Interesting facts about simple things. (13 photos). Giants of the Peace of Microbes - the largest unicellular organisms

ameba Wikipedia, Ameba Photo
Amoeba Ehrenberg, 1930

Amoshiba (Lat. Amoeba, from Greek. αμοιβή - "Change") - the genus of microscopic unicellient organisms from the AmoBidae family. Ameb is wrong, the changing form is all the time. Moves with the help of false oil (pseudopodies), constantly emerging and disappearing.

• 1 Description
• 2 Study Study
• 3 Interesting Facts
• 4 Notes

Description

Based in ponds, in wet soil, in the indoors of animals. We multiply binary division. Ameeb Cell has a thin membrane, a large core, nutritious and contractile vacuoles and fat globules. Isolations pass through a contractile vacuole. Length up to 0.5 mm. The most famous species of Ameba Proteus (Amoeba Proteus).

Study history

Ameba was first discovered in 1757 by August, Johann Riezel Background Rosengof, early naturalists called Ameba in honor of the Greek god of a protestus that could change his form. The name "Ameba" was given to these microorganisms of J. B. Bori de Saint-Vincente, from the Greek word change (Greek. Αμοιβή).

In 1918, DientAMoeba Fragilis was first described, and its harm for a person was shown.

Play media file Movement of Amoeba under the microscope, Uv. 600x

• Ameba has a large genome length. Thus, Amoeba Dubia AmoBa Genome consists of 690 billion nucleotide pairs (for comparison, the human genome consists of 2.9 billion pairs).
• An amosh-shaped form has many other single-celled, including Ameba-killer Naegleria Fowleri, which is dangerous for people by eating their brain. This is a completely different organism - it belongs to another class. This amoeba is found in warm water bodies, attaching to algae. It penetrates the body through the nasal channels and is powered by olfactory cells of the brain, causing primary amoe meningoencephalitis - deathful disease (mortality - 97%). From 1995 to 2004, 23 cases of Naegleria Fowleri killer amoeboy were recorded. Amebami infection is possible by air drip in hospitals and laboratories. It is also possible to infect material for vaccinations. Such an infection is especially dangerous for infants and preschool children.

Notes

1. Ameboid Movement // encyclopedic Dictionary Brochaus and Efron: 86 volumes (82 tons and 4 add.). - St. Petersburg., 1890-1907.
2. "Nature system"
3. Leidy, Joseph (1878). "Amoeba Proteus". THE AMERICAN NATURALIST. 12 (4): 235-238. DOI: 10.1086 / 272082.
4. Audouin Jean-Victor. Dictionnaire Classique D "Histoire Naturelle. - Rey et Gravier, 1826. - P. 5.
5. McGrath Kimberley. GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE VOL. 1: AARDVARK-CATALYST (2nd Ed.). - GALE GROUP, 2001. - ISBN 0-7876-4370-x.
6. Eugene H. Johnson, Jeffrey J. Windsor, and C. Graham Clark Emerging from Obscurity: Biological, Clinical, and Diagnostic Aspects of Dientamoeba Fragilis.
7. Sizing Up Genomes: Amoeba Is King
8. Ameba killer eats human brain
9. Amoebs, devouring the brain, - Communication with vaccinations

ameba Wikipedia, Ameba Pictures, Ameba Ordinary, Ameba Building, Ameba Photo, Ameba is

Ameba information O.

Who opened unicellular organismsYou will learn from this article.

Who opened one-cell organisms?

The unicellular organisms include organisms, in the body of which only one cell having a kernel. They are both a cell, and independent organism. These include invisible to the naked eye and unique simplest bacteria. Unicellular organisms are of size from 0.2 to 10 microns.

Study the simplest unicellites began later than other groups of animals. This is due to their small size, so only the invention of the microscope has shifted everything from a dead point.

Dutchman Anthony Levenguk In 1675, under the microscope, he considered a drop of water and was the first one who opened a large number of microscopic organisms in water, which was the simplest unicellular.

This discovery prompted them great interest. Then they were called "filling small animals." In the XVII-XVIII centuries, knowledge about them was chaotic and uncertain, which gave a "reason" Karl Linneju, one more scientist, in his "System of Nature", combine all unicellular in one way of the simplest, which he called "Chaos Infusorium".

A huge contribution to the development of unicellular, microscopic organisms introduced Muller. In his essay, he described 377 of their species. The scientist proposed species and generic names in the system of simplest.

In the XVIII and early XIX centuries, the study of unicellites has acquired the opposite diametrical character. For example, Erenberg described single-cellular as complex organized beings that have different organ systems. Another scientist, Duzharden, on the contrary, claimed that they had no internal organization and their body was built on sarkodé - the structureless semi-liquid living substance.

My colleague leads the case when five hunters shot a boar, on joys immediately began to cut it and fry kebabs. They saw the kebab with the neuroral amount of vodka. Healthy men, argue that everyone drank at least liters.

All five were in resuscitation with the severe form of Trichino Electoze. Two no longer hoped to save, but apparently God loves fools.

No people learn.

Opinions were divided.

There are two approaches to prevention:

2) Opponents of this method refer to toxic action Preparations on the human body and recommend a three-minute examination in the laboratory (with intervals in three or four days) - to take a feces, smear, scraping on enterobiosis and not torture chemistry, because each drug even has an impact on the liver.

Choose yourself.

Prevention

Trichinelles - Check meat in veterinary laboratories. Trichinelese meat is destroyed anyway. There are cases when hunters, sorry meat, durable the pieces and felt the dogs. Dogs then had to finish, so as not to suffer.

The digestion of meat with a thickness of 1 cm for 2-3 hours theoretically kills Trichinelle. But I repeat, the trichinelle meat is thrown away. And it is better to burn, so that the bums did not pick up.

Freezing with trichinelles practically does not work. I have a familiar in the veterinary laboratory, so he has been tormented by a piece of pork with trichinells for half a year. Freezes, then defrosts, cuts off a piece and places in a favorable environment. So these bastards have come to life for half a year.

Where to carry meat?

In the veterinary laboratory.

For intestinal - it's most often increased temperature, nausea, vomiting, liquid chair, rashes on the skin of urticaria, gravity and abdominal pain, fast fatigue

For trichinosis - The beginning of the disease, like intestinal, then pain in the joints and muscles, swelling of the face. The last sign would like to emphasize, as the season of hunting in full swing and many hunters bring home the meat of boars.

Cysticercosis - Depending on the hit:
Brain - headaches, cramps, pseudoepileptic seizures
Eyes - violation of sight
Heart - Heart Failure
Dirofiladiosis is a feeling that someone crashes under the skin.

Antibiotics is another group of drugs, designed to impact microorganisms.

For tourist trips to Africa and Southeast Asia, some simple rules should be observed:

• Never eat no food outside large restaurants and cafes (if the Tach will offer you scorpion on a skeleton near the hotel - drive it with kicks);
• Do not swim in unverified freshwater reservoirs (only pools and the sea), in fast-going mountain rivers - you can still, but in lakes, puddles, ponds and swamps, and especially in rice fields - it is better not necessary;
• Do not walk barefoot on green grass. And in general, barefoot does not walk. Only in the sand on the beach;
• Wash your hands. Constantly. Several times a day. Before meals and after the toilet;
• Do not drink unverified water;
• A few weeks after arrival, it is better to go to the laboratory and pass analyzes;
• Rest at home (joke).

Fans of animals

If your cat or dog walking on the street - there is no conversation here.

Once every six months spend prevention veterinary drugs. You can and human, but there is a risk not to calculate the dose, because your favorite weighs not fifty kilograms.

Imagine you infect creature, which is not enough that he eats half of your food, so also shits directly into your body. And she is clinging behind the walls of your intestines with hooks and or suction cups. And it can be taken to the liver and lymphatic system.

Giardiasis

Slipping topic. Honestly, I did not want to raise her.

Until recently, Giardia considered a normal microflora man and almost symbilations. Only in recent years they decided to move them all the same in the mill enemy. The main problem with giardia is that they are everywhere. If the analysis showed their absence, it means that poor analysis.

On the territory of the CIS, proudly declare that there is no gambling in our tap water! But the laboratory of Germany is found to lambri in bottled water and in the mineral mineral of their famous sources. Whether the Germans were dirty, or something do not agree with us.

Giardia - in contrast to the worms described above - this is the simplest organism. So, very small. Cyters of Giardia pass through the filters of urban water pipes, they are constantly found in wells and columns, lakes and ponds.

Giardia exist in two forms. Movable and cyst. Man infects just cysts. The dirty hands are guilty of this, household items. Infection occurs even if you werehed fruit not too clean water Or when bathing, swallowed with a lake driver. Also, our smaller brothers, cats, rodents can be sources. In the water, the cysts of lamblies fall with the feces of a patient or carrier and survive in water for five to six weeks.

Giardia act on the liver and delicate intestines. In contaminated pale skin Covers, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, rash. In separate regions of the CIS, the considerable percentage of children and adults are infected with giardia and are their chronic media. By the way, in Europe and the United States in separate regions, no less, so let them not be expanded.

Our body is a place of compact residence of millions of laid and unandoned guests from the world of viruses, bacteria, mushrooms, simplest and animals.

The paper presents interesting facts from the life of a variety of animal groups. I hope the use of this information will make a more interesting lesson when learning the Zoology course. This information may be interested in students, to become an incentive when studying biology: Find interesting information About animals and provide them as creative work in the form of messages or presentations.

The selection of material is made on the basis of information from the Internet, as well as from popular science literature. 1. Teremov A., Rochlov V. Entertaining Zoology. Astpress, 2002. 2. Records of Nature. Cost. Makarova N.E. Minsk. The modern writer.2001

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The most The most ... Interesting animals

Simplest (unicellular)

The best of the best…

The biggest From ever the existing single-celled organisms - sea feeding of the Foraminifera. The lime shells of these simplest who lived more than 70 million years ago were achieved in diameter 22 cm.

The fastest From the simplest considered to be a representative of the flavored monas stigmatics. This single-cell organism can overcome a distance of 40 times higher than the length of his body (if a person had moved at such speed, then in a second it would overcome the average of about 66 meters with a height of 165 cm).

It is interesting…

1. In one tablespoon of marine sand, there are 100 - 200 thousand sinks of dead sea unicellular Cornozhkov - Foraminifera.
2. Empty shells of dead sea roynets, accumulating for millions of years, formed powerful layers of limestone (sedimentary) mountain breeds. Ordinary school chalk is a cluster of small shells of marine unicellular animals.
3. In one cubic centimeter, the contents of the stomach of the cow contains up to a million special single-cell infusories, ensuring the digestion of rigid cell shells of plants. The total mass of infusories inhabiting the stomach of one cow reaches 3 kg.
4. In a state of rest (cysts), the simplest retains viability for more than 16 years.
5. The offspring of one infusoria - shoes per year could be (subject to the survival of all descendants) 75 10 individuals! The hollow ball relating to one sidewall, and the other land (the distance from the Sun to the Earth is 170 million km), could accommodate so much infusories.
6. IN digestive system Insects of termites that feed on wood live the simplest, helping termites to digest hard shells of plant cells.

COELENTERATES

The best of the best…

The biggest Intestinal - this is the Arctic Medusa Cyania Capillary, inhabiting in the northwestern part of the Atlantic Ocean. One of the representatives of this species, thrown ashore during the storm, had a bell diameter of 2.28 m, and its tentacles were 36.5 m long.

The most dangerous coralzoantaria Palythoa, in cutting cells contains polytoxin - the most potent poison of all studied; 0.01 mg of this poison is able to kill the adult mouse.

The longest tentaclesat the furochy anamony, a diameter of 1.5 m.

The most poisonous jellyfishaustralian Sea Osa and Medusa Chiropsalmus. The chiropsalmus poison is almost instantaneous; if a person does not have medical careDeath comes in 5-8 minutes.

The most dangerous Intestine-haired - this is the Australian Caboomed Sea Osa. It is considered to be the most poisonous animal in the world. Her poison paralyzes and stops the work of the human heart for 1 to 3 minutes.

The largest coral reef (The colony of tiny intestinal, forming a protective lime skeleton around themselves) is a big barrier reef on the northeast coast of Australia. Its length is 2027 km, width - 72 km, and the total area is 207 square km.

It is interesting…

1. Jad Jellyfish Physielia reminds of its agency cobra poison.
2. Of the 1/200 part of the damaged hydra, you can grow a new organism.
3. Maximum swimming speed Meduse - 55 km / h.
4. Many jellyfish are distinguished by an exorbitant appetite. Thus, one Black Sea Auralia with a bell diameter of 50 cm absorbs about 10 fry per hour (1 Male in 6 minutes).
5. The body of most jellyfish is formed by a puppy mass (mesoglyee), consisting by 98% of water and not large number Collagen protein, which in man is part of the skin.
6. In the ancient and medieval times, the red coral extracted in the Mediterranean sea is valued much higher than such precious stones like emerald or ruby.

Worms

The best of the best…

The longest From all the worms, the representative of the nautical nominent worms of Nerertin, who lives in the seas of North-West Atlantic, is considered. Animal as a result of a storm in 1864 off the coast of Scotland worm had a length of about 55 meterswith a diameter of only 1cm.

The biggest The view among earthlings, or raindrops, worms is an Australian earthworm, reaching with a diameter of 2.5 cm in length almost 3 m.

It is interesting…

Mollusks

The best of the best…

The most easily common It is considered mollusks from a group of plehenodes, or a road. Only 280 species are known to science and they are still extremely rare.

The biggest marine brutetrumpeters, found from the coast of Australia in 1979, had a shell of 77.2 cm long and girth 1.01 m. His mass in living form reached almost 18 kg.

The most poisonous trouserfrom the cone family, a cone geographer. Mollusk poison is able to kill a person.

The largest bivalve molluskthidacket. In 1956, an instance of 1.15 m and weighing 333 kg was found off the coast of Japan. In a living form, he probably had a lot of more than 340 kg.

The largest eyeit has a giant atlantic spruit. Record copy was discovered off the coast of Canada in 1878. The diameter of his eyes was 50 cm.

CRUSTACEANS

The best of the best…

The biggest Of all the crustaceans, the giant Japanese crab macroheir is considered, which is also called crab on stilts. Adult representatives of this species have a grind of 3.5 m. Weigh such copies of about 18 kg.

The lowest pressureomar, which reaches 8 mm Hg.

The biggest crustaceantaka-Ashi-Ghani, or a giant spidder crab, the sizes of the tons are reaching up to 3.7 m, and a mass of up to 19 kg.

The hardest sea crustaceannorth American lobster weighing up to 20 kg and more than 1 m long was caught in 1977 off the coast of Canada.

The hardest Raciform is American, or North Atlantic, Omar. In 1977, in Canada, there was a lobster weary of 20.15 kg, which had a length of more than 1 m.

The smallest Crowdow - water flea. The length of its body is less than 0.25 mm. It dwells in the British reservoirs.

The most long-livedamong the crustaceans are American lobsters, especially large specimens live up to 50 years.

It is interesting…

1. Blood (hemolyamph) crustaceans in many cases is colorless. But for some, for example, in the ten racks, which relates and crayfish, Blue blood. This is due to the presence of a hemocyanin hemocyanin pigment in it containing copper. Other crustacean blood, just like a person and other mammals, is painted red with a pigment with hemoglobin containing iron.
2. The males of shellfish raches have a sperm up to 6 mm long. It exceeds the length of the animal himself 10 times and is an absolute record in the animal world.
3. Chitina shell crustaceans are saturated with carbon dioxide calcium (lime). Such a tough outer skeleton prevents the growth of the animal, so periodically cancer resets the old cover (lines). During molting, while the new chitinous cover has not hardened, the animal is actively growing. Just overflowing cancer usually eats a dropped old close cover in order to fill the lack of lime and make a more durable new cover.

Spider-shaped

The best of the best…

The biggest Representative of the spider-shaped - tropical spider - a poultry person in northeast of South America. Caught in 1965 the male of this species had a span of limbs 28 cm. Females caught in 1985 in Suriname was weighing 122.2 g.

The fastest spiderslong-legged solar spiders, developing speed over 16 km / h.

The most noisy spiderthe European buzzing spider, publishes the buzz, hearing the human ear, and the purring spider, makes the sounds that resemble the cat purr.

The largest among scorpions The imperial scorpion that lives in Equatorial Guinea is considered. Adult copies of this species having a black color weigh up to 60 kg.

Underground Scorpiothe view of ALACRAN Tartarus was found in the caves with a depth of more than 800m.

The smallest representative of Paukov is a spider living in Western Samoa. The size of its body is only 0.43 mm, which corresponds to the size of the typographical point.

The fastest Among the spider-shaped - long-legged rolling sall in Africa. Some slightly distances can develop speed up to 16 km / h.

The biggest leather network Spiders are built from the spiders: the length of the circumference of their network is about 6 m.

The simplest webamerican spider Bolas using one thread

The durable threadat Achaearenea Tepidariorum, able to catch a small mouse, which will hang over the ground.

The most poisonous Brazilian "stray" spiders are considered, they distinguish the poison of strong nervous - paralytic action. These large aggressive spiders often penetrate at home and hide in clothes and shoes. When they are disturbed, they bite several times in a row. Extremely bad fame and the Central Asian Spider of Karakurt, called black death, is also very poisonous.

It is interesting…

1. Spiderwebs open on a baw-warts poultry and release several sorts of web - dry, wet, adhesive, corrugated, etc. Different sorts of web serve for different purposes - making a catchal, a residential house, egg cocoon.
2. The thread generated by spiders is very strong: the load of the spray for the web is from 40 to 261 kg per 1 square millimeter of the cross section. Steel wire of the same diameter is less durable than a web.
3. Accurate studies of the poison of American scorpions have shown that 0.0003 mg of this poison per 1 g of mouse weight is a deadly dose. When horrified, Scorpio injected significantly more poison - more than 3 mg. Such a number of poison can kill mice with a total weight of 10 kg.
4. Dog tick, pumping blood, weighs 223 times more than hungry. The bullish tick in 3 weeks is still developing from the larvae into an adult spider-like, sucks so much blood, which increases its weight 10,000 times.
5. One scientist, watching the activity of the spider - weaver, recorded the rate of production of a spider thread - 180 cm per minute - and removed about 140 m of the cobweb.
6. Trumps of blood-sucking ticks has a special arrangement of hooks directed backwards. These hooks perform the role of the holding anchor device, allowing the cushion to firmly attached to the owner's skin. Simultaneously with the introduction into the skin, the test of the tick is injecting saliva, containing Ixodin - a substance that prevents blood coagulation. In the same way, various infections are transmitted in the blood circuit system.
7. Scientists have found that a spider-produced spider thread carries a small negative electric discharge. Web need spiders not only for hunting. So, young spids settle in nature, planning on the web threads and flying huge distances. At the same time, air travelers in flight never face each other, their webs are not in contact with the landing. This is due to the electrostatic forces of the repulsion of the same name (negatively) charged palate.

Insects

The best of the best…

The most fruitful Insects are considered from multicellular animals on the planet. So, it is estimated that with favorable conditions, the weight of the offspring only one female of the butterfly of cabbage whitening per year can reach 822 million tons, which is 3 times the weight of the entire population of our planet.

The largest termitesMacroterMes Goliaph reaches a length of 2.2 cm when the wings are scattered 8.8 cm.

The largest grasshopper CIS countries 7.5 cm steppe dust.

The most voracious On planet animals are also considered insects. So the caterpillar of one of North America butterflies for the first 48 hours of life absorbs the amount of food, 86 thousand times higher than its own weight.

The most greedy insectbutterfly caterpillar with polyfem, for the first 56 days of life absorbs food, the volume of which exceeds the weight of the caterpillars in 86 thousand times.

The most stronger among the animals are insects: the tests showed that the rhinoceros can hold the weight on the back, 850 times higher than its proper. The beetle of the forest manure is capable of moving a load of 400 times more of its own weight.

The largest clusters In one place form insects. According to the estimates of one American scientist who observed the pack of locusts, the area is busy, amounted to 514,374 square kilometers. It was presumably in it up to 12.5 trillion of individuals of locusts, and its total weight was at least 25 million tons.

The most dangerous Animals on our planet are the malaria mosquitoes carrying pathogens of malaria - unicellular simple malaria plasma. From malaria, in the entire history of mankind since the Stone Age, half of the entire population died. Even today, more than 200 million people are suffering from malaria per year.

The largest and heavy Among the insects are bugs-Goliaphs living in Equatorial Africa. The weight of adult males of the royal goliath reaches 100 g, and the length is 11 cm.

Long Insects in the world are gigantic sticks from Indonesia. The females of this species reaches a length of 33 cm. The longest beetle (excluding the length of the mustache) is considered to be a Hercules beetle, living in Central and South Africa. The length of his body is 19 cm.

The biggest In the world, the day of the butterfly is a poultry of Alexander, who meets on New Guinea. The females of this species have the scope of the wings more than 28 cm. The largest night butterfly is considered to be a rare scoop Agrippin from Brazil, whose wings scope reaches more than 30 cm.

The smallest The butterfly in the world is considered mole that dwells on the Canary Islands: the scope of its wings is about 2mm.

The greatest speed Flights among insects are developing dragonflies. So, the Australian dragonfly can develop speed up to 60 km / h for a short time. Faster all other insects run tropical cockroaches. A cockroach about 3 cm long moves at a speed of 120-130 cm / s (that is, in a second it overcomes the distance, more than 40 times higher than the length of its body).

The most acute sense of smell The males of the butterfly of the imperial moth, who can feel the smell of females at a distance of 11 km against the wind. It was found that the smell makes a special substance highlighted by the female in a negligible amount of 0.0001 mg.

It is interesting…

1. Wings dragonflies have special thickening at the ends. These thickening eliminate the harmful vibration of the wings arising during the flight, the Fleatter. The elimination of the Flatter in modern high-speed aircraft has been achieved in a similar way - thickening the front edge of the wing.
2. Extincting ancient dragonflies, who lived more than 200 million years ago, were huge sizes: the swings of their wings reached 90 cm.
3. Songs of crickets, locusts and grasshoppers are a rift arising from the friction of one part of the body about another. Some species of these insects on inner side Hips of the rear legs there are a number of tubercles. The sound occurs when the raised leg is thrown by tubercles about the front wings.
4. The complex eyes of insects consist of a variety of separate simple eyes - ommatidis, or facets. The number of simple eyes depends on the activity of the insect and his lifestyle: for example, the dragonfly, which is a predator, each eye contains 20-30 thousand facets, in flies - 4000, butterflies -1700, in ant - 1200. Any moving subject consistently falls in the field The view of each simple eye, so the insect can accurately determine the speed of a moving object. Based on these features of ommatidium, a device was designed, capable of instantly measuring the speed of aircraft. The same devices have traffic police officers (traffic police) - radars measuring vehicle speed.
5. These bloodsighting flies appear only with the onset of autumn. They hurt bite. Some believe that these are ordinary room flies that are becoming such evil by autumn. In fact, this is completely different flies and they are called gallows.
6. With the slightest danger, the bombarder releases from the holes located on his abdomen, the caustic hot substance, the temperature of which reaches + 100 degrees. At the same time there is a loud cotton. The belly beetle is very moving and can "shoot queues."

FISH

The best of the best…

The largest sea fish The whale shark, which lives in the warm waters of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans in the warm waters of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. The exact dimensions of one of the caught whale sharks were: 12.65 m in length and 7 m in gripping the largest part of the body. The weight of this fish reached 15 tons.

The most dense skincalifornia and Mediterranean, which is impossible to cut the knife or break through the bullet, do not break through the bullet.

The largest marine predatory fish It is a white shark carcharadon, often calling her shark - cannibal or white death. Adult fish of this type on average reaches a length of 4.5 m at a weight of 520 - 770 kg. However, there were cases when larger specimens came across. So, the coast of Cuba was caught a white shark female with a length of almost 6.5 m and weighing 3310 kg. One liver of this shark weighed 456 kg.

The largest bone fish An ordinary grated king is considered common in almost all seas and oceans. In 1963, American scientists from the Marine Laboratory "Sandy Hook" saw the fish, the length of which was more than 15 m. It could presumably weighing about 500 kg.

The most cruel fishostrodine Piranhas, attackers on the wounded or eating any creature in the water.

The most powerful bitebelongs to a dark shark, which developed 60 kg power, which is equivalent to pressure on the tips of the teeth in 3 t / cm2.

The most severe among bone fish It is widespread in all oceans moon - fish, often floating on the side. Australia was caught by a 4.3 m long fish and weighing 2235 kg.

Fruit itselfamong the fish is also considered the moon - fish. For one spawning, females take up to 300 million eggs. However, over the next year, less than 1% of juvenile survives from this number of eggs. The rest die eaten with a variety of water predators.

The most acute sense of smella shark capable of determining the presence of one part of the blood of a mammal in 100 million parts of water.

The largest freshwater Fish is considered European Som. So, in the 19th century, Soma was caught in the rivers of Russia, the length of which was 4.6 m, and the weight reached 340 kg.

The right fast among the fish is the Pacific Sailboat. At short distances, this fish with a sword-shaped rose on the head and a high spinal fin can develop speed up to 109 km / h. A little inferior to a sailboat Blue tuna, capable of developing speed up to 104 km / h.

Most long-lived Fish is a Japanese fish fish - a kind of mirror carp. It is known that the age of the fish can be determined by the amount of age rings on the scales (just as the age of the tree - by the number of annual rings). So, at Koi, who lived in one of the ponds of Japan, the number of age rings on Czech corresponded to 228 years.

The most poisonous fish in the world A warder is considered to be inhabiting in the tropical waters of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. She has the largest poisonous glands among fish, opening with ducts on the needles of her fins. The poison contains a tetrodotoxin substance, which has a nervously paralytic effect. Touching the fins of this fish is deadly for humans. Death occurs within a few minutes from stopping breathing and cardiac activity. Interestingly, a nearby fish is a fish - a fugue - in Japan, they eat. True, each cook wishing to prepare dishes from this fish is obliged to get a diploma of the end of a special school and pass the exam on which he must eat the fish prepared by him.

It is interesting…

1. It is known that buoyancy, that is, the ability to stay in the thickness of water without effort is the most important feature Most fish. But it is achieved in different ways: bone fish have a swimming bubble, cartilage (sharks and skates) accumulate fat reserves in the liver and other organs and body tissues, which lowers the density of the fish's body relative to the water density.
2. Nile pike is able to create electrical discharges with a frequency of up to 300 imp. / S.
3. Volatile fish there are more than 40 species. Among them, there are most often found dollars and pavements - small fish with a body length from 20 to 50 cm.
4. Muscular system of electric fish - skates torpedo, electric eel, Nile pike, etc. - produces biological electricity. Each such "electrical battery" consists of 400,000 - 1,000,000 "elements". Fish have an electrical charge of fairly high power and power. So the average representative of the electric eel can produce an electrical charge of 400 volt-amps. There were cases when especially major acne specimens produced a current of 650 volt-amps.
5. In 1961, the English ship Leopold was traded by a sword fish. Steel trimming of the vessel was broken and gave a strong flow. Seafarers had to be caused by a life jacket with an emergency team. In the past, in England, they even insured the courts from the attack of living swords.
6. The expression "it is like a fish" far from the truth. Fish pegs, hoarse, zokat, verse - a whole asophony of sounds can be heard using special devices. The most "chatty" fish is trigle, or a sea cock. With the help of a swimming bubble, it makes harsh sounds similar to the grumble or snoring.
7. Extinct ancestors of white shark, or year-old sharks, who lived in the ancient seas more than 70 million years ago, reached the length of 30 m. The teeth of these fossil sharks were up to 13 cm long, and a passenger car could fit freely in the opened jaws.
8. It is estimated that one tiger shark for 10 years is able to repel, use and reset up to 24 thousand teeth.
9. Shark is flaunting blood, even if 1 g of blood is dissolved in 1000 liters of water.

Amphibian, or amphibians

The best of the best…

The biggest amphibian - Giant Salamander. This is a very rare animal living in the mountain rivers and streams of southern China. It reaches 1.6 m and can weigh over 30 kg. For example, Salamander caught in Huan's province was 1.8 m long and 65 kg weighing.

The longest jumping frogbelongs to African Ostrojord Frog. In the frogs and competitions in 1977 she made a 10.3 m leap.

The largest toad - Yeah, dwelling in the central and South America. It reaches a length of 25 cm, and in a width of 12 cm and can weigh more than 1 kg.

The smallest toak itself Brazilian two-bed toad is considered on Earth - its length is only 1 cm.

The largest of green frogsthe lake frog reaches more than 15 cm living in Germany and France. This is the most frog that the French are eating.

The largest of all kinds of frogs - African Goliath, which is up to 40 cm long and can weigh up to 3 kg.

The smallest frog in the world - Dwarf Frog, inhabitants in Cuba, in length she barely reaches 12 mm.

The strongest poisonMixed with skin glands - batrahotoxin - has a frog terrible leisure (cookers), its length is only 2-3 cm, and it weighs not more than 1 g giving in the western part of Colombia. The poison of this frog is local Indians lubricate arrows. In an animal, paralysis is wounded by such an arrow and it dies. Seat glands of the Cocoye frogs 20 times stronger poison Other poisonous frogs and can freely penetrate human skin pores. This is the strongest non-local poisons known now. On average, one frog contains a poison so much that it is enough to kill 1500 people, and 30 mg of the poison of this frog is enough to kill 30,000 mice. Dried poison remainsdeadly dangerous for 15 years, he is 10 times stronger than poison fish.

The most poisonous amphibians of our country Consider different kinds Toad: Gray, green, reed. The skin of the toad contains many poisonous glands, among which there are two large variety glands. The poison of these glands during squeezing can be thrown out to the distance to 1 m. If a person gets into the skin, it causes burning and redness of the skin, but not the appearance of warts.

Reptiles, or Reptiles

The best of the best…

The largest reptile It is considered a rowed crocodile living in Indonesia and Australia. Adult crocodiles of this species have an average of 4.5 m and weigh about 500 kg. One day a crocodile is 8.6 m long and weighing more than 1 tons.

The most ferocious dinosaurvelociraptor, sharp teeth And claws easily tearned any prey.

The largest flying dinosaursthere were Keatsalkoatilia, the scope of the wings was 12 m.

The most stupid dinosaurstegosavr, the brain was with walnut and weighed 70 g., with a length of 9 m.

The largest claws of the dinosaurwere in the territory, the length of the external bend of the coggy of the territory has reached 91 cm.

The largest lizard It is Cabaragoya Varan, living on New Guinea: his length is 4.8 m along with the tail. Commodose Varan comes with him from the Indonesian Islands of the Chest. The largest instance of this Varana reached a length of 3 m and weighed 166 kg.

The longest lizardsalvadoran or Papuan Varan, reaching a length of 4.75, the tail length is 70% of its length.

The most dangerous lizardsyadozub, Gila-monster and escorpion, living in Mexico.

The largest sea turtle It is considered a leathery turtle, inhabitants in the waters of the Pacific Ocean. The length of adult turtles from the head to the tip of the tail - about 2 m, the weight reaches more than 450 kg. Record Weight - 865 kg, Length - 2.5 m.

The largest land turtle It is a giant, or elephant, turtle from the Seychelles - its weight reaches 300 kg.

The smallest turtleland made of turtle, has a shell of only 6-9 cm long, and marine - atlantic ridli, 50-70 cm long.

The deepest dive of the turtlemade in 1987 a leathery turtle, equipped with sensors, plunged into a depth of 1200 m in the waters of the Virgin Islands.

The largest of them all kinds of snakes - Anaconda, or water boating: The average length of the adult anaconda is 5.5-6 m. The record is the length of 8.5 m, the weight is 230 kg, in the girth, the body of this snake had 110 cm.

The biggest poisonous snake- Royal Cobra, reaching a length of 5-6 m. Her poison can kill an elephant. Young cobra can kill, barely hatched from the egg.

The fastest snake mamba. Her movement speed reaches more than 11 km / h

The longest snake fangshas a poisonous gabon viper from tropical Africa, reaches a length of 5 cm.

The most poisonous land snake It is a smooth horror snake, inhabiting in Australia. 110 mg of poison of this snake is enough to kill 125,000 mice.

The most dangerous view of the crocodiles - Large Indo-Pacific, or salted crocodile. Every year, the crocodiles of this species kill up to a thousand people.

The most long-lived reptileApparently, the land giant Seychelles turtle is. There are cases when the turtles of this species lived in captivity more than 150 years.

It is interesting…

1. A small amount of poison cobra has an painful effect and can be used as a morphine substitute for people suffering from cancer. At the same time, unlike morphine, the snake poison acts more than a long time, does not cause side Effects and addiction of the body. Poison Gadyuk is successfully used as a hemostatic remedy and is used in the treatment of hemophilia (hereditary non-blank blood).
2. Lizards Gecko can freely walk on almost vertical walls and ceiling, so they are sometimes called anti-gravitational lizards. It turns out that there are 18-25 rows of the smallest suction sticks on the sole of the legs of the gecko. When the lizard puts his leg on the support, the air is squeezed out of the sucker under the severity of the animal and the vacuum is formed. On each leg of the gecko more than 1000 such chopsticks.
3. There is an interesting pattern: the hungry of the poisonous snake, the faster its victim dies in the bite, since the hungry snake allocates more poison. After all, the poison is a modified saliva, and poisonous glands - nothing but the near-dry salivary glands.
4. Recently, scientists clarified the cause of famous "crocodile tears", which serve to derive excess salts in the body with food and water.
5. Animals have different sensitivity to the poison of snakes. Least to him accepting his hedgehog - he will withstand the dose of poison 40 times bigger than guinea pig. The same dose of the poison of the Radium Snake can kill 10 snakes, 24 dogs, 25 bulls, 60 horses, 6000 rabbits, 8000 rats, 20,000 mice and 300,000 pigeons.
6. The slashing cobra, which is sometimes called spindle, the poison is so strong that when in the eyes of mammals and man, it causes blinding for several days.
7. Poison serpent is a truly strong cocktail from various proteins and enzymes. It actually acts on a living cloth, but does not play any role in digestion. The poison formula is different in different snakes, but the most common poisons, as a rule, contain: a component for paralysis of the nervous system, a component for stopping the work of the heart, cutting the blood movement, as well as other components, one of which destroy the victim's tissue proteins, others are the cause of The formation of blood clots (blood clots), clogging blood vessels and stopping the flow of blood, the third causes extensive internal hemorrhages.
8. Since snakes cannot bite pieces and burn food, they swallow it entirely. The kite of the jaw is connected by rolling elastic ligaments, thanks to such a moving connection, the snake can shift its jaws and reveal the mouth is so wide that it swallows mining several times more of her. Snake teeth are directed inward and it provides a gliding production in the right direction. In addition, the snakes form a huge amount of saliva for wetting the extraction and relief of its slip on the esophagus.
9. When studying the development of alligators, scientists discovered that at a temperature of +32 degrees from eggs were outlined mainly, and at temperatures above +33.5 degrees, more males appeared. The same pattern is observed in the development of some turtles.
10. Some types of snakes, including rattles and ompologists, detect prey on infrared radiation of its body. Under the eyes, they have sensitive cells that determine the slightest changes in temperature, up to the fraction of degrees and, thus, focusing the sacrifices to the location of the victim. This highly sensitive device allows a snake to find prey in complete darkness.
11. For snakes, feelings of taste and smell are very important. A trembling tongue, which some people consider "snake sting", in fact collects quickly disappearing in the air traces various substances And transfers them to sensitive deepening on the inner surface of the mouth, where there is a special device associated with olfactory nerves.

BIRDS

The best of the best…

The biggest fluttering bird - Ostrich ordinary, which is found in Central Ethiopia and Niger. Some males of this species reaches 2.74 cm in height and weigh 156.5 kg.

Big Flying Bird - African Drof. The hunters shot the birds, which weighed about 20 kg. Swan-Shipun also can achieve a significant weight - up to 22.5 kg.

The greatest scope of wingsit has a wonderful albatross found in the southern hemisphere. The scope of the wings of these birds reaches 3.6 m. The other bird, the average span of the wings of which is 3.3 m, is African marabou. So, B. Central Africa The male of this species was shot dead by the wings of 4 m.

The smallest bird in the world It is a bee hummingbird, living in Cuba: Adult males reach a length of 5.7 cm, and half of this length falls on the beak and tail. Weigh these babies about 1.5 g

The highest speed when flying Sokol-Sapsan develops: its speed in the peeing pericing can be 350 km / h. In horizontal flight, the highest speed in ducks and geese: it approaches 100 km / h.

The longest and deep-water immersion Demonstrate Imperial Penguins. According to observations of scientists, they can dive to a depth of 265 m and stay under water about 20 minutes.

Most acute vision In predatory birds. Eagle Berkut sees a hare with good lighting at a distance of 4.2 km. Sokol-Sapsan notices a pigeon at a distance of 8 km. However, vision in birds of prey black and white, they do not perceive the color.

The biggest nests Building belong eagles living in the United States. Once, a nest of almost 3 m wide and a height of 6 m is discovered. The weight of the nest, obviously exceeded 2 tons. It is possible that several generations of birds took part in the construction of such a nest for several years. Incubation hills, erected egg laying by weed chicken in Australia, reach 4.6 m in height and 10.5 m wide. Weight of such a nest more than 300 tons.

It is interesting…

1. Survyful chickens living in Australia Unlike other birds do not warm the eggs with the warmth of their body, but remove chicks in the "incubators" - buried eggs in the hilly from the soil soil and rotting plants. These hills, and sometimes they can reach very impressive sizes, the chickens are independently heated with their paws. Birds are able to maintain the temperature of + 33 degrees inside such structures, despite the weather whims. Tuting chicks themselves swell their way to the surface.
2. Egg albumin's egg protein is used in poisoning with salts of heavy metals, especially mercury and copper. It forms insoluble compounds with these metals, which delays their absorption into the body and in combination with vomit tools allows you to quickly free the body from poison.
3. Flight of birds in comparison with other methods of animal movement turns out to be more economical than walking or running. Large birds at the same distance of the flight spend even less energy than the jet liner.

Mammals, or beasts

The best of the best…

The largest and most severe mammal in the world is the blue whale, the registered length of the biggest blue whale 33, 6 m. Another whale, caught in Antarctica, was in a length of 27.6 m and weighed 190 tons. The weight of the animal language was 4.3 tons, and the hearts are about 700 kg .

The fastest marine mammal - The taway is capable of developing speeds up to 55 km / h.

The most slow mammal - This is a three-layer sloth living in South America. On Earth, it moves at a speed of 1.5 - 2.5 m / min. On the trees are somewhat faster - in a minute he overcomes the distance of about 5 m.

The deepest immersion Cashlot was registered. The depth on which this type of whale can be immersed is over 2500 m. Once at the shores of Australia, Cachelot was killed, who surfaced after diving of the laptop around two hours. Two small sharks living at the bottom were discovered in his stomach. And the depth of the ocean in this place reached 3200 m.

The longest Son. Marked in an earthen protein inhabitants in Alaska. She sleeps for 9 months a year. The remaining 3 months this rodent eats, brings offspring and pokes food in his voupel.

The longest period of tooling offspring The Asian Elephant has from 610 to 760 days (over 2 years).

The fattest milk Among the mammals have females of coushlots: it is up to 54% fat. For one feed, the pints receives 15-20 buckets of thick, like sour cream, milk. Freshing lasts 13 months from the moment of his birth.

Most. large representative Facing predatory It is considered a polar bear. The average weight of the males of this type is 380-410 kg at a body length of 2.5 m. Once on Alaska, a bear was killed, weighing more tons (1000 kg), its length from the fashion tip to the tail was 3.4 m.

The smallest squad of predatory- Lask. With a body length 13-25 cm This animal weighs 40-70 g.

The largest representative of the rodent squad It is considered a water supply, or a capybara, inhabiting in the swampy forests of South America. Animals reaches 1.4 m lengths and weigh up to 110 kg. The largest rodent of our fauna - beaver - reaches the length of 1 m and weighs over 30 kg.

The largest horns Of the existing animals, an Asian buffalo dwelling in India has. The length of the horns measured from the tip of one horns through the forehead to the tip of the other, one of the males buffalo was 4.3 m.

It is interesting…

1. The form of a pupil in beasts can be different. So, the goat is a pupil square, some antelopes look like a stylized image of the heart, and the domestic cats are slotted or spindle-shaped.
2. Animal eye glow mystery in the dark is not so difficult. The fact is that the inner surface of the eyes of cats, dogs and wolves has a reflective mirror layer - tipetum. It is not solid, but consists of small silver crystals, collecting the weak rays of stars, the moon and other remote light sources. Reflected light differ in strength and color. It all depends on the shape, the magnitude and angle of rotation of the crystals.
3. The teeth of rodents are strikingly durable. Rats and mice tear off lead isolation and concrete, and one dicuity bury the hole in a glass bottle.
4. In Africa dwells a streamless earthemoye. The axial part of its skeleton is the weave of bone "fittings", resembling openwork metal structures. These animals do not threaten to be crushed, even if an elephant comes on their hole. Earthroof itself, the size of no more than 10-12 cm, is withstanding the load equal to the average weight of an adult.
5. The bats are ordinary vampires, or desmodations found in South America, feed on blood of warm-blooded animals. The vampire sits on a sleeping cow, a horse or man so that the victim does not even feel it. Sharp, as a razor teeth vampire cuts small pieces of skin until not blood will go (The substance contained in the vampire saliva prevents the blood coagulation), folds the tongue into the grooves and lacquers it at high speed. During the year, one desample can drink up to 12 liters of blood.

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