Syntax as a branch of linguistics. Syntax as a branch of the science of language materials k. Characteristics of simple sentences

Subject and fundamental concepts of syntax. The term “syntax” (from the Greek syntaxis “composition”, “construction”, “order”, “structure”) is used in two meanings: 1) syntactic structure, a special tier of language, including a set of syntactic phenomena; 2) a section of grammar that studies the laws and rules for constructing coherent speech in its individual fragments.

Syntax in the meaning of “syntactic structure, a special tier of language” correlates with “objectively existing system syntactic means and rules for their use at the disposal of the speaking group”, “directly correlates with the process of thinking and the process of communication : units of other levels of the language system participate in the formation of thought and its communicative expression only through syntax. This is the specificity of syntax as a real phenomenon and as a scientific object.”

As a section of grammar, syntax is focused on the scientific comprehension of the syntactic structure of language and the rules for constructing speech. The object of study in syntax is communicative language means of varying complexity and their constituent parts through their relationship to the whole. Syntax is characterized as “the organizing center of grammar.”

The term "syntax" in Lately They also call the subsections highlighted within the “Syntax” section (for example, they talk about the syntax of a phrase, the syntax of a sentence, etc.), and directions in syntactic science (structural syntax, semantic syntax, functional syntax, etc.).

The fundamental concepts of syntax as a science about the syntactic structure of language, about the laws and rules for constructing coherent speech are: “syntactic connection”, “syntactic units”, “syntactic meaning”, “syntactic function”, “syntactic form”, “syntactic category”.

The six concepts mentioned - “syntactic connection”, “syntactic units”, “syntactic function”, “syntactic meaning”, “syntactic form”, “syntactic category” - are initial, cross-cutting for syntax, without them scientific description and comprehension is hardly possible syntactic structure of the language. These concepts are closely related to each other, so any of them can be characterized only using correlative concepts.

In this introduction, the concepts of “syntactic connection”, “syntactic units”, “syntactic function”, “syntactic meaning”, “syntactic form”, “syntactic category” are given the most preliminary, very abstract characteristics. The specific content of these concepts, in other words, a kind of “ascent from the abstract to the concrete” when interpreting them, will be carried out in the course of presenting the content of individual sections of the syntax.

Syntactic connection- these are various kinds of formal and substantive relationships between the components of individual fragments of speech (see the section “The doctrine of syntactic connection”). So, for example, in the phrase copper samovar words reveal a connection between themselves as meaningful (adjective copper denotes an attributive feature of a noun samovar), and formal (dependent adjective copper formally consistent with the reference name samovar V masculine, singular, nominative case).

Syntactic unit- this is a certain fragment of coherent speech, characterized by a different volume and possessing to varying degrees the characteristics of the whole, i.e. coherent speech. Syntactic units differ from each other in structural, content and functional characteristics.

The undisputed syntactic units are the phrase and the simple sentence. In various university textbooks, along with the named syntactic units, other syntactic units are distinguished, more high level- a complex sentence and a complex syntactic whole. This book also discusses the unit lower level, called the term syntaxeme.

The constitutive syntactic features of each of the named syntactic units are reflected in the specific trinity “meaning – function – form”, peculiar only to it. The dialectical trinity “meaning – function – form” can be represented as a set of questions “what? - For what? - How?".

Syntactic meaning– this is abstract content expressed in syntactic units. The essence of the concept of “syntactic meaning” can be expressed in the question “what?”: WHAT does this or that syntactic unit represent, WHAT does it express?

Syntactic units can express different syntactic meanings: attributive (attributive), adverbial of various types (causal, spatial, target, temporal, conditional, etc.), objective of various types (direct object, instrumental object, addressable object, etc.). ), the meaning of predicativeness, etc. So, for example, in the phrase copper samovar defining relations are expressed in a phrase read a book - direct object relations, etc.

The most abstract syntactic meaning inherent in any sentence is predicativity, which characterizes the content of the sentence through its relationship to reality - either as real fact, having time certainty ( Children play lapta; The children played lapta; Children will play rounders), or as an unreal fact without temporal certainty ( Children would play rounders; Let the children play rounders).

To denote syntactic meaning, other synonymous terms are also used - “syntactic relations”, “semantic (substantive) relations”, “syntactic meaning”.

Syntax function– purpose, role of a syntactic unit, syntactic means and categories in speech, in a communicative act, in the construction of a communicative unit. The essence of the concept of “function” can be expressed by the question “for what?”: WHAT are syntactic units, syntactic means and categories in speech used for? Yes, the phrase copper samovar intended to be material for the construction of communicative units (cf.: There was a copper samovar on the table; We drank tea from a copper samovar; Mother went out into the yard with a copper samovar in her hands etc.). As part of a sentence, each of the constituent components of a given phrase performs the function of an independent member of the sentence, i.e. fits into the positional structure of the sentence. The importance of the concept of function for syntax is noted by many modern scientists.

The concepts of “syntactic meaning” and “syntactic function” are quite similar in content. Syntactic meaning can be created through functioning, so we can talk about the functional semantics of linguistic units. On the other hand, the function of a linguistic unit can be determined by its syntactic semantics; in such cases we can talk about a semantic function.

The difference between the concepts of “syntactic meaning” and “syntactic function” is as follows : the concept of “syntactic meaning” is aimed at the internal content of a syntactic unit, considered separately, outside of relation to the including structure; the concept of “syntactic function” is focused on identifying the role of a syntactic unit in the composition of units of a higher level.

Function and meaning in some cases may overlap and be isosemic, while in other cases they clearly diverge. For example: syntactic meaning of syntaxeme at school– adverbial place; in a sentence it can perform different syntactic functions - as an isosemic function, that is, the function of an adverbial place ( At school there is a garden), and a non-isosemic function, for example, a function of inconsistent definition ( Garden at school very well maintained). It should be noted that in the second case the syntax at school, being an inconsistent definition, still retains its internal spatial semantics.

Syntactic form is a concept that generalizes the structural features of syntactic units. The essence of this concept is expressed by the general question “how?”: HOW is the syntactic unit constructed, HOW is it organized structurally? The structural characteristics of syntactic units depend on the complexity of the structure of the latter. The more complex the syntactic unit, the greater the range of structural features it has.

The formal, structural characteristics of syntactic units include, in particular, means of communication presented in a syntactic unit, syntactically significant ways of morphological or syntactic expression of its components, structural diagrams (models) of constructing syntactic units, etc.

For example, the structural features of the phrase copper samovar can be characterized as follows: this is a two-component (binary) combination of words, consisting of a supporting noun samovar male, having the form of the nominative case, singular, and its dependent adjective copper, which agrees with the reference word in the masculine gender, singular, nominative case; the connection between the components is expressed using the ending of the adjective. This phrase is constructed according to the typical structural scheme AN, where A is the sign-symbol of an adjective (and other adjectival words), N is the sign-symbol of a noun. The syntactic form acts as a carrier of the syntactic meaning and syntactic function of a particular linguistic unit.

For characteristics various sides formal arrangement of syntactic units, the concepts of “syntactic structure”, “syntactic construction”, “structural diagram” can also be used.

The concepts of “syntactic meaning”, “syntactic function”, “syntactic form” together constitute the dialectical trinity “meaning – function – form”, reflecting the relationship and interaction of content, functional and structural features of syntactic units.

Syntactic category is a concept denoting the unity of a certain syntactic meaning and a set of diverse forms of its expression. If we assume that a language category is “any group of linguistic elements distinguished on the basis of some common property,” then a syntactic category can be defined as any group of syntactic elements distinguished on the basis of the commonality of some of their syntactically significant properties. And any commonality (sameness) presupposes the presence of distinctive properties in the elements being combined. So, for example, the syntactic category of modality represents the unity of the syntactic meaning of reality/irreality and the set of forms of expression of this meaning (forms of mood, intonation, particles, etc.); The syntactic category of subjectivity represents the unity of the syntactic meaning of the carrier of the predicative feature and the many different ways of expressing it: Nominative case (I I feel chills), dative or accusative subject ( To me Cold; Me chills), instrumental subject ( The house is worth it carpenters ), personal verb endings( Love Yu wander through the autumn forest).

Comparative characteristics of syntactic units. It should be noted that the question of the number of syntactic units has not received an unambiguous solution either in the scientific or educational literature. In different university textbooks and manuals, the number of syntactic units ranges from two to five. In doing so, it is possible to identify varying degrees recognition of the identified syntactic units. If only two syntactic units are distinguished, then this is necessarily a phrase and a sentence. If we talk about three syntactic units, then, as a rule, this is a phrase, a simple sentence and a complex sentence. If we are talking about four syntactic units, then, of course, a phrase, a simple sentence, a complex sentence and a complex syntactic whole are recognized as such.

The logic of the movement of thought when identifying syntactic units also involves identifying an elementary syntactic unit from which phrases are built, as well as, partially, simple sentences. Such an elementary syntactic unit received a terminological designation through the concept of “syntaxeme” (or “syntactic form of a word”) and is described in detail in the works of G.A. Zolotov.

Taking into account the above, our book adopts a five-component system of syntactic units : syntaxeme, phrase, simple sentence, complex sentence, complex syntactic whole. Let us present the preliminary, most general characteristics the five listed syntactic units.

Syntaxeme(or syntactic form) refers to the primary, elementary units of syntax, from which syntactic units of more than one form are formed and divided into high order– phrases and simple sentences: in the closet, out of fear, by law, from clay, read, run, man, books etc. Syntaxemes are carriers of elementary syntactic meanings - subjective, object, attributive, spatial, causal, target and other types of relations. The systematized repertoire of syntaxemes as elementary syntactic units received a lexicographic representation in the Syntactic Dictionary of G.A. Zolotov.

Syntaxeme is a unit that links morphology and syntax : it represents a morphological form viewed from a syntactic perspective, i.e. as an element of syntactic constructions. For example, the word form due to illness when viewed through the lens of syntax, causal meaning is assigned. In accordance with this meaning, this word form can function as part of a sentence as an adverbial cause ( He didn't come to class due to illness), How inconsistent definition with additional causal meaning( There is no penalty for absence due to illness). As a syntactic unit, a syntaxeme has its own formal features, syntactic meaning (it is the bearer of elementary meaning), and functional properties.

Collocation is a minimal syntactic unit in which the features of coherent speech are presented explicitly. A phrase is a grammatical combination of two or more significant words, grammatically formalized through a subordinating relationship, resulting from the spread of a reference word: blue scarf, laughing fun, river bank. According to their form and syntactic meaning, syntaxes and phrases cannot perform a communicative function; they participate in the construction of communicative units and only within their framework participate in the communication process. Therefore, syntaxeme and phrase are syntactic units at the pre-communicative level. Within the framework of syntax, they perform a nominative function, being the names of individual fragments of situations designated in sentences.

Communicative units (or units of the communicative level of syntax) include a simple sentence, a complex sentence and a complex syntactic whole. It is these units, in their meaning and structure, that are intended to perform a communicative function.

Simple sentence- this is a minimal, monopredicative communicative unit, which contains one grammatical core, which expresses the unified relationship of the entire content of the sentence to reality. For example: A volatile limestone haze hovered over the lowland(L. Leonov); Silence in the stuffy air(F. Tyutchev); I'm tired of waiting(N.V. Gogol); It was quiet and damp in the forest(V. Nabokov).

Difficult sentence is a communicative polypredicative syntactic unit, the components of which are simple sentences interconnected by one or another type of syntactic connection. The polypredicative nature of a complex sentence is due to the fact that each of simple sentences in its composition it has its own predicativeness, represented in its predicative core by the categories of tense and mood, and the entire complex sentence as a whole expresses multiple references to reality. For example: The sun rose higher and higher, the city was evenly illuminated, and the street came to life...(V. Nabokov); The silence of the taiga and mountains would have crushed people, if not for the river - it alone made noise throughout the entire area(V. Shukshin).

Complex syntactic whole- this is a minimal fragment of text, consisting of simple and complex sentences, interconnected by means of interphrase communication and united by a common micro-theme. For example: The dispute between generations is the law of life. Each new generation begins by challenging the experience of the previous one. This law applies not only on a broad public scale(K.Ya. Vanshenkin).

Between the named five syntactic units - syntaxemes, phrases, simple sentences, complex sentences, complex syntactic wholes - hierarchical relations are established between sequential entry into each other (when viewed from below) and sequential division of more complex syntactic units into simple ones until the limit of their division is obtained ( when viewed from above).

In the five-component system of syntactic units, the simple sentence occupies a central place. This is determined primarily by the fact that a simple sentence is a minimal communicative syntactic unit designed to convey relatively complete information. In addition, a simple sentence is a kind of starting point for a complex sentence and a complex syntactic whole (since a simple sentence participates in their formation) and an ending point for a phrase and syntaxeme (since it is in its composition that the named units find their application). The centrality of the position of the simple sentence in the system of syntactic units is also due to the fact that it is on the material of the simple sentence that many theoretical concepts of the sentence are built, developed within the framework of the absolute majority scientific directions in syntax.

The structure of syntax as a branch of the science of language. Syntax as a section of grammar has its own internal structure. In this book, the syntax is presented as a complex of eight sections, each of which is united by the unity of the subject of description:

1. The doctrine of syntactic connection.

2. Syntax of the syntaxeme.

3. Syntax of the phrase.

4. Syntax of a simple sentence.

5. Syntax of a complicated sentence.

6. Syntax of a complex sentence.

7. Syntax of a sentence with direct speech.

8. Syntax of a complex syntactic whole.

The first section of syntax is devoted to the description of syntactic connections. The doctrine of syntactic connection is highlighted in the first section, since the subject of syntax is connected speech and the initial concept of syntax is the concept of connection.

Sections “Syntax of a syntax”, “Syntax of a phrase”, “Syntax of a simple sentence”, “Syntax of a complex sentence”, “Syntax of a complex syntactic whole” are highlighted according to the types of syntactic units.

A separate section is “Syntax of a complicated sentence.” It should be noted that a complicated sentence is not classified as a special syntactic unit in any of the known syntax textbooks. However, a complicated sentence has its own theory, its own system of terms, its own structural, semantic and functional features, which allows us to raise the question of the possibility of identifying the corresponding type of sentence as a special syntactic unit.

The selection of the section “Sentence syntax with direct speech” is due to the fact that this type sentences due to their specific content, constructive, and functional properties cannot be unconditionally included either in the system of complex sentences or in the system of a complex syntactic whole. Due to the fact that sentences with direct speech are in transformational relationships with sentences with indirect speech, this section is intended to describe general rules transforming sentences with direct speech into complex sentences with indirect speech.

Adjacent to “Syntax” as a section of the science of language is “Punctuation”, which is included, along with “Spelling” and “Graphics”, in the “Theory of Written Speech”.

Syntax in the language system. The sphere of syntax concentrates those linguistic means that directly serve for communication and without the use of which communication cannot be carried out. To formulate a thought, it is not enough to know only words and their forms; it is necessary to establish connections between them, to correlate what is being communicated with reality.

The direct connection of syntax with thinking and communication determines the place of syntax in the system of language tiers. The language is divided into phonetic, lexical, word-formative, morphological, and syntactic tiers. Syntax is the highest tier, “crowning the multi-story building of language.”

Like the upper tier of language, syntax relies on the lower tiers. As we move from the lower tiers of the language towards syntax, syntactically significant characteristics of linguistic units, categories, and phenomena studied in “Phonetics,” “Vocabulary,” “Word Formation,” and “Morphology” accumulate.

The syntactic side of the language begins to be studied in phonetics. The syntactically oriented element of the phonetic structure of a language is intonation. Intonation is a necessary feature of any communicative unit. Through intonation, communicatively essential components of statements are also highlighted.

The syntax detects connections with vocabulary. Syntactic features of lexical units are taken into account during their communicative semantic classification. Typical meanings of lexical units predetermine the most frequent types of their functioning as part of a sentence. So, for example, words with a temporal meaning quite often function as adverbials of time: summer, winter, hour, year, minute and etc.: In a year he joins the army; They came to us last in winter; After a minute the bell will ring. Words with spatial meaning are focused on frequency functioning as an adverbial adverbial place: On the way to a winter, boring greyhound troika runs; Near the forest there is a small village; In the meadow horses are grazing. The lexical factor also predetermines the different functioning of identical morphological forms. Wed: come up to the table (circumstance of place) and come up By the evening (circumstance of time) , speak with excitement (circumstance of the course of action) and speak with a friend (addition) .

Character lexical meanings words determines their syntactic activity or passivity. Syntactically active words have strong syntactic connections, or valences. Without the implementation of a strong connection, syntactically active words cannot function in speech. For example, in the phrase nail a picture to the wall supporting verb nail requires mandatory compatibility with word forms that answer the question what? and why? Words with strong connections are called relative. The number of relative words in the vocabulary of the language is large. The distribution of relative words by dependent word forms as part of a sentence is thus determined by two factors: a) the need to realize their strong connections and b) the need to present information in the most complete volume.

Syntactically passive words do not require mandatory extension ( be silent, table and etc.). They can be used as part of an offer without distributors, i.e. absolutely (cf.: Everyone was silent; There was a table in the corner of the room). Such words are called absolute. Absolute words used as part of a sentence can be extended to expand information (cf.: In the corner of the room there was a large table with a vase.).

The syntax detects connections with word formation. Syntactically essential derivational features of words are prefixes in verbs; they dictate the prepositional case form to dependent names: in go V house, before drive before villages You go from rooms, at beat To wall etc. Syntactically oriented is transpositive word formation, or so-called syntactic derivation: brave - courage, walk - walking, walking. This type of word formation carries out, for example, a formal translation of a characteristic concept into a noun and gives this concept the opportunity to function like an objective concept; compare: brave hunter And I am amazed at the hunter's courage.

The closest connection between syntax and morphology. Morphology, which studies parts of speech, their categories and forms, essentially serves syntax; all morphological means and categories are intended to function in a sentence. Thus, the categories of gender, number, and case serve to establish connections between words in a phrase and a sentence. Verb categories persons and voices participate in the constructive organization of the sentence (the person of the verb forms the predicative core of a two-part or one-part sentence; the voice forms active and passive constructions); mood and tense form the category of predicativity as the main, constitutive feature of a sentence. Functional parts of speech (conjunctions, prepositions, particles), interjections and modal words reveal their true existence only in the sphere of syntax.

Thus, the syntactic properties of linguistic units begin to be studied long before the “Syntax” section.

Every language has many words, but without the correct form they mean little. The word is just the Russian language. The Russian language is especially rich in them. The syntax of the native language is the main assistant in the design of the grammatical connection of words in sentences and phrases. Knowing the basic rules of this part of linguistics helps people build both written and spoken language.

Concept

Syntax in the Russian language is a particularly important section that studies the construction of sentences and phrases and, in addition, the relationship between the parts of speech in them. This department Linguistics is part of grammar and is inextricably linked with morphology.

Linguists distinguish several types of syntax:

Communicative. Shows the relationship between word combinations in a sentence, explores different ways division of sentences, considers the typology of statements, and so on.
Static. Considers individual and unrelated proposals. The object of study of this type of grammar section is syntactic norms relationships between parts of speech in a sentence or phrase.
Text syntax. Explores simple and combination constructions. Its goal is linguistic analysis of the text.

All of the above types are studied by the modern Russian language. Syntax examines in detail the following units of linguistics: sentence, phrase, text.

Collocation

A phrase is a minimal syntactic unit. These are several words connected by semantic, grammatical and intonation load. In this unit, one word will be the main word, and the others will be dependent. You can ask a question about dependent words from the main one.

There are three types of connections in phrases:

Adjacency ( lie trembling, sing beautifully).
Agreement ( about a sad story, a beautiful dress).
Management ( read a book, hate the enemy).

The morphological properties of the main word are the main classification of phrases that the Russian language offers. Syntax in in this case divides phrases into:

adverbial (shortly before the concert);
personalized (trees in the forest);
verbal (read a book).

Simple sentences

The Russian language is very diverse. Syntax as a special section has a main unit - a simple sentence.

A sentence is called simple if it has one grammatical basis and consists of one or more words expressing a complete thought.

A simple sentence can be one-part or two-part. This fact is revealed by the grammatical basis. One-part sentence represented by one of the main members of the proposal. Two-part, respectively, subject and predicate. If the sentence is one-part, then it can be divided into:

Definitely personal. (I wish you love!)
Vaguely personal. (They brought flowers in the morning.)
Generalized-personal. (You can’t cook porridge with them.)
Impersonal. (It's getting evening!)
Nominal. (Night. Street. Lantern. Pharmacy.)

Two-part can be:

Common or uncommon. The secondary members of the sentence are responsible for this characteristic. If they are not there, then (The birds are singing.) If yes - common (Cats love the strong scent of valerian.)
Complete or incomplete. Sentences are called complete if all members of the sentence are present. (The sun was setting towards the horizon.) Incomplete - where at least one syntactic unit is missing. Basically, they are characteristic of oral speech, where the meaning cannot be understood without previous statements. (Will you eat? - I will!)
Complicated. A simple sentence can be complicated by isolated and secondary members, homogeneous constructions, introductory words, and appeals. (In winter in our city, especially in February, it can be very cold.)

Complex sentences

Complex sentences are those constructed from several grammatical stems.

The Russian language, the syntax of which is difficult to imagine without complex sentences, offers several types of them:

Complex. The parts of such a sentence are related coordinating conjunctions And coordinating connection. This connection gives simple sentences within a complex sentence some independence. (The parents went on vacation, and the children stayed with their grandmother.)
Complex. The sentence parts are connected subordinating conjunctions and subordinating connection. Here one simple sentence is the subordinate clause, and the other is the main clause. (She said she would come home late.)
Non-Union. The parts of such a sentence are related in meaning, order of arrangement and intonation. (He went to the cinema, she went home.)

Each language consists of a dictionary (a system of lexical units) and a grammar (rules for operating signs). The grammar of a language is divided into two sections - morphology And syntax. Subject of study in morphology are inflectional forms and grammatical categories, syntax also studies ways of combining word forms into phrases and sentences and their structure.

Term syntax (“assembly”, “structure”) is used in two meanings: 1) in the meaning syntactic language structure, the elements of which are sentence members, phrases, sentences, sentence equivalents (its functional substitutes, for example No! Certainly! Yes, really?); 2) in meaning grammar teaching about the structure, semantics and function of syntactic units (members of a sentence, phrases, clauses).

The use of the term is quite applicable syntax and by sections: syntax of phrases, syntax of sentence members, syntax of sentences, syntax of sentence equivalents; syntax of a simple sentence, syntax of a simple complicated sentence, syntax of a complex sentence.

Object and subject of syntax

If in morphology words are considered as grammatical units of language and their lexico-grammatical classes - parts of speech,- then in syntax we deal with linguistic units on a functional basis - dividing them into sentence members, classification of phrases and sentences.

Object The syntax of the modern Ukrainian literary language is represented by its entire syntactic structure, which is formed from all syntactic units - members of sentences, phrases, sentences, their forms, varieties.

Subject studying in syntax is syntactic theory, syntactic rules, all characteristics of objects syntactic structure language, that is, real members of sentences, phrases, sentences. If the syntax object has objective character, then the subject of syntax is objective-subjective phenomenon because it is created by the thinking of linguistic scientists, of course, on an objective basis.

In a long, ten-decimal speech individual uses billions and billions of specific sentences that belong to the few structural types sentences, because each specific sentence, which is realized orally or in writing, is a simple or complex sentence, two-part or monosyllable.

There is a fairly widespread opinion according to which syntax seems to occupy a central place in grammar / morphology seems to be subordinate to syntax: words of all parts of speech serve the needs of forming the members of a sentence.

It is often believed that morphology seems to limit syntax to its forms, since according to words that belong to different parts speech, typical and less characteristic syntactic functions have been consolidated. This reasoning is not entirely justified. All the main structural components of speech are equally important; without the phonetic-phonological composition of a language, the existence of its lexical-phraseological system is impossible; without the morphological composition of speech, its syntactic system would not exist. What is more important here is a rhetorical question to a certain extent, at least not well motivated. Each specific sentence embodies one of the typical for a particular language structural proposal outline, is built according to certain abstract patterns established in the language from words and phrases, receiving material expression in sounds.

Types of syntactic units

In Ukrainian linguistics, the doctrine of three syntactic units is becoming widespread:

Offers;

Collocations;

Minimum syntactic unit.

The study of syntactic units involves multidimensional approaches, in particular:

Formal-syntactic (takes into account the formal structure of syntactic units);

Semantic-syntactic, or semantic (takes into account the relationship between the formal structure and the meaning of syntactic units);

Communicative or functional.

The leading place in modern linguistics is occupied by functional approach to the study of syntactic phenomena. The functional approach takes into account the objective semantic content of a sentence as a reflection of phenomena of extra-linguistic reality. It is implemented in the concepts:

American linguists Charles Fillmore (born 1929), Wallace Chafe (born 1927);

Dutch linguist Simon-Cornelis Dick (born 1940);

Czech linguist Vilen Mathesius (born 1882);

Ukrainian linguist Ivan Pet (born 1935). Ivan Romanovich The student identifies syntactic units by:

Formal-syntactic;

Semantically syntactic features. A linguist examines syntactic units in the field:

Language and speech;

Syntactic connections;

Semantic-syntactic relations;

Sentence structure and semantics.

Interesting and profound in terms of the definition of syntactic units are the concepts of American linguists C. Fillmore and W. Chafe, who pay considerable attention to the differential semantic-syntactic features of a particular linguistic unit. Dutch linguist Simon Cornelis Dick explores syntactic units through the relationship between the functional and systemic aspects of syntax.

Czech linguist Vilen Mathesius relies on the communicative aspect of functional syntax to identify syntactic units.

Taking into account the ideas of these concepts, three main syntactic units have been identified in linguistics:

The sentence as the main and most predicative unit in the language system, since its content through modal-temporal parameters (irreality, SPON-calnity, basicness, present, past, future tense) correlates with reality;

A phrase is a non-predicative syntactic unit, which only as part of a sentence as a unit, the message is its component,

A minimal syntactic unit that functions only within a sentence or phrase and is their part-component: 1) members of a sentence are distinguished on the basis of syntactic connections; 2) syntaxes - based on semantic-syntactic relations.

So, the central syntactic unit in syntax is sentences, and phrases and the minimum syntactic unit are subordinate to the sentence. Collocation and minimal syntactic units are basically components that represent the highest morphological units (parts of speech and the totality of their forms).

Syntactic units are in hierarchical relationships. The top This hierarchy is a sentence to which phrases and a minimal syntactic unit are subordinated. The differences between syntactic units are determined primarily grammatically, since in terms of content they can be lexically identical, cf.: Formed a word(offer) - word formation(phrases) - word formations (minimum syntactic unit).

The term “syntax” is used primarily to designate the syntactic structure of a language, which, together with the morphological structure, constitutes the grammar of the language. At the same time, “syntax” as a term is also applicable to the doctrine of syntactic structure; in this case, syntax is a branch of linguistics, the subject of study of which is the syntactic structure of language, i.e.

E. its syntactic units and connections and relationships between them.

Syntax (Greek σύνταξις - composition).

1. Section of grammar and semiotics, which includes questions about the structure of coherent speech (sign structures) and which includes two main parts:

The doctrine of phrases,

The doctrine of the sentence (correctly constructed statement). Syntax of the phrase. Sentence syntax.

2. The doctrine of the functioning in speech of various lexical and grammatical classes of words (parts of speech). Noun syntax. Verb syntax.

Dynamic aspect of syntax. Syntax, the object of study of which is a sentence as a communicative unit associated with a speech situation, possessing a certain intonation characteristic and word order as a means of expressing actual division.

Static aspect of syntax. Syntax, the object of study of which are structures not related to the context and situation of speech: sentence (as a predicative unit) and phrase (non-predicative unit).

The syntax is communicative. Syntax, the object of study of which is such problems as the actual and syntagmatic division of a sentence, the functioning of phrases in a sentence, the communicative paradigm of sentences, the typology of utterances, etc.

The syntax of a phrase reveals the syntactic properties of individual words and establishes the rules for their compatibility with other words, and these rules are determined by the grammatical features of the word as a certain part of speech.

Text syntax. Syntax, the object of study of which is not the structural patterns of phrases, simple and complex sentences, complex syntactic wholes, but various kinds of statements associated with the speech situation, as well as the structure of the text that goes beyond the boundaries of the complex syntactic whole. The study of these phenomena has great importance for linguistic-stylistic and psycholinguistic analysis of text.

The syntax is functional. Syntax, the object of study of which is to clarify the role (function) of all syntactic means (units, constructions) in the construction of coherent speech. Syntax that uses the “from function to means” approach as a research method, that is, finding out what grammatical means relationships are expressed: spatial, temporal, causal, goal, etc. (cf. the traditional approach “from means to function,” that is, finding out what functions a certain grammatical unit performs).