Education in Russia plays a decisive role in the process of personality formation. Its main goal is the education and training of the younger generation, their acquisition of knowledge, skills, competencies and the necessary experience. Various types of education in Russia are aimed at professional, moral, intellectual and physical development children, teenagers, boys and girls. Let's look at this in more detail.
Law "On Education in the Russian Federation"
According to this document, the educational process is a continuous, sequential connected system. Such content implies the presence of certain levels. In the law they are called “types of education in Russia”.
Each level has specific goals and objectives, content and methods of influence.
Types of education in Russia
According to the law, there are two large levels.
The first is general education. It includes preschool and school sublevels. The latter, in turn, is divided into primary, basic and complete (secondary) education.
The second level is vocational education. It includes secondary, higher (bachelor's, specialist and master's) and training of highly qualified personnel.
Let's look at each of these levels in more detail.
About the preschool education system in Russia
This level is intended for children under seven years of age. Basic goal - general development, training and education of preschool children. In addition, it implies monitoring and caring for them. In Russia, these functions are performed by specialized institutions preschool education.
These are nurseries, kindergartens, centers early development or at home.
About the secondary education system in the Russian Federation
As noted above, it consists of several sublevels:
- The initial one lasts four years. The main goal is to give the child a system of necessary knowledge in basic subjects.
- Basic education lasts from fifth to ninth grades. It assumes that the child’s development should be carried out according to the basic scientific directions. As a result, secondary educational institutions must prepare teenagers for the State Examination in certain subjects.
These levels of education at school are mandatory for children in accordance with their age. After the ninth grade, the child has the right to leave school and study further by choosing special secondary educational institutions. In this case, it is the guardians or parents who are legally entrusted with full responsibility for ensuring that the process of acquiring knowledge is continued and not interrupted.
Complete education means that the student spends two years in the tenth and eleventh grades. The main purpose of this stage is to prepare graduates for the Unified State Exam and further study at a university. Reality shows that during this period they often resort to the services of tutors, since school alone is not enough.
More information about secondary vocational and higher education in our country
Secondary vocational educational institutions are divided into colleges and technical schools (state and non-state). They prepare students in their chosen specialties in two to three, and sometimes four years. A teenager can enroll in most colleges after the ninth grade. The exceptions are medical colleges. They are accepted if there is complete general education.
You can enter any higher educational institution in Russia through a bachelor's program only after the eleventh grade. In the future, if desired, the student will continue his studies in a master's program.
Some universities now offer a specialist's degree rather than a bachelor's degree. However, in accordance with the Bologna system, higher vocational education under this system will soon no longer exist.
The next step is the training of highly qualified personnel. These are postgraduate studies (or postgraduate studies) and residency. In addition, specialists with higher professional education can undergo an assistantship-internship program. We are talking about training highly qualified pedagogical and creative figures.
Distance education
This system is a new, specific form of education, which differs from traditional ones. Distance education is distinguished by other goals, objectives, content, means, methods and forms of interaction. The use of computer technologies, telecommunications, case technologies, etc. is becoming predominant.
In this regard, the most common types of such training are as follows:
- The first one relies on interactive television. When implemented, there is direct visual contact with the audience, which is located at a distance from the teacher. Currently, this type is not well developed and is very expensive. However, it is necessary when unique techniques are demonstrated, laboratory experiments and new knowledge in a particular area.
- Second type distance learning relies on computer telecommunication networks (regional, global) with various teaching capabilities (text files, multimedia technologies, video conferencing, Email And so on). This is a common and inexpensive type of distance learning.
- The third combines a CD (a basic electronic textbook) and a global network. Thanks to its great didactic capabilities, this type is optimal both for university and school education, and for advanced training. A CD has a lot of advantages: multimedia, interactivity, availability of a large amount of information with minimal financial losses.
Inclusive education
Law "On Education in Russian Federation" highlights as one of its priority tasks the creation of favorable conditions for the education of persons with disabilities disabilities. Moreover, this is reflected not only in form, but also in content.
In the law, this system is called “inclusive education”. Its implementation implies the absence of any discrimination against children with special needs, equal treatment of everyone and accessibility of education.
Inclusive education is implemented in all educational institutions in Russia. The main goal is to create a barrier-free environment in the learning process and provide professional training for people with disabilities. To implement it, it is necessary to perform certain tasks:
- technically equip educational institutions;
- develop special training courses for teachers;
- create methodological developments for other students, aimed at the process of developing relationships with people with disabilities;
- develop programs that are aimed at facilitating the adaptation of persons with disabilities in general educational institutions.
This work has only just begun to develop. Over the next few years, the set goal and identified tasks must be fully realized.
Conclusion
At the moment, the types of education in Russia are clearly identified, the functions and content of each level are revealed. However, despite this, the reconstruction and reform of the entire education system continues.
There are different levels of education in Russia. They are regulated by a special Law on Education of the Russian Federation 273-FZ Chapter 2 Article 10, which was recently supplemented.
According to the law, levels of education in the Russian Federation are divided into 2 main types - general education and vocational. The first type includes preschool and school education, the second - all others.
General education
According to Article 43 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, all citizens are guaranteed to receive free general education in municipal institutions. General education is a term that includes the following types:
- Preschool education;
- School education.
The second type is divided into the following subspecies:
- Initial;
- Basic;
- Average.
Preschool education is primarily aimed at developing skills that will help in the future when mastering school material. This includes the primary elements of written and oral speech, the basics of hygiene, ethics and a healthy lifestyle.
In the Russian Federation, both municipal and private preschool education institutions operate successfully. In addition, many parents prefer to raise their children at home without sending them to kindergarten. Statistics says that the number of children who did not attend preschool institutions increases every year.
Primary education is a continuation of preschool and is aimed at developing students' motivation, honing their writing and speaking skills, teaching the basics of theoretical thinking and various sciences.
The main task of basic education is to study the foundations of various sciences, deeper study state language, the formation of inclinations towards certain types of activities, the formation of aesthetic tastes and social definition. During the period of basic education, the student must develop the skills of independent knowledge of the world.
Secondary education aims to teach people to think rationally, make independent choices, and study various sciences in more depth. A clear understanding of the world is also formed and social role every student in it. More important than ever before pedagogical influence class teacher and other teachers.
Professional education
In Russian federation levels vocational education are divided into the following subspecies:
- Initial;
- Average;
- Higher.
Primary education is provided by institutions that provide blue-collar jobs. These include vocational schools (vocational schools, which are now gradually being renamed PTL - vocational lyceum). You can enter such institutions either on the basis of 9 or 11 classes.
Secondary education includes technical schools and colleges. The former train basic-level specialists, the latter implement a system of advanced training. You can enroll in a technical school or college on the basis of 9 or 11 grades; you can enter some institutions only after 9 or only after 11 grades (for example, medical colleges). Citizens who already have primary vocational education are trained under a shortened program.
Higher education carries out training of highly qualified specialists for various sectors of the economy. Universities, institutes and academies (in in some cases also colleges). Higher education is divided into the following levels:
- Specialty;
A bachelor's degree is a required level to obtain the other two. There are also various forms of education. It can be full-time, part-time, part-time, or external.
Education levels in the world
There are a huge number of students teaching students around the world. educational institutions And .
- One of best systems works in the USA; more than 500 thousand foreign students study in institutions in this country. the main problem American education system - high cost.
- Higher educational institutions in France also offer a very high educational level; education in universities in this country, as in Russia, is free. Students only have to provide their own support.
- In Germany, population countries and foreign applicants are also entitled to free education. There was an attempt to introduce tuition fees, but the attempt failed. Interesting feature Education in this country, in the legal and medical fields, there is no division into bachelor's and specialty degrees.
- In England, the term Higher Education is used only to refer to institutes or universities from which graduates receive a doctorate or advanced degree.
- also in Lately Getting an education in China has also become popular. This happened thanks to the teaching of most disciplines in English, however, the cost of education in China is still quite high.
The methodology of the British publication Times Higher Education (THE) was the basis for this rating, created by Times Higher Education together with the Thomson Reuters information group. Developed in 2010 and replacing the well-known World University Rankings, the ranking is recognized as one of the most authoritative in determining the quality of education in the world.
Criteria for evaluating universities:
- Academic reputation of the university, including scientific activity and quality of education (data from a global expert survey of representatives of the international academic community)
- The scientific reputation of the university in certain areas (data from a global expert survey of representatives of the international academic community).
- Total citations of scientific publications, normalized relative to different areas of research (analysis data of 12 thousand scientific journals over a five-year period).
- Ratio of published scientific articles to the number of teaching staff (data from an analysis of 12 thousand scientific journals over a five-year period).
- The amount of funding for the university's research activities in relation to the number of teaching staff (the indicator is normalized by purchasing power parity, based on the economy of a particular country).
- The amount of funding from outside companies for university research activities in relation to the number of teaching staff.
- Attitude government funding research activities to the overall research budget of the university.
- The ratio of teaching staff to the number of students.
- The ratio of the number of foreign representatives of the teaching staff to the number of local ones.
- The ratio of the number of foreign students to the number of local ones.
- Ratio of defended dissertations (PhDs) to the number of teaching staff.
- The ratio of defended dissertations (PhDs) to the number of bachelors pursuing a master's degree.
- The average remuneration of a representative of the teaching staff (the indicator is normalized by purchasing power parity, based on the economy of a particular country).
How is the score determined?
The maximum score that the university under study can receive is 100 points.
- For the level of teaching activity, quality of education, and the number of highly qualified teachers, a university can receive a maximum of 30 points.
- A maximum of 30 points are awarded for the scientific reputation of the university.
- For citation of scientific works – 30 points.
- For developing innovative projects and attracting investment to them, the university receives a maximum of 2.5 points.
- For the university’s ability to attract the best students and teachers from all over the world – 7.5 points.
World ranking of universities 2014-2015
|
The name of the university |
A country |
Score (according to the 2014-2015 study) |
|
| Caltech | USA | 94,3 | |
| Harvard University | USA | 93,3 | |
| Oxford University | Great Britain | 93,2 | |
| Stanford University | USA | 92,9 | |
| Cambridge University | Great Britain | 92,0 | |
| Massachusetts Institute of Technology | USA | 91,9 | |
| Princeton University | USA | 90,9 | |
| University of California at Berkeley | USA | 89,5 | |
| Imperial College London | Great Britain | 87,5 | |
| Yale university | USA | 87,5 | |
| University of Chicago | USA | 87,1 | |
| UCLA | USA | 85,5 | |
| Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich | Switzerland | 84,6 | |
| Columbia University | USA | 84,4 | |
| Johns Hopkins University | USA | 83,0 |
| Moscow State University named after M. V. Lomonosova | Russian Federation | 46,0 |
Education system in the Russian Federation
According to the Federal Law of December 29, 2012 No. 273-FZ “On Education in the Russian Federation”, the education system includes 2 main types - general And professional education, which in turn are divided into the following levels:
General educationconsists of four levels:
Preschool Education is provided by licensed institutions for children up to 6 - 7 years old, that is, before they officially go to school.
Initial general Education for children aged 7 to 10 years includes grades 1-4.
Basic general (incomplete secondary) education for children aged 11 to 15 years takes 5 years and includes grades 5-9.
Average total (complete secondary) students receive education in high school high school for 2 years of study - grades 10-11 - and complete it at the age of 17-18 years.
The secondary general education program is compulsory and is considered completed after completing 11 grades and each student passing the state final certification. Certification is carried out in the form single state exam(USE) in Russian language and mathematics (compulsory exams), as well as additional items from the list established by law (from 1 or more) at the choice of the graduate. The test results are accepted as entrance examinations upon admission to university. Graduates who successfully pass the Unified State Exam receive certificate of secondary general education , and to obtain a certificate it is enough passing the Unified State Exam in Russian language and mathematics. This gives the holder the right to continue studying at the level of secondary vocational education. Access to higher education is granted based on the results of the Unified State Exam with optional exams - the number and subjects are determined by the applicant depending on the requirements of the university in the chosen field.
Professional education includes 5 levels:
Secondary vocational education can be obtained using two types of programs:
Training programs for qualified workers and employees;
Training programs for mid-level specialists.
Graduates of secondary vocational educational organizations receive a diploma of secondary vocational education after graduation.
After finishing educational program of the first type, graduates are given access to the labor market, as well as the right to continue their studies in programs of the second type and higher education(subject to receipt of secondary general education).
Educational organizations implementing programs of the second type can be either independent educational organizations or structural divisions of a university. As a rule, in this case the programs are well coordinated with university programs in the relevant areas.
Currently in Russia there is a multi-stage system higher education , as a subtype of vocational education, consisting of the following levels:
Higher education - bachelor's degree (240 credits). A bachelor's degree is awarded after completing a 4-year program of study. Bachelor's programs are developed in various areas. A bachelor's degree provides applied education, since the holder receives a sufficient amount of professional knowledge, skills and abilities to be employed in positions that require higher education (without specifying the level). However, having a bachelor's degree is a condition for admission to master's programs. State final examination includes protection thesis and passing state final exams. After successfully passing the certification, a bachelor's diploma is issued.
Higher education - specialty (300-360 credit units). The qualification of a specialist in Russia is a legacy of the previous single-stage system of higher education and in essence corresponds to a master's degree. Holders get the opportunity professional activity requiring more high level higher education than a bachelor's degree. They are also given access to master’s programs in areas other than those already obtained in the specialty, and to programs for training highly qualified personnel ( postgraduate education). The duration of training to obtain a specialist qualification is at least 5 years. State final certification for obtaining specialist qualifications includes defending a project or thesis and passing state final exams. Obtaining a specialist qualification is confirmed by a specialist diploma. The level of higher education - specialty is equivalent to the level of higher education - master's degree.
Higher education - master's degree (120 credits) is a two-year course of study focused for the most part for research activities (up to 50% study load student) compared to specialty programs. But, first of all, a master's degree is an in-depth training in analytical and professional-practical activities in a specific field, including the development of elements of scientific and pedagogical work. The state educational standard defines only general requirements for master's degree programs, without establishing requirements regarding the content of education. Universities have the right to independently make decisions on the content of master’s programs depending on the specialty, and also independently establish the admission procedure for applicants (exams, interviews, etc.). Access to master's programs is available to holders of a bachelor's degree, as well as specialist qualifications. Holders of higher education degrees who wish to enroll in a master's program in another specialty must pass additional exams that reflect the requirements for passing the chosen one. master's program. The state final certification for obtaining a master's degree includes the defense of a master's thesis and passing state final exams, the results of which are awarded a master's diploma.
Higher education - training of highly qualified personnel (postgraduate education) is carried out based on the results of mastering training programs for scientific and pedagogical personnel in graduate school (postgraduate studies), residency programs, and assistantship internships. The duration of training is determined by the relevant program and is 3-4 years. The training ends with passing candidate exams and preparing a candidate's dissertation. Holders receive a corresponding diploma. Receiving this level of education does not automatically lead to the award of an academic degree of Candidate of Sciences, but only increases the level of knowledge, skills and abilities of the holder and provides the opportunity for a deeper and more qualified approach to the creation of a scientific qualification work (dissertation) for the academic degree of Candidate of Sciences. Also, mastering this level of higher education provides the opportunity to work in positions for which Russian legislation defines mandatory requirements (higher school teacher, researcher, etc.).
Academic degrees
The awarding of academic degrees is regulated by Federal Law No. 127-FZ of August 23, 1996 “On Science and State Scientific and Technical Policy” and other by-laws. Academic degrees are not included in the education system because are the result of official recognition by the state and society of the holder’s achievements in scientific and research fields. At the same time, the condition for obtaining an academic degree is the presence of a previous higher education, therefore they act as a logical continuation of increasing the level of education of the holder and are closely related to the educational system of Russia.
Traditionally in Russia there are two levels of academic degrees: PhD And Doctor of Sciences . An academic degree is awarded to persons who have defended a scientific qualification work (dissertation). Based on the results of successful defense of the dissertation, a diploma is issued conferring the academic degree of Candidate of Sciences or Doctor of Sciences.
To obtain an academic degree PhD Usually, it is required to complete 3-4 years of postgraduate study (postgraduate studies, etc.) after receiving a specialist or master's degree, prepare a dissertation, and then defend it and be awarded an academic degree. However, obtaining a PhD degree is possible without undergoing postgraduate studies. To do this, a holder of a higher education (specialty or master's degree) can be transferred to appropriate scientific positions and must prepare a dissertation within no more than 3 years. After defending his dissertation, he is awarded the academic degree of Candidate of Sciences.
Academic degree Doctor of Sciences is awarded after receiving the degree of Candidate of Sciences and can be obtained in two ways, just like the academic degree of Candidate of Sciences - by continuing doctoral studies for up to 3 years and preparing a doctoral dissertation, and then defending it and awarding an academic degree, or without completing training, provided employment in relevant scientific positions for the preparation of a doctoral dissertation for no more than 2 years, its subsequent defense and award of the scientific degree of Doctor of Science.
is a set of training programs and state standards, which are in constant interaction with each other. The levels of education that implement them consist of institutions that are independent of each other. Each level of institution has its own forms of organization and legal subordination bodies that control it.
Education in Russia
At all times in our country education has been given Special attention. However, with the change of centuries and political regimes, it has also undergone significant changes. So, in Soviet time the education system worked under a single standard. The requirements for educational institutions, the plans according to which training was carried out, and the methods used by teachers were uniform and strictly regulated at the state level. However, the revaluation of values today has led to democratization, humanization and individualization in the education system. All these terms, inapplicable in the past, have become commonplace for modern participants in the educational process. There is variability in educational programs, which allows each institution, regardless of its level, to develop its own training plan, provided that it is approved by the regulatory authority.
However, despite all the innovations, modern Russian system education remains federal and centralized. Levels of education and its types are fixed by law and are not subject to change.
Types and levels of Russian education
Today, in the Russian Federation there are such types of education as general education and vocational. The first type includes preschool and school education, the second - all others.
As for the level of education, this is an indicator of the mastery of educational programs at various levels, both by an individual and by the population. Educational programs, in turn, are stages of education. This indicator characterizes the real and potential capabilities of society, the state in general, and the individual in particular.
Education levels:
- general education;
- professional;
- higher.
General education
According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, every citizen has the right to receive every level of general education free of charge in all government institutions. Levels of general education are:
- preschool;
- school.
School education, in turn, is divided into:
- initial;
- basic;
- average.
Each level prepares for mastering the educational program of the next level.
The very first stage in our country is preschool education. It prepares future students to master school curriculum, and also provides initial knowledge about hygiene, ethics and healthy way life. At the same time, according to research, children who did not attend preschool, at the next level - school, experience difficulties, as in social adaptation, and in mastering educational material. 
All subsequent levels of education, like the preschool level, pursue a single goal - to prepare for mastering the next stage of education.
At the same time, the primary task of basic education is to master the basics of various sciences and the state language, as well as the formation of inclinations to certain types activities. At this stage of education, it is necessary to learn to independently understand the world around us.
Professional education
The levels of professional education are as follows:
- initial
- average;
- higher.
The first stage is mastered in institutions where you can obtain various working professions. These include vocational institutions. Today they are called vocational lyceums. You can get there either after 9th grade or after graduating from 11th grade.
The next level is technical schools and colleges. In institutions of the first type you can master a basic level of future profession, while the second type involves more in-depth study. You can also enter there either after the 9th grade or after the 11th grade. However, there are institutions that stipulate admission only after one specific level. If you already have primary vocational education, you will be offered training in an accelerated program.
And finally, higher education prepares highly qualified specialists in a variety of fields. This level of education has its own sublevels.
Higher education. Levels
So, the levels of higher education are:
- bachelor's degree;
- specialty
- master's degree
It is noteworthy that each of these levels has its own training periods. It should be taken into account that the bachelor's degree is the entry level, which is compulsory for obtaining the rest.
Specialists with higher qualifications in various professions are trained in educational institutions such as universities, institutes, and academies.
This level of education is also characterized by the fact that it has different forms of training. You can learn:
- in person, attending all classes and passing the sessions;
- in absentia, independently studying the course material and passing the sessions;
- part-time, when training can be carried out on weekends, or evening time(suitable for employed students, as it allows them to study without interrupting work);
- externally, here you can complete your studies whenever you see fit (this involves issuing a state-issued diploma, but it will have a note on it that you graduated from the educational institution as an external student).
Conclusion
Types of education and its levels look like this. It is their totality that makes up the education system of the Russian Federation. All of them are regulated at the legislative level by regulatory documents of various nature and content. 
It should be borne in mind that the purpose of the educational system is not only that it allows one to master various professions. In the process of learning, a personality is formed, which improves with each educational level overcome.
Education in the Russian Federation is a unified process aimed at educating and training the future generation. During 2003-2010. The domestic education system has undergone serious reform in accordance with the provisions contained in the Bologna Declaration. In addition to specialty and postgraduate studies, such levels of the Russian Federation were introduced as
In 2012, Russia adopted the Law “On Education of the Russian Federation”. Levels Education, similar to European countries, provides the opportunity for free movement for students and teachers between universities. Another undoubted advantage is the possibility of employment in any of the countries that signed the Bologna Declaration.
purpose, functions
Education is the process and result of the transfer of knowledge and experience that has been accumulated by all previous generations. The main goal of training is to introduce new members of society to established beliefs and value ideals.
The main functions of training are:
- Raising worthy members of society.
- Socialization and familiarization of the new generation with the values established in a given society.
- Providing qualified training for young specialists.
- Transferring work-related knowledge using modern technology.
Education criteria
An educated person is a person who has accumulated a certain amount of knowledge, can clearly determine the causes and consequences of an event and can think logically. The main criterion of education can be called systematic knowledge and thinking, which is reflected in a person’s ability, reasoning logically, to restore gaps in the knowledge system.
The importance of learning in human life
It is through education that the culture of society is transmitted from one generation to another. Education influences all spheres of social life. An example of such an impact would be the improvement of the training system. New levels of professional education in the Russian Federation will generally lead to an improvement in the quality of existing labor resources state, which, in turn, will have a significant impact on the development of the domestic economy. For example, becoming a lawyer will help strengthen the legal culture of the population, since every citizen should know their legal rights and responsibilities.
High-quality and systematic education, which covers all areas of a person’s life, allows one to develop a harmonious personality. Learning also has a significant impact on the individual. Since in the current situation only educated person can climb the social ladder and achieve high status in society. That is, self-realization is directly related to receiving quality training at the highest level.
Education system
The education system in Russia includes a number of organizations. These include institutions:
- Preschool education (development centers, kindergartens).
- General education (schools, gymnasiums, lyceums).
- Higher educational institutions (universities, research institutes, academies, institutes).
- Secondary special (technical schools, colleges).
- Non-state.
- Additional education.
Principles of the education system
- The primacy of universal human values.
- The basis is cultural and national principles.
- Scientificity.
- Focus on the characteristics and level of education in the world.
- Humanistic character.
- Focus on environmental protection.
- Continuity of education, consistent and continuous nature.
- Training should be unified system physical and spiritual education.
- Encouraging the manifestation of talent and personal qualities.
- Mandatory primary (basic) education.
Types of education
Based on the level of independent thinking achieved, the following types of training are distinguished:
- Preschool - in the family and in preschool institutions (children's age is up to 7 years).
- Primary - carried out in schools and gymnasiums, starting from the age of 6 or 7, lasting from the first to the fourth grades. The child is taught basic reading, writing and counting skills, and much attention is paid to personality development and acquiring the necessary knowledge about the world around him.
- Secondary - includes basic (grades 4-9) and general secondary (grades 10-11). Carried out in schools, gymnasiums and lyceums. It ends with receiving a certificate of completion of general secondary education. Students at at this stage acquire knowledge and skills that form a full-fledged citizen.
- Higher education is one of the stages of professional education. The main goal is to train qualified personnel in the necessary areas of activity. It is carried out at a university, academy or institute.
According to the nature and focus of education, there are:
- General. Helps to acquire knowledge of the basics of science, in particular about nature, man, and society. Gives a person basic knowledge about the world around him and helps him acquire the necessary practical skills.
- Professional. At this stage, the knowledge and skills that are necessary for the student to perform labor and service functions are acquired.
- Polytechnic. Training in the basic principles of modern production. Acquiring skills in using simple tools.
Education levels
The organization of training is based on such a concept as “the level of education in the Russian Federation.” It reflects the division of the training program depending on the statistical indicator of study by the population as a whole and by each citizen individually. The level of education in the Russian Federation is a completed educational cycle, which is characterized by certain requirements. the federal law“On Education in the Russian Federation” provides for the following levels of general education in the Russian Federation:
- Preschool.
- Initial.
- Basics.
- Average.
In addition, the following levels of higher education in the Russian Federation are distinguished:
- Bachelor's degree. Admission is made on a competitive basis after passing the Unified State Exam. A student receives a bachelor's degree after he has acquired and confirmed basic knowledge in his chosen specialty. The training lasts 4 years. Upon completion of this level, the graduate can pass special exams and continue training as a specialist or master.
- Specialty. This stage includes basic education as well as training in the chosen specialty. On a full-time basis, the duration of study is 5 years, and on a part-time basis - 6. After receiving a specialist diploma, you can continue studying for a master's degree or enroll in graduate school. Traditionally, this level of education in the Russian Federation is considered prestigious and is not very different from a master’s degree. However, when working abroad, it will lead to a number of problems.
- Master's degree. This level graduates professionals with deeper specialization. You can enroll in a master's program after completing a bachelor's degree and a specialist's degree.
- Training of highly qualified personnel. This implies postgraduate study. This is the necessary preparation for obtaining an academic degree. Full-time study lasts 3 years, part-time - 4. An academic degree is awarded upon completion of studies, defense of a dissertation and passing final exams.
Levels of education in the Russian Federation according to the new law contribute to the receipt by domestic students of diplomas and supplements to them, which are rated by higher education institutions. educational institutions other states, which means they provide the opportunity to continue studying abroad.
Forms of education
Training in Russia can be carried out in two forms:
- In special educational institutions. Can be carried out in full-time, part-time, part-time, external, distance learning forms.
- Outside educational institutions. Involves self-education and family education. It is planned to pass the intermediate and final
Education subsystems
The learning process combines two interrelated subsystems: training and education. They help achieve the main goal of the educational process - human socialization.
The main difference between these two categories is that training is aimed primarily at developing the intellectual side of a person, and education, on the contrary, is aimed at value orientations. There is a close relationship between these two processes. Moreover, they complement each other.
Quality of higher education
Despite the fact that a reform was carried out in the education system of the Russian Federation not so long ago, there has not been much improvement in the quality of domestic education. Among the main reasons for the lack of progress in improving the quality of educational services are the following:
- Outdated management system in higher education institutions.
- A small number of highly qualified foreign teachers.
- Low rating of domestic educational institutions in the world community, which is due to weak internationalization.
Issues related to the management of the education system
- Low level of remuneration for workers in the education sector.
- Lack of highly qualified personnel.
- Insufficient level of material and technical equipment of institutions and organizations.
- Low education in the Russian Federation.
- Low level of cultural development of the population as a whole.
Obligations to solve these problems are assigned not only to the state as a whole, but also to the levels municipalities RF.
Trends in the development of education services
- Internationalization of higher education, ensuring the mobility of teachers and students with the aim of exchanging best international experience.
- Strengthening the focus of domestic education in a practical direction, which implies the introduction of practical disciplines and an increase in the number of practicing teachers.
- Active introduction of multimedia technologies and other visualization systems into the educational process.
- Popularization of distance learning.
Thus, education underlies the cultural, intellectual and moral state modern society. This is a determining factor in socio-economic development Russian state. Reform of the education system to date has not led to global results. However, a slight shift in better side There is. The levels of education in the Russian Federation under the new law contributed to the emergence of opportunities for the free movement of teachers and students between universities, which indicates that the process of Russian education has taken a course towards internationalization.
