Nature management— 1) the use of the natural environment to meet the environmental, economic, cultural and health needs of society 2) the science of rational (for the corresponding historical moment) use natural resources society is a complex discipline that includes elements of the natural, social and technical sciences.
Environmental management is divided into rational and irrational.
With rational use of natural resources, the needs for material goods are fully satisfied while maintaining the ecological balance and the possibility of restoring natural resource potential. Finding such an optimum of economic activity for a specific territory or object is an important applied task of environmental science. Achieving this optimum is called "".
With irrational environmental management, environmental degradation of the territory and irreversible depletion of natural resource potential occurs.
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“Rational and irrational use of natural resources”
Presentation prepared
biology teacher
Municipal educational institution "Secondary School No. 5" of Vsevolozhsk
Pavlova Tatyana Alexandrovna
- Nature management- this is a set of measures taken by society to study, develop, transform and protect the environment.
- Nature management- is the activity of human society aimed at satisfying its needs through the use of natural resources.
- According to estimates from leading international organizations, there are about 10 thousand large protected areas in the world. natural areas all kinds. Total number national parks At the same time, it was approaching 2000, and biosphere reserves - to 350.
- Taking into account the peculiarities of the regime and status of the environmental institutions located on them, the following categories of these territories are usually distinguished: state natural reserves, including biosphere reserves; national parks; natural parks; state nature reserves; natural monuments; dendrological parks and botanical gardens; medical and recreational areas and resorts.
Nature management- the activity of human society aimed at satisfying its needs through the use of natural resources. There are rational and irrational environmental management.
Irrational environmental management is a system of environmental management in which in huge quantities and usually not in to the fullest The most easily accessible natural resources are used, which leads to their rapid depletion.
In this case, a huge amount of waste is produced and the environment is subjected to great pollution. Irrational use of natural resources is inherent in an extensive type of economy, an economy that develops through more and more new construction, the development of virgin lands, the use of natural resources, and an increase in the number of employees in enterprises.
Extensive farming can first bring good results even with a relatively low scientific and technical level of industrial production, it soon leads to the depletion of natural and labor resources in the country. To one of the countless examples rational environmental management This includes slash-and-burn agriculture, which is widespread even today in Southeast Asia. Land burning ultimately leads to the destruction of wood, air pollution, uncontrollable fires, etc.
Most often, irrational environmental management becomes a consequence of departmental interests and the interests of modern transnational corporations, which have hazardous production facilities in developing countries.
Rational environmental management is a system of environmental management in which extracted natural resources are fully used (and accordingly the amount of consumed resources is reduced), renewable natural resources are restored, production waste is reused and fully used (waste-free production), which makes it possible to significantly reduce environmental pollution . Rational use of natural resources is inherent in the intensive type of economy, which follows the path of development based on scientific and technological progress and optimal organization of labor with high labor productivity. An example of rational environmental management is waste-free production or a waste-free production cycle, in which waste is used to the fullest extent, resulting in a reduction in the consumption of raw materials.
Mineral resources— such resources are considered to be minerals extracted from the subsoil. Also, minerals mean natural mineral substances. earth's crust, which at established level developments in technology can be extracted and used in production with a positive economic effect natural form or pre-processed. Volumes of mineral resource use in modern world are constantly growing. If, for example, in the Middle Ages only 18 chemical elements were extracted from the earth’s crust, now this number has increased to more than 80 elements. Since 1950, world mining production has tripled. Every year, more than 100 billion tons of mineral raw materials and fuel are extracted from the bowels of the planet. The modern national economy uses approximately 200 types of various mineral raw materials. It should be taken into account that almost all of them belong to the category of non-renewable, and also, the reserves of their individual types are far from identical. For example, the total geological reserves of coal in the world are approximately 14.8 trillion tons, and oil reserves are 400 billion tons. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the constantly growing needs of mankind.
Land resources — earth's surface, suitable for human habitation, as well as for construction and any other types of economic activity. In addition to the size of the territory, land resources are characterized by their quality: relief, soil cover and a complex of other natural conditions. The wealth of mankind in land resources is determined primarily by the vast global land fund, which, according to various estimates, ranges from 13.1 to 14.9 billion hectares. One of the main characteristics of land resources is the structure of the land fund, i.e. the ratio of areas occupied by forests, agricultural crops, pastures, settlements, roads, industrial enterprises etc. The land fund also includes lands that are inconvenient for farming, such as deserts, highlands, etc.
In the structure of the world land fund, cultivable lands occupy only 11%, with meadows and pastures from 23 to 25%, forests and shrubs - 31%, and settlements only 2%. Almost the entire remaining territory consists of unproductive and unproductive lands.
These include mountains, deserts, glaciers, swamps, etc. But despite their small number, cultivated lands provide humanity with 88% of the necessary food products.
The main tracts of arable land on the planet are located in the Northern Hemisphere, namely in Western and Eastern Europe, Southern Siberia, South, East, Southeast Asia and on the plains of the USA and Canada. These lands are located mainly in forest, forest-steppe and steppe zones of the world. Pasture lands also have very great value for human society and provide about 10% of the food consumed by humans. Territories occupied by forests are of great importance as a source of valuable wood, as the “lungs” of our planet, producing oxygen necessary for human life. Forest areas create forest resources.
Land water resources- rivers, lakes, groundwater. There are several areas for using water resources. The most important of these is meeting humanity's needs for fresh water. River waters are widely used for this purpose.
According to some estimates, approximately 47 thousand km3 pass through the rivers annually, according to others only 40 thousand km3. This is not so much, considering that less than 50% of this amount can actually be used. Humanity's need for fresh water is constantly increasing. In 1980 it was 3.5 thousand km3 per year, and by 2000 it should increase to 5 thousand km3 per year.
Almost 65% of all river water is consumed by agriculture, where its irreversible consumption is very high, especially for irrigation.
Such an increase in consumption with unchanged river flow resources can lead to a shortage of fresh water.
Moreover, many countries have long experienced such a shortage.
To solve the problem of water supply in the world they use different ways. The main one is saving water, reducing its losses through the introduction of more modern methods and technology. The construction of reservoirs plays an important role in this. Currently, more than 30 thousand reservoirs have been built in the world, the total volume of which is approximately 6.5 thousand km3.
This is 3.5 times greater than the one-time volume of water in all rivers of the globe. Taken together, the reservoirs cover an area of 400 thousand km2, which is 10 times more area Sea of Azov.
To the countries with the most a large number Large reservoirs include the USA (reservoirs on the Missouri and Colorado rivers) and Russia (Volga and Yenisei cascades of reservoirs).
Other measures to solve the water problem include: desalination sea water, common in the Gulf countries, Mediterranean, Turkmenistan, southern USA, Japan, islands Caribbean Sea; redistribution of river flow in moisture-abundant areas (USA, Canada, Australia, India, etc.).
The latter requires a particularly careful approach, since on a large scale it can cause much more environmental damage than economic benefit. In many countries around the world, water is transported in sea tankers and transmitted through long-distance water pipelines. Today, even ideas for transporting Antarctic icebergs to countries in the hot zone are being considered. Rivers are also widely used around the world for energy. There are three categories of hydropower potential. The theoretical (gross) hydro potential, which is usually estimated at 30–50 trillion kW/h of possible electricity generation per year, technical potential is approximately 20 trillion kW/h per year. In the modern world, groundwater is also a source of fresh water, which is also used for medicinal purposes ( mineral waters), and for heating (thermal springs).
Forest resources- one of the most important types of biosphere resources. Forest resources include wood, cork, resin, mushrooms, berries, nuts, medicinal plants, hunting and fishing resources, etc., as well as beneficial properties forests: climate-regulating, water-protecting, anti-erosion, health-improving, etc.
Forest resources are classified as renewable resources and are considered according to two main criteria: the size of the forest area and standing timber reserves. Thus, forests occupy 4.1 billion hectares or about 27% of the Earth’s land area, and the world’s wood reserves amount to about 350 billion m3, which, due to constant growth, increase annually by 5.5 billion m3.
However, forests are often cut down for arable land, plantations, and construction. In addition, wood is quite widely used for firewood and wood-processing products. The result is deforestation, which has reached alarming proportions today.
The world's forest area decreases annually by at least 25 million hectares, and global timber harvest in 2000 already reached 5 billion m3. This means that its annual growth rate is fully utilized. The largest area of forests remains in Eurasia. This is about 40% of all the world's forests and almost 42% of the total timber supply, including 2/3 of the volume of the most valuable wood species.
Australia has the least forest cover. Since the sizes of the continents are not the same, their forest cover, the ratio of the forested area to the total area of the continent, is taken into account. According to this indicator, South America ranks first in the world.
In the economic assessment of forest resources, such a characteristic as wood reserves is of primary importance. The countries of Asia, South and North America are leading in this regard.
Leading positions in this area are occupied by countries such as Russia, Canada, the USA, and Brazil. The following countries are characterized by a virtual absence of forests: Libya, Bahrain, Qatar, etc.
Resources of the World Ocean— the main resources of the World Ocean are biological, energy, mineral and energy.
Biological resources of the World Ocean- animals and plants, energy generated today by the country's hydroelectric power stations. The biomass of the World Ocean is 140 billion tons. Water
The world's oceans have huge reserves of deuterium, its resources are diverse.
One of the most important resources is animals (fish, mollusks, cetaceans) actively swimming in the water column and mineral resources. The biological and mineral resources of the world's oceans are exhaustible. Their uncontrolled use has endangered the existence of marine mammals and led to a strong reduction in the number of fish, bottom plants and animals. Mainly human production is fish, which accounts for 85% of the marine biomass used, and bivalves (scallops, oysters, mussels). Algae are finding increasing use. Medicines, starch are obtained from algae, paper and fabrics are made. Algae is an excellent feed for livestock and a good fertilizer. There are more or less productive areas in the ocean. The most productive ones include the Norwegian, Bering, Okhotsk and Japanese seas. The resources of the world's oceans are still underutilized. Ocean waters are rapidly becoming polluted. A huge amount of “dirt” is carried into the ocean from land by rivers and sewage. More than 30% of the ocean surface is covered with an oil film, destructive for all living things.
The destruction of plankton, i.e. protozoa and crustaceans passively floating in water, led to a reduction in fish production. Radioactive products enter the World Ocean, which also pollute its waters.
Mineral resources of the World Ocean- resources that are in the water itself, and those that are extracted from its bottom. The most valuable resource is water itself, which contains 75 chemical elements. On an industrial scale, sodium, chlorine, magnesium and bromine are already extracted from it. But when extracting these elements, as by-products receive some potassium and calcium compounds.
All higher value seawater desalination is currently being acquired. The bottom of the World Ocean is also rich in mineral resources. They include ore deposits below the seabed surface.
Energy resources — to modern man An extremely large amount of energy is needed: for heating housing, for operating equipment and transport, and lighting. Energy consumption has increased 100-fold over the last century. It is still growing so quickly that very soon there may not be enough natural resources to satisfy all human needs. Energy sources are very diverse. These are coal, oil, peat, gas, falling water, wind, atomic energy. All named types of energy, excluding atomic energy, are solar energy. The water cycle in nature occurs thanks to solar heat; Air also moves thanks to the Sun.
Coal, gas and oil is a natural fuel formed from the fossil remains of animals and plants that have accumulated underground and turned into combustible substances over millions of years. This most important source energy, it provides about 75% of all our electricity needs. The largest gas field is considered Urengoy in Russia.
It produces up to 200,000 million m3 of gas per year. The largest oil field, Hawar, is located in Saudi Arabia and covers 8,000 km2. Peat is a less valuable fuel and is used less in industry than gas and oil. It is formed continuously. Every autumn, the plants in the swamp die, and layers of peat form in their place.
In addition to fuel, today hundreds of different products are produced from oil, coal and gas. Even sitting in a room, you can count dozens of them: plastic parts of a TV set, a stereo system, nylon shirts, a foam mattress, nylon stockings, plastic bags, washing powder, medications (aspirin, streptocide, pyramidon, etc.).
Every year the world's energy resources are decreasing, as a result of which energy processing and conservation are becoming more and more important for humanity. It is necessary that as much plastic, glass, paper, metal as possible be exposed to secondary processing. It is desirable to reduce energy consumption in industrial and domestic sectors as much as possible.
You can save oil and gas by using new types of energy, such as nuclear energy, solar energy, and wind energy.
Man has learned to use the atom for peaceful purposes. IN atomic bomb, a dangerous weapon, when the nucleus fissions, energy is released in a split second. In a power plant, control rods in the reactor delay the process while allowing energy to be released gradually. Over the course of several months, you can use this energy by converting it into electricity. Fuel elements for nuclear reactor are uranium dioxide tablets that are placed in thin tubes separated by partitions. There are different types reactors. Some of them were previously used in weapons. For example, the first N-reactors were created for plutonium bombs. Magnox reactors produce plutonium and electricity. The most commonly used reactors are those previously used on nuclear submarines. The most advanced ones at present are gas-cooled reactors.
The Fukushima nuclear power plant in Japan is considered the largest. It operates 10 separate reactors, which together produce 8,814 megawatts. The most big problem— disposal of nuclear waste. Scientists have calculated that it will take 80,000 years for the radioactivity of the waste already accumulated in the modern world to disappear.
The safest in this regard are renewable types of energy. Most of the planet's energy comes from fossil fuels, and they are running out. The use of nuclear energy also has a number of problems. As a result, people need renewable energy sources such as sunlight, wind, heat from the Earth’s core, and waves. Currently, they generate about 5% of all energy on the planet, but it is possible that this figure will increase in the future. The main source of a significant part of the energy on Earth is the Sun. It is this that helps plants grow, causing water to evaporate, forming clouds that fall to the ground as rain, replenishing rivers. The sun controls both the wind and the waves. Every year the sun provides a volume of heat equal to the energy that can be obtained from 60 bln tons of oil. Even a hundredth part of it with 5% efficiency will provide any country in the world with electricity.
But there is a problem. Oil and other fossil fuels are very easy to use because they contain energy that has been stored between layers of rock under pressure for millions of years. But sunlight can only be converted into electricity using solar cells. It is not easy to do this effectively because it is dispersed over vast areas. Electricity is thus difficult to collect in large quantities.
The same problems arise when trying to “tame” the wind. Like energy sunlight, it is difficult to use in industrial quantities. But it is suitable for local use. Already in ancient times, people built windmills. Travelers went “to distant lands” under sail in caravels. It was on sailing ships that the first circumnavigation of the world was made. Already in ancient Egypt, primitive wind engines were built to grind grain and irrigate fields. In our country there are now several thousand wind turbines, and there are also wind power plants. But, just like the energy of sunlight, only a small fraction of wind energy is used so far. Although this energy is very great. Scientists believe that every year the winds carry almost 3 times more energy over the territory of Russia than that contained in coal, oil, peat, and rivers of the country.
It is of great importance that wind power plants can be built in any corner of our country. Wind engines are widely used at polar stations located on the islands of the Arctic Ocean. Although there are very severe frosts here in winter, down to -50°C, wind turbines function flawlessly. They are the ones who always provide polar explorers with light and warmth, and provide current to their radio receivers and radio transmitters.
Environmental pollution— undesirable changes in its properties as a result of anthropogenic input various substances and connections. Environmental pollution leads to harmful effects on the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere.
The main source of such pollution is the return to nature of a huge mass of waste that is generated in the process of production and consumption of human society.
According to scientists, already in 1970 they amounted to 40 million tons, and by the end of the 20th century. their volume has reached 100 billion tons. Release into the environment is especially dangerous chemicals, synthesized by man and previously not existing in nature.
Syktyvkar state university
Institute of Humanities
Faculty of International Relations
Discipline: "Ecology"
Topic: "Differences between rational and irrational environmental management"
Completed by: Popov A.N., group 517
Checked by: Dorovskikh G.N.
Syktyvkar, 2014
Introduction
Conclusion
References
Introduction
From his very first appearance, man began to develop natural resources in the context of his needs, be it animal or plant species. As man developed, he moved from an appropriating economy to a producing economy, that is, instead of hunting or gathering, he discovered certain patterns and subsequently, following these phenomena, began to produce means for his existence. Thus, man was able to domesticate a few species of animals and cultivate many varieties of plants. It was from that moment that people began to provide their own food.
However, due to the depletion of soils, people faced the need to develop new fertile territories that would provide them with the same yields and feed for livestock as before. Due to the emerging need, people began to move in search of favorable lands. Having found them, he was faced with another problem: now he needed to somehow protect himself from external conditions and adapt to environmental conditions, which required building a home. This led to massive development of forest resources. Wooden houses began to be built, which provided relative protection from the outside world and retained heat. But as a result, the large-scale use of wood as a resource also had a negative impact on the natural environment. It led to the problem of deforestation, which is still relevant today. However, the use of wood for construction was gradually reduced due to the emergence of various new materials, such as stone or brick. But at the same time, wood was still widely used as fuel for stoves. In rural areas, firewood collection is still the main source of heating, especially in winter.
Later during the 18th century. in connection with intensive development technologies and the transport system in society, there is a need to transition to qualitatively new resources, such as coal, natural gas and oil. This transition was marked by the fact that as these resources were developed, the further environmental situation in the world began to deteriorate, which in turn caused a number of problems in the environment. This was explained by the fact that at that time the level scientific development was not high enough to organize environmental waste-free production, so industrial and agricultural resources still remained undeveloped and could not be recycled. In addition, due to the lack of processing, people had to constantly develop more and more new deposits and deposits. Thus, the untapped resources accumulated over many years began to have a direct impact on the world around us of our planet.
Constant human use of natural resources often has a negative impact on the environment and causes many environmental problems. Besides this wildlife for many centuries it has been suffering from pollution from surpluses that were not processed and not included in production. And, although scientific progress has already achieved sufficient development in the development of waste-free production, many difficulties arise in re-equipping enterprises. The main reason for the failure to implement high-tech environmental production is the lack of adequate financial resources, thanks to which it would be possible to re-equip factories. However, thanks to investment, one can already see how actively such production is being introduced, which allows for rational and more efficient use of natural resources.
Rational environmental management
To consider all aspects of this concept, you first need to try to explain it. So, what is environmental management and what does it involve?
Rational environmental management is a production activity aimed at meeting human needs through the full exploitation of extracted resources: the restoration of renewable natural resources is ensured and production waste is used, which in turn allows preserving the environment. In other words, rational environmental management is a waste-free, environmentally friendly production aimed at meeting the needs of society.
The main goal of rational environmental management is the scientifically based efficient use of natural resources, which contributes to the maximum extent to the preservation of the natural environment and minimally disrupts the ability of biogeocenoses to self-heal. Therefore, rational use of natural resources should be extremely beneficial both to the person himself and to all living things around him. Firstly, it saves the environment from unprocessed surplus production and the release of harmful substances into it, which is important for the health of any living organism, secondly, it allows you to save and save resources, thirdly, it provides people with the means of subsistence and, fourthly, it pushes for the development of science and the emergence of new technologies.
So, rational environmental management allows us to protect nature from the negative impacts of production factors. How does this happen? In order to protect external environment from the harmful influence of enterprises, it is necessary to optimize production and find types of resources that could be maximally used by humans and would cause relatively little damage to nature.
Relatively environmentally friendly nuclear power plants can serve as one example of environmental management. Unlike thermal power plants, nuclear power plants do not emit harmful substances into the atmosphere. The second advantage of nuclear power plants may be the lack of oxygen consumption, while thermal power plants consume about 8 million tons of oxygen per year for fuel oxidation. In addition, coal power plants emit more radioactive substances into the environment than nuclear power plants. Another advantage of nuclear power plants is the removal of energy for heating and hot water supply to cities, which also reduces unproductive heat losses.
In addition, another example could be wave power plants. This type of power plant can serve as wave suppressors, protecting ports, shores and harbors from destruction. In addition, wave power plants also save resources and are more profitable compared to wind power plants. They also protect the environment from harmful emissions.
Another type of environmental power plants is solar. Their main advantages, first of all, lie in the availability and inexhaustibility of an energy source in conditions constant growth prices for traditional types of energy resources. In addition, at the current level of consumption, absolute safety for the environment is an exceptional advantage.
Also, waste-free production can be the repeated use in the technological process of water taken from rivers, lakes, boreholes and other sources, since the used water is purified and re-participated in the production process without harming the environment.
Irrational environmental management
Unsustainable environmental management is a production system in which easily accessible natural resources are developed on a large scale, but their rapid depletion occurs due to incomplete processing. Thus it spreads large number waste and environmental pollution occurs.
Such environmental management is typical for the rapid development of the economy in the absence of sufficiently developed scientific and technical potential, and although at first such activity can produce good results, it later still leads to detrimental consequences in relation to the ecological environment.
An example of irrational environmental management is the campaign to develop virgin lands in the USSR in 1955-1965. The reasons for the failure of this company were a number of factors: the development of virgin lands began without preparation and in the absence of infrastructure - there were no roads, no granaries, no qualified personnel. The natural conditions of the steppes were also not taken into account: sandstorms and dry winds were not taken into account, there were no methods of soil cultivation and no grain varieties adapted to this type of climate.
It is worth noting that the plowing of the land was carried out at an accelerated pace and at enormous expense. Thanks to such a colossal concentration of funds and people, as well as natural factors, the new lands in the first years produced extremely high yields, and from the mid-1950s - from half to a third of all bread produced in the USSR. However, stability was never achieved: in the lean years, it was hardly possible to raise a seed fund in the virgin lands. In addition, due to the disturbance of ecological balance and soil erosion in 1962-1963. Dust storms appeared. One way or another, the development of virgin lands has entered a stage of crisis, and the efficiency of cultivation has decreased by 65%.
All these data only indicate that soil development took place in an extensive way, but, nevertheless, this path did not lead to an effective result. On the contrary, the soil structure began to deteriorate, the level of harvest decreased noticeably, and the funds did not justify their investment. All this, of course, indicates an inefficient use of resources in an attempt to quickly and immediately solve all agricultural problems, without having either science, high-quality technology or an appropriate level of infrastructure as a solid support, thanks to which the outcome could have been completely different.
Differences between rational and irrational environmental management
Having previously compared the two concepts of rational and irrational environmental management and illustrated them with examples, we can correlate their meanings, compare and identify the fundamental differences between them. These differences can be essentially identified as two development paths: intensive and extensive.
The first way is fully consistent with rational environmental management. It points to the efficient use of resources, which makes a tangible contribution both to production in general and to high-quality non-waste technologies, thereby making production environmentally friendly and harmful nature. In addition, the intensive path often fully satisfies the cultural and material needs of society.
The second way, on the contrary, is applicable to the irrational use of natural resources. Its main features are a disproportionate relationship between the resources expended and the result, a focus on spatial (quantitative) rather than high-tech (qualitative) significance, and, most often, failure to meet social needs. And finally, the extensive path causes colossal damage by nature through actions that are not based on any scientific developments or technologies, emissions of chemically harmful and hazardous substances, and other production waste into the environment. Including sometimes this damage can reach an environmental catastrophe and be the cause of negative global processes and phenomena occurring throughout the world.
rational irrational use of natural resources
Conclusion
To summarize, it is necessary to note the priority importance of the future development of rational environmental management in order to ensure the once disturbed ecological balance. The development of science in this area will make it possible to efficiently use resources with minimal harm to ecosystems, which will restore some balance that existed long before the advent of industrial production. And although it is unlikely that it will ever be possible to completely normalize the environmental situation in the world, perhaps, thanks to a new path of development, we will be able to avoid some of the world’s problems and disasters, and then the environment will begin to regenerate again. We must not repeat previous mistakes and understand the full responsibility for our actions. It is also necessary to cultivate environmental consciousness and instill love for the world around us, and, therefore, support it, and, first of all, protect the nature of our homeland.
References
1.V.I. Korobkin, L.V. Peredelsky - "Ecology"
2.S.I. Kolesnikov - "Ecology"
3.
Https://ru. wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power plant
Https://ru. wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_power station
Https://ru. wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power plant
Https://ru. wikipedia.org/wiki/Development of virgin lands
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Rational and irrational environmental management
Completed by: student of group 212
Poverty Natalya Igorevna
Scientific supervisor: Ph.D., senior. teacher
Pavlova Natalya Vladimirovna
Shadrinsk 2013
Introduction………………………………………………………………..............3
Chapter 1. Rational and irrational environmental management..5
1.1. Rational environmental management…………………………6
1.2. Irrational use of natural resources……………………...8
Chapter 2. Recreational environmental management……………………..9
Conclusion……………………………………………………...16
List of sources used…………………………….17
INTRODUCTION
Nature is the habitat of man and the source of all the benefits he needs for life and production activities. Man is a part of nature, its creation, he can produce only using its resources, and live only in those natural conditions (temperature, pressure, humidity, atmospheric composition, etc.) to which he is genetically adapted. For many years, striving to conquer nature and dominate it, man unexpectedly found himself on the verge of an environmental disaster. " Greenhouse effect", "ozone hole", " acid rain", shortage clean water and food, raw materials and energy crises, pollution of the World Ocean - all these problems have confronted people, threatening death and requiring immediate solutions. One can hardly name a more important global problem these days than the rational use of natural resources and environmental protection. Her
a solution is possible only on the basis of environmental knowledge. The abstract is devoted to this problem, as it is relevant in our time. Nature management- this is the use of natural resources, therefore, to understand the problem posed, we will first focus on the natural resources themselves.
Many scientists (Yu.K. Efremov, V.A. Anuchin, I.Ya. Blekhmin, V.A. Minaev, N.F. Reimers, etc.) believe that the term “environmental management” includes development, use, transformation, reproduction and protection of natural conditions and resources by humanity. It should be noted that the concepts of “development”, “use”, “transformation”, “reproduction” mean not just mechanical processes, but their complex unity and are a consequence of deep interpenetration and interaction. Thus, environmental management provides not only for the economically and environmentally effective involvement of natural territorial complexes in the process of social production, but also for their transformation, restoration and protection.
Humanity cannot exist without using natural resources, without influencing their quantity and quality, and, therefore, without making changes to the environment around it. natural environment. These changes associated with human activity are called anthropogenic. The process of exploiting natural resources in order to satisfy the material and cultural needs of society is called environmental management. It can be rational (reasonable) and irrational. The very concept of rationality presupposes reliance on reason and knowledge. Therefore, environmental management also includes science that develops general principles carrying out any activity related to the use of natural resources and the impact on them, which will help avoid environmental disaster.
Environmental management should be based on ecology and the laws it reveals of the interaction of various natural systems. Rational environmental management means the study of natural resources, their careful exploitation, protection and reproduction, taking into account not only the present, but also the future interests of the development of the national economy and the preservation of human health. Unfortunately, current state environmental management in most cases can be characterized as irrational, leading to depletion (even extinction) of natural resources, even renewable ones; environmental pollution. There are many reasons for this. This includes insufficient knowledge of the laws of ecology, weak material interest of producers, low ecological culture of the population, etc.
CHAPTER 1. RATIONAL AND UNRATIONAL USE OF NATURE
Human impact on the environment can be either conscious or spontaneous, accidental. Direct impact associated with the direct influence of humans on nature and natural components in the process of environmental management. This includes crafts (hunting, fishing, collecting wild berries and mushrooms), industrial and agricultural production (drainage, irrigation, creation of artificial reservoirs, etc.). Concept and types of environmental management
Indirect Impact caused by the interaction of components and elements of nature. For example, by cutting down forests (direct impact), a person affects changes in the depth of groundwater, climate, worsens living conditions for many species of plants and animals, contributes to the development of soil erosion, etc. The most common is the combined impact of humans on nature. Depending on the forms of exposure, there are varying degrees the complexity of the problem of protecting one or another natural resource (with direct impact it is easier to protect the resource).
There are rational and irrational use of natural resources. Rational environmental management involves the reasonable development of natural resources, the prevention of potentially harmful impacts of human activity, maintaining and increasing labor productivity and the attractiveness of natural complexes and individual natural objects. With rational use of natural resources, people's living conditions improve. The Law of the Republic of Belarus “On Environmental Protection” states that “the rational use of natural resources, taking into account the capabilities of the environment, the need to renew natural resources and prevent irreversible results for the environment and health” is one of the basic principles of environmental protection. The most important principles of rational environmental management include:
a) compliance of the nature and method of use of natural resources with specific local conditions;
b) anticipation and prevention of negative consequences of environmental management;
c) increasing the intensity and complexity of the use of natural resources;
d) preservation of scientific and aesthetic value nature;
e) reducing losses of natural resources;
f) worldwide “greening” of social production.
- type of relationship between a person and environment, in which people are able to intelligently develop natural resources and prevent negative consequences of its activities. An example of rational environmental management is the creation of cultural landscapes and the use of low-waste and non-waste technologies. Rational environmental management includes the introduction of biological methods of pest control agriculture. Rational environmental management can also be considered the creation of environmentally friendly pure species fuel, improving technologies for the extraction and transportation of natural raw materials, etc.
In Belarus, the implementation of rational environmental management is controlled at the state level. To this end, a number of environmental laws have been adopted. Among them are the laws “On the protection and use of wildlife”, “On waste management”, “On the protection of atmospheric air”.
Creation of low-waste and non-waste technologies
Low-waste technologies— production processes that ensure the fullest use of processed raw materials and generated waste. At the same time, substances are returned to the environment in relatively harmless quantities.
Part global problem Disposal of solid household waste is a problem of processing secondary polymer raw materials (especially plastic bottles). In Belarus, about 20-30 million of them are thrown away every month. Today, domestic scientists have developed and are using their own technology that makes it possible to process plastic bottles into fibrous materials. They serve as filters for purifying contaminated wastewater from fuels and lubricants, and are also widely used at gas stations. Filters made from recycled materials are not inferior in their physical and chemical properties to their analogues made from primary polymers. In addition, their cost is several times lower. In addition, machine sink brushes, packaging tape, tiles, paving slabs, etc. are made from the resulting fiber.
The development and implementation of low-waste technologies is dictated by the interests of environmental protection and is a step towards the development of waste-free technologies. Waste-free technologies imply a complete transition of production to a closed resource cycle without any impact on the environment.
Since 2012, the largest biogas plant in Belarus has been launched at the Rassvet agricultural production complex (Mogilev region). It allows you to process organic waste (manure, bird droppings, household waste, etc.). After processing, gaseous fuel - biogas - is obtained. Thanks to biogas, the farm can completely avoid heating greenhouses with expensive natural gas in winter. In addition to biogas, environmentally friendly organic fertilizers are also obtained from production waste. These fertilizers are free of pathogenic microflora, weed seeds, nitrites and nitrates.
Another example of waste-free technology is the production of cheese at most dairy enterprises in Belarus. IN in this case The fat-free and protein-free whey obtained from cheese production is completely used as raw material for the baking industry.
The introduction of low-waste and non-waste technologies also implies a transition to the next step in rational environmental management. This is the use of non-traditional, environmentally friendly and inexhaustible natural resources.
For the economy of our republic, the use of wind as an alternative energy source is especially important. A wind power plant with a capacity of 1.5 MW is successfully operating in the Novogrudok district of the Grodno region. This power is quite enough to provide electricity to the city of Novogrudok, where more than 30 thousand residents live. In the near future, more than 10 wind farms with a capacity of more than 400 MW will appear in the republic.
For more than five years, the Berestye greenhouse plant (Brest) in Belarus has been operating a geothermal station, which does not emit carbon dioxide, sulfur oxides and soot into the atmosphere during operation. At the same time, this type of energy reduces the country’s dependence on imported energy resources. Belarusian scientists have calculated that thanks to extraction from the bowels of the earth warm water natural gas savings amount to about 1 million m3 per year.
Ways to green agriculture and transport
The development of environmentally friendly fuels for transport is no less important than the creation of new automotive technologies. Today there are many examples when, as fuel in vehicles alcohol and hydrogen are used. Unfortunately, these types of fuel have not yet received mass distribution due to low economic efficiency their use. At the same time, so-called hybrid cars have become increasingly used. Along with an internal combustion engine, they also have an electric motor, which is intended for movement within cities.
Currently, there are three enterprises in Belarus producing biodiesel fuel for internal combustion engines. These are OJSC "Grodno Azot" (Grodno), OJSC "Mogilevkhimvolokno" (Mogilev), OJSC "Belshina" (Bobruisk). These enterprises produce about 800 thousand tons of biodiesel fuel per year, most which is exported. Belarusian biodiesel fuel is a mixture of petroleum diesel fuel and a biocomponent based on rapeseed oil and methanol in a ratio of 95% and 5%, respectively. This fuel reduces carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere compared to conventional diesel fuel. Scientists have found that the production of biodiesel fuel has allowed our country to reduce the purchase of oil by 300 thousand tons per year.
Solar panels are also known to be used as a source of energy for transportation. In July 2015, a Swiss manned aircraft equipped solar panels, for the first time in the world, spent more than 115 hours in a non-stop flight. At the same time, he reached an altitude of about 8.5 km, using exclusively solar energy during the flight.
Preservation of the gene pool
The species of living organisms on the planet are unique. They store information about all stages of the evolution of the biosphere, which is of practical and great educational importance. There are no useless or harmful species, all of them are necessary for sustainable development biosphere. Any species that disappears will never appear on Earth again. Therefore, in conditions of increased anthropogenic impact on the environment, it is extremely important to preserve the gene pool existing species planets. In the Republic of Belarus, the following system of measures has been developed for this purpose:
- creation of environmental areas - nature reserves, national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, etc.;
- development of a system for monitoring the state of the environment - environmental monitoring;
- development and adoption of environmental laws providing for various shapes responsibility for negative impact on the environment. Responsibility concerns pollution of the biosphere, violation of the regime of protected areas, poaching, inhumane treatment of animals, etc.;
- breeding rare and endangered plants and animals. Relocating them to protected areas or new favorable habitats;
- creation of a genetic data bank (plant seeds, reproductive and somatic cells of animals, plants, fungal spores capable of reproducing in the future). This is relevant for the conservation of valuable plant varieties and animal breeds or endangered species;
- carrying out regular work on environmental education and upbringing of the entire population, and especially the younger generation.
Rational environmental management is a type of relationship between a person and the environment in which a person is able to intelligently develop natural resources and prevent the negative consequences of his activities. An example of rational environmental management is the use of low-waste and non-waste technologies in industry, as well as the greening of all spheres of human economic activity.
