The purpose of the lesson: remember the rules for writing a soft sign for verbs and nouns in sibilant form, be able to distinguish nouns of the 3rd declension from nouns of the 2nd declension and plural nouns. part 1st declension in r.p.; repeat vocabulary words; be able to form phrases according to a given pattern.
DURING THE CLASSES
1. Organizational moment.
2. Vocabulary work.
I will tell you the words, and you will make up phrases with them according to the “verb + noun” scheme. with a pretext."
One student works at the board, the rest work in a notebook.
Underline the spellings.
3. Work on finding patterns.
The words are written on the board:
cut, gear, brick, sleep, speech, take care, daughter, garage, hide, burn, lay.
1. Look carefully at the words written on the board. What groups can they be divided into? What classification principle did you apply?
Words can be divided in different ways:
– parts of speech: verbs and nouns;
– according to the principle: with and without a soft sign.
2. Let's combine both classifications. What will we get?
4. Consolidation exercise (work at the board, each student writes 5 words).
Write down the words, orally explain the conditions for writing a soft sign or its absence, using the diagram drawn up above.
5. My riddles are your answers.
I'll tell you riddles. Write down the answers in your notebook. Whoever solves all 5 riddles will receive 5.
1. An angry touch-me-not lives in a deep forest. There are a lot of needles, but not a single thread. (Hedgehog.)
2. They beat him, but he doesn’t cry, he just jumps, he just jumps. (Ball.)
3. The bird waved its wing and covered the entire light with a black feather. (Night.)
4. Black Ivashka, wooden shirt, wherever he points his nose, he puts a note there. (Pencil.)
5. A small ball under the bench fumbles, moves its tail, scares the whole house. (Mouse.)
Spare:
6. Child of father and mother, and son of no one. (Daughter.)
6. Punch card (for quick control).
Words for work:
beach, haircut, dozing,
thing, ski, oven,
ray, landscape, groves,
thousands, you don’t save, report.
7. Independent work.
Distribute the words according to the principle “with a soft sign at the end after sibilants” and “words without a soft sign at the end.”
Hush_, reed_, boast_, ivy_, eat_, rags_, spread_, brooch_, mouse_, TV show_, rejoice_, give birth_, hot_, burn_, sword_, hide_, knife_, candle_, roll_, cut_, tornado_, treat_, suppress_, shoulder_, cry_.
8. Lesson summary, explanation of homework.
9. Homework. Select 20 of your own examples on the topic of today's lesson.
CM. VOVK,
village Sofrino,
Moscow region
Russian language lesson
Equipment:
Support diagrams, posters “It’s not enough to be able to write, you need to be able to think”, “ Good speech good and listen", sheets with text for group work,cards with tasks of different levels,fairy tale “Journey b”, phonogram. Computer support for the lesson.
During the classes
I. Organizational moment.
Teacher. Guys, I want to start today’s lesson with these words...
Read it! How do you understand these words?
Students. We will write without errors, and for this we need to know the rules, be able to apply them, and be attentive.II. Motivation.
Teacher. Today we will take an amazing journey to the “Land of Nouns”, learn about the adventures of one letter and its meeting with in different words. This lesson should help you move up another level of literacy.
III. Updating previously acquired knowledge.
Teacher. And we begin our journey along unusual paths. Open your notebooks, write down the date and type of work.
Teacher. Name the letters that we will write. What can you say about them?
Students. They denote hissing sounds [zh], [sh] - hard, [h,], [sch,] - soft.
Teacher. Choose the one you like best from the proposed options and write it down in your notebook. So, let's hit the road! Who is more comfortable: “along the path” or “along the bumps”?
Teacher. The path was paved for us by the hissing ones, but among the letters of the Russian alphabet there is one special letter. Scientists call it a letter - an assistant. What letter is this? Can't you guess?
Students. Soft sign.
Teacher. What can you say about the soft sign?
Students: ь – does not indicate a sound; (examples: day – [d,en,])
ь – indicates in writing the softness of the preceding consonant; (examples: salt)
ь – separates a consonant and a vowel so that they do not merge; (examples: blizzard)
IV. Working on new material.
Journey to the “Land of Nouns” (The teacher reading a fairy tale against the background of music is accompanied by stripes with words, children read the words in the stripes in unison.)
Fairy tale.
– The soft sign went on a journey and we went with it.
Suddenly he found himself in a mysterious forest. There he saw
stood at the entrance Hello! Who lives here? – asked the Soft Sign.– We, nouns with sibilants at the end:
- And who are you? - asked the watchman.– I am a Soft Sign! Let's be friends!
– No! In no case! Everyone shouted in unison. The watchman even raised
Leave! We won't be friends with you! After all, then the guys will get deuces! – the rook became indignant and flapped his wings.The soft sign was offended, cried and walked away. He went out to the field where he grew
What are you crying about? – she asked.The soft sign told its sadness.
– Don't worry, I will be friends with you!
– And I, - squeaked from the hole
And mine The soft sign was delighted and did not notice how it came “I will also be friends with you,” the night whispered quietly.Then the mouse intervened.
- Let him remember
such Soft sign - our faithful friend.Teacher. Guys, haven’t you guessed yet why some words drove b away, while others called him a friend? (Answers are children's assumptions.)
Teacher. What do these words have in common?
Students. These are nouns and end in sibilant.
Teacher. What's the secret here?
Students. Nouns are pronounced the same.
Teacher. What two groups did they split into? Slide No. 1 (words from a fairy tale in 2 columns: zh.r. m.r.)
Students. For feminine nouns and male.
Teacher. Girls, read the nouns female(b appears on the slide), boys, read the masculine nouns. So what is this “secret”? Make a conclusion when a soft sign is written?
Students. In nouns R. after sibilants it is written b, and for nouns m.r. b is not written after sibilants.
Teacher. Let's reveal the “secret”. Is our assumption correct?
Students. Yes, that's right.
Teacher. Test yourself using the textbook. (Reading rule p.170).
V. Consolidation.
1. Collective work with text.
Teacher. I went further and ended up in the circus and met the guys there (the support opens), looking at them, you will remember the rule of our lesson: - Who will explain how the support will work? (For nouns w. r. after sibilants, b is written, but for nouns m. r. after sibilants b is not written.)
And we’ll try to guess which of the guys-trainers B will become friends with? Find exercise 450. Write the nouns in 2 columns - by gender: (ray, speech, watchman, key, cloak, mouse, help, comrade, baby, rye, night, thing)
Along the chain at the board, everything is in a notebook.
2. Physical education minute.Let's look for words from the topic of the lesson. Maybe they rolled under the chair to the left (tilts to the left ), maybe under the desk on the right (tilts to the right )? Maybe the guests on the left saw it, maybe the guests on the right (turns )?
3. Work in groups.
(Each group is given a deformed text; word clues are dispersed throughout the class: birth?, mouse?, crying?, owl?, night?, hush?, reed?.) – (met. Bazarny)
Teacher. Insert appropriate nouns into these sentences. You will find them on the information field.
Text.
The road went through... Here I ran... In the grove I heard... This... started the song. Here is the river. It arrived... and the fishing began. There was…. ...whispered with the river. (1 student from each group reads out the answer)
4. Words are riddles.
Teacher. Write down the answers. Having designated the gender of a noun. (2 students at the board).
– A person who plays the violin (violinist m. b.)
– The first bird to arrive to us in the spring (m. r. rook)
– Small child(baby m.r.)
– Soup with beets and other vegetables (borsch m.r.)
– It can be a door, a violin, a wrench and even a spring (m.r. key)
– Ability to speak. It can be oral and written.
(speech by woman)
(Mutual check) Result: - Raise your hand, who wrote “5”, “4”?
4. Creative independent work.
Teacher. Read the proverb. How do you understand this proverb?
Students. Read the sentences. (A set of proposals opens, slide No. 2).My friend(?) and I went fishing.
The guys went into the forest.
The road to the river went through the river (?).
Screams and laughter broke the forest silence(?).
Here is the river.
The animals and birds were frightened.
We cast our fishing rods.
The hedgehog(?) rustles on the dry leaves.
Teacher. Can these sentences be called text? Why?Students. It is impossible, since in the text the sentences are related in meaning and united by one topic.
Teacher. Option 1 – write down sentences on the topic “Fishing”.
Option 2 – write down sentences on the topic “In the forest.”
Place these sentences in the correct order. Come up with 2-3 sentences using the words written below to form a text.
Result: - Now let’s read what the texts turned out to be. Name the words with a sibilant at the end in which you wrote ь?
5.Control of acquired knowledge.
Teacher. To check how you have learned the secret of the lesson: “Writing b”, we will work on cards, each of which has 3 tasks. Whoever completes one task will receive a grade of "3", two tasks - "4", three tasks - "5".
1 task
Insert where necessary a soft sign:
Hut.., help.., speech.., key.., daughter.., lily of the valley...
2 task
Cross out the extra word:
Doctor?, birth?, quiet?, speech?, wilderness?, youth?.
3 task
Match the adjectives with suitable nouns with a pinch at the end:
Prickly..., hot... ,rubber…,volatile…. ,dark....,
solar….
VI. Lesson summary. Reflection
Teacher. Our journey has now ended. What new have you learned about feminine and masculine nouns with sibilants at the end?
– What did you like most about the lesson?
– What can you praise yourself for?
– On your desks there are stripes of red, blue, green flowers. Which of you thinks that you worked “excellently” - show the red stripe, who worked “well” - show the green stripe, and who thinks that you didn’t work fully, then show the blue stripe.
VII. Homework of your choice.
Exercise 454
Write a mini-essay on the topic “My Comrade”
using nouns with sibilants at the end.
In Russian, sibilants at the end of words (Zh, Sh, Shch and Ch) are possible in six parts of speech:In nouns (NIGHT, WATCHMAN, MANY TASKS),
in adjectives (HOT),
in verbs (WRITE),
in adverbs (WIDE),
pronouns (OUR),
particles (ONLY).
Each of these parts of speech for the use of a soft sign has its own special rule.
1. If we have a noun in front of us, then a soft sign is placed after the sibilants only when the word belongs to the III declension (NIGHT). Nouns of the 1st and 2nd declension with a sibilant at the end are written without a soft sign (MANY CLOUDS, BRICK). Don’t forget that patronymics and surnames ending in -ICH are nouns of the second declension and are written without a soft sign. For example: SERGEEVICH, RYURIKOVICH, VOYNOVICH.
2. If the word answers the question WHAT? and is a short adjective, then after the hissing one at the end a soft sign is not needed (HOT, MIGHTY).
3. Verbs with a sibilant at the end are always written with a soft sign. For example: LOOK or LOOK (in the form of the second person singular of the present or future tense), CUT (in the imperative mood), BURN (in indefinite form). Please note that in verbs the soft sign may appear after the sibilant and not at the very end of the word, but before the postfixes -СЯ or -TE, for example: BATHING, HIDE.
4. At the end of adverbs after hissing ones, a soft sign is always written (WIDE, JUMP, AWAY), except for exceptions: UZH, MARRIED, UNBEARABLE.
5. Pronouns with sibilants at the end are written without a soft sign, for example: OUR, YOURS.
6. The particles ISH, ONLY, Bish are always written with a soft sign.
Exercise
We already knew this and did not stop him from managing things in his own way; but between us was an officer who had recently been transferred to us. (“Shot”, A. S. Pushkin)
Petrovich had a skein of silk and thread hanging around his neck, and on his knees was some kind of rag. (“The Overcoat”, N.V. Gogol)
This is exactly how they first took and suspected these, what's their... Kokh and Pestryakov. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)
Finally, the poor guy became, in some way, unbearable, and decided to get through by storm at all costs, you know. (" Dead Souls", N.V. Gogol)
This expression said that she decided to endure her misfortune without complaining, and that her husband was a cross sent to her from God. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)
The sun was just beginning to rise from behind the clouds; the air was fresh and dewy. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)
And just think about what and who - what insignificance can be the cause of people’s misfortune! (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)
He knew that this story contributed to the glorification of our weapons, and therefore he had to pretend that he did not doubt it. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)
As soon as he began to say something that did not satisfy the purpose of the accusation, they took a groove, and the water could flow wherever it wanted. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)
They say that his mother was very pretty, and it seems strange to me why she married so unsuccessfully, to such an insignificant person... (“Poor People”, F. M. Dostoevsky)
I told him... Don't cry for me: I will try to be both courageous and honest all my life, even though I am a murderer. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)
The whole battle consisted only in what the Cossacks of Orlov-Denisov did; the rest of the troops lost several hundred people in vain. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)
It will fall on its own when it is ripe, and if you pick it green, you will ruin the apple and the tree, and you will set your teeth on edge. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)
Nikolai, in two words, bought for six thousand_seventeen stallions for selection (as he said) for the horse-drawn end of his repairs. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)
On the other side of the fence, the old man was whittling a hoop and did not see Levin. (“Anna Karenina”, L.N. Tolstoy)
Nothing could come out now except falsehood and lies; and falsehood and lies were disgusting to his nature. (“Anna Karenina”, L.N. Tolstoy)
No one declared war, but people sympathize with the suffering of their neighbors and want to help them, said Sergei Ivanovich. (“Anna Karenina”, L.N. Tolstoy)
And in Moscow, where every meeting is a knife in her heart, she lives for six months, waiting for a decision every day. (“Anna Karenina”, L.N. Tolstoy)
Night fell - the mother blessed her daughter and wished her a gentle sleep, but this time her wish was not fulfilled; Lisa slept very poorly. (" Poor Lisa", N. M. Karamzin)
But sometimes - although very rarely - a golden ray of hope, a ray of consolation illuminated the darkness of her sorrow. (“Poor Liza”, N. M. Karamzin)
And there is one key there, three times larger than all of them, with a jagged beard, of course, not from the chest of drawers. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)
“Don’t worry, I won’t give it to you,” the mustache said decisively and went after them. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)
But as I leave, I dare say that in the future I hope to be spared such meetings and, so to speak, compromises. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)
The crying of poor, consumptive, orphaned Katerina Ivanovna seemed to have a strong effect on the audience. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)
Her pale yellow, withered face was thrown back, her mouth opened, her legs stretched out convulsively. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)
Ditch_! - Luzhin screamed, enraged to the point of rage, - you are all wild, sir. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)
Marfa Terentyevna did not let up, but pestered the mayor more and more: take out Bonaparte, and in the end he will become exhausted. (“The History of a City”, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
Whatever fires out of a gun will shoot right through your heart, whatever you wave with a saber will take your head off your shoulders. (“The History of a City”, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
He made numerous campaigns against debtors and was so eager for spectacle that he would flog anyone without himself.
didn't trust. (“The History of a City”, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
"Enough! - he said decisively and solemnly, “other mirages, other feigned fears, other ghosts!..” (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)
I thought that the sky would collapse, the earth would open up under my feet, that a tornado would fly from somewhere and swallow everything, everything at once... (“The History of a City”, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
He bargained with them for a long time, asking for altyn and money for the search, but the bunglers gave a penny and their bellies in addition. (“The History of a City”, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
The exercise was prepared by N. Solovyova and B. A. Panov (“League of Schools”).
The soft sign is probably the most mysterious letter in the Russian language. It does not indicate a sound; it is not classified as a vowel/consonant. Why is it needed then? It turns out that her role in our writing great. In this article we will figure out when “b” is used after sibilants with nouns, adverbs and verbs.
Nouns. Soft sign after sibilant consonants
The exact writing of the soft sign located after these consonants causes the greatest difficulty, since it is not clear by ear whether it needs to be written or not.
It turns out that the rule is very simple: a soft sign after the hissing ones. noun written only in the words of wives. genders belonging to the 3rd declension.
The words “oven”, “speech”, “daughter”, “night”, “game” are feminine, have a nominative case and are in the singular. Therefore, we must definitely write “b” in them.
But be careful: they should not be confused with words of the 1st declension, which are in indirect cases: “many clouds”, “no tasks”, “several piles”. All of these words would seem to be feminine and should probably be classified as 3rd declension.
But let's take a closer look: they are in the genitive case. If we raise them to initial form(“cloud”, “task”, “heap”), then we will make sure that they belong to the first declension, which means they do not obey this rule.
There is another “trap” in the Russian language, where under no circumstances should a soft sign be used after hissing words. Words ending in a hissing consonant, but belonging to the second declension, are not written with “b” (“rook”, “doctor”, “cloak” - 2nd cl.). Therefore, ask the question to the noun more carefully. Do this before determining the declension, since gender depends on it. noun, and number.
When do we write “b” for adverbs?
An adverb is one of the unchangeable parts of speech. It is not declined, no endings are distinguished in it. The spelling of “b” in adverbs is not subject to any difficult rules.
- In those adverbs that end in a consonant “sh” or “ch”, a soft sign is always written. For example: “jump up”, “exactly”.
In adverbs starting with “w”, it is never written. An exception would be the word “wide open”.
- Another rule that the adverb is subject to: a soft sign after hissing ones is always used, with the exception of “already”, “married”, “unbearable”. Undoubtedly, such a humorous sentence is easily remembered by schoolchildren, especially girls.
It is not so important which rule you remember, the main thing is that both reflect the essence of spelling adverbs.
Verb and soft sign after sibilants
The verb is one of the most commonly used parts of speech, without which our language would be very impoverished. Spelling “ь” with verbs causes a lot of difficulties not only for students, but also for adults.
- If a verb in an indefinite form (infinitive) ends in a sibilant, then “b” will always be written in this case. And here without any exceptions. “Take care”, “bake”, “burn”. It will also be preserved in return form, before the postfix “-sya”: “get carried away”, “light up”, “beware”.
- All 2nd person singular verbs use a soft sign. This applies both to the present tense: (“you are now”), “writing”, “drawing”, “walking”, “sleeping”, and to the future: (“you are tomorrow”) “working”, “thinking”, “finishing” ", "you'll redo it." The soft sign will also be preserved before the postfix “-sya”: “you will like”, “you will use”, “you will touch”, “you will gain”, “you will take shape”. In verbs that are in the imperative mood and end in a hissing consonant, a soft sign is always written: “cut”, “eat”, “smear”, “hide”. Before the plural postfix “-te”, it is necessarily preserved: “designate”, “cut”, “hide”.
Before the postfix “-sya” it also does not disappear: “take comfort”, “don’t cut yourself”.
And again, be careful and do not fall into the “trap” of the insidious Russian language! The words “cry” and “cry” are completely different parts of speech, and therefore are written differently.
“Crying” without a soft sign is a noun of the 2nd declension, and, accordingly, a soft sign cannot be written in it. But “cry” with a soft sign is an imperative verb, and, as you know, we always write “b” in them. All this can be easily guessed from the proposed context, in which the meaning of the word will become clear.
Conclusion
The soft sign after sibilants is used with many parts of speech. Knowing simple rules, you will never have trouble spelling it after these consonants. If you suddenly forget some nuances, our article will remind you of them.
The soft sign is one of those letters that often makes the writer have difficulty choosing the correct spelling. Moreover, several types of spellings are associated with it. Let's try to deal with one of them.
Why do you need a soft sign?
The soft sign does not indicate any sound. Nevertheless, we use it quite often in writing.
The soft sign in Russian is never used after a vowel, И or at the beginning of a word.
Soft sign performs three main functions :
- denotes softness of consonants in the middle before consonants and at the end of a word ( softening sign).
- indicates that E, Yo, Yu, Ya after a consonant indicate two sounds; also “separates” the consonant and the following I, sometimes O ( separator mark).
- helps to determine the grammatical features of a word (after sibilants at the end of the word - grammatical mark).
It is about the spelling of the soft sign after the hissing ones that we will now talk about.
Why do we need a soft sign after the hissing ones?
So why do we write a soft sign in the field of hissing words at the end? After all, it cannot separate anything (there is no vowel after it).
It cannot perform a softening function either: all hissing ones are either always soft (why do they also need a soft sign?), or always hard (and the soft sign is not able to change this situation).
To answer this question, let's look at the words.
Suppose there are such words: chuch, myash and kick. These are nouns. Can we determine their gender and declension?
We can say with confidence that the word “chuch” is feminine in the 3rd declension, and “myash” is masculine in the 2nd declension. It’s impossible to say anything about “ping”. Why? Because we know: only in feminine nouns of the 3rd declension, after sibilants, a soft sign is written at the end. And after other letters - not hissing - it can be written in both the 3rd declension (steppe) and the 2nd (horse). And this is understandable: after other consonants paired in hardness and softness, the soft sign denotes softness, and not a grammatical category.
A soft sign in itself cannot be the ending of a word, although it stands at the end; it can be part of the ending (-eat, -ish) or the root (mouse, bake, cut, wide open).
Rules
The spelling of a soft sign after a sibilant at the end depends on the part of speech. Therefore, before writing or not writing b, we need to determine which part of speech is in front of us. Some of the rules related to this issue are studied in primary school(soft sign at the end of nouns and in 2nd person verbs singular), part - in 5th grade (writing short adjectives), part - in the 6th grade (imperative verbs) and, finally, adverbs and particles are considered in the 7th grade.
So, a soft sign at the end after the hissing ones is written:
- Nouns have 3 declensions: daughter, dry land, wasteland, help.
- In verbs, the 2nd person singular, in the imperative mood and in the indefinite form - that is, wherever a soft sign can appear at the end of a word after a hissing one: lie down, find out, appoint.
- In adverbs (exceptions: I can’t bear to get married): back, backhand, away.
- In some particles: just, you see, you know.
The soft sign in verbs is preserved before -sya or -te: appoint, bake, break up.
Soft sign not written:
- Nouns have 2 declensions: baby, raincoat, crying.
- Nouns have 1st and 2nd declension plural genitive case: clouds, shoulders, groves.
- In short adjectives: powerful, tenacious, lily.
- In adverbs that are exceptions: I can’t bear to get married.
