cells. A significant decrease in the activity of piruvatakenase, a sharp increase in the activity of glutationeductase and glucose-6-phosphatedehydroinases is noted. According to researchers, almost all the identified effects of kata are associated with alkaloids (-) - a catanon and (+) - nopsevoeffedrine.
The cytogenetic effect of kata extract was detected in white mice in the study of the state of somatic and germinative cells in males. Among the discovered changes should be selected anomalies of the spermatozoa heads, the aberration of meiotic chromosomes and the oppression of the bone marrow function.
Guinea pigs, who received regular leaves of kata during pregnancy, revealed a decrease in feed consumption compared to the control group, a smaller body of newborns by 7%, as well as the predominance of mortality among small fetas.
In conclusion of the section, we note that the role of the catanon in the composition of the leaves of Kata is estimated ambiguous. Pharmacologists believe that it is the catanon that determines the stimulatory activity of kata with chewing and potential abuse. It is also approved that the chewing of kata is pharmacologically equivalent to the use of amphetamine. At the same time, in one of the reviews about the abuse of psychostimulants, it was suggested that in the leaves of kata there is more catane (nopsevodeeffenna) than the catanon, and therefore the dominant effect of Kata is not a psychostimulating, and somatotropic. This point of view should be taken into account by clinicians due to the fact that, firstly, the ratio of the number of catanon and catand depends on the variety and quality of kata, and secondly, the catanon is easily transformed in the substance of the ephedrine type.
1.3. Forms, methods and causes of kata use
The leaves and young kata shoots have long been used by various layers of the population for various purposes and different ways . The traditional chewor consumes Cat usually or once every three days, or on weekends. There are many intermediate options between traditional and regular use. Systematic chewing chews consume cat several times a week or daily; Many Cat replaces breakfast, and then they chew it all afternoon; Others do it from sunrise to sunset, and some - all night all night.
Permanent chews in Djibouti use an average of 100-200 g per day, while some use 250-400 g, and others are not more than 75-100 g. Some Djibutians chew Cat in very large quantities, because of what he replaces the real food. In Kenya, the chewing is needed on average about 300 g of kata per day. Ethiopian peasants in the Harara area use more than 500 kata in two receptions: in the morning 250-750 g leaves and as much or less - after lunch; Some individuals use a day to 2-3 kg of kata. The author emphasizes that the given figures are variable depending on the variety of kata and the quality of kata; From one branch, it is usually used from 25 to 40% of young leaves and shoots, and an experienced chewing can consume up to 70% of the material. The concentration of active substances in various varieties of kata ranges from 7.3 mg to 247 mg per 100 g of fresh leaves. According to some calculations, the usual chewor absorbs from 10 to 40 mg of active substance. Such a scope of the given numbers significantly weakens the value of the quantitative indicator of the used kata.
In the past, the Katu attributed special healing properties. It was believed that from it you can get 501 medical devices, allegedly in accordance with one of the words of writing the word: 400 + 100 + 1. Now how the cure is used only in some cases. In Somalia and in Ethiopia, it is used by Dervishi, "Pulling" the root cat on the patient during the blessing. Among the Ethiopian population, the use of Bahar Kata in the treatment of disabled people is common. Somalis use Cat for urination stimulation in gonorly and other genital urological diseases. In Arabia and South Africa, the infusion of kata is used with breastfeeding and bronchial asthma. In Tanzania, the leaves are used for colds, and roots - with gastric pains. Many nations believe that the cat protects from malaria, plague, cholera, and therefore travelers take a branch of kata with them on the road. In addition, in the claims of the famous medieval doctor, Nadzhib Ad-Dina, kata extracts were also used by European pharmacists and included in the first half of the last century in the pharmacopoeia of a number of countries.
Famous is the ability of Kata "to move the feeling of hunger", "free from hunger", "reduce" or "suppress" appetite. During the experiment, anorexia was held at one volunteer approximately 10-12 hours. Cat is often used or to suppress the feeling of hunger in the absence of food, or due to erroneous ideas about the Kate as the "best substitute for food." In our opinion, it can be assumed that the anorexogenic effect of kata leaves served as the basis for their use during the observance of the Muslim post in a number of regions.
Nevertheless, kata leaves are mainly known and used as a stimulator. Since ancient times, they used nomadic peoples with long movements, as well as - messengers and warriors. For the same purpose, the drivers of motor vehicles are now consumed, especially with long flights. In addition to drivers of commercial trucks, the cat is continuously chewing some drivers of city buses and a taxi. Cat is widely used by peasants to acquire strength and endurance before work. To overcome the druminess cat, the shepherds are chewed during the protection of livestock, as well as night guard and prostitutes. Partly, for wakefulness, row leaves use students and students, but their main goal is to enhance the concentration and improvement of the material assimilation. Cat is often used for removing the feeling of fatigue after work or road, so the guest can offer it as a refreshing agent.
The traditional use of kata is deeply connected with one wide range of reasons to which various group and public meetings include their participants to communicate, rest and entertainment. In these cases, the cat is used not only because of its stimulating action, but also for recreation, the receipt of pleasure. The author notes that many people chew Cat for pleasure and value this habit. They also believe that the joint use of kata is best tool For relaxation, rest, maintaining human relationships and achieve certain goals when communicating.
A summary description of the rich meetings occurring in the traditional manner is quite brightly represented in a number of publications. It is noted that, for example, in Yemen Cat chew in 3-4 hours or closer to the evening, and in Somalia - later, but characteristic days and hours, as well as the general general reports of the dose, vary even in various parts of one country. All authors emphasize that the cat is used only in a collective environment. Usually gather each other or in special places, which Djibutians call "Cathe", and Yemenians - "Mabae". The level of comfort of these establishments is different and depends on the material opportunities and social level, but the general for traditional meetings is the desire to create the most comfortable conditions. Preparation for the Katov Party can begin 2-3 days before it. The best meetings occur in a quiet room, which is decorated with beautiful carpets, laid out with mattresses with pillows, furnished with ornamented hookahs and flavored incense. Some in the old tradition are pre-sprinkled in the bath, be sure to take food, preferring fat. During chewing, even smokers smoke a lot, consumed tea, sweet water, coca-cola, spices, in particular cardamon, cinnamon in large quantities.
The group is always the leader that sets the tone and the focus of conversations occurring in a friendly and relaxed atmosphere. People enjoy the discussion of political events, current and local affairs. Such communication is interspersed with jokes, quoting poetry, playing guitar, and in special cases - singing and dancing. Women are usually in a separate room; Some of them do not hurt Cat at all, but come to enjoy meetings and the opportunity to relax. The author notes that soon after the start of the meeting, the mood in the group rises and the atmosphere of well-being is beginning to prevail, conversations are easily and passionately, with the emergence of various ideas; Then there is a feeling of self-satisfaction, after which the activity decreases, conversations become quieter and intimate, and many people focus on their problems 6.
The pleasure of the stimulating effects of kata have a strong impact on the social and cultural lives of those groups of the population that they are fond of. Chewing kata is a form of group activity, group time and emotional relaxation. It has become defined species social behavior organized by special ritual. For businessmen, this is a reason for business negotiations, and for the unemployed - "way to overcome hard days." Ethiopian men and women consider and use a cattle ceremony as a means of developing relationships with each other.
At the same time, the chewing of kata can be both a banal way of free, aimlessly pastime: "We have nothing to do, and we sit and Zhuyo Cat." Riding meetings gradually can turn into a simple and convenient form of flight from existing vital difficultieswhich is known as escapism. The attachment to the Katu is often associated with the aimlessness of existence and unemployment.
In some regions, kata use has a deep culture-symbolic importance, in particular, for the people to measure in Kenya. Modean - the main Kenyan suppliers of Kata - it is unable to use the cat outside of a certain regulation and tradition. It is known that during the hunger it was used before the camp of the animal. Boys are presented by cat before circumcision. The young man must transfer the stock of Kata Father of that girl, followed by which he intends to care. Before public, legal and political discussions, it is customary to use Cat, as it allows you to relax and facilitates conversations. The chewing kata accompanies such procedures as the oath, the debt payment, the resolution of the dispute or conflict, for it is believed that the one who boots cat along with others, expresses the desire to solve the problem peaceful way. That is, in the situations described, the cat performs the value of the symbolic tube of the world. In Yemen, it was customary to present a guest rug as a sign of attention and respect. In Harere (Ethiopia), for a long time, the cat did not use those tribes that grown it, i.e. there was a caste taboo. Until now, a certain part of the Christian youth in Ethiopia is used by Cat with fear, hiding from old people and parents, since among some of the strata Christians still keeps the idea of \u200b\u200bchewing kata as a vice characteristic of Muslims. In this case, the Cat acts as one of the symbols of religious distinction.
Cat is really deeply rooted in the socio-economic and religious life of Muslims, although it has long been "recalled many thresholds of faith and social levels in those areas where it is cultivated." For example, Cat consumes Ethiopian eaters in religious ceremonies, namely, with the overall prayer of Galov during its all-part. Nevertheless, in the ordinary and religious life of Muslims of some regions, the Katu owns a special role. In Harere believe that he is sent to God, and pray before its use. It is used during ceremonies of birth, circumcision, weddings, funeral. As already noted, the cat chew and during Ramadan - the Muslim month of the post. That is, no private or public ceremony costs without kata.
Accompanying zealous prayer, Cat causes a strengthening of a religious feeling, so he is regarded as a "gift of heaven", called "paradise flower" and do not consider forbidden. This part of Muslims is convinced that in accordance with the interpretation of the Quran, there is only a ban on wine. And as if the Higher Ethiopian clergy once concluded that the Cat does not violate neither health nor compliance with religious duties, but only improves the mood and gives goodness. On this basis, the use of kata was allegedly approved by hierarchs, although another point of view exists in the Islamic world, according to which the use of kata containing a stimulating intoxication substance contradicts the Koran.
The literature notes that the history of the current drug consumption in individual countries is very complex and confused. It is especially emphasized that, according to the definition of Muslim interpreters of the law and spiritual mentors, drugs belong to the substances "dumb and depriving the human ability to think sensitive", and, therefore, are forbidden. The author explains that, unlike Hamra (Wine), the drugs are not directly mentioned in the Quran, nor in the Hadiths (in legends on the statements and the affairs of the Prophet Mohammed), nor in a comprehensive Sunne (meeting of the Hadiths regulating the rules of conduct). The lack of specific drug instructions in these sources allowed the laity in some Muslim countries to unlawfully challenged (in later times) the impurvastence of consumption of consciousness and causing the dependence of psychoactive substances. This author's approach puts a very important and promising issue on the role of Muslim doctrine and Muslim institutions in the prevention of drug abuse and drug treatment.
1.4. Prevalence and social consequences of kata use
With regard to the consumption of kata, systematic epidemiological studies were not conducted. A number of publishing contains general descriptions of the intelligence of this phenomenon. Installed a completely clear tendency of steady expansion of geography and chewing scales. Kata consumption is further coming out for the zones of its growth due to the advent of rapid means of transportation.
There are many evidence of the growing consumption of kata in countries where such a habit did not exist. The chewing of Kata Leaves is marked in Bombay, on Ceylon and Mizbor. The possibility of fast transportation of Kata to the fact that cases of sporadic and regular use are recorded in France among people of mid-east origin and in Italy among members of the Somali community. In the UK and the United States identified cases of psychosis as a result of chewing kata. Observers note that the use of kata even in this distance from its places of growth in many cases acquires damage to substance. It is clear that the dependence may occur only with permanent kata supply.
The prevalence of chewing kata is different not only in neighboring countries, but even in the regions of one country. So, in the 5th gubernation of the Southern Yemen Cat consumers was significantly less than in others. In Saudi Arabia, the chewing kata is limited only by the area of \u200b\u200bBizet, and rare cases in other cities, for example, in Sidate, belong to non-disconnected residents. Kata consumption in the Harara area significantly prevails not only over other places of Ethiopia - it is the largest compared to any other part of the world. The author writes that Cat has become the subject of conversations and the purpose of the existence of the overwhelming part of the population and that people who are engaged in their business can be seen everywhere with a lump of Kata. In the old part of the city in three of five stores, you can observe individuals who are traveling, and next to them are a lot of vagrants and beggars with just acquired cat. This widespread prevalence of this phenomenon in the Harerge region is celebrated by other authors, although the use of kata is a "common habit for all Ethiopia." In one of the "specific areas" Addis Ababa (in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Large Market) of 600 surveyed - 96% or chew cat, or sell it, or have some direct attitude to this case. Despite the fairly accurate and vivid verbal descriptions, statistical or even simple digital information about the use of kata in Ethiopia is the most buying, and essentially no.
On the territory of the current state of Djibouti in the late 50s cat used most of the population. It was then noted that 60-70% of adults are subject to this toxication. Later it was established that in the country 28 thousand kata chewers, of which 60% live in the capital and 20% in the suburbs. At the same time, a significant increase in the number of women addicted to a cat was noted.
In Somalia in 1980, 10% of men and 7-10% of women chewed regularly; In places of direct cultivation of kata, it consumes 90% of men and a large number of women; The scope of the phenomenon as a whole increases. The usual chews among the men of the Somali capital make up 39%, and in one of the provinces - 84%; Among women on various forms of use of kata in the capital accounted for 25%, and in a compaable provincial paragraph - 10%, that is, the metropolitan women are listed by this phenomenon more than provincial.
It can be assumed that the "world championship" of the Ethiopian province of Harerge in the purview of the use of Kata "challenges" the North and South Yemen. In the 1976 Aden in 1976, more than 50% of adult men were engaged in the chewing kata, and in such cities as San and Tyde, where it is more accessible and social conditions are more promoted, the indicators can reach up to 80%. The author also notes that among women kata consumption is significantly less. In the northern part of Yemen, 66.23% of men and 24.19% of women are on its calculations depending on the kata. According to other data, in North Yemen, Cat consumes 30% of women. It is expressed that in the southern part of Yemen, the use of kata women are more severely controlled by relatives than Northern.
As can be seen from the given data, the chewing kata among women is steadily applied. Already long ago, among the doctors, another dangerous phenomenon is concerned - this is an introduction to the Katu at an early age. Ethiopian health workers and teachers with confusion report that many students not only chew Cat, and chew it in large quantities. The eight and ten-year-old Harara children already know the usual procedure for the consumption of kata on a par with adults. The consumption of kata among Yemen schoolchildren and schoolgirls "has a big percentage, especially during the exams." Although though children are chewed, but such a habit comes to them at a later age. The first contact with the cat in children's and adolescence occurs in Ethiopia in 20% of the family in the family, and 68% - in the circle of friends; At the same time, Muslim children begin to chew cat before, and Christian - later, diligently hiding it from adults because of the ban. Among the surveyed North-Yemen students at the age of 17-21, the cat chewed about 12%, as is 90% of their fathers and 60% of mothers.
In the places of traditional kata consumption, some of the people bang cat throughout their lives. It was noted that in Somalia, in particular in Magadish, the chewing kata in the 1980s was most characteristic of the age group of 20-40 years. The author associates this fact with the wave of kata spreading in the 60s and more easy to susceptibility of young people to a new fashion. In Kenya out of 500 surveyed chews, 55% treated age group 10-20 years and 30% - to age 41-60 years, while the duration of kata consumption among respondents was: from 1 to 5 years - 12%, from 6 to 13 years - 35%, and more than 50 years - 4.5 %. In Ethiopia, there is practically no upper age limits for chewing kata, but epidemiological data is not given. The survey of a small group of permanent consumers has shown a significant predominance (72%) of young people aged 20-29 years.
It is known that the chewing kata is most common among the Muslim population of those regions in which this shrub grows and in which it is imported. However, in places of mixed accommodation, this phenomenon is present and expanded in other confessions, especially among young people. So, it is reported that the student group of permanent kata chews of one of the regions of Addis Ababa included 60% of Christians and 40% of Muslims. Among the surveyed Kenyan chewing chews, Muslims amounted to approximately 50%.
Cat is now used by people belonging to the most different layers of society; Chews represent a wide variety of social groups and professions: housewives, servants, students, peasants, employees, workers, military, police, drivers, etc.
Regular chewing of Kata found the scale of its consequences at the beginning of the 20th century, and by now it has become a social problem and the problem of health care a number of countries. The combination of social and socio-economic and medical and social consequences is such that the phenomenon itself is called not only "vice", but also "Beach" and "Disaster."
One of the publications present the words that the rector of Yemen University expressed in San Dr. Abdul Azis Al-Mufalens: "Cat, from my point of view, the tragedy of the Arab world, a tragedy that does not have permission."
The abuse of Kat simultaneously causes social and economic damage to the person himself, his close and society as a whole. According to one of the points of view, the negative effect of kata at the society is more significantly than for individual personalities.
In socio-economic terms, is particularly dangerous what the trend is steadily increases to use any existing piece of land for kata cultivation. For many years, international organizations have been concerned about the increase in the area occupied by the cat. Kata cultivation has reached such an extent in some countries, which mainly crowded well-known traditional cultures, such as coffee. This negative phenomenon is explained by the fact that the income of the farmer from one row bush is approximately 10 times higher than from the coffee shop, and the cat's article is 30-50% of the national annual profit of the peasant family. The peasants are confident that with small labor costs Cat gives great profits, so the bushes of coffee are hardened and the cat is put on their place.
In the mid-1960s, the Ethiopian government declared the promotion of growing other crops instead of kata. Anxiety about the displacement by the cat's other important plants was shown in the 1980s Somali state and took a number of protective measures. According to Kenya, kata cultivation area retains its limitation thanks to the system of inherited licenses.
Unfortunately, the trade of the Kat is becoming increasingly interested in people, which is expressed in the growth of their quantity; The manufacturers, traders and consumers are strongly dependent on the knat trading. Kate business is considered very profitable. Those who grow cat owned "green oil" in their countries; their homes are filled with modern equipment, which contrasts with the appearance of the hosts; But, most importantly, they are ready to keep their money in bags and do not invest in anything useful.
From those countries where cat does not grow or not enough, a large amount of funds goes to massive imports, which affects the social position of the entire people. There are huge money to buy cats that these countries are needed for purchasing and producing other goods.
The main exporter of Kata is Ethiopia, in a significantly lower Kenya and Yemen. Improving vehicles expanded the supply zones and the latter volumes. African experts who have made a special statement in this regard to the expansion of the use of kata use of Kata. Starting from 1947, the number of exportedata from Ethiopia and Yemen increased several times. Before the Second World War from Ethiopia in Djibouti Cat railwayAnd from the end of the war - delivered by air. Just every day 3.5-5 tons of kata are imported into the country. In addition to legal paths, up to 10% of kata comes smuggling. In Somalia, the imported supplies of kata are 80%. In Aden, the first party of Ethiopian kata was delivered in 1942. In 1955-1966, Ethiopian exports in Djibouti, Aden and Somalia amounted to 1490 tons.
In 1962, the share of Kata was 5.3% of the overall export profits of Ethiopia, but in the mid-60s, the cat disappeared from the export list. The Ethiopian government announced the restriction of exports in accordance with the recommendations of international organizations; But within the country, this measure was explained by the closure of the Suez Canal. Then the ban was removed, allegedly due to the receipt of many letters with an expression of perturbations from the inhabitants of those countries that were imported by Cat 7.
For businessmen buying Cat without financial problems, chewing is a good reason for business negotiations, although he contributes to the spread of this habit. The usual consumer in Somalia spends approximately 25% of daily salary on cat. For a month, a Djibui working chewber spends from 30 to 50% of his salary on the potion, and an insufficient part of the money remains for the food and life of the family. Ironically, Kenya, who used as food, spends a day more than the cost of lunch in some Nairobi restaurants. In Saudi Arabia, where Cat is forbidden, they are bought in the black market and because of the high prices spend most of the salary on him. A certain category of people the necessary money for regular kata shopping exceed their financial capabilities. Some chews spend on the cat all their money, even the price of abandoning food for themselves and family. A vicious circle occurs between the purchase of kata and poverty. Through the row euphoria, the individual tries to escape from the problems of poverty, poor nutrition and climate difficulties.
In the question of the action of kata to work and productivity, cases of consumption and abuse are divided: in the first case, it can influence positively, stimulating and increasing performance, and in the second, it is negative when the increased mood and the grace is replaced by irritability, depression, apathy, loss of incentive. It is emphasized that the use of kata (even in significant quantity) should not be considered as a psychopathological disorder, as it can help a person, for example, to have a stimulating effect of the shepherd guarding the night of herd. In cases where the cat is not consumed continuously, its positive capabilities regarding improving performance is not fully understood.
It is well known that with the systematic use of kata, working productivity is reduced as a result of skills, desemination and depressed mood. The daily working period in the chews of kata does not exceed 3 hours. Since the results of the work fall, then the vicious circle is formed through a salary decline, which leads to the loss of initiative and the desire for self-improvement, which generally has a negative impact on the entire social life. Gradually, regular chews are growing apatics and intellectual dulling, decreases physical activity, Time and money is lost in row shops, and in the end - they see people "lost members of society", "useless and stupid loggers." These individuals lose the ability to long-term work and, therefore, become a burden, dependents of family and friends.
Systematic chewing kata violates family connections and leads to a decay of the family. The economic costs and the lack of a father in the family circle contributes to the instability of the family and its disintegration. While women work, men spend time in the chewing kata. The head of the family spends a lot of time among the chews, and the wife is one busy family and raising children; Parental authority is undermining; Family life "hangs on the hair" and many divorces occur, including repeated. Somali women complained that the husbands were addicted to Katu no longer notice their wives. These circumstances can lead to a decrease in fertility. In the surveyed group of 25 permanent Ethiopian chewing chews, the majority turned out to be non-native - 15 people, despite the fact that their age was typical of family people, and 5 people. - were divorced.
In the families of chews, children and adolescents are very early to come to Katu; The same habit takes part of the chewing chews. In families who inflicted due to the permanent purchase of Kata, the female part is forced to be engaged in begging or prostitution. The latter refers to the moneyless chewing.
Abuse of the rope provokes such a public vice as corruption. Government officials addicted to Katu and police are losing a sense of responsibility and begin to wander around the rods, which was observed by one of the anthropologists in Harere and Yemen. The influence of kata on emerging personalities is particularly dangerous; It is known that schoolchildren quickly lose interest in learning and cease to attend classes.
In addition, due to the loss of life activity, the chewor ceases to take care of himself, family and the rest of society, in the absence of a sufficient amount of money, he begins to begging or exhibits other antisocial activity, including crimes. To meet your need for Kate (not to mention what it is done at the expense of health, nutrition and clothing), the usual chewor can make theft that in the Muslim world is a difficult crime.
Opinions about the antisocial and criminal behavior of persons who consume cat are very contradictory. Some authors write that during or after chewing kata there are quarrels and fights with heavy injuries, and that the courts allegedly filled with many such cases. From the words of local residents, the story is retelling that one chewor in a state of intoxication killed his wife and "rival", and his partner did not even give the meaning of this tragedy, continuing to chew Cat. It is indicated for inconsistency, scandalivity, antagonism to authoriters and the aggressiveness of chews.
On the other hand, a number of publications emphasize that the cat's meeting takes place in the atmosphere of benevolence and complacent. Regular use of kata and the nature of its psychological impact are fully compatible with normal behavior. No connection is found between the use of kata and an increase in crimes, especially related to violence. It is specifically distinguished that no stage of rowing intoxication is accompanied by the "release of cruelty instinct", and that the cat does not lead to any serious unlawful delicate, which would be a consequence of the expressed release of instincts, and before the court appear in most cases the traders cat and debtors. Psychiatrists believe that the cat can only promote a crime as a facilitating agent for psychopathic personalities and mentally ill; The offenses may also be performed after additional use of alcohol and other drugs.
A number of authors believe that intensive chewing of kata and the prevalence of this phenomenon lead to the degeneration of race and nation. If, with the socio-economic position, society, first of all, loses income and man-hours, then with the medical and social - the health of the people, which suffers from malnutrition, exacerbation of diseases and incidence growth.
For a long time, it was argued that the social and economic aspects of the use of kata prevail over medical, and that the use of kata in general does not cause much harm to the health of people. Directible harm to the use of kata externally may not seem so significant for the health of society, but due to the emergence of remote effects, the concerns of medical science are growing; The globality of this problem consists of a number of less major problems due to various national, religious and cultural features.
In connection with the economic and social consequences of the use of kata, various restrictive measures of regional and international levels were made by the economic and social consequences of the use of kata. Back in 1921, a ban on cultivation and sale of kata was established in British Somalia, the exception was four licenses owner. However, the expected effect did not work, and in 1939 introduced new control measures, which eventually replaced the establishment of imported taxes. The prohibition of the British authorities accepted in 1957 was unsuccessful, after a year they were replaced by price control; In the French "overseas territories" Cat included in the official list of drugs, but due to the inefficiency, the ban was then removed.
In Kenya, the ban was introduced in 1945, but he also did not give essential results. Later, in 1950, the Special Committee called upon the leaders of the northern tribes to provide his influence and encourage people to refuse to chew kata. The King of Saudi Arabia in 1956 issued a special edict, prohibiting the breeding and use of kata. The Yemen government in 1972 issued a law that prohibited the cultivation of kata on government lands and the chewing of kata in government agencies, which caused violent discontent, and he was canceled. In the late 70s, an entry campaign of combating kata abuse through the pressure of public organizations, the use of the media and the promotion of peasants, which reduce the rods at the expense of the breeding of other crops. In Ethiopia, one of the main exporters of kata, prohibiting measures have never been accepted, but in the mid-60s Cat disappeared from the export list, and the government declared measures to reduce the cultivation of Kata.
Medical I. social workerswho have come across the African problems of kata and drugs, believe that the eradication of abuse should be carried out gradually, through legislative and executive measures. Raising the standard of living, strengthening the psychosocial development of the population, the formation of new needs is the necessary base for the permission of this dramatic situation. Although legislative measures are, in principle, are a "central basis for controlling a knap-made problem", the analysis of past experience tells to those skilled in the art that governments when choosing an approach to this problem "should consider cat as part of a common social problem and deal with it in this context." The author rightly notices that it should not be overlooked by the cultural and epidemiological side of the use of kata, and leads the point of view of doctors who previously worked in Kenya, according to which the absolute ban is undesirable for various reasons, but restrictive legislation is necessary.
The problem of kata was repeatedly considered by various divisions of the League of Nations and the UN, mainly from the point of view of socio-economic consequences. But in 1957, having studied the materials submitted by the UN Commission on Drug Substances, the 24th session of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations ordered WHO to study the medical aspects of kata use. Under the WHO expert committee for drugs causing addiction, a special secretariat was created; The results of the Committee were published in a number of publications. In conclusion, one of the reports it was said that the use of kata is a regional phenomenon and that the problems of kata and amphetamine should be considered in the same light due to their similar medical action . The 37th Session of the UN Economic and Social Council expressed consent to the fact that the abuse of the cat "is the problem of local value that can best be solved at the local level." The WHO Committee in the next report drew the attention of interested countries to increase the areas of crops of Kata and recommended to take into account first of all "the danger to public health, and not economic positives." A similar approach, according to which the Cat does not fall under the action of international control, has been preserved after the isolation of the catanon.
At the same time, in 1982, experts of a number of African countries, which were consistent in Rabat (Morocco), recommended UN drug commission to take the problems of kata under international control.
In the report of one of the independent international organizations (the advice on drug dependence) is alarming, it is noted that kata leaves have become accessible and used for recreation, the receipt of pleasure in those areas that are outside the geographic areas of growing this plant. The Committee expressed concerns about the possible extraction of Katignon from Kata Leaf, noting that he intentionally did not touch the question of international control against Kata and Katignon. The Committee also stressed that they did not consider the social side of the Kata problem in terms of the possible presence of such degree of its severity, which would require the appointment of international control. As can be seen from the summary report, the Committee is extremely concerned about the situation and therefore specially allocated issues requiring urgent consideration and decision-making.
It is difficult to disagree with the opinion that the problem of kata, and in particular the question of dependence, did not receive due attention from WHO, although in 1972 a joint meeting was conducted by many international organizations on which quite definite tasks were delivered. The author emphasizes that for a complete understanding of the problem, except for botanical, chemical and pharmacological information, clinical studies of specialists are needed in various fields of medicine.
In this regard, it is appropriate to make an analogy with the problem of Gashishism, in respect of which at the time it was called: "Not to repeat the previous mistakes" and "give a predensive assessment of possible consequences." The words are now more than relevant in relation to Katu. It is very accurately noticed that now the society is overly tolerant of "slow drugs", and that public opinion often exaggerates the social importance of individual addictions, while its some types (the traditional consumption of kata, Bethel, Peyothel) practically be ignored due to lack of social request (highlighted by the author - R. B.) What is also explained by the smaller intensity of scientific research according to the topics. In the existence of such a situation, the author sees completely defined political installations.
1.5. Acute and chronic cat inxication
In the reviews of experts, the need to study the picture of intoxication during the "random", or episodic use of kata, which is necessary to compare its action on "normal people" and regular chews. On the analysis of impressions individuals in general features It was known that initially the intellectual excitement comes with Euphoria, then their stupor and, finally, the eclipse of these possibilities. One of the travelers described the expectation of the failed visions, as I heard about Kate as a hallucinogene.
In the 60s there were two posts of pharmacology about the action of kata on Europeans-volunteers in experimental-tasting use. In the first case, the volunteer chewed 200 g of kata leaves for half an hour and for 4-6 hours felt a subjective stimulation that according to a general estimate corresponded to 10 mg of racemic amphetamine; The gastrointestinal sensations seemed pleasant to him and did not differ from the use of coffee or quinic water in the same tropical conditions. The behavior and experiences of the second volunteer, which burned the leaves from 100 sprigs for 4 hours, allowed the author to conclude that the Cat had affected as an amphetamin-like stimulator, causing euphoria, brain activation and anorexion, while reducing the effect of alcohol and barbiturates that took this man. The sleep of subeeration was heavy, and in the morning he experienced a state resembling a hangover, soreness in the mouth and disruption of the stomach.
After opening the catanon, several special messages appeared again with the results of studying the action of kata during the experiment. Do not flipping the importance of these interesting and important work, it should be noted that the contingent studied is not fully characterized from a narcological point of view (there is no direct indication on the lack of dependence, "riding experience", etc.).
Judging by indirect signs, the testes were not chronic consumers.
In the first message, the chewing cat are defined as volunteer students, "refrained from the use of kata within a week before the experiment." The author confirmed the similarity of the action of kata and amphetamines as at the physical level (the increase in the pulse and respiration, an increase in body temperature and the reaction rate in the experiment) and at the mental level (the state of excitement of the mind and feelings). The highest possibilities of volunteers in the preparation of figures are marked approximately in the 90th minute. The identified amphetamine-like resistance to physical exertion and the reduction of fatigue The author is more inclined to explain with the excitation of the individual than improving performance.
In the second job, subjective experiences of persons who are familiar with the action of kata were studied in the second work. The authors have determined that most of the chews initially arose the state of Euphoria, an increase in intellectual possibilities and feelings of cheerfulness, and in a smaller - the state of the dysphoria and a weak sedative effect. Both recent effects appeared in all those observed in 6.5 hours. The importance of situational factors in the development of subjective reactions is emphasized. In general, the action of kata is defined as a Fenami-like. It is regrettable that the difference in the subjective reactions is correlated with the level of the record dependence or the complete denial of that.
In the literature there is no description "In the pure form" of the painting of riding intoxication in persons who used Cat as part of traditions and customs. If you do not take into account secular and religious holidays, as well as forced cases (hunger and other), which are accompanied by the reception of kata, then the traditional option is now considered to be the use of kata more than once every three days, i.e. approximately 2 times in the end. The number of traditionally consumed leaves during the knot party is also very conditionally and depends on both the prevailing ideas in society and from the variety of kata. In each region and even in certain areas of one country, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe traditional (group) dose of kata and the frequency of its use during the week is very individual.
In one of the first interdisciplinary messages about Kate, some probable signs of transition from random to regular consumption were identified; They can be expressed in increasing the dose to obtain the desired effects, the appearance of chronic physiological disorders - a decrease in appetite, sleep loss, sleep disruption, which increase exposure various diseases; Over time, volitional and intellectual force are lost with further social consequences. Unfortunately, subsequently, this dynamic line of study of chronic known intoxication did not receive the necessary filling with a specific clinical material. After almost 25 years, the Special Expert Group of WHO reiterates the unexplod to the action of kata on individuals who are episodically and in cases of "moderate" and "heavy" use, and therefore recommended clinical research in each of the groups separately. This position is preserved to the present.
Some authors constantly consuming kata are considered toxicomicia only with "insurmountability of attraction." Although a number of researchers consider all regular chews to the category of toxicomicians, considering the regularity of a sign of mental attraction; However, clear boundaries between traditional and painful forms of kata consumption they do not conduct and expand the criteria for the latter's diagnostics do not push. More often in relation to systematic consumers, only figurative expressions are used, such as "habitual", "passionate", "intense" and "daily" chews. They are also called "lovers", "adherents" and "connoisseurs" of Kata. The most acceptable, from a clinical point of view, for cases of regular or systematic consumption of kata, are likely to expressions "chronic consumption" and "chronic chewing".
With all the forms of kata consumption, including chronic, has long been highlighted its stimulating and intoxicating effects. In the overall picture of the action of kata on chronic chews, two phases are marked: tonic and depressive. In the early 1960s, a more detailed dynamic rubrication was given. The author identified the excitation period and the depression period, between which the short stage of sexual excitement noted in the rodium toxicomicians. Soon, a similar study was repeated from "Cat consumers" in order to identify the immediate consequences of his action. The authors allocated the tonic phase with euphoric and illusory periods, as well as the depressive phase with a period of compensatory rest.
In describing the acute manifestations of the action of Kata, the chews consume many expressions transmitting subjective and positive experiences of the "tonic phase" or "excitation period". There is a "feeling of bliss", "state of well-being", "the ability to perform the impossible", "sense of completion", "improved mood", "pleasant insomnia". In one of the descriptions it is said that during the chewing of Kata, all the bodies of everyday life are forgotten, the world becomes light and dull earthly existence turns into Heavenly Paradise.
Waiting for mental lifting is transmitted to the hedonistic motives of kata use. The persons surveyed reported that they buy and chew Cat for a pleasant time with friends, to obtain "pleasure", "pleasant sensations" and "pleasure." It is noticed that the cat relieves a feeling of concern and "eliminates such a passion like anger."
In objective estimates, these states are terminologically denoted as the excitation of the CNS with an increase in mood, as euphoria or as hypoman and manic behavior, and in some cases, as "pronounced violent mania" and "explicit maniacal state".
In the descriptions of increased mood, the authors distinguish such details as "fun", "joyful arousal", "bad laughter", "intellectual arousal with laughter", "Synodook Euphoria", "Euphoria with hyperactivity", "Euphoria with ease of associations and logores" . In the generalized characteristics of the state of Euphoria, the gracious, feeling of well-being, easy and passionate speech or complacent complacency, discrepancy, expansive optimism and the need for communication are particularly noted. However, against the background of the overall rape of mood, emotional lability can manifest itself with a quick transition "from joy to tears", as well as with "willingness to anger and quarrel". In addition, the "state of euphoria and hypomaniacality of behavior" may also be accompanied by "sustainedness to external stimuli", the occurrence of tension, cavity and suspicion.
Rising mood at chews of kata is combined with certain changes in the intellectual and mental and mental spheres. In the subjective descriptions, "mental revival" is noted, "the ability to think all night long", "Thought overflow", "Fast work of the brain", "Free and clear expression of your opinion", "Increased understanding and awareness of the surrounding", "memory excitation", "The emergence of many thoughts and memories", and sometimes - the feeling of "running thoughts." Cat feel "very clever", it seems to them that "all the problems are solvable" and they can embrace the feeling of "self-confident wisdom." Gradually, "thoughts slow down" and they are "increasingly bold."
At the beginning of intoxication, there is objectively a gradual increase in the volume and the rate of intellectual activity, but an increase in the speed of associations can lead to "reasoning", "vagueness of thinking", violation of judgments, multi-dimensions, dysarthritis, loud and inappropriate to the statements. Along with the bellishment and self-actuation, the ideas of greatness may arise, which can be associated with the existing "violation of judgment." Above already noted the possibility of the emergence of high alertness and suspicion against the background of a raised mood. It is considered the characteristic "aggravation of memory" (due to the improvement of associative activity), the initiation of imagination or the "outbreak of imagination" against the background of a sinking euphoria with a disturbed concentration of attention.
After the tonic phase, a decline of psychophysical activity comes, which is indicated as "depressive phase", "phenomena of mental depression", "reactive depression" and even as a "small depressive syndrome". These states may arise after the excitation period or after night sleep. The depression period may coincide with the period of sleep and therefore do not manifest. It is believed that the "depressive phase" falls at the time of sleep in those who fuss cat in the morning or at noon time, and in the morning, it is manifested in the form of sadness with lethargia and fatigue. To the depressive phase, some authors include the occurrence of anxiety. The condition following the excitation period is also called apathetic, and individuals find a "heavy stupor".
Subjective experiences of chews in the "depression phase" describe very scoop. In objective characteristics, "exhaustion" and "mental impotence" is noted. As part of the so-called "small depressive syndrome", the mood instability, increased self-criticalness, a pessimistic look for the future, insomnia and anorexia, which does not deprive these faces the opportunity to "make decisions on the future as a whole". The transition from high spirits to its decline often occurs through focusing on unresolved and difficult problems. In the "depressive phase" there is also a slowdown in the tempo of thinking and "thumping thoughts".
The severity of the depressive phase, as well as tonic, is associated with the number of cats used, the characteristics of the person himself and the duration of its toxicization. Depressive phenomena are undergoing after more or less long rest or re-receiving kata.
Analyzing the descriptions of the recession period of the well-being in the chews, it should be noted that in most characteristics of the T.N. The "depressive phase" of the rods are asthenic violations, against the background of which the diverse depressive deviations arise in the form, therefore this phase as a whole cannot be called depressive. It is likely to distinguish between several stages or stages. The state during the morning awakening, denoted as "reactive depression", is completely inconsistent with our traditional psychiatric terms and concepts. For no reason the morning state of malaise and drowsiness, some authors call the "riding hangover", putting the general poor health of the chews in the first place, and they talk about the gloominess and insaneness of the mood, avoiding the term "depression".
To assess the ratio of some acute physical and mental effects of the Kata of the nearest and remote periods, the results of a survey of 116 daily kata chews are interesting. During the chewing of Kata in the experimental conditions of 89 people. The state of rest and relaxation of the body, 59 - polyuria, 51 - dry mouth, 42 - a sense of temperature rise, 31 - tachycardia. After chewing 76 people. Posted on anorexia, 72 - sexual desire, 69 - leisure and relaxation of the body, 47 - high temperature and sweating, 40 - fatigue and exhaustion, 31 - urination difficulty. Objectively recorded an increase in blood pressure and pulse. In conclusion, the author highlights what the cat reduces muscle activity, causes a sense of rest and relaxing the body.
There is still no one for the narcotic properties of the kata for the narcotic properties of Kata, for a long time representatives of various specialties and simply travelers were unambiguously called Cat Drug, described it as a substance with narcotic and even hallucinogenic properties. In the publications about the Kate, such characters and terms are used as "addiction", "daily attraction", "inextricable desire" or "habit, which is irresistible." In the same work, chewing kata is characterized in softer definitions: "addictive", "simple habit", "sluggish habit", "bad habit."
It was noted that in the past cat to narcotic substances, pharmacologists were more inclined than physicians. If the pharmacologists wrote about a serious form of dependence, the doctors noted that in relation to the chewing of Kata "with a great reason you need to talk about addiction than about the addictions." Based on some identified properties of kata and taking into account the lack of fixed cases of organic disorders, with the introduction of a simultaneous ban in kata in one of the regions, it was allowed that this plant can be attributed to drugs, but a completely different type than morphine. Comparison of polar opinions about the "degree of injury" of Kata and his narcotic properties allowed some of the researchers of that time to make such a conclusion: the reality is somewhere between opposite points of view and therefore make a comparison with alcohol, in which some lovers of drinking are from this inner pleasure And others - suffer from its unlimited consumption.
In the classification of WHO experts, Cat has always treated non-nancotic substances, although it was believed that the problems associated with Kat and amphetamine, despite the quantitative differences in their actions and some specific social and economic signs, should be considered in the same light due to their similar medical actions . Now in pharmacological classifications, the level of dependence on kata and amphetamines is equal. There was a period when in the official publications of WHO about the dependence of substances the leaves of kata and amphetamines were not in one, but in neighboring groups. A number of international authorities in the field of narcology, such an approach considers more correct, because on the one hand, it is not necessary to consider the problem of plants of the Cat together with medicinal substances, and on the other hand, until a sufficiently studied the question of the keyway dependence.
According to today's ideas, in order for the abuse of a particular psychostimulator to attribute to addiction, the process of formation and the fact of the formation of a large addictrication syndrome should be identified, which includes as known to be changed reactivity syndrome, mental syndrome and physical dependence syndrome.
The existence of mental dependence in the chewing kata is recognized by most authors. Some differences are present in the characteristics of the severity of dependence. For example, the desire to eat kata is defined as something that "comparable with the desire, but not with a compulsion." It is noted that the dependence on kata is usually very weak and expressed addiction practically does not occur, although the analogy with "avid smokers" is carried out in relation to individuals. It is also indicated for the steady nature of the attraction. Some researchers conclude that the bulk of kata consumers can limit themselves. There are persons who prefer to abandon the knight party at all than to use poor quality leaves, and the "irresistible desire" occurs only in rare individuals, "which are already mentally ill." In confirmation of a predominantly low level of mental dependence, an opinion about the lowest prevalence of cooking kata among women in those regions where its phenomenon is randomly common. In some way, a summary is a position, according to which the level of nutritional dependence may be different - from weak to moderate. A wide range of severity of mental dependence is emphasized by other authors.
It is known that mental dependence is expressed in the desire to get the desired substance, which is accompanied by constant thoughts of it, the rise in the mood in anticipation of the reception or in the abundance and dissatisfaction with its absence. A good illustration to that is the description of the "mass neurosis", made various authors in a number of regions. It is noticed how the people tired after working on the sun begin to suddenly enlivened when the time comes to go along with others to the place of reception of kata. In the places of the usual attitudes of Kata, there is always a stressful revival, turning into alarming, if its delivery is late, and then replaced with a decomposition when the goods arrive. When the "knit" aircraft is delayed, then one or two thousand Djibutians with sadness look into the sky and may not even go for lunch. On certain days, thousands of Somalis go to the markets to buy kata and, if he is not yet delivered, his expectation is characterized by alternating the feelings of annals and hopes that are replaced by an explosion of joy when the characteristic sound of the Clason of the truck is visiting. The author writes that for some chews, the problem of finding and filing kata sometimes "acquires the character of the tragedy"; If the cat does not succeed, then many have bitterness in lost pleasure, and for intense chews, such a situation is more serious and some of them are ready to pay a lot of money for him. Doctors also note that the chewers who are treated in connection with various diseases, during the distribution of medicines there is a revival, which is comparable to the expectation of Kata's reception. Note that the behavior of "search for the drug" described regardless of the category is considered to be the stage preceding the emergence of explicit signs of the abstinence syndrome.
The conclusion that physical dependence in relation to the Katu is absent and abstineent syndrome It does not arise, was made by a group of French doctors who worked in Djibouti and published their posts in 1957 in the "Drug Bulletin". Watching the patients of the general type of hospital, they noted that patients experienced the joy of getting rid of kata and improving well-being. The same or similar position was then formed from experts and specialists of international organizations. However, it is known that this question is still poorly understood, therefore very cautious formulations are always used in the publications of official bodies. Usually they write that the cat physical dependence "if there is, then insignificant" or that its "evidence does not exist." At the same time, well-known, but non-timbble disorders arising from some chews after the cessation of kata reception are interpreted not as abstinence, but as a "phenomenon of return to the initial state", that is, the preceding chewing leaves.
After opening the catanon in the leaves of Kata, WHO experts somewhat changed their position and recommended special clinical studies, including to determine the possibility of the occurrence of katov abstinence. A group of clinical pharmacologists really rightly indicates that the "clinical profile of chews is based on random observations established in the literature". They found that physiological and neuroendocrine changes (beta endorphine level, prolactin, growth hormone, etc.) are found at the usual chews (beta endorphine), which allow you to argue about possible physical dependence. The authors refrain from categorical statements, but notice that the identification of this kind of dependence will not be perceived as a surprise.
Long before this study, one of the few psychiatrists who studied the robust problem noted that there is a small effect of cancellation, but it is difficult to assign him to mental or physiological processes. The author draws attention to two important points: the insufficient semantic clarity of the very concept of "physical dependence" and the lack of special observations of the permanent chews of kata during periods of deprivation, as was done in relation to morphine, marijuana and other substances. Then, in a sociological study, it was suggested that the severity of the state of abstinence from kata should be considered insignificant, because it does not include any organic or any mental violations And it is expressed by the presence for several hours of sadness, poor mood, drowsiness, general weakness. Based on this, the author concludes that the cat causes "semicirculation" and therefore does not apply to narcotic substances.
Doctors common practice It is noted that the long-term chewing of Kata "goes into drug addiction", because the chewing can not do without any of a single day, even during work, and in the morning it is in a state of "riding hangover", while he is no longer looking for companies as others, preferring Take cat alone. The author writes that such a person himself says that without kata can not live. This remark is extremely important, since the personal message of drug addicts about "passionate desire" is an earlier, more sensitive indicator than physiological or behavioral reactions.
In one of the pharmacological classifications, the presence of row abstineen syndrome is completely defined. Interestingly, the Harer peasants even exist expressions denoting the state to the morning reception of Kata - "Harara", when they feel frustration, gloominess and can not think, and the state after chewing - "Markana", when they become smiling and forget about their troubles .
The question of the formation of tolerance to a KATU, one of the components of the modified reactivity syndrome, is also not sufficiently studied and contains contradictory points of view. In the Publications of WHO, tolerance to the Katu is evaluated negatively, but without categorical, and is accompanied by reservations: "Apparently there is no", "practically not found" and "there is no noticeable tolerance", or "if there is no, then insignificant." More leaning towards the denial of tolerance to the Katu, WHO experts at the same time recommend a targeted study of this issue.
In a number of works on the development of tolerance, it is fairly definitely indicated, based on the fact that the usual chews in the course of life significantly increase the amount of kata consumed to achieve the necessary effect. An optional nature of increasing the usual dose is noted and the possibility of its restriction if necessary. In particular, the authors write that the resulting quantity depends on financial capabilities and prudence.
It is generally recognized that the pace of development of tolerance is very slow. Catycle tolerance is considered less pronounced than amphetamine. Recognizing the existence of tolerance, clinical pharmacologists warned against hasty estimates before carrying out deep clinical studies.
The absence or implicit nature of tolerance to the Katu for a long time was associated simultaneously both with the properties of the plant itself and with the method of its use (chewing), which naturally limits the number of leaf consumed. Later, a restraining role in the development of tolerance was allocated only the existence of the physical limits of the absorption of kata. Such a change in the position of experts WHO is probably due to the results of the study of the pharmacological properties of the catanon. Another psychological reason holding back chews from a significant increase in the number of kata consumed is seen in concerns the occurrence of response somatic violations. Consumers of huge amounts of kata (2-3 kg) indicate the connection of its limiting dose with the variety and quality of leaves.
The objective accounting of the daily amount of kata consumed is very difficult, and the cat is close to the category of so-called "immeasurable" toxiconocoman substances. Nevertheless, there are some direct and indirect guidelines in the literature on the existence of several categories of regular chews. The quantitative signs are distinguished by persons who suffer from "small toxicomicia" and consume 75-100 g of kata leaves per day, and "kata lovers", the daily dose of which is 250-400 g of kata. In addition, the author mentions the "continuous chewing", that is, the cat continuously during the day, which have a daily dose, probably very individual. In addition to persons, "do not part with the cat from sunrise," there are also individuals who hurt the cat "all night long." Along with the "launched" and "addicted" chews, there are also persons who are in large doses every day, as long as they do not have a "heavy stupor". In the publications of WHO, the cases of regular use of kata are divided into "moderate" and "heavy", but without indication of the frequency and dose in those and other cases.
As can be seen from the above examples, there is a very wide range of forms of systematic chewing of kata, a variety of circuits of its use. On the other hand, it becomes clear: if a person passes the path from the episodic, traditional consumption of kata to continuous chewing it during the day or uses 2-3 kg of kata a day, then this process cannot occur without a deep change of tolerance.
Due to the syndrome of the changed reactivity, we note the incomprehension of literary information about the body's reaction for the first cases of kata reception. It is considered to be generally accepted that the emergence of the subjectively positive effects of kata, which make it attractive, does not require an initial period, in contrast to opium or morphine. However, a number of authors writes that the euphoric effect can be achieved only on the 3-4th day of chewing kata and evaluate it to the fullest only after 2 weeks. IN initial period chewing kata marked such disorders like headache, Pain in the pancreas, secondary cardiovascular and genital effects. Newbies are also nausea, general ailment. These examples can be considered, from the point of view of change of reactivity, as a proportion example of the disappearance of "protective reactions" during repeated receivers of narcotic substances. It is symptomatic that a certain category of chews seeks to get more stronger varieties. Some individuals even have a dilemma, the struggle of the motives: choose a stronger cat, but causing gastrointestinal discomfort, or less tonic.
In the descriptions of rowing intoxication in systematic chews, a number of manifestations can be found, which are given as separate or additional details of the overall picture of the action of kata and which, in our opinion, are undervalued in the diagnostic plan. Thus, against the background of the characteristic mania-like state, Kenymenians describe the occurrence of supersensitivity to external stimuli, readiness for quarrel and anger, emotional lability in the form of a quick transition from laughter to tears and vice versa, as well as tensions, caution, anxiety and suspicion that can gradually increase. It is noted that the Dzhibutian chewing chews are euphoria and a manic state can easily change the verbal aggression. Nursing and aggressiveness is celebrated from Somali and Ethiopian chews. The emergence of aggressiveness in the use of kata is described in non-traditional regions. Aggressiveness is usually associated with the admission of large doses of kata. Among Addis Ababa Chews, they allocate those that are constantly in a grain-like state with a loss of a feeling of reality. The same author, watching 10 Kenyan volunteers from the number of "old chews," allocated two types of intoxication: with a sinking euphoria (3 people) and with hyperoportability (7 people), which was accompanied by or irritable, or the ideas of reassessing self-personality reaching the ideas of greatness (5 people). Among the Yemen chews, except the most characteristic states, there is no lack of a "response of the body", or excitement with aggressiveness. The last authors are associated with the use of certain varieties of kata.
In the bright descriptions of traditional riding meetings, separate actions and experiences, which, in our opinion, are found only in a certain category of chronic chews: immersion in unpleasant thoughts and memories, unfortunate bursts of irritability and anxiety, pursuit, unmotivated and impulsive care.
A variety of manifestations of rowing intoxication is associated with a dose of adopted by kata, the character of the chewor and the duration of toxicizing. The significance of these factors is definitely, however, such a fiber set of reactions to the reception of kata requires, above all, clinical dynamic analysis in order to identify the patterns of changes in the form of riding intoxication and find the dependence of these changes on the severity of chronic intoxication.
It is considered established and generally recognized that, as a result of regular use of kata, sharp and chronic disorders of the functioning of many organism systems occur, resistance to infectious diseases And there are various locals.
Among the permanent chews are widespread stomatitis and peridontitis. The Kenyan and Somali Variety "Miro" is attributed to the Kenyan and Somali Mironed Mystery. From the long-term intensive chewing of Kata is erased and teeth fall out, so the victims are forced to grind the leaves and drink them with milk. Among the chews are widespread gastrointestinal disorders, such as serous and ulcerative esophagitis, liver cirrhosis, chronic colitis, intestinal intestine hypotension with meteorism, frequent or chronic constipation, paralytic obstruction. Due to the lack of appetite, and sometimes due to the inability to swallow nothing except liquid, many eat badly, the disturbing thinness, they suffer from constipation until the week; After receiving the cat, the stomach becomes hard and swells a little, pain in the opposite region appear, especially at night. Chews are known that some varieties of kata ("Kudda") are more difficult to digest and can cause pain. In recent years, there has been a large number of gastric and, especially duodenal ulcers. The listed gastrointestinal disorders typically explain the action of tannin, sympathomometric and other alkaloids of kata. They pay attention to the fact that the intestinal obstruction is usually permitted without surgery, and a short-term ban on the use of kata in one region led to a decrease in the consumption of a laxative by 90%. However, the role of kata in the occurrence of some gastrointestinal diseases It is not yet considered scientifically proven, although the liver diseases the author unequivocally binds with the hepatotoxic effect of amine acids.
The retention of urination arising in some individuals after a few hours of chewing kata is due to the action of the same mechanisms that cause meteorism and intestinal paresis, or the result of stagnation of the spherical fluid in the prostate.
Among the characteristic complications of regular use of Kata are usually called anorexia, insomnia and exhaustion, which disappear with the cessation of intoxication. Some suffer from the lack of appetite due to the reception of a very large number of leaves, especially at night. A distinguished class anorexia and a high price of kata leads to the fact that the desired leaves are replaced by real food. In the emergence of anorexia, caused primarily by phenylalkylaminic alkaloids and tannins, a certain role of gastrointestinal diseases of cathe origin is allowed, and, thus, the appetite disorder is included in the vicious circle: Cat - poverty - Hunger - Cat - Anorexia - Failure failure - digestion disruption - anorexia etc .
Catoy insomnia can be accompanied by a sense of sleep loss and sometimes requires long, intensive treatment; Only individuals may fall asleep after taking kata. However, other authors believe that insomnia occurs more often from beginners and inexperienced chews, and that it does not happen from those who cares cat only in the morning before work and in a lunch break. To overcome insomnia and some cardiovascular effects began to use mostly light spirits. Among Muslims, in the same goal, sedatives and hypnotics began to use, and requests for hypnotherapy during a breakdown of sleep were noted. The combination of kata with alcohol in the people is considered undesirable and dangerous. The use of psychotropic drugs allegedly "does not cause serious problems", but several people treated doctors for psychiatric help due to the dependence on Petidine, barbiturates, methacvalon, glutemid and other substances. It is noted that the cat reduces the actual alcoholic and barbiturate effects.
Intensive use of kata leads to the fact that by 30-40 years old are physically and mentally depleted. According to Aboriginalov, the adverse effects of kata are more pronounced in hot desert areas and have no regular exercise than the cold belt peasants. Exhaustion, combined with anorexia and objective failure of nutrition, creates a danger to the development on this basis of various intercurrent diseases. Physical exhaustion can reach such an extent that even if the need for food, the chewor cannot swallow nothing but milk or broth.
The high prevalence of tuberculosis among chews and their loved ones is associated with physical exhaustion due to insufficient nutrition, while members of the family often detects asthenia and pernicious anemia, and the picture of their blood is worse than that of kata consumers themselves. The entire group of the surveyed nursing women who are accustomed to consume cats, psychoactive substances are found in breast milk, as well as in the urine of one child. The harmfulness of these substances for the offspring is difficult to overestimate.
Cardiovascular disorders are considered the most dangerous complications of the use of kata. Special research Domestic doctors showed that blood pressure during the chewing of kata increases, but it is especially sharply intensified when using loads, even minor. The growth of blood pressure and its lability are already noted with more or less regular use of kata. It is emphasized that there are particularly dangerous fluctuations in pressure in cases of initial fragility or pathological change. During or shortly after receiving Kata, the authors observed cases of meningeal hemorrhage, hemiplegia, myocardial infarction and even a sharp enemy's edema with a sharp cardiovascular decompensation with deficiency of left ventricle. In the elderly, myocardial infarction often leads to fatal outcomes. The authors suggest that stable hypertension occurring in young people can also be due to the abuse of the cat.
The sharp cat inxication with a four-day coma and death is described; At the opening of the stomach turned out to be filled with a cat, and other reasons explaining the outcome, was not detected. This and similar cases of the overdose of kata are mentioned in other messages. The dynamics of intoxication is as follows: first there is nausea and vomiting, neurological symptoms (violation of articulation and coordination) occurs (violation of articulation and coordination), collaps appear, hyperesthesia, trembling; A B. terminal Stage - Possible spasms and convulsions.
With constant use of kata, the signs of eye aging (sedenling cataracts, macular degeneration or choreoretinal degeneration of sedenie) are associated, which are marked at the age of 45, and several people are up to 40 years. The role of intoxication is considered by the authors "in unity with the peculiarities of the harsh djibal climate."
Very contradictory point of view in the question of the action of kata on sexual function. Immediately during chewing, the sexual attraction is enhanced, but it is combined with a temporary disorder of the erection, which marks 60% of chews. According to some descriptions, sweet love paintings arise about the third hour. Only young men are exhibiting real sexual activity, but they note the lack of brightness of experiences and early ejaculation. Some chews have pain in the testicles, spontaneous ejaculation and sperm, when "sperm flows as urine." Wives of permanent chews complain that husbands cease to pay attention to them.
Perennial use of kata leads to anaphrodisal consequences and old toxicomes are "absolute impotients". The level of reduction of sexual attraction from regular kata consumers depends on the age and severity of toxicizing. The author believes that the sexual function can slowly recover when kata's reception. Some researchers are associated with kata abuse, as with an undoubted cause, only certain cases of impotence and do not believe that there are grounds for broader generalizations. For medical help about rod frigidity, they are treated in isolated cases. Pharmacological mechanisms for the development of impotence remain incomprehensible. Anafrodisia usually hide and only friends "affirmatively nodding" in response to a delicate question.
Accidents were noted due to inadequate "fearlessness" and road traffic accidents with heavy consequences and human victims due to risky actions of drivers in a state of riding intoxication. It is assumed that the involvement of kata uses the increase in sexual waste increases the risk of venereal diseases. The many hours of communication of the set of people in a closed room contributes to the transfer of infectious diseases, in particular, respiratory-lung, among which tuberculosis is highlighted.
The question of psychosis arising from the use of kata leaves remains poorly studied and contains many clinical ambiguities and contradictory opinions. The first description of the acute cathe psychosis was made in the mid-40s in the East African Medical Journal. In two observations, the picture of psychotoxic disorders included disorientation, ingeniation, feverish excitement, which was considered as a condition close to delirium. In addition, the disorders of the Schizophrenic nature were noted, which allowed the author to consider cat as a substance that could contribute to the manifestation of a hidden mental illness. In the future, these cases in general or marked symptoms and the concluded conclusions were brought in review publications and narcological monographs as reference to the author and without them. In the literature of the 50-60s, there are separate and very concise comments on the occurrence of the habitual chews of cases of "madness", "clearly pronounced maniacal states", "mental arousal with aggression" and "delicious episodes". A psychiatric statement should be highlighted that the chewing of kata does not lead to psychotic disorders. Also completely definitely denied rowing "psychosis of deprivation".
In the 60s, French general practitioners included acute psychotic violations in the framework of a comprehensive description of the medical consequences in kata chews. Characteristics mental disorders And the conclusions of the authors are very close. First of all, they are united that the use of kata is not accompanied by the occurrence of any specific psychiatric syndromes. The crises of psychomotor excitation with aggression or hysterical escape, which are often provoked by conflicts, as well as manic attacks that can last several days and which arise "with the appropriate predisposition". The latter, according to the authors, is characteristic of the local (Djibuses) population. Acute psychoses arise with heavy intoxications in the form of delicious seizures with short-term, unstable and polymorphic delusional ideas on the background of the confidence of consciousness or in the form of rare and short onin phenomena. The most fundamental difference in the above reports is a drug treatment of patients who have suffered psychosis. According to the first point of view, all kata chewers suffered to toxicomicia, and in the opinion of others, patients had no "insurmount of attraction" to the Katu and, therefore, they could not be attributed to toxicomic.
In the only time, at that time, the psychiatric publication, the author notes that the Kenyan "addicted" chews after the reception of large doses, a typical hypomaniacal state may change the "violent mania". In severe intoxication, violations arise, which are more consistent with the picture of the delirium (disorientation, illusion, hallucinations, the feeling of "unreality", violation of judgments, nonsense). In a special group, cases of manifestation of hidden functional mental diseases occurring under the influence of kata use are allocated. The author notes that he had the opportunity to observe the cases of toxic panic psychosis in several African countries.
In the 80s, there were reports with mentions of riding psychers. At the hospital of patients, hallucinations, delirium and aggressive behavior were observed. The author draws attention to the fact that psychosis arose in persons who used large doses of kata and suffered from poor nutrition. Another group of authors finds that riding psychoses are characterized by a wide range of manifestations, from typical toxic states with twilight permanent of consciousness, to paranoid paintings resembling schizophrenic states. Special attention requires a message about the cases of psychosis in the US chewers and the UK; The occurrence of paranoid states occurred against the background of severe signs of increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system.
In the occurrence of row toxic psychosis, mainly a moment of overdose is allocated. There is also a combination of this factor with the "background" without a specific clarification of its components.
Unfortunately, in clinical publications, as a rule, the number of cases observed cases of rope psychosis is not provided, although it is well known that a general assessment of the degree of hazard of the chewing kata from both individuals and those communities depends on the answer to the question of the frequency of toxic rods. in which this phenomenon is common. The quantitative characteristic acquires importance, since in a number of overview publications submitted in international publications, the trend towards the leveling of the issue of riding psychers is clearly seen. The authors support and develop a point of view that the use of kata contributes mainly to the manifestation of "functional" psychosis in predisposed individuals and rarely causes toxic psychosis. It is assumed that psychotoxic disorders are encountered so rarely that "may not be noticed at all." These assumptions are accompanied by references to clinical work, in which, as noted, it does not contain statistical indicators about riding psychosis, nor the number of own observations. In addition, experts impress the survey of the population, pointing to the rarity of toxic psychosis in the regions of the wide use of kata, and references to the small number of relevant publications in the literature.
Such a predetermination is also controversial and premature, since, firstly, a number of authors, summarizing their own observations and evidence of other persons, do not write about the rarity of mental disorders in permanent chews, and vice versa - sharpen attention on this issue; Secondly, as is well known, at that time, systematic epidemiological studies have not been carried out in relation to rhic psychosis, nor even the use of kata at all 8.
Chronic psychotic violations in the chewing kata in the literature are not described. Some persons have disorders of mood with irritability and susceptibility, or with a decrease in affectiveness and moral feeling. Chewing chewers who use many years have been reducing memory and performance. Some chronic kata consumers are "strongly broken intellectual abilities" and "intellectual weakness, up to semi-grate", "loss of intellectual power". At the same time, a number of authors emphasize precisely the lack of signs of intellectual dullness and dementia, which would arise as a result of a long use of kata. There are more cautious statements and reasoning. The author does not have specific clinical cases of rolling dementia, but he believes that the leaves of kata, causing toxic psychosis in chews with a confusion of consciousness, theoretically cannot but lead to organic brain disorders, especially with the accounts of the amounts in which they are used for many years Life.
The literature does not meet as either systematized and certain instructions on the deviations of an unexicotic level.
Personal changes in chronic kata chewers mostly were characterized in the descriptions of the medical and social consequences, asocial lifestyle and antisocial actions, so it can be limited to the allocation of only the most general points. Thus, the systematic consumers of Kata observes an adverse change in the nature and a decrease in intellectual and volitional force, which is why the systematic consumer of kata is losing interest in work and career, ceases to take care of itself and family, i.e., a moral and ethical decline in person takes place. The growing apathetic over the years turns intensive consumers of kata in "useless and stupid lodges", which through the rolling euphoria are trying to get away from life problems. Such a path leads to the formation of an escapherm as a prevailing and sustainable form of behavior, that is, to escape from life difficulties and to social passivity.
Summary
As follows from the foregoing, the problem of kata consumption is in many ways extremely acute for a variety of African and Asian countries. A big problem It consists of many components and has several aspects. The information given in the review is divided into three groups: the first group is the results of analyzing the literature of non-medical regions of knowledge (history, sociology, economy) and religious provisions that require generalizations in this section, as they have in our study auxiliary orientative value; The second group is represented by information from botanical, pharmacognosic and pharmacological literature, which must also be generally generalized at this stage in order to use them in the analysis of clinical and epidemiological material; The third group - covers a very wide range of psychiatric, narcological and general publications, which requires special allocation of the most significant issues presenting the most important and more important studies.
The use of kata is positively painted in historical literature and in folklore. Cat is presented in testes as a plant with adaptogenic, healing and sacred properties. Real stimulating and the anorexogenic effects of kata are highlighted in the literature and prints as unscrews. Chewing kata deeply penetrated into various sides of the lives of many nations. In this century, this phenomenon overcame many professional, caste and religious taboos. Over the past decades, there has been significant feminization and juvenillas of this phenomenon. It has become a means of recreation and human development, i.e., it became an ethno-culture phenomenon. The abuse of Kat has generated medical and social consequences through incidence, exhaustion, injury. It is accompanied by axiological destruction of personality and society, family destabilization and growth of asocial trends. High profitability of kata cultivation displaces other agricultural crops. In places of cultivation of kata, the highest percentage of kata chewers. High revenues from its sale and the use of rapid delivery facilities contributes to the expansion of kata consumption beyond its seats. The export of Kata is an important statement of government revenues, and wide imports leads to the outflow of funds and adversely affects the economic position of communities.
The information presented in a generalized form, firstly, show the severity of the social and socio-economic and medical and social consequences of abuse of the Kat; secondly, they open a look at the existence of many specific barriers of various plans standing on the way of social control of the Kata problem; Thirdly, it allows you to identify various directions by which the fight against the expansion of kata consumption should be carried out and eliminating the consequences of this phenomenon.
Depending on the variety and quality, several types of kata are distinguished, which differ in the body. Cat easily loses freshness, while changing the chemical composition. Katignon and Katin (Kata's main alkaloids) are contained in a different proportion in the leaves of various varieties and varying degrees of freshness. Both substances relate to the Fenami-like. The catanon is distinguished by a large psychotropic effect, and the Catin somatotropic. The catanon has a pronounced dose-dependent action. By reinforcing effect, it is close to the fechenine and cocaine. The catanon has a modulating effect on the interaction of adrenergic and dopaminergic systems. In some works, a number of features that distinguish the catanon from the phenamine are distinguished. The overwhelming effect of the catanon is proved for motor activity during long-term use, as well as a hallucinogenic effect and distorting effect on the motivational sphere.
Selected results of experimental studies, firstly, it is necessary to take into account when analyzing narcological and psychiatric clinical facts; Secondly, it should be used when searching for effective treatments, both in relation to the suppression of addiction and the relief of vegetative-somatic and mental disorders.
The issues of severity of mental dependence on the kata, the presence or absence of tolerance and physical dependence are estimated in the literature contradictory, since they are essentially purposefully not studied at the psychiatric and drug physicual material. The picture of riding intoxication requires its study among various categories of kata chews. The stage of chronic known intoxication did not stand out. There is practically no description of the disassembly of an unexicotic level. The circle of psychotic disorders in the kata chews is clearly discussed, and there is an ambiguity in assessing the nosological essence of some of them. The epidemiological side of riding psychosis is completely unclear, the socio-demographic composition of these patients is unknown and the conditions for the development of psychotic disorders are not identified.
The study of the listed issues is necessary, first of all, to improve the diagnosis and therapy of Katova psychopathology. Without an answer to the questions, it is impossible to determine the place of kata in the circle of other psychoactive substances, to evaluate the severity of the consequences caused by them and, therefore, it is impossible to argued effectively preventive measures and establish adequate measures of national and (or) international control.
- A similar story also describes the discovery of a coffee plant.
- Based on today's chemical-pharmacological representations about phenylalkylamines, it is quite possible, in our opinion, Ephedron, Norefedron and Katignon are allocated in a separate subgroup of phenylaminoetone stimulants (fax), while Norefedron can be considered as an isomer of a natural catanon.
- (-) - Katinon and (+) - amphetamine are stereoisomeric counterparts.
- It should be emphasized here that a number of anorexogenic drugs (Fepranon, Tenatet) contain diethylpropion. It has been established that when the metabolism of these drugs, not under the control of WHO, the cat is formed. The author observed 10 cases of abuse by these drugs, with a dependence of 7 people, and therefore puts the question: abuse arises due to the effects of the drug itself or due to the action of its catalyon metabolite?
- The given rhythm of the samping of Katignon discovers the striking similarity with the descriptions of the cyclic use of ephedron during drug addiction.
- In the characteristics of chewing behavior during the traditional party, there are also cases of irritability, concern, bizarre and impulsive actions, immersion in heavy meditation and more. The presence of these signs, in our opinion, is explained by the fact that in the traditional on-form Katov meeting, both irregular chews are involved, which constitute the basis of the "collective portrait" and regular consumers who differ in atypical reactions.
- During our study, there was a specialized cat export Association (Dire-Dowa, Harerge Province), which was part of the country's foreign trade; She had 27 employees and 800 stovers in 14 regions of the country; According to insufficient data, in 1983, the daily exports were 6-10 tons per day and for the coming years it was planned an increase in this indicator to 20 tons. It is also known from the literature that Ethiopian farmers expressed dissatisfaction with the fact that the export of Kata is a state monopoly.
- The first epidemiological information about the frequency of the occurrence of riding psychosis was presented (jointly with L. Bespalov) in 1980 at the XVI of the Allopian Annual Conference of the Medical Association under the report "The state of psychiatric assistance in Ethiopia: the results of statistical analysis", and then in a special report "A description of various forms of riding psychosis and the frequency of their identification" at the XVII conference in 1981. Later, the indicators listed in the reports were as definitely confirmed in the publication of the nosological structure of the contingent of patients who need emergency care and those who received it in the Amanuel hospital.
Notes
Cat is a herbaceous plant growing in hot countries. It has stimulating narcotic substances, including the catanon. Cat is popular with people experiencing dependence on drugs that cause euphoria and excitement. The use of the plant suppresses the appetite and the will of a person, it becomes overly excited, inadequately behaves.
The plant is allowed for sale and consumption in some countries of Africa, Asia and Europe, including in the UK. In Russia, Cat is included in the list of prohibited drugs, its distribution is prosecuted by law.
Cat is consumed in the fresh form. When drying leaves, psychotropic substances evaporate, leaving the minimum effect of exposure to the human body. For this reason, the plant after the assembly is placed in polyethylene packages and is transported to various countries.
The leaves do not smell, there is a bitter taste. Traditionally, the leaves are chewing for several hours.
Impact on the body
The impact of kata on the human body is impossible to predict. For each consumer, the leaves act in different ways, the person experiences a feeling of euphoria, aggression, depression, a tendency to suicide appears.
In its influence on the body, the cat can be compared with adrenaline. The juice from the leaves of plants narrows the vessels and increases blood pressure, the content of blood sugar rises.
How does addiction arise?
The dependence on kata is developing slowly, therefore harmful effects for the body are not frightened by the consumer. Chewing leaves becomes an analogue of chewing gum, provides good mood and pleasant employment. The catanon enters the blood and the body, affects the cannabioid receptors, which are responsible for the work of the brain. Without chewing leaves, man becomes sluggish and apathetic.
The danger of kata is that it contributes to stimulating the work of the body, a person is able to withstand heavy loads, less sleeps and is, and subsequently causes a strongest dependence, destroy it from the inside.
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Signs of kata use
Signs of use of kata are not so obvious as the use of potent drugs:
- violation of sleep and wakefulness, a person feels a constant tide of strength and does not feel fatigue, the body works for wear;
- blurred view, extended pupils;
- tachycardia, rapid pulse;
- no feeling of hunger;
- severe sexual attraction;
- unproductive monotonous activity.
Consequences of use
The person dependent on Kata gradually loses what makes him a man. It is capable of focusing exclusively on his momentary needs. The first to strike the cat is the nervous structure, as the plant, first of all, stimulates the CNS, arises:
- tremor limbs after excessive excitement;
- headache, from which only cat helps to get rid of;
- depressive condition;
- sleep disorder;
- diseases of stomatitis and periodontitis, teeth are erased or fall out;
- the work of the gastrointestinal tract is disturbed, the loss of appetite up to anorexia, patients suffer from constipation ;;
- there is an acute shortage of calcium, the teeth are destroyed;
- the cardiovascular system is not available enough, drug addicts die for 15-20 years earlier, and consuming poor-quality goods - after 5 to 7 years.
Physical addiction
After the use of kata, the drug addict feels "rise", the tide of energy and physical strength. After 3 - 4 hours the action of the substance stops, a person can sleep a few hours, but after awakening to feel irritable and tired. The physical dependence of the chewing is developing so much that it is not able to absorb food.
It is known that more than two years of drinking kata no one person remained healthy. People become disabled or dying.
How kata use affects the psyche
The use of kata entails a psychological dependence:
- there is paranoid fussiness;
- manic disorder of the psyche;
- depression;
- increasing irritability;
- inadequate enforcement sharply alternates with an apathetic state.
Is it possible to throw yourself?
There are many cases when dependency from kata people experienced themselves. Danger causes the psychological state of the drug addict. He feels a sense of loss, depression and fear.
Treatment dependence on kata
Treatment from drug dependence in rehabilitation centers begins with a professional inspection of a drug addict. The psychological and physical condition of the patient from a medical point of view is evaluated. Then follow the detoxification and purpose of individual treatment. The patient then passes the post-laborial period. All treatment is under the supervision of medical personnel. The advantages of treatment in rehabilitation centers are as follows: confidentiality, the formation of a healthy worldview, the struggle against the problem of telecommunication, emergency assistance in any situation.
Plants Catha Edulis are a shrub of a family family, which will break in the countries of the Eastern Mediterranean and North Africa. Enteogen Cat (Khat) is distributed in the Arabian Peninsula, in Ethiopia, in Eastern and South Africa, it is also cultivated in India and Sri Lanka. The origin of Kata is controversial: some believe that it comes from Ethiopia, from which then spread to the planeau of East Africa and Yemen. Others think that the CAT plant comes from Yemen, from where he was brought by Arabs to neighboring countries. This plant contains drugs of psychostimulating actions, and therefore obtained quite widely known. When dried by Kata, the most active substance, catanon (Cathinone), almost completely evaporates in two days, leaving the more soft acting alkaloid, cathine. Therefore, the collected crop of leaves and symbols of kata is transported in plastic bags, or packaged in the banana leaves to ensure the safety of high psychoactivity.
Katnon (Cathinone) - Main Alkaloid Plant Cat
Kata leaves do not smell, the taste of bitterness, their astringent juice has a narcotic action: they contain a stimulating substance - alkaloid catanon, or Norefedron (B-Ketoamphetamine), which in a number of countries is recognized narcotic substance. Katignon, like Ephedron (Methyltinton), in Russia enters the list of narcotic substances. In terms of the body, the catanon is close to ephedrine and amphetamine, but compared with the amphetamine, the catanon shows a lower level of excitatory and toxic properties. Ephedrine isomer, knit alkaloid cathine, or Nor-pseudoephedrine (Cathine, D-NorpseudoePhedrine), has a weaker action and is not recognized by a narcotic substance. The plant also contains Alkaloids Caidin, Katinin, Holin and Bromides.
Some countries sell capsules of the so-called Drug "Hagigat", which is made from Kata leaves. The effect of receiving the capsule resembles the amphetamine effect. Naturally, every person any psychoactive substance, including the catanon, affects differently; The range of sensations is wide: from euphoria to depression. Preparations from kata leaves cause moderate euphoria and excitement, under his influence, people become talkative and seem inadequate and emotionally unstable. Cat can provoke inadequate behavior and hyperactivity, it strongly suppresses the appetite and the use of kata can lead to the constation.
Traditional kata consumption: chewing leaves
The chewing of the stimulating leaves of Kata (Catha Edulis) is a centuries-old tradition of a number of regions of East Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. The abuse of the Kat creates severe medical and social consequences and is recognized as a serious problem of a number of countries. For example, in Ethiopia, this phenomenon covers all sectors of society now - regardless of social, professional, ethnic and religious affiliation. Chewing kata quickly spreads among young people and women.
Plant Catha Edulis - Folk Ethiopian Fun. In many countries, Cat is considered a drug and prohibited, but in Ethiopia is quite easily. Young kata shoots chew to get some kind of buzz. In the south of the country, Cat is sold almost on every corner, in self-respecting hotels hang plates "Cat in rooms to chew is prohibited" (so everyone chew, sitting on the porch). Bus drivers chew cat, so as not to fall asleep behind the wheel, passengers of buses - because it is bored to go, or because the neighbor who worked - so that it was more fun to work, unemployed - because there is nothing more to do, young people - on the global habit of youth to Consumption of any narcotic rubbish.
At the same time, among Ethiopses, almost no one smokes. Strong alcoholic drinks here are also not in fashion. So it remains to chew green crumb leaves. Separate residents of Ethiopia, of course, smoke. But not tobacco. The city of Rastafarian Church, preaching the idea of \u200b\u200bRastafari and Rastaman religion among the local population, is located in the city of Shashmenne. And if all Ethiopia listens to amgara music (then you mean folk), then the Rastaman Music reggae and Bob Marley sounds in Shashmenne at every corner. The former inhabitants of Jamaica, who returned to Ethiopia (which, according to their faith, is a real land promised, and white everything lie about their Israel), like their Caribbean uniforms, grow and use marijuana for sacred purposes. The local police, they say, is tolerant refers to this fact, but strongly stops all missionary excuses of Rastamanov - that is, attempts to sell marijuana to representatives of other religions.
Usually fresh kata leaves chew or brew tea. The action of kata is described in the range from comparison with the use of very strong coffee (stimulation of the nervous system) to cocaine and even the strong effect of an amphetamine type - depending on the number of eaten leaves. In this case, the consequences of the effects of kata on the human body are poorly studied by scientists, although cases of severe conditions were recorded under overdose. Despite the centuries-old tradition of the use of Kata by Africans, it is not clear whether the use of kata physical addiction. Chewing kata has some side effectswho quickly make themselves felt - loss of appetite, insomnia and general depression.
Plant Cat - National Yemen Drug
Daily after dinner of Tribal Sheikh Mahvit Mohammed Abu Ali is comfortable in his spacious room with a group of people to commit a daily ritual - to chew cat and talk. Each of the keenship brings with them all the most necessary for this procedure: its own stock of kata - large beams of light-rogic leaves for chewing during the discussion of the latest events. The chewing fading with these leaves of kata cheek until it is bloated before, as it seems that threatening the explosion of sizes. The conversation flows from the problem of someone invited, which Sheikh Mohammed is patiently listened to the latest news of the day.
A similar scene can be observed daily throughout the country in the houses of people absolutely different social status. And if we talk about some kind of yemen tradition, it is undoubtedly chewing kata leaves. For the Yemenians themselves, the chewing kata is not only a detrimental habit or pastime: this is a lifestyle. Tens of thousands of families of the country maintain tens of thousands of families and do millions of dollars a year. In a recent state report, it was noted that 90% of men and, almost less women bang Cat regularly. Children are subject to this tradition when reaching, about 10 years of age. Those who oppose this habit are paying attention to its destructive effect on the health and the fact that millions of men spend a huge amount of time. But supporters of Sheikh Mohammed will offer another point of view of the vision of this problem.
Tradition to chew cat appeared more than 600 years ago. At the expense of this there is even a legend that says the following: one shepherd drew attention to the fact that his herd, tasted the leaves of a certain plant, often found in certain areas of Yemen, becomes calmer. Cattle, besides, has become more enduring, and milk is more nutritious. Then the shepherd began to chew these leaves myself. He liked him so much that he shared a secret with others, who was also addicted to the chewing of the leaves. Over time, Cat has become so popular that it is now grown on plantations protected by armed guards, enabling the cultivation of coffee, as a less profitable product.
Kata Cultivation: Kata Growing in Yemen
Today Cat is the most profitable crown. It is 25% of the whole yemen harvest and 16% of the population are busy with its cultivation. This shrub is grown on well-irrigated soils of mining plantations at an altitude of 1600 to 2,700 meters. When collecting the leaves of Kata, preference is given to young small leafs. Due to the different type of soil and irrigation techniques in each region, our shrubs are growing. For example, the blue mountain cat, assembled in the area of \u200b\u200bthe city of Shahara, has such a strong effect that his people who chewing can not sleep up to three days. In the past, Cat was consumed mainly by the wealthy minority of Yemenians, but since 1970, the cultivation of this plant, which turned out to be much more profitable than the production of coffee, acquired a huge scale. Cat is also popular in Somalia, Djibouti, Northern Kenya and South Ethiopia. In some areas, instead of leaves that are so loved in Yemen, the soft stems of this shrub are consumed.
Despite the attempts of the Yemen government to send the population to the cultivation of other cultures, many refused to grow vegetables and fruits in favor of Kata. Unlike other cultures, such as coffee, cat grows in the same climatic conditions all year round, sold more and is more profitable. The only drawback - Katu requires a lot of water, which is not enough throughout the Arab world.
Yemen's chewing in Yemen occurs openly and kata leaves are available on sale absolutely to all. Chewing Kata is something that Yemenians are shy in the very last answer and on the contrary, they appreciate this tradition and defend it in every way. On average, the cat is spent to half the daily income of Yemenz. Depending on the variety, the beam can cost from 100 to 5,000 rial. Newbie will not determine the quality of the leaves, the price of which, sometimes, varies more than 20 times. Cat on the market varies in size, varieties and shades of green. Since kata leaves should be fresh, it is collected in the morning and quickly deliver from plantations to the market. Usually the cat is transported on small trucks with armed guards. Places of sale of kata in the markets are the most crowded, especially at noon. The crowd of Yemenians choose the goods and traded. As soon as the goods are purchased, the next stage begins a discussion from who today to chew Cat. Usually go to those who have a special room - Mafrash, most often on the last floor of the house or, at least, the sofa. After lunch, the main nutrition per day, since there is no appetite after kata, the company is collected in the appointed place for the subsequent chewing process.
How is the ceremony of chewing leaves of kata?
It is considered a good tone to each of the guests, even foreigners, come with their cat. The owner treats hookah, drinking water, various soft drinks and tea, as the chewing of kata dehydrates the body. There are only leaves of the plant and they are not swallowed. They are chewed, turning into the paste (mulch), which is kept behind the cheek. After a pair of climbing the cheeks of the mulch, which is pressed into the ball, the covered juice falls into the digestive system.
The lively conversation about business or politics, if the process occurs in row of high-ranking persons, gradually fade with the beginning of the drug effect of the leaves. Everyone is immersed in their own Duma for the hookah transmitted to each other. But after all, you will not talk to the cheek swollen from kata. And on some Cat begins to act on the contrary exciting and then they begin to talk loudly and laugh.
The usual treatment procedure from beginning to end takes 4 ... 5 hours. Then everyone diverges on homes or prayer after Muzzin's call. Women chew Cat separately from men, for them it is a vacation from home affairs and just a chance to meet with girlfriends. It is also believed that the Cat contributes to weight loss and takes fat from the body.
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Tradition to chewing the leaves of the plant called Cat appeared in Yemen for a very long time. According to the legend, in 750, one Yemen's shepherd noticed that his goats, eating leaves of one of the trees, become cheerful and cheerful. The shepherd also tried to chew them, and he liked it. It is believed that so in Yemen, a tradition to chew leaves containing "funny substances" appeared.
Lahj, Yemen: A man chews Kata Leaves (Catha Edulis) on the market near Al-Anad airbase. Consumption of drug-containing kata leaves is the largest social problem in Yemen. © Dmitry Chulov.
This article Website for curious travelers Starts a series of materials called " Yemen before the war ". To visit Yemen, I managed a few years ago, while shooting a series of reports for the "Morals" program (NTV). Together with the television operator Alexey Peredelsky and the big friend of our team George Leontiev We drove around cities and villages, the desert, the shores of the Gulf, were alloled almost the entire country along and across, taking advantage of the brittle truce in cruel skirmisters between local tribes. Not sure that today this journey would have been able to repeat, but I know for sure that the ideas of the "Western World" about Yemen, the Yemen's lifestyle and the national character are terribly far from reality.
Big Yemen's business trip Even at that peacetime was not the safest thing - we did not take the hostage at all accidentally, as it turned out later, we went away with the kidnappers, and one of the mountain tribes captured the reckless French travelers who left the same city shortly before us . In captivity they spent about six months, but still remained alive. To move around the country, we had exclusively accompanied by a military convoy, with machines with machine guns installed on them in the head and tail of the columns, no stops along the way, only in the checkpoints, on particularly dangerous areas - the maximum speed, including on winding mountain roads ...
Yemen in general - this is a special world, in something completely not changed from the Middle Ages, in something capable to the depths of the soul to hit the "civilized" person, a leaving from the world of Western values.
First material series - about the ancient Yemen tradition to chew catwhich in Russia is listed in the list of drugs and psychotropic substances, the turnover of which the law is prohibited.
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They settled between the stones, - hence the beautiful view of the capital. A man with a bag in his hands - in these edges the usual picture. In the bag - the leaves of the dear heart of each yemenza plants. Every day after lunch, life in this country freezes, because men go to chew ...
If, being in Yemen, you will see people with swollen cheeks and green teeth - do not confuse. This is a faithful sign that they chew durning "funny leaves." Cat in Yemen chew everywhere - at home and at work, visiting and driving, at weddings and all days of the week.
Reference:Cat. (Lat. CATHA) - monotype of the evergreen shrubs of the Bezellast family (Celastraceae), which includes the only look - Catha Edulis. Since ancient times (long before the use of coffee in the XII century), fresh or dried kata leaves were used for chewing or brewing (like tea or pasta) as a drug. In the social and cultural sense, the Cat can be considered as a substitute for the alcohol prohibited in many Arab countries. In Yemen, for some estimates, Cat consumes up to 90% of the total male population and 25% of women. For the Yemenians themselves, the chewing kata is not only a detrimental habit or pastime. This is a lifestyle. Tens of thousands of families of the country maintain tens of thousands of families and do millions of dollars a year. Cat can provoke inadequate behavior and hyperactivity. The Cat plant is prohibited for cultivation and turnover in the territory of the Russian Federation, falling under the list of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, whose turnover in the Russian Federation is prohibited in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and international treaties.
After lunch in the kata market in San, the revival. Almost all metropolitan men go here to buy fresh leaves ... It does not sell dill or parsley here, but at the same time sellers and buyers there are so many that apple has no place to fall. To come to the largest cat in Kata Shumel, we managed at the right time ...
Fuad, buyer: « Cat helps me feel better, more actively "!
Lahj, Yemen: Kata Sellers on the market near Al-Anad airbase. © Dmitry Chulov. There are hundreds of thousands of such markets throughout the country, they are in every city and village. Price per bag of potions - from the dollar to five, pay - in Yemen Realches. Leaves should be green, juicy and fresh. Therefore, only those that are cut off early in the morning are sold. They are packaged in plastic bags and covered with the sun, because they are no longer kicked.
Khasab, buyer: « When I work, I do not care. But today I have a day off, which means I can afford! Therefore, I came to the bazaar in the portion of fresh leaves. "
The seller of Yemenky tea with cardamom and mint smiles, exposing green from fresh kata teeth. Although Mohammed trades precisely in tea, but he says that it is impossible to work in the market and not to chew Cat.
Mohammed, Teleman Tea: "I am every day you cat. For what cheek is to lay down - the left or right - it does not matter, the main thing is that the kayf come as soon as possible ... "
Lahj, Yemen: Buyers try the leaves of kata on the market near the al-anad airbase. © Dmitry Chulov. "What kind of grade?" "To work or relax?" Such questions here are heard everywhere. For regular buyers, sellers tie up already cropped leaves - this is a "product ready-to-use."
Seller: "Allah Akbar! Today is tastier red, but there is also white, decomposed by portions ... "
Buyer Atrande believes that the best cat is white: "I come to the market not every day, but only 6 times a week! Want, refuse together? .. "
To invite chew In Yemen, in general - a sign of good tone. When guests come to the house, each brings their cat. In many homes there are even a separate chewing room for men.
The chewing kata was in the late 60s. This in Europe Cat as a drug is prohibited, and in Yemen, today it is impossible to find a person who would not be chewed by the leaves, torn from national Tree…
At the plantation, not young poplars grow not far from the Yemensky capital, as it may seem at first glance, and Cat, to chew the leaves of which Yemen men just adore.
One of the numerous plantations of Kata is only ten minutes from the center of the Yemen Capital. The average age of the trees on it is 90 years old. They reach a height of 20 meters. But to collect young shoots, their peasants are not needed. We did not have time to understand what was happening, as one of the planters, armed with a dagger, as well as climbed to the height ...
Ali Hamid Almukhadri, Planter: "The ability to climb trees is a tradition transmitted in our territories from the Father to the Son. After all, in the old days we did not have any stairs!
Lahj, Yemen: Seller Kata with his son on the kata market near the al-anad airbase. © Dmitry Chulov. The neighborhood of the Yemensky capital was always considered the cool, most appropriate area for the cultivation of kata. The ownership of Mohammed is no one thousand trees. He grows cat 30 years and knows everything about him.
Mohammed, Planter: "This is an unpretentious plant. He needs a little water: in summer I water once a month in a couple of hours. And in the winter I do not water at all. Except that the land has to loosen so that the leaves grow better. "
On the plantation of Muhammed, not even leaves, but young shoots - they are valued more expensive. 10 branches are as many as 30 servings on the market.
Talking about Kate Yemenians are always ready, and soon a whole group of people gathered soon around us. They do not see anything wrong in their love. These leaves chewed their grandfathers and great-grandfathers, and the tradition itself is rooted in deep antiquity.
In the People's Democratic Republic, Yemen chew Cat although it was allowed, but only once a week - on Thursdays. Now the trade of the cat is up to 25% of gross national income and about 16% of the country's total population are occupied in it - these are official data!
They can be called katomans or katomans. As 10 thousand real events earning a month, it is possible to spend 15 thousand on Cat, and at the same time also to contain a family is unknown. One way or another, but the waste of Yemen men on a daily "invigorating gum" make up a significant part of family budgets.
Kata's leaves are one of the numerous National Yemen characters. They were minted even on coins. For example, he was depicted on a coin in one Real, which came out of use in 1973 ...
Lahj, Yemen: Seller Kata chews his goods on the market near Al-Anad airbase. © Dmitry Chulov. Khalid Mohammed Said Rod from the city of Lahj. Trading in the city of Marib, he continuously hurts his own product.
Mohammed, Kata Seller:"Cat, Dzhambia dagger and Kalashnikov's automaton are the traditions that have come from the ancestors"!
Most photographs of sellers and buyers of Kata in this article were made in the kata market at the entrance to the Al-Anad airbase in the south of the country 60 kilometers from the city of Aden, where in August 2015 there were bloody battles between government troops and husits. It is difficult to even assume that it became with the heroes of these pictures, residents of the city of Lahj and the surrounding area ...
The Yemeni city of Marib is considered one of the most unsafe for foreigners. Inter-bar war in the area of \u200b\u200bMariba does not stop over the centuries, then fidgeting, then fidgeting with a new force. Everyone walks with firearms here. Therefore, trading the Kat to the Muhammad market every day walks with its machine on the shoulder.
Mohammed, Kata Seller: « The machine for me, as for you, is probably a tie or a mobile phone. I can not get out of the house with uncomfortable. And with the dagger and automatic, I look like a real man. "
Sana, Yemen: Verdanded Visitor "Lekland" chews cat, lying on the pillows on the floor. © Dmitry Chulov. It is discussed here and share news. Who is cooler - orders Shish and Hookah. TV on the wall, pillows and deputies on the naked floor - that's all simple amenities. Paying less than 7 rubles, you can sit and chew here.
This place in the very center of the Yemen Capital is called the French manner "LEKONDE". Chew Cat after lunch here are gathering poor citizens and visiting. And at night, Lektonda turns into an inexpensive hotel.
Similar to fresh "laurel", these leaves are sometimes called the "killer of time." Below at the square, life is boil, and inside - the eternal peace and peace. "LEKONDE" is located in the very center of the Yemensky capital, right near the city gate of Bab El Yemen. It is difficult to even imagine how much the generation of citizens fled here ...
It is difficult to say whether the city gates and buildings will remain around them, as well as the stunning vintage "gingerbread" globbit buildings of the historic part of the Yemensky capital, entered into the UNESCO World Heritage List, after the next bombing of the city of Sana. But with complete confidence, based on the history of this part of the Arabian Peninsula, it can be said that you will never stop in interglant conflict, the Yemenians will never cease in intercland conflicts. So it was accepted in this country for centuries, and naively think that in our days there is at least something will change suddenly and forever!
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A series of articles "Yemen to war":
- Dramatic kata leaves.
