- Men are more likely to experience hearing loss than women.... The fact is that the male half of the population works in a noisy environment, in which constant work is the cause of the damaged hearing.
- Ears can self-clean... There are pores in the ear canal that produce wax. With the help of small hairs, they push it out of the ears.
- When a person brings a shell to his ear, he believes that he hears the sound of the ocean, but this is not so.... All we hear is the sound of blood running through our veins.
- Hearing loss can be caused by water that has entered the ear for some reason.... This phenomenon is most often observed in children. In turn, this causes an ear infection. It is not easily treatable, but has dire consequences if ignored.
- Thanks to the ears, a person maintains his balance in space.... There are 3 canals near the cochlea. They function as a gyroscope, keeping the person in balance and providing information on whereabouts. It is often possible to observe when a person has an ear infection, he has difficulty keeping his balance.
- Rugby players have ears that look like cauliflower... This is easy to explain. During play, the outer cartilage of the ear is repeatedly damaged and becomes cabbage-like over time.
- Children have more sensitive hearing, which weakens over the years... When a person is born, he can hear even the lowest sounds, for example, below the sounds that the piano makes. The same goes for high pitched sounds.
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- Earwax was very actively used in the household.... Scribes during the Middle Ages extracted pigments from it, with the help of which they illustrated books. They also helped the seamstresses to keep the ends of the threads from fraying. Previously, there were no waxed threads. In 1832, a book described that sulfur was able to alleviate the pain of a puncture injury.
- World Eskimo Olympic Games are famous for some interesting game... It's called the ear tug of war. The unusual sport is popular. Two opponents sit down opposite each other. A loop of one rope is put on each ear. Further, they try to pull the cord until it jumps out of the opponent's ear or he complains of pain.
- It is known that sailors began to wear the first gold earrings... This was necessary so that they could be buried with dignity. This is the application of the decoration.
- According to statistics, about 73% of people during a concert turn to their interlocutor with their right ear... They try to hear the conversation or decipher the speech against the background of very loud music. Some do not betray this meaning and listen with either one or the other ear, depending on the situation.
- Nose and ears are two parts of the body that can grow throughout a person's life... The auditory ossicles themselves do not grow, only the earlobe is stretched.
- According to scientists, hearing deteriorates if a person eats a lot.... That is why, after a hearty meal, we experience discomfort in this area of the face.
- Surprisingly, the ears "work" around the clock... They continue to hear sounds even when the person is asleep. But how then do we not wake up? The fact is that the brain ignores all extraneous noises at this time, giving the body an opportunity to rest.
- African land is famous for a certain tribe named Maaban... They are unique in that they live in complete silence. Members of the tribe, when they reach old age, can hear whispers at a distance of 300 m.
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Ears are organs of hearing in vertebrates and humans. The ear picks up sounds that are directed through the external auditory canal 24-30 mm long to the eardrum. The eardrum, ossicles, and inner ear fluid are a sound-conducting device that transmits sound vibrations. The auditory nerve, auditory pathways, and centers in the brain receive these vibrations.
Man is able to distinguish over 400,000 different sounds. Ears are the organ of hearing and balance that senses changes in body position.
Most of the ear is hidden in the cavity of the temporal bone of the skull. The auricle and the external auditory canal make up the external ear. The air-filled middle ear is bounded on one side by the tympanic membrane separating it from the outer ear, and on the other by an oval window. Its only opening leads into the Eustachian tube, the canal that connects the middle ear to the pharynx. The Eustachian tube helps maintain equal pressure on both sides of the eardrum. If it were different, then the eardrum could not vibrate correctly and the person would hear poorly. If there is a sudden change in external pressure, such as when a train enters a tunnel, the pressure on both sides of the eardrum may not be the same. If at this time you yawn or chew something, then the air through the Eustachian tube will flow in or out, the pressure will equalize, a pop will be heard in the ears, and hearing will be restored. The inner ear, which consists of the cochlea and semicircular canals, contains sound receptors, from which signals are sent to the brain.
Sound arises as an oscillatory motion of particles of an elastic medium (for example, air molecules), propagating from a sound source in the form of waves, like circles on water from a thrown stone. These sound waves enter the ear and are picked up by special receptors. The receptors send signals to the brain, which recognizes them as sounds.
The frequency of sound is measured in hertz, that is, the number of air vibrations in one second that caused the eardrum to vibrate is recorded. The lowest vibration frequency perceived by the human ear, which has 3000 nerve fibers to distinguish the frequency of sound, is defined at 16 Hz (16 vibrations per second). Depending on the person's age, this value gradually decreases from 21,000 to 12,000 and even up to 5,000 Hz in the elderly.
For comparison, note that bats perceive frequencies up to 210,000 Hz, and dolphins - up to 280,000 Hz. Therefore, their hearing is 10-13 times more perfect than ours.
Sound power is measured in decibels. Here are some of the sounds rated in these units:
0 - absolute silence
10 - rustle of leaves falling from a tree
20 - whisper
30 - sounds in a quiet residential area
40 - alarm clock ticking
50 - almost silent car
60 - regular conversation
70 - maximum TV volume
80 - the noise of typewriters in a large typing bureau
90 - noise made by a large truck
100 - heavy traffic
110 - rock music performed by an orchestra
120 - thunder
130 - motor without muffler
140 - working jet engine
If you are discussing this book with your colleague, then the voice sounds with a force of 60 decibels.
If sometimes your boss yells at you, ask him to lower his voice, since the acceptable threshold for your hearing is 140 decibels and any excess of it adversely affects your hearing.
Our Nina with enthusiasm sits reading in the evening: She loves the fairy tale NinaPro about the boy Pinocchio very much. In the corner she read, There was very little light; I read for an hour or two — My head ached, Everything floats in front of my eyes, They burst into tears, The lines blurred from the book, The letters became like dots, You won't read even half of the lines about the girl Malvina. Adults and children know that they read only in the light, In the dark it is impossible to read: Vision will get tired. Natalia…
A speck flew into my eye, I got sick, my eyes do not look. I go to the hospital boldly - They will help me now. Gentle eyes - and from a speck, From a grain of sand and a speck of dust, If not immediately removed, Can be badly damaged. The nurse removed the speck With a quick gentle hand, I see every blade of grass, The eye is healthy, I go home. Natalia Orlova
Everyone knows that Olezhka Loves sweets - has a sweet tooth, And he has no prohibition - How many he wants to eat sweets, Grab a piece of sugar Or drink sweet juice, Honey, eat jam, jam, And there is no end in sight ... Suddenly his eyes ached: A stabbing and pain flowing a tear, They began to be so afraid of the light, That there was no patience, Yes, and it became evident it became worse - ...
Our Galya grew up, She went to the first grade. Little Checkmark has begun to learn, A good girl should not be lazy. Little Checkmark tried hard, She bent low over a new notebook. I took out the sticks Little Checkmark - I leaned sideways, I helped with the tongue. Bent like a question, As if writing even a nose! Mama Gale says: “Who, Galya, is sitting like this? Sit up straight, breathe more evenly, ...
In the first grade, Alyosha had good eyesight. On examination, the doctor showed an interesting table, On it Alyosha saw a horse, a bus, a bird. He glanced at the bottom row — He named everything in a row. The doctor said in admiration: “Excellent eyesight!” Although the boy was very small, He saw far away, Walking, he read the signs: “Bread”, “Furniture”, “Milk” ... sitting at the back desk, I could see everything on the map! .. Alyosha grew up, interest suddenly manifested itself in reading: "Chapaev", "Kortik", "RVS" Reading from ...
The nervous system constantly receives signals from the outside world using special sensors. They are called the senses. Eyes Light is perceived by the organs of vision - the eyes. The path from them to the brain is very short. The eyes are its outgrowths! Your eyes are like two cameras or two television cameras that are aimed at the world around you. The outer opening of the chamber is usually covered ...
Boy Vovka quickly, dexterously Wanted to untie the rope. To untie the knot, He began to pry on with an awl. The awl bounced back with force — Volodya's eye was damaged ... Only very carefully You can handle the awl. Do not keep an awl, scissors, knives in toys, After all, it is very easy to hurt your eyes with a sharp object! Natalia Orlova
Tongue The tongue is a muscular organ located in the mouth. It is 9 cm long, 5 cm wide and weighs 50 g. The tongue is formed by muscles connected to the base of the lower jaw and allowing it to perform many movements, such as folding, rotating (up to 40 times in a minute kiss), etc. The functions of the language are varied. Due to its mobility (on average up to 80 ...
One summer boy PetyaVorobyov scared in the garden And, forgetting about everything in the world, Shoot them with a slingshot. Once! Another! And the third time! Suddenly he hit his brother in the eye — I almost knocked out my brother's eyes! .. Do not shoot with slingshots! Natalia Orlova
The sense of taste and smell are closely related. A wide variety of gustatory sensations are created by the combination of taste and smell. Receptor and supporting cells are located in the taste bud, like orange slices. The gustatory bulb recognizes substances dissolved in saliva that enter the bulb through the gustatory duct that opens on the surface of the tongue. The tongue is the organ of taste. On its upper side there are more than 10 ...
transmitted by air vibrations that produce all moving or trembling objects, and the human ear is an organ designed to capture these vibrations (vibrations). The structure of the human ear provides a solution to this difficult problem.The human ear has three sections: the outer ear, the middle, and the inner ear. Each of them has its own structure, and together they form a kind of long tube extending deep into the head of a person.
The structure of the outer ear of a person
The outer ear starts from the auricle. It is the only part of the human ear that is outside the head. The auricle is shaped like a funnel, which catches sound waves and redirects them to the ear canal (it is located inside the head, but it is also considered part of the outside of the ear).
The inner end of the ear canal is closed with a thin and elastic septum - the tympanic membrane, which takes over the vibrations of the sound waves that have passed through the ear canal, begins to tremble and transfers them further to the middle ear and, in addition, fences off the middle ear from the air. Let's see how this happens. 
The structure of the human middle ear
The middle ear is made up of three ear bones called the hammer, anvil, and stapes. They are all connected to each other by small joints.
The hammer adjoins the eardrum from the inside of the head, takes over its vibrations, makes the anvil tremble, and that, in turn, the stirrup. The streamer already vibrates much stronger than the eardrum and transmits such amplified sound vibrations to the inner ear. 
The structure of the human inner ear
The inner ear is used to perceive sounds. It is firmly attached to the bones of the skull, almost entirely covered by a bone sheath with a hole, to which the stapes adjoin.
The auditory portion of the inner ear is a spiral-shaped bone tube (cochlea) that is about 3 centimeters long and less than a centimeter wide. From the inside, the cochlea of the inner ear is filled with fluid, and its walls are covered with very sensitive hair cells.
Knowing the structure of the human inner ear, it is very easy to understand how it works. The stirrup adjacent to the hole in the wall of the cochlea transmits its vibrations to the fluid inside it. Fluid trembling is perceived by hair cells, which, using the auditory nerves, transmit signals about it to the brain. And already the brain, its auditory zone, processes these signals, and we hear sounds.
In addition to the ability to hear, the structure of the human ear also provides its ability to maintain balance. Special - semicircular canals - fits in the inner ear.
music.
Equipment:
Presentation: "Our ears" (slide 1), an image of the ear (slide 2), an image of the inner ear (slide 3), a mnemonic table with a sequence of finger gymnastics (slide 4), a mnemonic table "Rules for preserving hearing" (slide 5), audio recordings with sounds of nature, a cap for the driver, illustrations with objects that emit sounds (quietly loudly). Handout: cards with images of objects that make sounds, colored pencils.
Preliminary work:
examination of encyclopedias about the structure of a person, didactic game: "What is harmful, what is good for health", learning to massage the ears.
Course of the lesson:
Emotional attitude.
Do you guys want to play a yes-no game? Stand all in a circle. I will ask questions, and you answer me with the help of movements. If you want to answer "yes" - stomp and clap, if "no" - with the index finger and the foot put out on the heel, move simultaneously to the right and to the left. For example, are you funny? you are beautiful? are you lazy Well done, our group has the best children.
Listen to the riddle:
Olya is listening in the forest,
As the cuckoo cries
And for this you need
Our Olya ... (ears). (Slide 2).
That's right, these are ears. Look into your neighbor's ear. What do you see? (ear). Yes, we see an earauricle
... Repeat in chorus. And if you look closely, we see a hole. itear canal
... Repeat. Do you think you can reach the end of the aisle with your fingers? Of course not. There is a thin film at the end of the ear canal calledeardrum.
Sounds pass through the ear canal, hit the membrane and we hear the sound. (slide N3).
Includes audio recording: birdsong. What did you hear? (Sounds). How did we hear? Yes, with the help of our ears we hear sounds: we recognize the voice of our mother, the voices of friends.
Game: "Who called you."
Now let's rest a little. Do you want to ride a magic train? Get up one after another, put your hands on the shoulders of your neighbor on the shoulders. What sound does a steam locomotive make? (chug-chug). And our magic locomotive publishes: "chukh-chukh wow." Let's go (without the "snake", through the tunnel (half-sit down), along the "bumps" (jumping)). So we arrived.
Game: "Let's catch the silence."
We consider: “one, two, three” (we slap the word “three”).
Let's rest. Let's sit down on the rug.
Finger gymnastics (slide No. 4) "Knock-knock-knock."
Knock-Knock,
Knock-Knock,
Our ears hear a knock (banging fists against each other)
Here are the palms rustling,
Our fingers are cracking. (rubbing palms together)
Now hit your palms loudly, (claps)
Now you warm them up. (slaps on the cheeks)
Now let's play the game "Loud and Quiet Sounds".
I will show various objects that can make a sound, if the sound is loud, you raise your hands, if you put your finger quietly to your lips.
The ticking of the clock
Knock of an ax
Rustling leaves
Machine noise
The hum of the train
Rustling pages
The noise of applause
Hoof stomp
The murmur of a brook
Rooster cry
Well done!And now we are going to play a game: "Attentive ears".
I will give you cards showing several items, whether or not publishing. Look at them and place a red circle next to them on those objects that make sounds.
And we have one more game: "Finish my phrase."
You have to finish my sentence by adding only one word "ears".
You have ... (ears).
The fish has no ... (ears).
It's cold in winter ... (to ears).
A brother can move ... (ears).
You can't get cold ... (ears).
Girls wear earrings in ... (ears).
To protect your ears from colds, you need to massage.
Ear massage.
We will find our ears
And we'll give them a massage (grab the ears with your fingers)
Let's stroke the edges now (stroking outside)
On the grooves inside, (stroking the grooves)
Behind the ears, behind the ears, (behind the ears)
Here are some, look
We put earrings in our ears,
Look at these (rubbing the lobes)
Now let's stroke our ears
Our ears are inside here. (stroking inside)
So that our hearing remains good and our ears do not hurt, we must follow the basic rules: (slide No. 5)
Don't pick your ears
Protect ears from strong wind
Keep water out of your ears
Protect ears from loud noise
Do not suck in mucus from the nose, do not blow your nose strongly
If you take proper care of your ears, they won't have to be cleaned in the doctor's office!
Well done! Do you want to dance now? Dance.
At the end of the lesson, put your hand on your head and say: "What a fine fellow I am!"
Game program "We and our teeth".
Goals:
To acquaint students with the structure of teeth; with measures for the prevention of dental diseases.
Teach children the basic rules of dental care.
To form the desire for active intellectual activity;
To develop cognitive activity, creative abilities of students in the course of promoting a "healthy lifestyle".
To instill in students the ability to communicate, be friends with each other; the ability to be sincere and honest, to cultivate a benevolent attitude towards doctors.
Equipment: illustrations, toothbrushes, toothpaste, tooth structure, children's drawings, computer.
1. Org. moment.
The bell rang for us!All went quietly into the classroom.All stood at the desks beautifully,Greeted politelyThey sat down quietly, backs straight.
We will all breathe a little and we will start work!
The call invited you guys to our health game program.
2. Communication of the topic and objectives of the lesson.
To find out the topic of our lesson, let's guess the riddle
Olya gnaws nucleoli,
The shells are falling.
And for this you need
Our Ole ... (teeth)
Gnaw through steel pipes
If you brush often ... (teeth)
Well done! our today's lesson is devoted to our teeth, more than once we have had conversations and talked about how to take care of our teeth, but we received a letter to our school in which there is a request to remind everyone once again how, it is necessary to follow and take care after them.
Listen to this letter that one tooth sent us. He even sent a photo of himself. On it he is very very sad
And that's why he is sad, we learn from the letter.
Hello guys.
-I am a little milk tooth, so I decided to write you a letter and tell you about my life !. We live in a house called Rotik. I have many, many brothers, the same milk teeth. As many as 19! And two sisters - Upper Desna and Lower Desna.
In the meantime, we need to save space for permanent teeth, do not push and do not fall out ahead of time. We want them to be smooth and white and healthy. Therefore, I, my brothers, love it very much when our beloved aunts, Toothpaste and Toothbrush, come to visit us. But it happens that you guys forget about us and do not want to help us preserve our whiteness and health. When you don’t clean us, don’t rinse your mouth after eating, eat a lot of sweets and gnaw on nuts, then we live very badly, so we become so sad. I really want you guys not to forget about us and what needs to be done, and
Here is a letter. Guys, will we help the tooth in his request? How can we take care of our teeth?
When a person is born, at first he has no teeth. Then they gradually appear and by the age of 2-3, his first teeth completely erupt. They are called DAIRY. But they live only for a few years. Then they begin to fall out gradually, and in their place others grow - PERMANENT. Now you have just such an age when your teeth change and fall out. Truth?
How does it happen? (Children's stories)
You see, losing teeth is not at all scary, on the contrary, if teeth fall out not from illness, but because the time has come. But sometimes children forget that the main thing is to be able to care for their teeth.
So, what do we know about how to take care of your teeth?
Brush your teeth at least 2 times a day: in the morning after breakfast and in the evening after dinner, at night. - After each meal, you need to rinse your mouth. - It is very important to choose the right toothbrush and toothpaste.
The brush should have artificial bristles and a medium-hard brush is best.
You need to change your toothbrush every three months.
Do you know that you need to not only take care of your teeth, but also eat right, but what foods you can or cannot eat, we will now find out
Now we are going to play the Game "Harmful - useful" with you. Children are given cards with pictures of food.
Exercise:
I team - selects useful products.
Team II - selects harmful products.
– The teams are ready. Get started. (Children type cards with the names of food).
I k .: (cottage cheese, milk, sour cream, fruits, vegetables, kefir, fermented baked milk, cheese, etc.).
II grade (chocolate, sweets, cookies, cakes, butter cream, sugar, etc.).
– The floor is given to representatives of the 1st and 2nd teams, tell us how you did it and what you did.
– Well done, both teams coped with the task.
After eating, brush your teeth.Do this twice a day.Prefer fruit to sweetsVery important products.So that the tooth does not botherRemember this rule:We go to the dentistTwice a year for an appointment.And then the smiles are lightYou will keep it for many years!
And here is another task that will help you learn your knowledge, now I will read advice to you and if the advice is correct then you should clap your hands, if not, then say No, No, No,
To you boys and girls
We have prepared tips.
If our advice is good,
You clap your hands.
To the wrong advice
Say no, no, no.
You constantly need to eat
For your teeth
Fruits, vegetables, omelet,
Cottage cheese, curdled milk.
If my advice is good,
You clap your hands.
Do not gnaw a cabbage leaf,
It's not tasty at all, not at all
Better eat chocolate
Waffles, sugar, marmalade.
Is this the right advice?
Children. No no no!
Lyuba told her mother:
– I will not brush my teeth.
And now our Lyuba
A hole in everyone, in every tooth.
What is your answer?
Well done Lyuba?
Children. No!
To give shine to teeth,
You need to take a shoe cream.
Squeeze out half a tube
And brush your teeth.
Is this the right advice?
Children. No no no no!
Oh, awkward Lyudmila
I dropped the brush on the floor.
He picks up a brush from the floor,
He continues to brush his teeth.
Who will give the right advice?
Well done Luda?
Children. No!
Remember forever
Dear friends,
Without brushing your teeth
You can't go to sleep.
If my advice is good,
You clap your hands.
You brushed your teeth
And you go to sleep.
Grab a bun
Sweet to bed.
Is this the right advice?
Children. No no no no!
Remember useful advice,
You cannot gnaw an iron object.
If my advice is good,
You clap your hands.
To strengthen your teeth,
It is useful to chew nails.
Is this the right advice?
Children. No no no no!
You guys are not tired
While reading poetry here?
Was your correct answer,
What is useful and what is not.
Well done, did a good job.
Guys, tell me, maybe we don't need teeth at all, why do we need them ???
(Eat to pronounce words and for a beautiful smile)
Look how beautiful people are when they smile, but let's imagine if we don't have teeth, we will be beautiful ??? Take now a black felt-tip pen or pencil and paint over one or two of any teeth on the picture!
Well, what have people changed? What have they become? This is why you need to prevent you from losing your teeth.
Did you guys know that there is a Tooth Fairy who always helps children, cope with a toothache, and gives the necessary advice! And today she also flew to our lesson with such an interesting task, so that you need to be careful with it, we have such an interesting picture, there are pictures and letters, we have to guess and read what advice our fairy encrypted ...
You will go one by one to the board and write down the letters that have been solved in a row. And when we solve everything, we can read what the Tooth Fairy wants us to do.
What did you do? (Preserve your teeth from an early age)
Very good advice, isn't it? We will try! And as a keepsake, the Tooth Fairy has prepared these memos so that you always remember how to brush your teeth correctly!
– Guys, what doctor do we go to to treat our teeth? (Answers of children).
– How many times a year do you need to go to the dentist? (Twice a year).
– Let us now deal with dental treatment and work as dentists. Want to?
You have a drawing of a tooth on your table. An evil toothache settled in him. Let's chase her away so that the tooth recovers and becomes smiling.
– What do I need to do?
– Fill the tooth.
– This is what we will do. (I distribute to children a drawing of a tooth, there is caries on it).
– Let's clean the hole. (Children erase traces from a simple pencil with an eraser).
– Then we will seal. (Children paint over the hole with a colored pencil).
Well, when you have healed a tooth, how do you think he will smile now?
And the last task that remains for us to complete is the one that the sad tooth asked us about in the letter. We will draw beautiful cheerful smiles on your cured teeth. And then we'll send him your drawings.
(CHILDREN DRAW)
Well done!
Outcome
I WISH YOU A HEALTHY AND Dazzling Smile! And I hope that you will always take proper care of your teeth.
And for our guests, we will sing a funny song at the end of our lesson!
Thanks for your work!
Hello guys.
-I am a little milk tooth, so I decided to write you a letter and tell you about my life! We live in a house called Rotik. I have many, many brothers, the same milk teeth. As many as 19! And two sisters - Upper Desna and Lower Desna.
We all live in harmony and do not quarrel, because we cannot swear, because soon we are small milk teeth, we will become very large, permanent teeth.
In the meantime, we need to save space for permanent teeth, do not push and do not fall out ahead of time. We want them to be smooth and white and healthy. Therefore, I, my brothers, love it very much when our beloved aunts, Toothpaste and Toothbrush, come to visit us.
But it happens that you guys forget about us and do not want to help us preserve our whiteness and health. When you don’t clean us, don’t rinse your mouth after eating, eat a lot of sweets and gnaw on nuts, then we live very badly, so we become so sad. I really want you guys not to forget about us and what needs to be done, and
told how you take care of your teeth and how you protect. And I will also have one request for you. Please send me pictures of your beautiful joyful teeth, I think that they are not as sad as me. Goodbye.
Do not pick your teeth with metal objects. Special toothpicks are sold in pharmacies.
Do not bite off threads or wires with your teeth.
Do not take hot food immediately after a cold meal, and vice versa. This can cause cracks in the teeth.
It must be remembered: bad teeth can be the cause of diseases of the internal organs.
Eat less sweets and more fruits and vegetables.
Under no circumstances should you smoke. From tobacco smoke, teeth become unpleasant yellow.
-
Enjoying the sounds of nature, hearing the voices of loved ones, feeling even the lightest touches, distinguishing various tastes, smells, colors, admiring beautiful views - all this is available to us thanks to our faithful assistants - the senses: vision, hearing, touch, taste and smell.
Traditionally, there are five senses. But the various sensations that a person experiences, in fact, are much more than the senses.
For example, touch is understood as the perception of cold, warmth, pain, pressure, touch and many other sensations.
We can also feel muscle tension, joint movement, conditions such as hunger, thirst, nausea, pain.
The receptors for these sensations are located in the internal organs.
How does the brain help us feel?
It is very important to understand that no part of the human body "walks by itself".
The cells of the body are united into tissues, tissues into organs, and those, in turn, into organ systems.
There is a well-oiled, unified functional system of the body that obeys a single leadership - the brain.
And changes in any one structure will necessarily affect the entire body as a whole.
The body can receive any information and form a response is possible only through "cooperation" between the senses and the brain.
That is why there are numerous connections between them - pathways consisting of nerve fibers.
In fact, all the impulses perceived by our receptors are fundamentally the same, but for some reason the sensations arise differently.
It has been noted, for example, that the ringing of a bell causes exactly the same impulses as pressing on the skin with a pin.
Why, when we receive the same nerve impulses, we form a whole range of different sensations?
The sense organs consist of a receptor part that perceives irritation, a conductive part, through which nerve impulses enter the brain to the nerve centers located in the cerebral cortex.
Here, the information received is processed and the tactics of the further behavior of the organism are developed.
The sensation that is formed in a person after exposure to an impulse depends on the type of the perceiving receptor: cold, heat, pain, etc., as well as on the part of the cerebral cortex to which this excitement comes.
It turns out that the senses only perceive and transmit information, but we actually feel with the brain.
Let us consider in more detail the structure of one of the most important sense organs, which provides the perception of sound.
The ear is the organ of hearing
How many ears do you think a person has? Will you say two? And here it is wrong. A man has ... six ears.
Don't believe me? Let's count: the outer ear is one, the middle ear is two, and the inner ear is three. And this is only on one side of the head. And on both sides - six.
And there is nothing wrong with that. On the contrary, such a number of ears makes us very sensitive.
In the ear are located the organs of two different senses: hearing and balance. These organs lie deep in the temporal bone of the skull.
To conduct sound waves from the external environment inward, a number of additional structures are required.
As we said, the ear can be divided into outer, middle and inner parts.
The outer ear consists of two parts: a skin-covered cartilaginous outgrowth, or auricle, and the external auditory canal leading from the concha to the middle ear.
The external auditory meatus is covered with skin, which has sebaceous glands and hairs.
The hairs trap the debris, and the sebaceous glands produce sulfur, without which the outer ear would be very tight.
The middle ear is a small chamber containing three tiny bones connected in series: the malleus, incus, and stirrup.
They got these names because of their shape. These bones transmit sound waves through the middle ear cavity.
The middle ear is filled with air and communicates with the nasopharynx through a special Eustachian tube.
This message maintains the same pressure in the middle ear as outside.
That is why, when there is a sharp drop in atmospheric pressure (for example, during takeoff or landing of an airplane), ears pop.
To get rid of this sensation, you need to make a sharp swallowing movement.
The inner ear consists of a complex system of interconnected channels and cavities, which is often and very aptly called a labyrinth.
Inside it are three canals: the vestibule canal, the tympanic canal and the cochlear canal.
Inside the canal of the cochlea is the organ of Corti, a true hearing receptor made up of hair cells that receive the signal and immediately transmit it to the brain. Ready! The signal has reached its destination.
How do we hear different sounds?
From a mechanical point of view, this is what happens. The sounds that we hear come from various vibrating, that is, moving forward, objects.
This vibration causes the surrounding air molecules to move, which causes the molecules next to them to move.
This creates a general movement of molecules in the air, which we call a sound wave.
We will not hear anything until the sound wave passes through the ear opening and reaches the eardrum.
The eardrum acts as the surface of the drum, causing the three small bones in the middle ear to vibrate to the rhythm of the sound.
As a result, the fluid in the inner ear begins to move, affecting small sensitive cells - hairs.
These hair cells convert movement into nerve impulses, which are transmitted to the brain, and then one of the most important stages of sound formation begins: the brain analyzes the vibrations and determines them as sound.
But the vibrations are different and, accordingly, they also produce different sounds.
Sounds differ in three main characteristics: loudness, frequency, and pitch.
The volume depends on the distance between the vibrating object and the human ear.
The frequency depends on the vibration speed of the sounding object.
Tonality depends on the number and strength of overtones (harmonics) present in the sound. This happens when high and low sounds are mixed.
But different sounds produce different movements in our ear, different nerve impulses are carried into our brain.
This is what provides a person with a unique opportunity to hear different sounds.
The human ear is very sensitive. A more effective hearing instrument probably cannot be imagined.
In its development, it has reached such perfection that a further increase in sensitivity would be useless.
If the ear's sensitivity were even higher, it would only pick up random air movement, and we would hear only hiss and buzzing.
The ear hardly gets tired. Despite continuous noise exposure, it retains hearing acuity, and its fatigue disappears after a few minutes.
When one ear is exposed to a strong noise for some time, the other also reveals fatigue - hearing acuity is lost.
This indicates that fatigue is localized not only in the ear itself, but also partially in the brain.
How do I care for my ears?
Our ears require careful handling and daily care.
In the external auditory canal, a yellowish-brown mass is released - sulfur, the accumulations of which can form sulfur plugs and cause hearing loss.
Caring for healthy ears consists of regularly washing them with warm water and soap, while not allowing water or soap to enter the middle ear.
Under no circumstances should you clean the external ear canal with sharp objects. This can damage the eardrum or the walls of the passage.
Lack of proper care can lead to earwax build-up and blockage of the ear canal, mucosal inflammation, crusting, cracking or ulceration.
Even with proper care, sometimes our ears start to get depressed.
There is nothing to be done, because they cannot be 100% protected from harmful external influences and infection.
Mild deafness - can result from the formation of a sulfur plug in the external auditory canal.
Ear pain - most often caused by inflammation of the middle ear.
When the Eustachian tube is blocked, pressure builds up in the middle ear. Thus, it is squeezed between the bones of the skull.
How can the strongest pain not arise here? Less commonly, ear pain is associated with dental disease.
Tinnitus - If tinnitus only bothers you occasionally, don't worry.
However, persistent tinnitus can be a symptom of an inner ear disorder.
So it's time to go to the doctor. Take care of your ears! And be healthy.
Irina Antonova
In this article, we will figure out how to test hearing in children.
With the advent of a child in the family, more time should be devoted to his health, including the state of the hearing organs. Various infections can provoke serious consequences. The most common complications are considered to be speech impairment, inability to socialize in the outside world, hearing loss.
The sooner parents notice ear problems, the faster it will be possible to identify and eliminate the causes of inflammation, and prevent possible complications. It is important to periodically test babies' hearing from birth to detect abnormalities.
What is the risk of hearing impairment?
It is reliably known that even minor hearing impairments can lead to serious deviations in the development of a child. Disturbances in the structure of the organ of hearing can be temporary. In such situations, there is no reason to worry about the parents.
But neglected conditions require help, up to and including surgical interventions. It is important to understand that the consequences of such violations can become irreversible, up to complete hearing loss.
Hearing tests in newborns are carried out in maternity hospitals.
At a more mature age
Situations when violations appear at an older age are not excluded. A two to three year old can already speak, but hearing impairment can cause speech loss. In such situations, it is necessary to seek specialized help from teachers and doctors to maintain the ability to communicate.
That is why it is necessary to carefully monitor the child's development process, control his hearing and, if the slightest deviations are detected, seek the help of specialists. Hearing tests are pretty straightforward.
A child's hearing may decrease due to hereditary pathological conditions and as a result of certain diseases, including colds, flu, otitis media, scarlet fever, measles, mumps. Also, a decrease in hearing acuity due to prolonged use of antibiotic drugs is possible.
How to test hearing in children? The initial check can be done at home. But a full examination by a doctor should still be organized in the first months after the birth of the child. As a rule, it is carried out by an otolaryngologist in a polyclinic.
human: scheme
The ear is a paired organ responsible for the perception of sounds, control of balance and orientation in space. It is localized in the temporal region of the cranium, there is a conclusion - the external auricles.
The ear is arranged as follows:
- The external ear is a part of the auditory system, which includes the auricle and the external auditory canal.
- The middle ear consists of four parts - the eardrum and the ossicles (malleus, incus, stirrup).
- Inner ear. Its main component is a labyrinth, which is a complex structure in form and function.
With the interaction of all departments, sound waves are transmitted, converted into a neural impulse and entering the human brain.
A diagram of the structure of the human ear is presented below.
Causes of hearing impairment
Everything in babies can be conditionally subdivided into three types:
- Sensorineural form.
- Conductive.
- Mixed (conductive-neurosensory).
All of them can be both pathological and acquired. They can be localized simultaneously in both ears, but, as a rule, they affect only one ear.
Conductive disorders develop as a result of ear trauma or disease. In addition, conductive hearing loss can occur as a result of anomalies in the development of the middle, outer ear.
Conductive disorders also include otitis media of any type, inflammation in the pharynx, nose, the appearance of sulfur plugs, and foreign objects entering the ear. As a rule, violations of this form are easily amenable to therapy.
It is customary to refer to sensorineural disorders as violations in the structure of the middle, inner ear. A similar problem arises due to trauma to the middle ear, prematurity of the baby, and other prenatal diseases. In this regard, sensorineural disorders often arise from a hereditary predisposition.
Attention should be paid to the health of the child if the mother has the following diseases during pregnancy:
- Mumps.
- Meningitis.
- Inflammations of a viral nature, for example, rubella, colds, flu.
Such violations can provoke long courses of antibiotic therapy.
Unfortunately, therapy of this type of hearing loss (ICD 10 - H90.3) takes a long time, the rehabilitation period is delayed. Moreover, in the maximum number of cases, therapy is ineffective. in such a state is practically impossible.
Mixed disorders develop as a result of the impact of several factors at the same time. Therapy of such disorders involves the use of special medications and the wearing of specialized sound amplifiers.
Hearing test methods are discussed below.
Prerequisites for Hearing Impairment
Attention should be paid to the health of the hearing organs if a child under the age of one year is not frightened and does not flinch from loud sounds. The following facts are also signs of violation:
- The child does not respond to someone else's speech.
- The child does not turn to the voice of the parents.
- The baby does not respond to loud sounds during sleep.
- Doesn't turn his head at the sound coming from behind.
- Disregards toys that make sounds.
- By the age of one, she does not understand the meaning of some simple words.
- The child does not start making new sounds.
Signs of hearing impairment in children 1-3 years old are somewhat different:
- A child of 1-2 years old does not have a coherent speech.
- There is a noticeable violation in the process of forming sound revolutions.
- The child does not perceive speech, often asks again.
- The child does not understand the speech of the person in the other room.
- The child pays more attention not to speech, but to facial expressions.
Home check
So, at home? Several simple techniques can determine its condition. This will require toys that make loud sounds: accordions, pipes, rattles. It is necessary to get up from the child at a distance of 6 meters and make sounds with toys. The baby should freeze in the first seconds, and then turn his eyes or head to the side where the sound is coming from.
The effect can be fixed as follows: make sounds alternately in the child's field of vision and behind his back.
There is also another hearing test called the pea test. To carry it out, you need three empty, opaque bottles. Grits (buckwheat, peas) should be poured into the first and second, and the third should be left empty.
After that, the parent should sit a short distance in front of the baby and take one filled and empty container. Then you should start shaking the jars at a thirty-centimeter distance from the child. After a minute, the jars must be swapped. At the same time, the second parent carefully observes the child's reactions - he must turn his head to the side where the sound comes from. The baby's reaction will make it easy to determine whether he hears a sound or not.
This hearing test should only be used on children over 4 months of age.
Hearing test in a child from 3 years old
Every parent should know how to test hearing in children. In children of three years of age, hearing can be checked using ordinary speech. You should get up from the child at a distance of six meters. At the same time, the child should not look at the examiner, therefore it is better to put him sideways, covering the other ear with a hand or a turunda.
You should start speaking words in a whisper. If the child does not understand what has been said, the examiner begins to come closer. In order to test the ability to hear high-contrast sounds, it is necessary to move away from the child at a distance of 15 meters. It is necessary to say the words clearly and loudly, the child must, at the same time, repeat them.
The words spoken by the examiner must be clear to the child.
It is important to understand that the degree of hearing loss is the higher, the smaller the distance at which the child cannot make out and repeat the words. If such a deviation is found, it is necessary to consult a doctor.
How to test hearing in children with the hearing aid?
Checking on the machine
If the slightest ear inflammation or soreness is found, the child should be taken to a pediatrician for examination, who will determine the need to consult an otolaryngologist or audiologist.
You can check your child's hearing on the device in several ways. If acute or partial is noted, the following techniques should be used.
- For the smallest patients, the external auditory canal is examined and physiological methods are used.
- Reflex-based examination. It involves the analysis of unconditioned reflexes that arise in response to sounds: the reaction of facial expressions, eyes, flinching, muscle contraction.
- Examination for reflexes in response to actions.
- Analysis of recording sound waves.
- Techniques based on bodily sensations.
- Oral examination.
Audiometry
However, the most common way to test hearing acuity is through an audiometry procedure. It allows you to obtain graphical results of the study, clearly indicating the type of pathology and the degree of its development. Audiometry is performed using specialized equipment - an audiometer.
The procedure consists in the fact that the child, hearing sounds of various frequencies and intensities, signals through a button about his perception.
Audiometry is of two types - electronic and speech. The difference between them is significant. Electronic audiometry records the type of disorder and its degree, speech audiometry, in turn, can only indicate the presence of any disorder, not providing an opportunity to obtain information about the degree of neglect of the disease.
Conclusion
Thus, when detecting the first symptoms of hearing impairment in a young child, it is important to seek the help of a specialist as soon as possible, who will determine the cause of the impairment and recommend effective therapy. Hearing loss treatment (ICD 10 - H90.3) should be started in a timely manner, since hearing and the ability to speak directly affect the degree of socialization of the child and his further development. Hearing problems should never be left unattended. After all, serious complications with hearing in a child can be provoked even by the flu suffered by a pregnant mother.
