A complement is a minor member of a sentence that has general meaning object and relating either to a separate member of the sentence, denoting an action or attribute, or to the entire basis of the sentence.
The addition answers questions in all cases except the nominative. These so-called Supplements are in most cases expressed by nouns ( Grandma always asked(whom?) Nikita(about what?) about school performance.), as well as pronominal nouns ( He was very proud of him.), infinitive ( offer to come back, ask to meet), substantivized adjectives ( have lunch in the cafeteria, study with those who are lagging behind), cardinal numbers ( add three).
An addition can be expressed by any part of speech that replaces a noun - a subjective and objective infinitive, an adverb, an interjection, syntactically indecomposable phrases, phraseological units. Using the examples, you can understand what question the addition answers.
Vanka lies on the grass under a tree and dozes to the sound of a bird's chirp-chirp..
I am sending you a big one from Gorlenko(What?) Hello.
Served(What?) have supper.
He managed to find it(What?) Achilles heel.
What questions does the supplement answer and what types is it divided into?
There are indirect and Supplement, which is expressed in a form without a preposition and refers to the member of the sentence that is expressed transitive verb, is called direct. It denotes the object to which the action is directly directed ( write an essay, give advice).
The predicate can have direct objects in the form genitive case without preposition:
a) if expressed by a transitive verb with negation ( not noticing mistakes, not understanding the question);
b) if the action, which is expressed by a transitive verb, has the meaning of a part of the whole ( drink water);
c) when used with words of state category ( sorry, sorry - sorry for life, sorry for time).
The addition, which is expressed by the form of the accusative case with prepositions, as well as the forms of the remaining (indirect) cases with and without prepositions, is called indirect ( speak(about what?) about the Motherland, cluttered(how?) books, rattle(how?) spoons, spend the summer(who?) by Grandma).
What questions does the adjective and verb complement answer?
When classifying according to the subordinating word, the following are distinguished: verb complement ( listen to music, edit the manuscript) and a noun complement, which depends on the noun ( caring for parents, choosing a profession) or adjective ( praiseworthy, ready to march).
What questions does the complement of a noun answer and how is it expressed?
Additions to a noun respond to cases and are expressed:
a) the parent of the object: reading a book, defending the homeland;
b) parental relationship to the manufacturer: book author, plant director;
c) genitive content: verification of execution, purpose of the study;
d) dative addressee: helping those in need, response to correspondent;
e) instrumental content: briefcase with books, jar of water, math classes;
f) instrumental compatibility: tea with sugar, magazine with attachments.
What questions does an addition that combines two meanings answer?
Additions that combine two meanings are of a special nature:
1) attribute and object: dream of a trip(what dream? dream about what?), report of negotiations, rumors of a fire, report on the financial situation, memories of the past, dreams of the future, the case of the fisherman. Such constructions are called attributive complements;
2) objective and circumstantial: fish breathe through gills(what?, how?); Spend the summer with family(from whom?, where?); The first leaves appeared on the trees(on what?, where?). Such constructions are called adverbial additions.
Minor members play an important role in the sentence, enriching it, bringing clarity, explaining the subject and predicate. Among them, the addition stands out. The mistake in highlighting this minor member is that it is often confused with the subject, especially when it is in the accusative case. To avoid inaccuracies, you need to know what questions the supplement answers. We will talk about this in the article.
General information
The addition answers questions about indirect cases. These include everything except the nominative (the subject answers it).
Usually, a question is asked about the addition from the members of the sentence (minor and main), which are expressed either by verbs or those close in meaning to them (participles, gerunds).
Meaning
The meanings of the addition can be completely different. Let's analyze such relationships with the predicate in a sentence and see how the addition answers the questions. Examples below.
Olga gives (what?) an injection.
Olga gives an injection to (who?) her mother.
Olga gives an injection (with what?) with a syringe.
Sometimes there are additions that depend on verbal nouns and adjectives: conquering the top, moving to the end of the line, fish fried in a frying pan.
If we systematize the meanings, taking into account what the complement responds to, we get the following:
- This minor member determines the object experiencing the action: choosing (what?) a profession, washing (what?) linen.
- The object in whose interests the action is performed: write to your brother, go to your sister, come to your parents.
- A means of performing an action or a tool of labor: writing with a pen, swimming breaststroke, drawing with a brush and paints.
How is the addition expressed?
The object, like the subject, is expressed by the following parts of speech:
- A noun in the oblique case or a noun pronoun in the same form. The preposition is variable: I went (to whom?) to my mother; happy with (what?) the work; I think (about whom?) about him; bring (who?) him.
- Any substantive part of speech (endowed with the function of a noun). Everyone was interested in (who?) was reading.
- Infinitive. The audience asked the troupe (about what?) to dance again.
- Numeral name. I'll multiply (what?) fifteen (by what?) by ten.
- Phraseologism. I ask my sister (about what?) not to hang her nose.
What does the supplement refer to?
Since the addition answers questions of indirect cases, most often it refers to the predicate verb. In this way, it brings clarity to the main action being communicated in the sentence. We are walking (with whom?) with our daughter around the store. IN in this case the addition “with my daughter” extends the predicate verb “walking”.
However, this minor member can also refer to a noun that has some kind of action in its meaning. For example, “He is the driver of (what?) a heavy vehicle.” The object of "car" refers to the noun "driver".
Short adjectives are close in form and meaning to the predicate verb, so this minor member can also apply to them: I am angry (at whom?) at my neighbor. The addition with the preposition "to the neighbor" refers to short adjective"evil". Less often it refers to full adjective: Similar (to whom?) to his father.
Often an addition explains an adverb or adjective in comparative degree. For example: She looks younger (what?) than her age. Jasmine is more fragrant (what?) than roses.
Direct
Depending on what questions the addition answers, it can be either direct or indirect. The first requires placement in the accusative case, and there cannot be a preposition with it.
This addition defines the object of the action. It refers to a transitive verb or adverb. For example: to hate the enemy is direct, it is in the accusative case, and the verb “to hate” is transitive. Another example: I feel sorry for your friend. The addition of “friend” refers to the adverb “sorry”, which acts as a predicate in this sentence.
What questions does a direct complement answer? Only questions in the genitive or accusative case. Let's look at the options:
- The most common is the accusative case form with a missing preposition: We decorated the Christmas tree with the whole family. The addition “Christmas tree” is direct, used in the accusative case, there is no preposition.
- Form of the genitive case when denoting a part of something whole: I poured tea leaves into a cup, and then diluted it with boiling water and put in lemon. The addition of “infusion” is direct and is in the genitive case. Also, the genitive case can indicate any result of an action, combined with the meaning of quantity: I need to go buy flour and bread.
- In impersonal sentences, when the predicate is an adverb: What a pity for the wasted years.
Indirect
What questions does the indirect complement answer? For all the others: accusative with preposition, dative, instrumental and prepositional. The last three can be used with or without a preposition.
- Our childhood dreams included bright travels and carefree everyday life (indirect additions - dreams, everyday life).
- We pretended to be adults to ride this attraction (indirect addition - adults).
- Conversations about the upcoming celebration took up all the free time (indirect addition - about the celebration).
Today, I will tell you about such a concept as “Minor members in a sentence.” I'll start with the minor members called "Supplement".
Addition in Russian
The addition is a minor member of the sentence, answering questions of indirect cases, as well as denoting the object to which this or that action is directed or connected. Sometimes denotes the action or state of an object.
Additions that denote the object of action are used with verbs or from nouns formed by them.
Complements that name an object are used with adjectives or with nouns formed from them.
Direct objects are objects that depend on a transitive verb and are used in the meaning of a noun or pronoun (and any other parts of speech that are expressed by a noun) in the accusative case without a preposition.
For example:
Build (what?) a building
Fix (what?) computer
Kiss (who?) mom
The direct object can also be formed using the genitive case in two cases:
1.When there is a negative particle “not” before a transitive verb
A.Eat soup do not eat soup
B. To earn money is not to earn money
2. Or when the action does not pass to the entire object, but only to part of it
For example
A. Buy bread buy bread
B.Drink milk drink milk
B. Add rice add rice
A direct object denotes an object to which an action is directed, which can create, appear or disappear during the action.
Circumstance in Russian: 7 types
A circumstance is a minor member of a sentence that denotes how and under what circumstances an action occurs.
There are 7 types of circumstances:
1. Time circumstance (indicates the time and date of the action)
A.Work from morning to evening
B.Leave late
2. Circumstance of place (indicates the place or direction of what is happening)
A.Move left
B.Live in the forest
3. Circumstance of measure and degree (indicates the weight, measure and degree of what is happening)
A. Shoot twice
B. Three hundred thirty-two kilograms
3. Circumstance of the manner of action (indicates the manner of performing the action)
A. Answer clearly
B. Live in peace
4. Circumstance of reason (indicates the reason for the action)
A. Not coming due to illness
B. Oversleep because of a movie
5. Circumstance of the goal (indicates the goal)
A. Go on vacation
B. Come to study
6. Circumstance of condition (indicates the condition of the action)
A.Can't come due to snowfall
B. Don't swim because of the cold
7. Circumstance of assignment (indicates the condition contrary to which the action is performed)
A. Ride against your will
V. Despite there is nothing to run first
Definition: agreed and inconsistent
A definition is a minor member of a sentence that denotes a sign, quality or property of an object and answers the questions: what? whose?
There are 2 types of definitions, consistent and inconsistent:
1. Agreed definitions - consistent with the word being defined in number, case, singular- and in kind; expressed by an adjective, pronoun-adjective, participle, ordinal number.
A sign or serving as its instrument. There is a distinction between direct and indirect objects. Direct the complement denotes the object directly involved in the action. Criteria for its selection in different languages are different. In is expressed accusative without, combined only with verbs. Depending on the nature of the action, such an object can be external (unchangeable): “buy a house”, “throw a stone”, and internal (resultative): “build a house”, “crush a stone”. A type of internal object is an object of content (“cognate addition”, figura etymologica), i.e. an object, as if extracted from the action itself: “think a thought”, “cry out a cry”, “grief with grief”. An object denoting the subject of speech, thought, perception (“to report news”, “to plot a crime”, “to see a ship”) is called deliberative.
Indirect the addition is expressed by a noun in indirect cases with and without prepositions. Associated with the concept of indirect object is the idea of an object affected by an action not directly (cf. “report the news” and “... about the news”) and not completely, but partially (cf. “drink water” and “... water”) . The indirect object may also be associated with the idea of a smaller object (cf.: “wait for the train” as opposed to “wait for the train”) and of its peculiar activity (cf.: “be scared of the dog”, “be happy for your son”, where the object is specific stimulates the activity of the subject). In classical linguistics, the concept of indirect object covers various types of object meanings. In particular, there is a distinction between the objects at which the action is aimed (“ask for bread”, “to achieve success”) and from which it is sent or evaded (“to lose an inheritance”, “to avoid a quarrel”); recipient objects (“smile at a child”, “help a neighbor”); object-tools (“reap with a sickle”, “conquer with beauty”). In the structure of the utterance, all types of objects are in principle compatible and hierarchically ordered: “tell friends (O - addressee) the truth (deliberative direct O) about the war (deliberative indirect O) in the words of an eyewitness (weapon indirect O)”, and some objects are associated with the verb as the core of the message is more obligatory, others - less obligatory connection.
A type of addition is sometimes considered a member of a sentence, expressed and denoting a dependent verb marker(“hope to rest”, “promise to help”, “fear of making a mistake”, “convince to stay”). With an even broader understanding of the addition, it also includes various types of subordinate clauses associated with the main explanatory relations (“I want to be helped,” “I know that they will help me,” “I’m afraid I might make a mistake”). In school grammars, along with verbal additions, adjective additions are distinguished, which in most cases are derived from verbs, cf.: “read a book” and “reading a book”, “love the homeland” and “love for the homeland”, “thirst for glory” and “ thirst for glory”, “fill with content” and “filled with content”.
- Shakhmatov A. A., Syntax of the Russian language, 2nd ed., Leningrad, 1941;
- Grammar of the Russian language, vol. 2, part 1, M., 1954; M., 1960;
- Peshkovsky A. M., Russian syntax in scientific coverage, 7th ed., M., 1956;
- Jespersen O., Philosophy of Grammar, trans. from English, M., 1958;
- Gabuchan K.V., Addition, in the book: Russian language. Encyclopedia, M., 1979.
I. N. Kruchinina.
Linguistic encyclopedic Dictionary. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Ch. ed. V. N. Yartseva. 1990 .
Synonyms:Antonyms:
See what “Addition” is in other dictionaries:
ADDITION- ADDENDUM, additions, cf. (book). 1. Action under Ch. complement complement. He was involved in adding and correcting old articles for the collection. || A part added to clarify or correct what was previously written. In the new circular... ... Dictionary Ushakova
addition- See addition, addition in addition... Dictionary of Russian synonyms and expressions similar in meaning. under. ed. N. Abramova, M.: Russian Dictionaries, 1999. addition augmentation, replenishment, addition, addition, supplement, allowance, increase, ... ... Synonym dictionary
ADDITION- a minor member of a sentence, expressing the relationship of one subject of thought to another, named by a verb (verb object) or a name (nominal object). The function of addition is predominantly played by the indirect case of the name (with... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
ADDITION- ADDENDUM, I, Wed. 1. see add. 2. What what n. added, addition. D. to the resolution. In d. (in addition to nothing else). Additions to clothing (ties, belts, scarves, bags, jewelry). 3. In grammar: minor member of a sentence... ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
1's complement- reverse code bitwise complement - [L.G. Sumenko. English-Russian dictionary on information technology. M.: State Enterprise TsNIIS, 2003.] Topics information Technology in general Synonyms reverse code bit complement EN one s complement ...
ADDITION- (document amendment) (rider) An American term meaning a clause or condition added in addition to an important bill, but not directly related to its contents. In most cases, such additional items would not be included in... ... Political science. Dictionary.
Addition- 1. Same as addenda, additional text with clarifications, changes or new considerations, placed by the author after the work or its part (section), when to enter new material into a previously written text or inappropriate (required... ... Publishing dictionary-reference book
ADDITION- (Supplement), Poland, 2001, 108 min. A film about the choice of life's calling and attitude towards faith. Main character In search of his calling, he rushes between the monastery and everyday life, in which he has a girlfriend and a brother. Cast: Pavel Okraska, Monika... ... Encyclopedia of Cinema
Addition- ADDITION. A grammatical term for a noun in indirect case, as part of a sentence. In some traditional grammars the term D. is used more in the narrow sense to denote a noun in the indirect case,... ... Dictionary of literary terms
ADDITION- (complement) A product for which the demand changes in the same direction as the demand for some other goods whose prices have changed. For example, an increase in the price of bread can lead to a decrease in demand for it; if at the same time the demand for... ... Dictionary of business terms
addition- The structural part of the main text, composed of materials allocated by the author for placement at the end of the work or its section. [GOST R 7.0.3 2006] Subjects of the publication, main types and elements Generalizing terms parts and elements of the text... ... Technical Translator's Guide
In the Russian language, all words that are part of sentences are either main members or secondary ones. The main ones constitute and indicate the subject being discussed in the statement and its action, and all other words in the construction are distributive. Among them, linguists distinguish definitions, circumstances and additions. Without minor members of the sentence, it would be impossible to talk about any event in detail without missing a single detail, and therefore the importance of these members of the sentence cannot be overestimated. This article will discuss the role of the complement in the Russian language.
Thanks to this member of the sentence, it is easy to construct a complete statement in which not only the action of the main character of the story will be indicated, but also the object with which this very action is connected will be highlighted. So, in order not to get confused, you should start analyzing this topic from the very beginning. After all, only by following consistency can you learn the great and powerful Russian language.
Definition
A complement is a minor member of a sentence that indicates an object that is the result of the action of the main person in the sentence or to which this action is directed. Can be expressed as follows:
- A personal pronoun or noun used in indirect case forms. Can be used in a sentence with or without a preposition (I listen to music and think about him).
- Any part of speech that performs the function of a noun (She glanced at the people who entered).
- Often additions in Russian are expressed by the infinitive (Parents asked her to sing).
- A free phraseological combination of a noun and a numeral, used in the genitive case (He opened six tabs.).
- A connected and stable phraseological combination (He said not to hang your nose).
Function and addition issues
In Russian, the complement responds to cases, namely: “Whom?”, “To whom?”, “Whom?”, “About whom?”, “What?” “What?”, “What?”, “About what?” In a sentence, this minor member has an explanatory function and can refer to the following parts of speech:
- To a verb used as a predicate (I am writing a letter).
- To a noun as any member of a sentence (Hope for the father).
- To a participle or adjective used as any member of a sentence (Weighing grain; strict to daughter).
- To an adverb as any member of a sentence (Unbeknownst to you).
Types of add-ons
If a given member of a sentence depends on a verb, then it can be of two types:
- Direct objects in Russian are used without prepositions and are expressed by transitive verbs in Such words denote an object to which, one way or another, the action of the main person relates. For example: I remember very well the day we met. If the predicate in a sentence is a transitive verb and is in the form of negation, then a direct object in the genitive case can be used with it without a preposition (But we can’t bring back the days of yore). In the case of impersonal predicative words in a sentence, the addition is also used in the form of the genitive case and without a preposition with the words “sorry” and “sorry” (And we feel sorry for something bright).
- Indirect objects in Russian are expressed by words in the form of the accusative case, used together with prepositions, and in others without prepositions (She jumped up and began to peer out of the window with a restless look; his attempts to improve relations with his classmates were crowned with success).
Meanings of direct objects
Direct objects in Russian, used with verbs, can denote the following objects:
- An item obtained as a result of the action (I will build a house in the village).
- An object or person that is exposed to action (Father caught a fish and brought it home).
- An object to which the feeling is directed (I love winter evenings and walks along a snowy street).
- Object of development and knowledge (She knew foreign languages and could communicate freely; she was interested in philosophy and foreign literature).
- The space that is overcome by the main person (I will go around the entire globe, cross the cosmic distances).
- Object of desire or thought (Now I remember it).
Meanings of indirect objects without prepositions
An indirect object in Russian, used without prepositions, can have the following meanings:
- The relationship of the objects referred to in a phrase or sentence, namely the object to which the action is directed (Harvested).
- Object of achievement or touch (Received his diploma today; he will be happy when he touches just her hand).
- An object with which an action is performed (You can’t cut out what’s written on your heart with an ax).
- A subject or state that complements the action (The bear he killed was very large; he should be sorry).
The meaning of indirect objects with prepositions
Indirect additions, which cannot be used in a context without prepositions, in a sentence can acquire the following shades of meaning:
- The material from which this or that object is made (The house is built of stone).
- The object that is affected (Waves splashing on the stone).
- The person or thing that is the cause of the condition (The father was worried about his son).
- An object to which thoughts and feelings are directed. (He talked about the benefits of his work.)
- The object from which is removed (It is in early age left his father's house.).
- The person who participates in the main action (Upon arrival, the grandchildren surrounded the grandmother and kissed her for a long time.).
Addition as part of turnover
In the Russian language there are such concepts as active and passive phrases. In both cases, this is a special phrase, the construction of which includes the main and considered secondary members of the sentence.
A valid turnover is considered when the complement is the person to whom the action is directed, and the main member of the sentence is expressed by a transitive verb. For example: picked a bouquet, mowed the lawn.
Passive is a turn in which the basis is the subject undergoing action, and the complement indicates the main object of the statement. For example: the colonel was quickly picked up by the privates and sent to the infirmary.
How to find an addition in a sentence?
Questions of addition in Russian are very simple, and therefore, regardless of what part of speech a given member of a sentence is expressed, finding it in the context is not too difficult. To do this, you should follow the standard parsing scheme. First, highlight grammatical basis, and then determine the connection of words in a sentence through the questions posed. First, from the subject and predicate to the secondary members, and then directly between the secondary members. In writing, each word, depending on which category it belongs to, is designated special kind underlining. To complement this
Secondary members of a sentence are the basis of complete statements
Secondary members of a sentence are a fairly voluminous topic and contain many rules, but if you do not spend a sufficient amount of time studying it, you will not be able to master such a great science as the Russian language. Circumstance, addition and definition are those that will allow you to form a statement that reveals the entire meaning of the story. Without them, the language would lose all its charm. Therefore, it is very important to approach this topic with full responsibility in order to know how to correctly use this or that word in context.
