Obsolete words we often see it in classical literature. Footnotes and explanations are often given to them, since these words are not used in modern language, and many may not know their meanings.
Examples of obsolete words:
inda - even
lanita - cheeks
saryn - rabble, crowd
week - week
lying - lazy
Obsolete words include archaisms and historicisms. These are words that are rarely used in living modern speech or are found only in the literary works of writers of past centuries. Obsolete words are classified as passive vocabulary of the modern Russian language.
Archaisms are characterized by the fact that, as a rule, they have synonyms in modern speech.
Examples of archaisms:
hand - palm,
vyya - neck;
belts - shoulders,
sail - sail,
piit is a poet,
fisherman - fisherman,
mouth - lips.
Historicisms, as you might guess from the name of these words, are associated with a certain era in the history of the country and are the names of those objects that have already disappeared, and the word, as a reminder to descendants, remained in literature, archival documents or periodicals of those years.
Here are some examples of obsolete words - historicisms:
kulak - a well-to-do peasant in the 20-30s of the last century;
workers 'faculty - workers' faculty;
rabfak, rabfak - students of the rabfak.
Among historicisms, there are many old names for monetary units, measures of length and weight, names of objects and clothes, etc., for example:
club, pood, verst, arshin, dime, student, haulers, policemen, coachman, tavern, etc.
Obsolete words mean those words that, due to the time interval, have left the previously habitual active use, but they have been preserved in a passive dictionary and, to a greater extent, remain understandable to native speakers.
Among obsolete words, two types are distinguished: archaisms and historicisms.
For example, Lanits - on the Old Russian cheeks. The hand is the palm. Dolu - down, below. Eyes are eyes. The forehead is the forehead. Or archaic address - my dear sir :-). Virgo is a girl. There is such a word - zasupon - tuck / shirt /. Burned up - ran with someone. This is a folk speech, the last two words I heard from my grandmother / Smolensk region /.
To what has already been written by other authors, I can add that even now used words can be considered obsolete if in former times they were used in different meanings than in the present. Such words are called semantic archaisms.
Archaisms.
The lad is a teenage boy.
The young woman is a teenage girl.
Stargazer is an astrologer.
The actor is an actor.
A creature is a living being.
Shame is a sight to behold.
The vulgar is ordinary.
Domovina is a coffin.
The goldsmith is a jeweler.
To hope is to hope.
Dark is blind.
The crown is a wreath.
Supper - supper.
Vitia is an orator.
This is this.
To rest is to fall asleep.
Grad is a city.
Arap is a negro.
The innocent is the innocent.
The lamb is a lamb.
The husband is a mature man.
Scoundrel - not fit for military service.
Fornication - a brothel.
The abode is a monastery.
Histories.
Educational program, berkovets, carriage, rattletrap, stagecoach, serf, october, pioneer, bast shoes, inquisition, posadnik, Komsomol, torch, archer.
The works of the classics of the 18th - 19th centuries are full of outdated words. The meaning is not always clear.
The poet Pushkin has a blue woman. Obsolete word. So a nun.
He's got half. The word occurs in the conversation of old villagers. A bed for sleeping on the stove.
An obsolete word is used today.
Obsolete words, or ARCHAISMS, designate such objects, phenomena and concepts that have not disappeared from our modern life, but continue to exist in it, but under a different name. That is, they are designated with modern words.
A lot of archaisms are known. And they are given in dictionaries.
Here is Ozhegov's dictionary in front of me. I open the page at random - and I immediately come across outdated words: lanita- cheek; lapotnik- peasant; word dealer used in the meaning reseller and horse trader.
I close the dictionary. What can I remember myself?
This is not difficult to do if you remember some of the expressions and phrases of our famous classic writers. For example, A, P, Chekhov have the following appeal: THE WISE Secretary! That is wise.
From a poem by A.S. Pushkin Prophet everyone knows the lines:
I think that it is not worth translating the highlighted obsolete words into the modern language, because we all know them from the school curriculum.
Here are some more outdated words: full - captivity; shelom - a helmet; scab - infantryman; tuga - longing, sadness; right hand - right hand; watchman - watchman; finger - finger; being - existing; thief - thief, robber, etc.
I repeat that there are a lot of archaisms, both native Russian, Old Slavonic, and borrowed.
It is simply impossible to list them within the framework of this project.
Obsolete words (this is the name for words that were used quite actively before, but now they are rarely or not used at all in the meanings in which they used to be) in the Russian language there are a lot. Because the process of obsolescence is constant. Such words are sometimes even subdivided into obsolete and obsolete.
Here is some of them:
Screen... Archaism. Many have now thought about screenshots, which are abbreviated as screens. But it turns out that this was the name given to small chests and stacks. For example, if Dostoevsky had not lived in the 190th century, but earlier, he would have called the old woman's box (packing), from which Raskolnikov pulled out money and jewelry, a screen. From the word hide.
Mattress... Archaism. And that was the name of the nuns. By the color of their clothes.
Belenkaya... Historicism. This substantivized adjective once meant a banknote with a denomination of 25 rubles.
Evil... Archaic meaning. This word was widespread nowadays obsolete meaning rich fertile. From the word cereal.
Asp is a poisonous snake, yelling - plowing, namale - soap, ahead of time - in advance, big - senior, krinitsa - well, finger - finger, get out - dress up, little hoop - handkerchief, nicoli - never, once - once.
Obsolete words are divided into historicisms and archaisms, we will give examples of both.
Histories:
uyezd, boyar, volost, king, clerk, altyn.
Archiaisms:
belly - life,
mirror - mirror,
hand - palm.
eye - eye,
cold - cold.
Read about the difference between these two groups of obsolete words here.
It doesn't matter what kind of faith you are, what your social position,
sexual orientation and food preferences,
you will definitely need a dictionary of obsolete words.
Abiye - immediately, since, when.
Aki - how, because, like, like, like.
Asche - if, though, when.
Barber is a barber, hairdresser.
Watch - take care; be on guard, alert.
Fluency is speed.
Care is caution.
Unspeakable - certainly, undoubtedly, incessantly.
Shameless - shameless.
Good - kind, good.
Bo - for, because.
Blockhead - a statue, idol, block.
Will - if, if, when, if.
Shafts are waves.
Suddenly - again, for the second time.
Guilt is the reason, the reason.
Clearly - exactly, actually.
Wool is wool.
In vain - in vain.
In vain - in vain, in vain.
I will take it out - always, at any time, incessantly.
Vyuschiy is the greater, the highest.
Gehenna is hell.
Woe is up.
Actors are actors.
Dennitsa - morning dawn.
Gum, right hand - right, right hand.
Ten - ten times.
Divy - wild.
Today - now, now, today.
Sufficient is enough.
Suffers - should, should, should, decently.
Dondeje - as long as.
When - when.
Hedgehog - which.
Eliko - how much.
Epancha - a cloak, a veil.
Food is food.
Nature is nature.
Lives - it happens.
The belly is life, property.
They live - they do.
Envy - envy.
The gap is shame.
Legal is illegal.
Here - here.
Zelo - very much.
Zelny is huge, strong, great.
Zenitsa - eye, pupil.
Atrocities are atrocities.
Hydra is a hydra.
Like - what, who, who.
Indé - somewhere, elsewhere, ever.
Art is experience.
The treasurer is a preacher.
Execution is punishment, retribution.
Carthaginians are inhabitants of Carthage.
Coy, coy, some, what, what.
Colico - how much, how.
Kolo - a wheel, a circle.
Concha - right, certainly, of course, very much.
Inert - slow, unhurried, motionless.
Krasik is handsome.
Red is beautiful, beautiful, decorated.
Kres<т>tsy - crossroads.
Kruzhalo is a tavern, a drinking house.
Laziness is a lazy person, a lazy person.
Deprivation is a surplus.
Lovitva - hunting.
Losky - smooth, shiny.
Lzya - you can.
Flatter - deceive, seduce.
Metaphrasis - transposition, allegory.
Diverse - Diverse.
Mochno - You can.
Mraz is frost.
Me - me.
Nan - at him.
The boss is the founder, the initiator.
Nest - no.
Below - and not, by no means, also not.
To force - to force.
Obesity - gluttony, gluttony.
Abundance is wealth, treasure.
Images - resentment, insult, discontent.
Ov, ova, ovo - this, this, this; that, that, that.
The right hand is on the right.
One-person - the same, unchanging, the same.
The one is the one.
Ostuda is a nuisance, resentment, insult, shame, annoyance.
From here - from here.
It has been more difficult since.
To retaliate - to suffer, to lose, to lose.
Weaning is a withdrawal.
Oshuy is on the left.
The bosom is the bay.
Paky - again, again.
More - more.
Percy is the chest.
Fingers are fingers.
Finger - dust, dust.
Flesh is body.
Habit is a habit.
A disgrace - a spectacle, a performance.
Full is enough.
The shelf is a stage.
Ponezh - because.
Breed - origin (noble).
After - after.
Swallowing is flattery, obsequiousness.
Right is fair, right.
The beauty is deception, temptation, deceit.
To prohibit is to prohibit.
The butt is an example.
Ascribe - to dedicate.
Providence - predestination, care, thought.
It is disgusting - the opposite, on the contrary.
Cool - pleasures, delights.
Five - five times.
To please - to care.
To blush - to blush, to be ashamed.
Things - to say, to speak.
A freeman is a freedman.
That is to say - that is.
Perfectly - worthy, decent, appropriate.
Watchmen are spectators.
Saute - a hundred times.
Path - road, path.
Bitch is carrion.
Stolchak - so much, toilet seat.
Obstinate - obstinate.
Stud is shame.
Same - then, then.
Ti - to you.
By current - by current.
To hurry is to be timid, fearful.
Try, touch - three times.
Vain - generous, diligent, caring.
Ubo - for, because, therefore.
Ud - sexual organ (male)
Convenient - capable.
The charter is order, custom.
Phrasis is a phrase, an expression.
Praiseworthy - Praiseworthy.
Wicked - weak, sickly.
Chernets is a monk.
Chin is order.
Loins - thighs, loins, stun.
The reader is the reader.
Respectful - respected, respected.
A stranger - a stranger.
Thorn, thorny - rose, pink.
Editsiya - edition.
The Ephesians are the inhabitants of Ephesus.
Yuzhe - what, which.
Yazhe - what, which.
Language is a people, a tribe.
Alexander Pushkin's contemporaries, reading his works, perceived all the details of the text. And we, the readers of the 21st century, are already missing a lot, not understanding, guessing approximately. Indeed, what is a frock coat, tavern, tavern, dressing gown? Who are the coachman, the courtyard boy, the lordship? In each story of the Pushkin cycle, there are words that are incomprehensible, unclear in their meaning. But they all designate some objects, phenomena, concepts, positions, titles of a past life. These words have gone out of modern usage. Therefore, their specific meaning to the modern reader remains unclear, incomprehensible. This explains the choice of the topic of my research, dedicated to obsolete words that have gone from the modern language in the "Belkin's Tales".
The life of the language is clearly manifested in the constant changes in the composition of words, their meanings. And in the fate of individual words, the very history of the people and the state is imprinted. The vocabulary of the Russian language retains many words that are little used in living speech, but known to us from classical literary works, history textbooks and stories about the past.
Obsolete words can be divided into two groups: 1) historicisms; 2) archaisms.
Historicisms (from the Greek historia - a story about past events) are words denoting the names of such objects and phenomena that ceased to exist as a result of the development of society. Many words have become historicisms that name objects of a bygone everyday life, old culture, things and phenomena associated with the economy of the past, old socio-political relations. So, there are many historicisms among the words related to military topics: chain mail, pishchal, visor, redoubt. Historicisms are many words denoting titles, estates, positions, professions of old Russia: tsar, boyar, equestrian, footman, steward, zemstvo, serf, landowner, sergeant, ofenya, horseman, tinker, sawer, lamplighter, barge haule; the phenomena of patriarchal life: corvee, rent, cuts, purchases; types of production activities: manufactory, horse tram; types of disappeared technologies: tinning, honey brewing.
Archaisms (from the Greek archaios - ancient) are words that have gone out of use due to their replacement with new ones, for example: Lanites - cheeks, loins - loins, right hand - right hand, tight - sadness, verses - poems, ramen - shoulders. They all have synonyms in modern Russian.
Archaisms can differ from the modern synonym word in different features: a different lexical meaning (guest - a merchant, belly - life), a different grammatical design (perform - perform, at a ball - at a ball), a different morphemic composition (friendship - friendship, fisherman - fisherman ), other phonetic features (gishpan - Spanish, mirror - mirror). Some words become completely obsolete, but they have modern synonyms: so that - in order, harm - destruction, harm, hope - hope and firmly believe. Archaisms and historicisms are used in fiction to recreate the historical situation in the country, to convey the national and cultural traditions of the Russian people.
DICTIONARY OF OBSERVED WORDS
From the publisher
Corvée is the gratuitous forced labor of a dependent peasant, “Ivan Petrovich was forced to abolish corvée and establish a master who works very well with his own implements on the farm. moderate quitrent "
Rent - an annual collection of money and products from serfs by landowners.
The housekeeper is a servant in the landlord's house, who was entrusted with the keys to “he entrusted the management of the village to his old housekeeper, who acquired him to store food supplies. power of attorney is the art of storytelling. "
Seconds major - a military rank of the 8th class in the years 1741-1797. “His late father, Seconds, Major Petr Ivanovich Belkin, was married to a girl named Pelageya Gavrilovna from the Trafilins' house. "
"Shot"
Banker is a player holding the bank in card games. "The officer went out, saying that he was ready to answer for the insult, as the mister banker liked."
“The game went on for a few more minutes; but feeling that the owner was
Vacancy - an unoccupied position; position. not up to the game, we fell behind one after the other and scattered around the apartments, talking about an imminent vacancy. "
Galloon - a gold braid or silver (ribbon), which was sewn on to “Silvio stood up and took out a red hat with a gold tassel from the cardboard, with a uniform. galloon "
"Throw a bank" (special). - reception of a card game. “For a long time he refused, for he almost never played; at last he ordered the cards to be served, poured fifty ducats on the table and sat down to toss. "
Hussar is a military man from parts of light cavalry, wearing the uniform of the Hungarian "Once he served in the hussars, and even happily"
A footman is a servant to the gentlemen, as well as in a restaurant, hotel, etc. “The footman brought me into the count's office, and he himself went to report me. "
The arena is a playground or special building for training horses, and the life of an army officer is known. In the morning, training, arena; lunch at horseback riding lessons. a regimental commander or in a Jewish inn; evening punch and cards.
Ponter - in gambling card games: playing against the bank, ie “If the ponter happened to miscalculate, he immediately paid them extra for making big bets; the one who understands the gambling card game. enough, or wrote down too much. "
Lieutenant - an officer rank above the second lieutenant and below the non-commissioned officer - the rank of junior command staff in the tsarist army of the staff captain. Russia, in some modern foreign armies; the person bearing this title.
This (this, this) places. - this, this, this. "With this word, he hurriedly left."
Excellency - the title of princes and counts (from the seats. Yours, him, her, them) "-O, - I remarked, - in that case, I bet that your Excellency will not get into the map even in twenty steps: a pistol requires daily exercise ...
Jacket and frock coat - long men's double-breasted clothing with a turn-down waist "walked always on foot, in a worn-out black sert"
or a stand-up collar.
Chervonets - common name foreign gold coins in the pre-Petrine “For a long time he refused, for he almost never played; finally ordered
Rus. give the cards, poured fifty ducats on the table and sat down to toss. "
Shandal - candlestick “The officer, flushed with wine, the game and the laughter of his comrades, considered himself severely offended and, in a frenzy, grabbing a copper shandal from the table, let it into Silvio, who barely managed to deflect the blow. "
Etteris - in the second half of the 18th and early 19th centuries: a member of the secret Greek “They say that Sylvie, during the outrage of Alexander Ypsilant, a revolutionary organization that fought for the liberation of the country from the led by a detachment of Etteris and was killed in battle under Turkish oppression. Skulianami. "
"Blizzard"
Boston - card game... "The neighbors went to him every minute to eat, drink, play five kopecks in Boston with his wife"
Versta - an old Russian measure “The driver took it into his head to ride the river, which should have shortened our path of length equal to 1.06 km. ". three miles. "
Red tape - delaying a case or a decision, any question... “What held him back? Shyness inseparable from true love, pride or coquetry of cunning red tape? "
The maid is a servant to the mistress. “Three men and a maid supported the bride and were only busy
The police captain is the chief of police in the county. “After dinner, the land surveyor Schmitt, wearing a mustache and spurs, and the son of the police captain, appeared. "
The wagon is a covered road carriage. “I turned around, left the church without any obstacle, threw myself into the wagon and shouted:“ Let's go! ”
Cornet is the lowest officer rank. "The first to whom he came, a retired forty-year-old cornet Dravin, agreed willingly"
The porch is a covered area in front of the entrance to the church. “The church was open, there were several sledges outside the fence; people walked along the porch. "
Signet - home print on a ring or keychain. “Having sealed both letters with a Tula seal, which depicted
Signet - a small seal on a ring, a keychain with initials, or two flaming hearts with a decent inscription, she (Marya Gavrilovna)
any other sign. Used to seal letters, threw herself into bed just before dawn and dozed off. "
sealing wax or wax and served as an indication of the sender.
Ensign - the most junior officer rank. "The subject of her choice was a poor army ensign who was on leave in his village."
Ulan is a soldier in the armies of some countries, an officer of light cavalry, “a boy of about sixteen who recently entered the lancers. "
driven by a spear, saber.
Dressing gown - dressing gown. “The old men woke up and went into the living room. , Praskovya Petrovna in a dressing-gown on cotton wool. "
Grandpasyance - unfolding a deck of cards certain rules... "An old woman was once sitting alone in the living room, laying out a grand patience."
The cap is a pointed headdress, which in the old days men "Gavrila Gavrilovich in a cap and a bike jacket"
worn at home and often worn at night. ; sleeping cap.
"Undertaker"
Cupid is the god of love in ancient mythology, depicted in the form of a winged “Above the gate towered a sign depicting a burly boy with a bow and arrow. Cupid with an overturned torch in his hand. "
Announce - - notify bell ringing about the church service. “No one noticed this, the guests continued to thread, and were already announcing for Vespers when they got up from the table.
Treads - boots with a wide top. ". the bones of the legs thrashed in large boots like pestles in mortars. "
Brigadier - in the Russian army of the 18th century. : military rank 5th class (according to the Tables about “Tryukhina, the brigadier and sergeant Kurilkin vaguely introduced themselves to the ranks); a person holding this rank. his imagination. "
The guard was a policeman who carried out a guard duty in the booth. "There was one guard from the Russian officials"
Vespers is a church service for Christians, performed in the afternoon. ". the guests continued to drink, and were already announcing for Vespers "
Gayer - in the folk merrymaking of the marketplace jester, clowning and making faces in "Is the undertaker a gaer Christmastide?"
Christmas time;
A dime is a ten-kopeck coin. “The undertaker gave him a dime for vodka, got dressed hastily, took a cab and went to Razgulyay. "
Drogi is a wagon for transporting the dead. "The last belongings of the undertaker Adrian Prokhorov were heaped up the funeral cart"
Kaftan - an old men's long-brimmed top "I will not describe a Russian caftan by Adrian Prokhorov"
Kiote, kivot, kiot (from the Greek - box, ark) - a special decorated cabinet “Soon order was established; kivot with images, wardrobe with
(often folding) or glazed shelf for icons. crockery, table, sofa and bed occupied certain corners in the back room. "
Robe - wide long clothes in the form of a cloak "" in the kitchen and living room fit the owner's products: coffins of all colors and sizes, as well as wardrobes with mourning ribbons, mantles and torches. "
Announce - finish, stop evangelizing. "You feasted with a German all day, came back drunk, fell into bed, and slept until this hour, as they told us for mass."
Contractor - a person who under a contract has undertaken to perform a certain work. “But Tryukhina was dying on Razgulyai, and Prokhorov was afraid that her heir, in spite of his promise, would not be too lazy to send for him so far and would not bargain with the nearest contractor. "
Sleep - 1. Sleep, sleep; "You have deigned to rest, and we did not want to wake you up."
2. Transferred. Rest.
Svetlitsa - a bright living room; front room in the house; small “The girls have gone to their parlor. ".
bright room at the top of the house.
The ax is an ancient edged weapon - a large ax with a semicircular blade, on “Yurko again began to pace around her with an ax and a long armored handle in armor. "
Sermyaga is a rough homespun unpainted cloth: a caftan made of this cloth. “Yurko began to pace around her again with a poleaxe and in a blanket armor. "
Chukhonets - that was how Finns and Estonians were called until 1917. “Of the Russian officials there was one guard, the Chukhonets Yurko, who could
Get the special favor of the owner. "
"Stationmaster"
The altar is the main elevated eastern part of the church, fenced off “He hurriedly entered the church: the priest was leaving the altar. "
iconostasis.
Altar - in ancient times among many peoples: a place where sacrifices were burned and in front of which rituals associated with sacrifice were performed. Used figuratively and in comparison.
The banknote is a paper banknote issued in Russia from 1769 to “. he took them out and opened several five and ten rubles
1849 , in the official language - before the introduction of credit tickets; one ruble of crumpled banknotes "
in silver was equal to 3 1/3 rubles in banknotes.
The Prodigal Son - a gospel parable about the rebellious prodigal son, who “They portrayed the story of the prodigal son. "
left home, squandered his share of the inheritance, after wandering, he returned with repentance to his father's house and was forgiven.
High nobility - according to the Table of Ranks, the title of civilian ranks with "Early in the morning he came to his hall and asked to report him to the eighth to sixth grades, as well as officers from captain to colonel and nobleness."
“Taking off his wet, shaggy hat, letting go of his shawl and pulling off his overcoat,
A newcomer hussar, a soldier of the high cavalry, was a young, slender hussar with a black mustache "
Drozhki - a light two-seater four-wheeled open carriage on short "Suddenly, a dandy droshki raced in front of him"
drogah instead of springs.
Sexton - a clergyman in Orthodox Church; church reader, “the deacon put out the candles. "
acolyte; he was also engaged in teaching literacy.
The assessor is an elected representative in the court for work in any "Yes, but there are not enough passers-by: unless the assessor turns up, but that has no time for another institution." dead. "
The tavern is a drinking establishment of one of the lowest ranks for sale, and “It used to come from the tavern, and we followed him. "
drinking alcoholic beverages.
The cap is a pointed or oval headdress. "An old man in a cap and dressing gown lets the young man go"
A lackey is a servant in a house, restaurant, hotel.
Obluhok - front end of a cart, sleigh, carriage; seat for the coachman in the front "the servant jumped onto the iris. "
The porch is a covered area in front of the entrance to the church. “Approaching the church, he saw that the people had already dispersed, but Dunya was not
Not in the fence, not in the porch. "
Checkpoints - a carriage with horses, which change at post stations. "Rode on the crossbars"
Podorozhnaya - a document giving the right to use postal horses; “In five minutes - a bell !. and the courier throws him a travel certificate. table on your way. "
To rest - 1. Sleep, fall asleep; “The military footman, cleaning his boot on the last, announced that the master
2. Transferred. Rest. he is resting and that he does not receive anyone before eleven o'clock. "
Postmaster - post office manager. "The caretaker asked the postmaster S *** for a two-month leave"
Runs - the verdict fare on post horses. ". paid runs for two horses. "
Captain - senior chief officer rank in the cavalry “Soon he learned that Captain Minsk was in St. Petersburg and was living
Demutov tavern. "
Skufia, skufeyka - 1. A spongy monochromatic (black, purple, Minsky came out to him in a robe, in a red skufie. “What do you need a purple, etc.) hat for Orthodox priests and monks. 2. Do you need a round? ”He asked.
cap, skullcap, yarmulke, headdress.
Caretaker is the head of an institution. “The weather is unbearable, the road is bad, the stubborn coachman doesn’t take horses - and the caretaker is to blame. "
Jacket (sertuk) - long men's double-breasted clothing with a standing "and his long green frock coat with three medals"
collar
Taurus - a young bull "the chef kills a well-fed calf"
Tavern is a hotel with a restaurant. “Soon he learned that Captain Minsky was in St. Petersburg and lived in
Demutov tavern. "
Non-commissioned officer - the rank of junior command personnel in the tsarist army of Russia. “I stayed in the Izmailovsky regiment, in the house of a retired non-commissioned officer. "
Courier - in the old army: military or government courier for “In five minutes - bell !. and the courier throws him on the delivery of important, mostly secret documents. table on your road. "
The kingdom of heaven is a rhetorical wish to the deceased a happy fate in “It used to be (the kingdom of heaven to him!), Comes from a tavern, and we are behind the afterlife. him: “Grandpa, grandpa! nuts! " - and he gives us nuts. "
Rank - a rank conferred on civil servants and military according to the Table “I was in a minor rank, rode on the beams and paid ranks associated with the granting of certain estate rights and for two horses. "
advantages.
Shlafo "rka and went" fore - dressing gown. "An old man in a cap and dressing gown lets the young man go"
CLAPPER or dressing gown m. German. robe, sleeping clothes. Most often it serves as home clothes for nobles.
MINISTRY - originally “sleeping dress” (from German), and then the same as a dressing gown. Although they did not go out and visit in dressing gowns, they could look very elegant, made for show.
The coachman is a coachman, a driver on postal, pit horses. “The weather is unbearable, the road is bad, + stubborn horses are not carried -
but the caretaker is to blame. "
"The young lady-peasant"
Blancmange - milk jelly with almonds and sugar. “Well, now we have left the table. and we sat for three hours, and the dinner was glorious: the blancmange cake was blue and striped. "
Burners - Russian folk game, in which the one who was standing in front was catching others “So we left the table and went to the garden to play the burners, and the participants who ran away from him alternately in pairs. the young master came here. "
Dvornya - servant at the manor house, yard; courtyard people (in contrast to "Ivan Petrovich Berestov went out for a walk on horseback, for every peasant who lived in the village and engaged in agriculture). case taking with him a pair of three greyhounds, a stirrup and several
Dvorovoy - belonging to the dvorne, belonging to the dvorov. yard boys with rattles. "
Drazhki - a light two-seat four-wheeled open carriage on short "Muromsky asked Berestov for a droshki, for he confessed that he drove instead of springs. from a bruise not a bull, he is able to drive home in the evening. "
Jockey - rider at the races; servant on horseback. "His grooms were dressed as jockeys."
Zoilus is a picky, unfriendly, unjust critic; spiteful “He was furious and called his Zoil a bear and a provincial. "
detractor.
The valet is the master's house servant, a footman. “That's right, - answered Alex,
I am the young master's valet. "
Kitayka - thick fabric, originally silk, made in China, "(Liza) sent to buy at the bazaar thick linen, blue sweat cotton, produced in Russia for sundresses and men's Chinese women and copper buttons"
shirts. , usually blue, less often red. Used in peasant life
Kniksen and Knyx - accepted in the bourgeois-noble environment for girls and “Unfortunately, instead of Lisa, old Miss Jackson came out, unclothed, the girls bow and squat as a sign of gratitude, greetings; tight, with downcast eyes and a small knyx. "
curtsy.
Livery - uniform for footmen, doormen, coachmen, decorated “Old Berestov ascended the porch with the help of two liveries with laces and sewing. lackeys of Muromsky. "
Livery - 1. Adj. to the livery, which is the livery. 2. Dressed in livery.
Madame - name married woman attached to the surname; “Her playfulness and perpetual mischiefs delighted her father and brought him to the mistress. It was usually used in relation to a Frenchwoman, and in her appeal the despair of her Madame Miss Jackson. "
- and to a Russian woman from the privileged strata.
Miss is an unmarried woman in England. Her playfulness and minute-by-minute orders delighted her father and drove her Madame Miss Jackson to despair. "
Confidant - about a woman who enjoyed special trust and “There she changed her clothes, absent-mindedly answering questions with the impatient favor of someone; darling, mistress. confidantes, and came into the living room. "
Antimony - to paint, to draw with antimony, that is, popular from the ancient "Liza, his dark-skinned Liza, was whitened up to her ears, antimony more than times cosmetic product, composed on the basis of antimony, by Miss Jackson herself. "
giving a special shine.
Okolotok- 1. Surrounding area, surrounding villages. 2. Resident of the county, “He built a house according to his own plan, started a lawful neighborhood, the surrounding area. factory, arranged income and began to consider himself the smartest person
3. The area of the city under the jurisdiction of the district overseer. all over the area "
4. Medical center (usually at a military unit).
The Board of Trustees is an institution in Russia that was in charge of guardianship affairs, ". the first of the landowners of his province guessed to mortgage with orphanages, some credit operations related to the estate in the Board of Trustees "
pledges of estates, etc.
Plis - cotton velvet. In the aristocratic environment it was used for "On weekdays he walks in a plush jacket, on holidays he put on a home costume, merchants and rich peasants sewed from him an elegant sert from homework cloth."
Poltina - silver coin, equal to 50 kopecks, half a ruble. Minted with "Trofim, passing in front of Nastya, gave her small variegated bast shoes
1707 and received from her a half of the award. "
Polushka - from the 15th century, a silver coin worth half money (ie, ¼ "I will sell and squander, and I won't leave you a half."
penny); the last silver polushki were released into circulation in
Jacket - long men's double-breasted clothing with a stand-up collar "On weekdays he wears a plush jacket, on holidays he wore a jacket made of homework cloth"
A clerk is an official who runs a table. “The neighbors agreed that he would never make the right clerk. "
Strider - a groom, a servant, caring for his riding horse “Ivan Petrovich Berestov went for a walk on horseback, for every gentleman, as well as a servant accompanying the master during the hunt. a case of taking with him a pair of three greyhounds, a stirrup, and several courtyard boys with rattles. "
Tartinki - a thin slice of bread, buttered; small sandwich. “The table has been set, breakfast is ready, and Miss Jackson. cut thin tartins. "
Figmas - a wide frame made of whalebone, willow rods or wire, “the sleeves stuck out like figs at Madame de Pompadour”
worn under a skirt for puffiness; skirt on such a frame.
A courtier - a nobleman at the royal court, a courtier. “The dawn was shining in the east, and the golden rows of clouds seemed to await the sun, as courtiers await a sovereign. "
Chekmen - men's clothing of the Caucasian type - woolen semi-caftan in the waist with gathers at the back. ". he saw his neighbor, proudly sitting on horseback, wearing a chekmen lined with fox fur, "
IV. Conclusion
The Dictionary of Obsolete Words contains 108 entries, both historicisms and archaisms. It contains those words that are not used now or are used extremely rarely in a living literary language, as well as words that are used today, but have a different meaning, unlike the one that we put into it.
The dictionary entry reveals the meaning of obsolete words; examples from the stories of Pushkin's cycle show how they functioned in speech. The created dictionary, which includes both historicisms and archaisms, will help to overcome the barrier between the reader and the text, erected sometimes by obsolete or misunderstood words by the reader, and to perceive the text of Belkin's Tales thoughtfully and meaningfully. Some vocabulary entries are accompanied by pictures that make it possible to really represent objects called this or that word.
A remarkable poet, an outstanding translator V. A. Zhukovsky wrote: "The word is not our arbitrary invention: every word that gets a place in the lexicon of the language is an event in the field of thought."
This work will become an assistant in reading, studying, comprehending Pushkin's cycle "Belkin's Tales", broaden the horizons of the reader, help arouse interest in the history of words, it can be used in literature lessons.
Have old words, as well as dialectal, can be split into two different groups: archaisms and historicisms .
Archaisms- these are words that, due to the appearance of new words, have gone out of use. But their synonyms are in modern Russian.
For example:
right hand- right hand, Lanites- cheeks, ramen- shoulders, loins- loin and so on.
But it is worth noting that archaisms, nevertheless, may differ from modern synonymous words. These differences can be in the morpheme composition ( fisherman- fisherman, friendship - friendship), in their lexical meaning (stomach- life, the guest- merchant,), in grammatical form ( at the ball- at the ball, execute- perform) and phonetic features ( mirror- mirror, gishpan- Spanish). Many words are completely outdated, but still they have modern synonyms. For example: ruin- death or harm, hope- to hope and firmly believe, so that- to. And to avoid possible mistakes in the interpretation of these words, when working with works of fiction, it is strongly recommended to use a dictionary of outdated words and dialect phrases, or an explanatory dictionary.
Histories- these are words that denote such phenomena or objects that have completely disappeared or ceased to exist as a result further development society.
Many words have become historicisms that denoted various household items of our ancestors, phenomena and things that were somehow connected with the economy of the past, the old culture, the socio-political system that once existed. Many historicisms are found among words that, in one way or another, are related to military topics.
For example:
Redoubt, chain mail, visor, squeak etc.
Most of the obsolete words refer to clothing and household items: prosak, light, endova, camisole, armyak.
Also, the words that denote titles, professions, positions, estates that once existed in Russia can be attributed to historicisms: tsar, lackey, boyar, steward, equestrian, barge haule,tinker etc. Production activities such as horse tram and manufacture. Phenomena of patriarchal life: purchase, rent, corvee and others. Disappeared technologies such as honey brewing and tinning.
The words that arose in the Soviet era also became historicisms. These include words such as: food detachment, NEP, Makhnovist, educational program, Budenovite and many others.
Sometimes it is very difficult to distinguish between archaisms and historicisms. This is due to both the revival of the cultural traditions of Russia, and with frequent use these words in proverbs and sayings, as well as other works of folk art. These words include words denoting measures of length or measurement of weight, calling Christian and religious holidays and others and others.
A Dictionary of Obsolete Words Spelling the Alphabet:
Vocabulary is the collection of all the words we use. A separate group in vocabulary can be considered old words... There are many of them in the Russian language, and they belong to different historical eras.
What are old words
Since the language is an integral part of the history of the people, then the words that are used in this language are of historical value. Ancient words and their meaning can tell a lot about what events took place in the life of the people in a particular era and which of them had great importance... Ancient, or obsolete, words are not actively used in our time, but are present in the lexical stock of the people, recorded in dictionaries and reference books. They can often be found in works of art.
For example, in the poem by Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin we read the following passage:
"In the crowd of mighty sons,
With friends, in a high gridnitsa
Vladimir the sun was feasting
The youngest daughter he gave
For the brave prince Ruslan ".
There is the word "gridnitsa" here. Now it is not used, but in the era of Prince Vladimir it meant a large room in which the prince, along with his warriors, arranged festivities and feasts.
Histories
Ancient words and their designations are of different kinds. According to scientists, they are divided into two large groups.
Historicisms are words that are now not actively used for the reason that the concepts they denote have fallen out of use. For example, "caftan", "chain mail", armor ", etc. Archaisms are words that denote concepts familiar to us in other words, for example, lips - lips, cheeks - cheeks, neck - neck.
In modern speech, as a rule, they are not used. which are incomprehensible to many, are not typical for our everyday speech. But they do not disappear completely from use. Historians and archaisms are used by writers in order to truthfully tell about the past of the people, with the help of these words they convey the flavor of the era. Historicisms can truthfully tell us about what happened once in other eras in our homeland.
Archaisms
Unlike historicisms, archaisms denote those phenomena that we encounter in modern life. it Clever words, and their meanings do not differ from the meanings of words familiar to us, only they sound differently. Archaisms are different. There are some that differ from ordinary words only in some peculiarities in spelling and pronunciation. For example, hail and city, gold and gold, young - young. These are phonetic archaisms. There were many such words in the 19th century. This is a klob (club), a store (curtain).
There is a group of archaisms with outdated suffixes, for example, museum (museum), assistance (assistance), fisherman (fisherman). Most often we come across lexical archaisms, for example, an eye is an eye, a right hand is a right hand, a shuytsa is a left hand.
Like historicisms, archaisms are used to create a special world in fiction. So, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin often used archaic vocabulary to give pathos to his works. This is clearly seen in the example of the poem "The Prophet".
Words from Ancient Russia
Ancient Russia gave a lot modern culture... But then there was a special lexical environment, some words from which have survived and in A, some are no longer used at all. Old obsolete Russian words from that era give us an idea of the origin
For example, old curses. Some of them very accurately reflect the negative qualities of a person. Pustobrekh is a chatterbox, ryuma is a crybaby, an oily forehead is a fool, zhuhrya is a disheveled person.
The meaning of old Russian words sometimes differed from the meanings of the same root in the modern language. We all know the words "leap" and "leap", they mean fast movement in space. The Old Russian word "sig" meant the smallest unit of time measurement. In one instant there were 160 whitefish. The largest dimension was considered to be "far distance", which was equal to 1, 4
Ancient words and their meanings are discussed by scholars. The names of coins that were used in Ancient Rus... For coins that appeared in the eighth and ninth centuries in Russia and were brought from the names "kuna", "nogat" and "rezana" were used. Then the first Russian coins appeared - goldsmiths and silver coins.
Obsolete words from the 12th and 13th centuries
The pre-Mongol period in Russia, 12-13 centuries, is characterized by the development of architecture, which was then called architecture. Accordingly, a layer of vocabulary associated with the construction and erection of buildings appeared then. Some of the words that appeared then remained in the modern language, but the meaning of the old Russian words has changed during all this time.
The basis of life in Russia in the 12th century was the fortress, which was then called "Detinets". A little later, in the 14th century, the term "Kremlin" appeared, which then also meant the city. The word "kremlin" can be an example of how old obsolete Russian words change. If now there is only one Kremlin, this is the residence of the head of state, then there were many kremlins.
In the 11th and 12th centuries, cities and fortresses of wood were built in Russia. But they could not resist the onslaught of the Mongol-Tatars. The Mongols, having come to conquer the lands, simply swept away the wooden fortresses. Novgorod and Pskov survived. For the first time the word "Kremlin" appears in the Tver chronicle of 1317. Its synonym is the old word "kremnik". Then the kremlins were built in Moscow, Tula and Kolomna.
Socio-aesthetic role of archaisms in classical fiction
Ancient words, the discussion of which is often found in scientific articles, were often used by Russian writers in order to make the speech of their fiction more expressive. Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin in his article described the process of creating "Boris Godunov": "I tried to guess the language of that time."
Mikhail Yurievich Lermontov also used ancient words in his works, and their meaning exactly corresponded to the realities of the time from where they were taken. Most of the old words appear in his work "Song of Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich". These are, for example, "you know", "oh you goy you are", ali ". Also, Alexander Nikolaevich Ostrovsky writes works in which there are many ancient words. These are "Dmitry the Pretender", "Voevoda", "Kozma Zakharyich Minin-Sukhoruk".
The role of words from past eras in modern literature
Archaisms remained popular in the literature of the 20th century. Let us recall the famous work of Ilf and Petrov "Twelve Chairs". Here the old words and their meaning have a special, humorous connotation.
For example, in the description of Ostap Bender's visit to the Vasyuki village, there is a phrase "One-eyed did not take his only eye off the grandmaster's shoes." Archaisms with Church Slavonic coloring are also used in another episode: “Father Fyodor was hungry. He wanted wealth. "
when using historicisms and archaisms
Historicisms and archaisms can greatly decorate fiction but their inept use is laughable. Ancient words, the discussion of which often becomes very lively, as a rule, cannot be used in everyday speech... If you start asking a passerby: "Why is your neck open in winter?", He will not understand you (meaning the neck).
In newspaper speech, there is also an inappropriate use of historicisms and archaisms. For example: "The headmaster welcomed young teachers who came to practice." The word "greeted" is synonymous with the word "greeted." Sometimes schoolchildren insert archaisms into their compositions and thus make sentences not very clear and even ridiculous. For example: "Olya came running in tears and told Tatyana Ivanovna about her offense." Therefore, if you want to use old words, meaning, interpretation, their meaning should be absolutely clear to you.
Obsolete words in fantasy and science fiction
Everyone knows that genres such as fantasy and science fiction have gained immense popularity in our time. It turns out that ancient words are widely used in the works of the fantasy genre, and their meaning is not always clear to the modern reader.
Such concepts as "gonfalon" and "finger", the reader can understand. But sometimes there are more Difficult words, such as "lump" and "nozzle". It must be said that publishers do not always approve of the excessive use of archaisms. But there are works in which the authors successfully find application of historicisms and archaisms. These are works from the "Slavic fantasy" series. For example, the novels of Maria Stepanova "Valkyrie", Tatiana Korostyshevskaya "Mother of four winds", Maria Semenova "Volkodav", Denis Novozhilov " Far Far Away kingdom... War for the throne. "
