Person or gender of the verb. Categories of gender, person and number. Relationship between verb categories

The face is grammatical category verb indicating the producer of the action. The verb has three persons in singular and plural: 1st, 2nd, 3rd.

This person indicates that the action is performed by the speaker himself or by a group of people, which includes the speaker: I am walking - we are walking, I am reading - we are reading.
This person indicates that the producer of the action is the person or group of persons to whom the speech is addressed (i.e., the listener): you are going - you are walking, you are reading - you are reading.
є person indicates that the producer of the action is a person or group of persons not participating in the dialogue: he (she, it) walks - they walk, he (she, it) reads - they read.

The category of a person is expressed by endings called personal.
Thus, the meaning of the personal forms of the verb is closely related to the meaning of personal pronouns.
The category of person is inherent in verbs of the present and future tense of the indicative mood and verbs of the imperative mood. The categories of persons do not have past tense forms and subjunctive moods; the producer of the action in these cases is indicated by personal pronouns or nouns: I walked, you walked, he walked, the person walked. The category of person has formal indicators - personal endings: -у (-у), -ее (иш), -ет (ит), -ем (м), -еte (ete), -ут (-ут), -am ( yat).
Many Russian verbs (the so-called insufficient) are not used in the 1st and 2nd person singular and plural present and future simple tense. This is explained by semantic reasons: these verbs denote actions that are not characteristic of humans, but of animals, plants, objects and natural phenomena: whelp, kitten; sprout, swell, shrink, burn; flow, flicker, etc.
1st person forms are not used singular verbs to blow, to win, to convince, to wonder, to find oneself, to take shelter, to bass, to bludgeon, to wheel, to rustle, etc.
Along with “insufficient” verbs, there are verbs in the language that have not one, but two systems of personal forms (“redundant verbs”): splash - you splash and splash, torment - torment and torment, wave - wave and wave, purr - purr and purr , rinse - rinse and rinse. The difference between these forms is either stylistic (waving, purring, rinsing - neutral; waving, purring, rinsing - colloquial), or semantic (splashing - ‘spraying, spewing out splashes’, splashing - ‘spraying’).
The facial forms of the verb are polysemantic and in expressively colored speech they can be used not only in their basic meanings.
The 1st person singular form has few meanings. It does not replace other personal forms, but is itself often replaced. ;
The 1st person plural form is used instead of -. one hundred forms of the 1st person singular, when the speaker is not inclined to emphasize his personal participation in any action: “What, you’re also involved in trade?” - I asked him. - “We trade little by little in oil and tar” (I. Turgenev).
Instead of the 1st person singular form, the 2nd person singular form can be used (usually with a connotation of address): I am a single person, a restless person. So what! Are you staying at home a lot? But as you go, as you go... and you will feel better, really (I. Turgenev); I won’t understand you, Stepan Stepanych, I invited her myself, but now you’re scolding (A. Chekhov).
Instead of the 1st person singular form, the 3rd person singular form can be used. This replacement is observed when the speaker looks at himself as if from the outside, usually emphasizing his significance: Stand straight when the officer is talking to you (A. Gaidar).
The 1st person plural form can be used instead of the 2nd person singular form if the speaker wants to emphasize his participation or sympathy for something: “Ah, dear young man! - the doctor met him. - Well, how do we feel? (A. Chekhov).
The 2nd person plural form, when expressing politeness, replaces the 2nd person singular: Bpi you sing well.
Personal forms verbs can acquire an indefinite personal meaning in a sentence if the character is unknown or indifferent to the speaker, and a generalized personal meaning if the action applies to everyone: They convey the latest news (indefinite personal meaning); Chickens are counted in the fall (Proverb) (general-personal meaning).
In the Russian language there is a group of verbs that denote an action and state that occurs on its own, without relation to the subject of the action, therefore they do not have a subject in a sentence. Such verbs do not change by person and therefore are called impersonal.
Impersonal verbs in their formation can be irreversible and return form: dawn, fever, unwell, darkness. Although they do not have a person category, they are used in the form of the 3rd person singular of the present and future tense: it will feel sick, it will shiver, it will be dawn, it will get dark.
They can also be used in the form of the neuter past tense and the subjunctive mood (it would feel sick, it would freeze, it would be light, it would get dark) and in the form of the infinitive (it would get dark, it would get dark, it would get light, it would get dark).
In my own way lexical meaning Impersonal verbs are divided into groups denoting:

natural phenomena: dusk, frost, dawn, evening, dark, rain, cold;
physical and mental condition person: unwell, nauseated, shivering, dreaming, can’t believe it;
the action of an elemental force in combination with the instrumental case: lightning set the barn on fire, water washed away the shore;
modal meaning of obligation: must, appropriate, follows, etc.;
states associated with the idea of fate, fate: I am unlucky in life;
sensory perceptions, sensations: Smells of bird cherry;
being, existence: There was no time.

Many impersonal verbs denoting a person’s state are formed from personal ones by adding the postfix -sya to them: breathes - breathes, believes - believes, dreams - dreams, sleeps - sleeps.
The use of personal forms of verbs in impersonal meaning. Such forms are often called impersonal forms of finite verbs. The impersonal form of a personal verb is the 3rd person singular form or the neuter form of the past tense, used in an improper sense, that is, not indicating the person performing the action: I was blown up (cf.: The sappers blew up the bridge); He is falling asleep (cf.: The wind is bending the trees); It smells like bird cherry (cf.: Bird cherry smells nice).
The category of number has verbs of the present, future and past tense. Past tense verbs, without changing by person, also have a gender category: (I, you, he) came - masculine, (I, you, she) came - feminine, (I, you, it) came - neuter, (we, you, they) came - plural. Verbs in the subjunctive mood also have a gender category (would convey, would convey, would convey).

B) Number of a noun

1. Most nouns have two numbers - the only thing And plural. In the singular form, a noun denotes one object; in the plural form, several objects.

Pencil - pencils; doctor - doctors.

2. Only one form(singular or plural) have real, collective, abstract and some concrete nouns.

Only the form singular have:

most material nouns;

Oil, cement, sugar, pearls, sour cream, milk.

most abstract nouns;

Joy, goodness, grief, fun, redness, running, gray hair.

most collective nouns;

Teaching, students, foliage, animals, crows, children.

most proper names.

Voronezh, Caucasus, Caspian Sea, Ural.

Note!

In some cases, nouns that have only a singular form can form plural forms. But such education is necessarily associated with a change in the meaning of the word:

1) at real

a) types, varieties of substance:

wine - dessert wines, oil - technical oils;

b) the value of the large space covered by this substance:

water - ocean waters, sand - Karakum sands;

2) at distracted of nouns the plural form has the meaning:

a) various manifestations of qualities, properties, states:

opportunity - new opportunities, joy - our joys;

b) duration, frequency and degree of manifestation of a sign, condition, action:

frost - prolonged frosts, pain - severe pain, scream - screams.

Only the form plural have:

some real nouns;

Ink, sawdust, cleaning.

some abstract nouns;

Name days, elections, attacks, intrigues, beatings.

some collective nouns;
Money, finance, wilds.

some proper names;

Karakum, Carpathians, novel “Demons”.

words denoting paired objects, that is, objects consisting of two parts;

Glasses, trousers, sleigh, gates, scissors, pliers.

some names of periods of time.

Twilight, day, weekdays, holidays.

Note!

For nouns that only have a plural form, not only the gender, but also the declension is not determined!

C) Case and declension of nouns

1. There are six in Russian cases:

All cases except the nominative are called indirect.

Note!

1) To correctly determine the case of a noun, you need to find the word on which the noun depends and ask a question about the noun from this word, and it is better to use both questions at the same time.

Wed: He trusted his friend: he believed[to whom? what?] friend - D. p.

The form I. p. usually has a subject, and such a noun does not depend on other members of the sentence, but is connected with the predicate.

Wed: I have[Who? what?] friend - I. p.

2) It is especially important to ask both questions if the noun is in the nominative, genitive or accusative case, since animate nouns the questions of the genitive and accusative cases coincide (whom?), and inanimate nouns the questions of the nominative and accusative cases coincide (what?).

3) If a noun has a preposition, then the question must be asked using this preposition.

Wed: He looked at the book: he looked[in whom? into what?] in the book.

4) A preposition can be separated from a noun by an adjective or pronoun. Note that a preposition is associated with a noun, not a noun-dependent modifier.

Wed: He was quarreling with his friend: quarreling[with whom? with what?] with a friend.

2. Changing nouns by case and number is called declination.

Immutable nouns ( coat, citro, metro, taxi, kangaroo, UN, traffic police) have no declination! Their number and case can be determined in phrases and sentences on the question.

He was sitting[in whom? what?] V coat - singular, prepositional case; He came[without whom? without which?] without coat - singular, genitive case.

3. The declension of modified nouns is determined by the form nominative case singular. Most singular nouns are divided into three types of declension.

The type of declination is determined by initial form(singular, nominative case):

1st class	-and I	Feminine, masculine and common nouns with endings -а, -я.	Spring, earth, line, uncle, ruler, dirty one.
2nd class	zero	Masculine nouns ending in zero.	House□ , edge□ , ball□ , planetarium□ .
2nd class	-o, -e	All nouns end in -o, -e.	Window, field, suspicion- neuter gender; wolf, apprentice- masculine.
3rd class	zero	Feminine nouns ending in zero.	Mother□ , daughter□ , night□ , steppe□ .

4. Ten neuter nouns ending in -мя (ending -я): time, burden, stirrup, tribe, flame, banner, crown, seed, name, udder, as well as nouns way, child refer to divergent(they have endings of different declensions).

5. The noun person has different roots in the singular and plural ( person people), therefore has different types Declension in singular and plural:

person (singular) - declined as a 2nd declension noun;
people (plural) - declined as a 3rd declension noun.

6. Substantive adjectives and participles (nouns formed by moving from one part of speech to another: ice cream, dining room, living room, maid etc.) do not belong to any of the three types declination. They continue to decline, just as adjectives and participles decline!

D) Declension patterns for nouns

1st declension

Case	Singular			Plural
I. p.	Mother	Nanny	Aria	Moms	Nannies	Arias
R. p.	Moms	Nannies	Arias	Mom	Nian	Arius
D. p.	To mom	Nanny	Arias	Moms	Nannies	Ariyam
V. p.	Mom	Nanny	Aria	Mom	Nian	Arias
etc.	Mom	Nanny(s)	Aria(s)	By moms	Nannies	Arias
P. p.	About mom	About the nanny	About the aria	About moms	About nannies	About arias

Note!

Nouns of the 1st declension ending in -iya: army, aria, symphony, Maria etc. - in dative case and the prepositional case singular have the ending -и, like nouns of the 3rd declension.

Wed: to the army, about the aria, to the symphony, about the symphony, to Mary, about Mary.

For nouns ending in -ya: Marya, liar, cell

Wed: to Marya, oh Marya.

2nd declension. Masculine

Case	Singular			Plural
I. p.	House	Horse	Cue	At home	Horses	cues
R. p.	At home	Horse	Kiya	Houses	Horses	Kyiv
D. p.	Home	horse	Kiyu	Home	Horses	Kiyam
V. p.	House	Horse	Cue	At home	Horses	cues
etc.	Home	Horse	cue	Homes	Horses	Kiyami
P. p.	About the house	About the horse	About the cue	About houses	About horses	About cues

Note!

Nouns of the 2nd declension ending in -iy (zero ending): cue, radium, proletarian, planetarium and others - in the single prepositional case they have the ending -i, like nouns of the 3rd declension.

Wed: about radium, about the planetarium.

For nouns ending in -ey, -ai (zero ending): edge, sparrow etc. - this rule does not apply (!).

Wed: about the edge, about the sparrow.

2nd declension. Neuter gender

Indeclinable nouns

Case	Singular		Plural
I. p.	Time	Path	Time	Paths
R. p.	Time	Paths	Times	Ways
D. p.	Time	Paths	From time to time	Ways
V. p.	Time	Path	Time	Paths
etc.	Time	By	From time to time	In ways
P. p.	About the time	About the path	About times	About the paths

Note!

In indirect cases, nouns ending in -mya have the suffix -en- ( time, seed, name).
Exception make up plural forms genitive case nouns seed, stirrup - no seeds, no stirrups.

Verb person- this is a grammatical category that shows which person performs the action.

The person of the verb is expressed by personal endings of the verb and personal pronouns.

1st person singular shows that the action is performed by the speaker: I read, I will read, I read, I would read.

2nd person singular shows that the interlocutor is performing an action: you read, you will read, you read, you would read.

3rd person singular shows that the action is performed by the person in question: he (she, it) reads, will read, he reads, he would read.

1st person plural shows that the action is performed by a group of people, which includes the speaker: we read, we will read, we read, we would read.

2nd person plural shows that the action is performed by a group of people, which includes the interlocutor: you read, you will read, you read, you would read.

3rd person plural shows that the action is performed by the persons in question : they read, they will read, they read, they would read.

Verbs that have all six finite forms are called personal.

But not all verbs in Russian can have personal forms. Some verbs name an action or state in which there cannot be any actor at all: It's getting dark, it's evening, it's chilling. Such verbs are called impersonal.

Sometimes personal verbs can have an impersonal form: The hay smells nice ( smells– personal verb), but: Smells nice like hay(smells– impersonal form of the verb).

Also highlighted reflexively impersonal verbs that are formed from reflexive personal: I want - I want; I'm sad - I'm sad; I'm not sleeping - I can't sleep.

Pledge– this is a grammatical category of a verb that shows the relationship of an action to the subject (doer) and object (the object on which the action is performed).

In modern Russian there are two voices: active and passive.

Active voice shows that the subject denotes the one who performs an action that transfers to another subject: Builders building a house(subject here builders denotes those who perform an action, house- an addition that denotes an object that is subject to this action).

Passive voice shows that the subject denotes an object that is subject to action from another object: The house is being built by builders(subject here house denotes an object that is subject to action, and the addition in T. p. - builders- denotes those who perform this action).

Not all verbs in Russian have a voice form.

Conjugation of verbs

Conjugation- This is a change in verbs by persons and numbers. Only present and future simple tense verbs are conjugated. There are two types of conjugation: first and second. Verbs of the first and second conjugation differ in personal endings.

The conjugation of verbs is determined by the ending of the infinitive.

Co. The 2nd conjugation includes verbs ending in -it (build, love).

Exceptions: 11 verbs that do not end in the infinitive in -it, belong to the 2nd conjugation, they should be remembered:

Drive, hold, endure, offend,

Hear, see, hate,

And depend and twist,

And also breathe, look.

TO The 1st conjugation includes all other verbs.

Exceptions: shave, build.

Verb lay used only in indefinite form. Personal forms are formed from the verb lay 1st conjugation.

Verbs want, run and all those educated from them (to want, to run away, to come running etc.) have endings of different conjugations, that is, they are heterogeneously conjugated:

Verbs have a special form of conjugation eat, give(verb create conjugated the same way as a verb give).

In Russian, personal pronouns have the following characteristics: constant sign like faces. Each of the three person pronouns has a specific form and meaning. This article describes ways to determine person pronouns, their characteristics with examples.

Person pronouns- this is an unchangeable (constant) feature of a given part of speech, inherent only in personal pronouns. In the Russian language, pronouns have three persons, each of which has a specific meaning and form.

Table Person pronouns

	Singular		Plural
	What do they point to?	Forms of I. p.	What do they point to?	Forms of I. p.
1st person	to the speaker, actor (subject of speech)	I	to a group of people, including a speaker, an actor	We
2nd person	to the person addressed in speech (to the interlocutor)	You	to a group of people addressed in a speech (to interlocutors)	You
3rd person	on an object (person, phenomenon) that is spoken about, but which does not take part in speech	he she it	to a group of objects (persons, phenomena) that are spoken about, but which do not take part in speech	They

Note! In the third person singular, personal pronouns have masculine, feminine and neuter forms.
Examples: she's beautiful, it's big, he's brave.

How to determine the person of pronouns?

In speech, the person of pronouns can be determined by its meaning in speech, as well as by its case form. Features of the declension of personal pronouns are given in the table with examples of all case forms.

	Singular				Plural
I. p.	I	You	he, it	she	We	You	They
R. p.	me	you	his	her	us	you	their
D. p.	to me	you	to him	to her	us	to you	them
V. p.	me	you	his	her	us	you	their
etc.	me (me)	by you (by you)	them	by her	us	you	them
P. p.	about me	about you	about him	about her	about Us	about you	about them

If before a third person pronoun in indirect case there is a preposition, the case form is used with "n".

The lesson covers gender, person and number of verbs. You will see how a verb expresses the meaning of an action by changing gender, person and number.

Topic: Verb

Lesson: Gender, person, number of a verb

1. Grammatical meaning of the verb

Open the brackets and put the verbs in the correct form of the present or future tense. If there are several variants of this form in your speech, choose one of them. Justify your choice of option. If the verb does not have the required form, change the sentence to express the given content.

1. Some people (run) through the streets. 2. He (to be attracted) to people with a difficult fate. 3. In order not to freeze on the road, he usually (harness) the horse, let it gallop, and he (run) alongside. 4. I will definitely (get better) by the holiday. 5. I definitely (to win) this competition. 6. I just (pour) sugar into the jar, (screw) the lid and come to you. 7. This is how I (to annoy) the teacher! 8. Nettle is very strong (to burn). 9. The puppy (lie) under the sofa and purr. 10. I (to pick) you up in the evening. 11. The mother (light) all the lamps and (drip) medicine to her daughter. 12. He should not be entrusted with such a responsible task: he will definitely (to hesitate) at the most crucial moment. 13. I (knead) the dough and then rest. 14. If the blood (cooked), it is difficult to treat the wound. 15. If water (flow) under the bathtub, it will be difficultcollect. 16. When we (want), then (lie down) to rest! 17. If you don’t give up now, I (riddle) the whole house! 18. He quickly (wear out) new suit, if he treats him so carelessly. 19. I (spin, twirl, play tricks), but it’s all to no avail! 20. He (climb) to the very top of the tree. 21. He (to lie) to you! 22. They never (put) briefcases on their desks. 23. He (bring) trouble to us. 24. I work hard during the day, (work hard), sometimes by the evening I’m so (exhausted) - I can’t move my hand. 25. I won’t (offend) you. 26. This (to distract) you from sad thoughts. 27. He (to renounce) us at the first danger. 28. I (to defeat) this enemy too! 29. Water (flow) from the tap for the third day now. 30. They (want) to disgrace us. 31. The boats do not stand still, they slightly (sway) on the water. 32. Wind blows, rain(splash) in my face. 33. Parents stand on the platform and (wave) after the departing train. 34. Streams flow, roofs (drip). 35. The wolf (to prowl) through the forest in search of prey. 36. Women stand on the shore and (rinse) laundry.

1. Culture writing ().

2. Modern Russian language ().

Literature

1. Russian language. 6th grade: Baranov M.T. and others - M.: Education, 2008.

2. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades: V.V. Babaytseva, L.D. Chesnokova - M.: Bustard, 2008.

3. Russian language. 6th grade: ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta - M.: Bustard, 2010.

More on the topic CATEGORIES OF PERSON, NUMBER AND GENDER OF VERB. IMPERSONAL VERBS:

B) Number of a noun

C) Case and declension of nouns

D) Declension patterns for nouns

How to determine the person of pronouns?