Verbosity is incompatible with the concept of “meaningful speech”. Sometimes it is very important to present this or that information briefly and quickly. We can safely say that verbosity is a lack of speech, regardless of style and genre.
Verbosity, or speech redundancy, may manifest itself in the use of unnecessary words even in short phrase. For example: In the past days there have been snowfalls and a lot of snow has fallen; Why did you come back? Extra words in oral and written speech indicate not only stylistic negligence, they indicate the vagueness and uncertainty of the author’s ideas about the subject of speech. Verbosity often borders on idle talk. So. sports commentator reports: Athletes arrived at international competitions in order to take part in competitions in which not only ours, but also foreign athletes will participate.
Forms of verbosity:
Pleonasm (from the Greek pleonasmos - excess), i.e. using words that are close in meaning and therefore unnecessary (fell down, the main point,
everyday routine, uselessly disappears, etc.). Often pleonasms appear when connecting with anonymous ov: courageous and brave, only in the end. Pleonasms usually arise due to the stylistic negligence of the author. For example: Local forest workers do not limit themselves only to protecting the taiga, but also do not allow the richest gifts of nature to be wasted in vain. The highlighted words can be excluded without damage.
Tautology is a type of pleonasm (from the Greek tauto - the same thing and 1оgos - word) - repeated designation in other words of an already named concept (multiply many times, resume again, an unusual phenomenon, driving leitmotif). An obvious tautology arises when repeating similar words: Can I ask a question? A hidden tautology arises when combining foreign and Russian words that duplicate each other (memorable souvenirs," debuted for the first time).
Damage to the informative richness of speech is also caused by repetition of words. Lexical repetitions are often combined with tautology, pleonasms and usually indicate the author’s inability to clearly and concisely formulate a thought. For example: A dormitory is a house in which students live for five for long years your student life; What this life will be like depends on the residents of the hostel themselves. But in other cases, lexical repetitions help highlight an important concept in the text (Live forever, learn forever; They pay for good with good).
20.Speech redundancy (pleonasm, tautology, repetition of words, sentence length). (Option 2)
Speech redundancy- this is verbosity. It manifests itself in various forms. Idle talk, that is, an obsessive explanation of banalities. For example: “Consumption of milk is a good tradition, not only children eat milk, the need for milk, the habit of milk persists until old age. Is this a bad habit? Should I give it up? - No!" Appreciate the informativeness of your own statements! 2. Absurdism. Example: “the corpse was dead and did not hide it.” Such statements are called lyapalisiads. The origin of this term is not without interest: it was formed on behalf of the French marshal Marquis la Palis, who died in 1825. The soldiers composed a song about him, which included the following words: “Our commander was alive 25 minutes before his death.” The absurdity of the blunder lies in the self-affirmation of self-evident truth. 3. Pleonasm, that is, the use in speech of words that are close in meaning and therefore unnecessary. In other words, pleonasm is about the same thing in different words. “Go back”, “fall down”, “this phenomenon is”, “connect together”, “we sang one song together”, “the main essence”, “valuable treasure”, “dark darkness”, “everyday routine”, “useless disappears”, “to have a presentiment in advance” - all these are pleonasms. It is probably unnecessary to explain that, for example, “dark darkness” is verbose, because one of the meanings of the word “darkness” is deep, impenetrable darkness. There are synonymous pleonasms: “long and prolonged”, “courageous and brave”, “amazing and wonderful”, “kissed and kissed”, “only, only”, “nevertheless, however”, “so, for example”. 4. Tautology, that is, repetition of cognate words in a sentence. “Tell a story”, “multiply many times”, “ask a question”, “resume again” and so on. Often a tautology is formed from the combination of a Russian word with a foreign one, duplicating its meaning: “memorable souvenir”, “driving leitmotif”, “unusual phenomenon”, “made his debut for the first time”, “old veteran”, “biography of life”, “one’s own autobiography”, “ ultimately”, “minuscule little things”, “leading leader”, “response counterattack”, “folklore”, “demobilize from the army”. 5.Repetition of words. For example: “Results were obtained that were close to the results obtained on the ship model. The results obtained showed..."
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When in short statement a lot of unnecessary words, then this is called speech redundancy or verbosity. For example: during the last 24 hours there have been heavy snowfalls and a large number of snow; when did you come back?
When there are a lot of unnecessary words in written or spoken speech, this is called stylistic negligence.
Example speech redundancy. The sports commentator of the competition notifies: athletes who arrived at sport competitions, take part in competitions with foreign athletes.
Verbosity appears in the form:
- pleonasms - the use of words that have the same meaning, but are superfluous in the text (as a result of everyday routine, rose up, the main point).
- tautologies (variation of pleonasm). Repeated term, only in different words (multiply twice, inexplicable phenomena). The tautology is clearly expressed in the combination of words with one root: How to ask a question correctly?
Lexical repetition found in the text is a sign that the writer lacks clarity and conciseness to formulate thoughts. Sometimes lexical repetition can help the author concentrate on something important, for example: Live forever, learn forever.
How to use speech redundancy?
Speech insufficiency and speech redundancy do not in all situations turn out to be an error when writing works of art. It's even worse when a person uses
Pleonasms and tautologies are used in stylistics to enhance the effectiveness and inspiration of statements, as well as to highlight the aphorism of speech. Writers and humorists resort to these techniques to create a joke.
The main goal of speech redundancy and tautology in stylistics:
- point out the poverty of speech, lack of education of certain characters;
- enhance the semantic significance of the situation;
- highlight a certain idea in the text;
- tautological repetition emphasizes the richness or duration of the situation, for example: “We walked and walked”;
- to emphasize with pleonasms the features of an object or its characteristics. Authors can use to clarify an excessive number of objects, for example: “And there are balls, balls, balls, balls everywhere...”;
- creating funny situations, for example: “Let me not allow you.”
Tautology
Tautology is a thought represented by unfounded repetitions of the same words with the same root. There is such a thing as tautological rhyme - the repetition of one word in a modified form in poetic form.
Brand name and product name - pleonasm
Cognate words in one sentence creating a tautology are one of the common mistakes. Thus, in one sentence we are marking time. It looks like .
In order to highlight a certain thought in a sentence, it is necessary to clear it of unnecessary things, that is, to get rid of tautology, examples: ... definitions can follow quite naturally indicating that the productivity of the labor process at a certain stage of development of the technical process is determined by a completely definite pattern.
This sentence is confusing and too repetitive. We clear it of debris and get:
Labor productivity at to varying degrees the development of a technical process is determined by an objective pattern - this is a reasonable conclusion.
Not in all situations you should perceive words with the same root as a stylistic error. They do not always need to be replaced by synonyms in one judgment; in some situations this is impossible, the test may become impoverished.
A pair of words with the same root, which are mentioned in one passage of text, are stylistically justified when they are considered the only carriers of meaning. We have to come to terms with the fact that the sentence contains a tautology, examples: pink flowers are blooming on the bushes, the head coach will train the team.
In the Russian language, there are tautological combinations that are inevitable: a dictionary of Russian words, the foreman of two brigades, the investigators of the task force were conducting an investigation.
When authors are faced with such a problem as a combination of a Russian word and a foreign one, they do not understand the exact meaning of the second, for example: little prodigy, leading leaders. Before you combine foreign words with others, you need to think about their meaning.
Tautology can be found in Russian folklore and proverbs. Writers deliberately use them for lexical expressiveness, for example: friendship is friendship, and service is service; to walk; Living life is not a field to cross.
Pleonasm
This term has Greek roots and is translated as “excessive”, “excessive”.
Let's figure out what pleonasm is? It means an excess of words of the same meaning in one judgment.
Examples: they saw a dead corpse; I met a dark brunette; he sat without words and was silent.
The above judgments are complicated by unnecessary clarifications. Like other forms of speech redundancy, pleonasm indicates the author’s lack of education. You need to analyze your vocabulary and learn to correct mistakes in a timely manner.
In Russian there is such a thesis as “imaginary pleonasm”. Writers use it deliberately to enhance the expressiveness of speech and the effect of perception.
Pleonastic combinations are used for folklore. Even earlier, authors used expressively colored pleonasms in stories, for example: sea-ocean, paths-paths, once upon a time.
Lapalissiades
One of the forms of speech redundancy is lapses of speech. They create the effect of humor in a tragic (inappropriate) situation,
For example:
The dead body lay there and showed no signs of life, the blind man saw absolutely nothing.
One of the main mistakes in writing speech redundancy appears - this is a manifestation of tautology and pleonasm. Such errors give vocabulary scarcity and poverty. But they are used in writing fiction in order to give it bright colors.
Topic 4. Lexical speech errors.
4.1. Lexical compatibility.
The meaning of a word is important when combining words, because in speech we do not use a word in isolation, but together with other words.
Lexical compatibility is the ability of words to connect with each other: a long way(but not long way). If you do not take them into account in the combination of words lexical meaning, we can get simply absurd statements. You can't tell "yellow watermelon" it can only be red or green; can't say "round the clock" but they say "all year round" etc.
4.2. Lexical redundancy (pleonasm and tautology).
Lexical redundancy- This common name two stylistic phenomena: pleonasm and tautology, denoting unnecessary, inappropriate verbosity.
Lexical redundancy is used as a stylistic device for reinforcement: see with your own eyes, hear with your own ears, make with your own hands.
4.2.1. Pleonasm- this is speech redundancy that arises due to the construction of the lexical meaning of one word by another, whole or any part of it: interior interior(word "interior" already has the meaning “internal”); stand idle(words "stand idle" thanks to the prefix it has the meaning “idle”); come back(the word “return” already has the meaning of the opposite direction); fall down(it is simply impossible to fall upward); gesticulate with hands(you can’t gesture with anything else).
There are two types of pleonasms. One type is not a stylistic error and is widely represented in the language: go down the mountain(duplication of preposition and prefix), never read it(duplication of negation by particle and adverb). The second type of pleonasm is a stylistic error in which unnecessary words are combined into a phrase or sentence: It has rained in the past few days.
4.2.2. Tautology- This lexical redundancy, in which the same root words are repeated within a phrase or connection of subject and predicate in a sentence: Soon the fairy tale is told, but not soon the deed is done.
A tautology may not be a mistake if it is a stylistic device. This is a deliberate tautology: The writer writes, the reader reads.
An unintentional tautology is a stylistic error. For example, in the sentence Unsolved problems need to be solved– an unintentional tautology, words with the same root are repeated. To fix this stylistic error, you need to replace one of these words: Existing problems need to be solved.
4.3. Lexical deficiency(incompleteness of statement) is a stylistic error consisting of omitting a word in a phrase: I am deeply concerned about this question.
The meaning of the missing word is taken over by the remaining word: he serves (in the army), he knows (foreign) languages well.
But often lexical insufficiency leads to unclear speech, and sometimes creates a comic effect: The birthday party starts at five o'clock. There's a missing word here "celebration" Without this word, the statement takes on a completely different meaning.
4.4. Errors in the use of synonyms.
4.4.1. Synonymous repetition: one phenomenon, object, action is designated by several synonyms. In this case, synonymous repetition is used as a stylistic device in literature for a deeper disclosure of the image: He had a thin, even squeaky voice. Sometimes, when repeated, synonyms are so closely linked to each other that they are written with a hyphen: sadness eats him up.
4.4.2. Violation of lexical compatibility norms: vouch – guarantee. Verb vouch combines with prepositions for, in; Ch. guarantee used without a preposition. For example: vouch for success, vouch for fidelity; guarantee success, loan repayment, guarantee payment.
It is important to take into account the lexical meaning of words, as well as differences in meanings and semantic shades. For example: guiding, instructive, directive. General – meaning: “coming from the person who carries out management, or containing certain instructions, norms.” Differences appear when combined with other words: body, document, position, person, report, decision, instruction.
Leading– standing at the head of management, guiding, giving instructions; instructive– containing guidelines; directive- translation zn.-e - categorical, which does not tolerate objections, the main meaning is the guidelines of the supreme body to subordinate bodies.
Right: governing body leadership position, managerial person; guidance document, guidance report; directive document, directive decision, directive instruction.
4.5. Semantic and stylistic selection of lexical means.
Linguistic units (words and phrases) have not only lexical meaning, but also a stylistic coloring, which is determined by the sphere of use and the emotional and expressive (books: expression of feelings, experiences, expressiveness) qualities of speech.
4.5.1. Cliche.
In speech, there are ready-made phrases that are familiar to native speakers (speech stereotypes, ready-made phrases), which are easily reproduced in certain situations, conditions and contexts of the standard, are constructive units of speech and, despite frequent use, retain their semantics. Such revolutions are called cliche(from the French cliche “to make impressions”). Clichés exist in all styles of speech. In colloquial speech, these are ready-made expressions for situations that we encounter every day. For example, greetings: hello, good afternoon, hello, in transport: Are you getting off? who is last? etc. Clichés are used in official business documents ( summit), in an official business style: We, the undersigned; V scientific style: our own correspondent. Knowledge and correct usage a cliché indicates good command of speech.
4.5.2. Unlike the cliché stamps They are hackneyed expressions with a faded lexical meaning and erased expressiveness. Words, phrases and even entire sentences become stamps, appearing as new, stylistically expressive speech means, but as a result of too frequent use they lose their original imagery. Example: Rose during voting forest of hands Too frequent use of some figurative expressions leads to the fact that these expressions become hackneyed and turn into cliches: red thread, typical representative etc. Speech full of cliches cannot be called expressive; on the contrary, the use of cliches is a stylistic flaw
4.5.2.1. Types of stamps are universal words. These are words that are used in the most general and vague meanings: question, task, raise, provide etc. Usually universal words are accompanied by stencil pendants: work - everyday, level – tall, support – warm. Numerous journalistic stamps (field workers, city on the Volga), literary studies (exciting image, angry protest).
4.5.3. Stationery- these are words and expressions used in an official business style, where it is quite natural, with emphatically official relations that arise, for example, with a client, customer, performer, passenger, etc. Clericalisms give official texts special significance. They are used, in particular, when drawing up contracts: Unilateral termination of this Agreement is permitted by a court decision that has entered into force in cases established by law, as well as in accordance with this Agreement. But when they penetrate other styles, it leads to a violation of stylistic norms. For example: “As soon as you step outside the gate, immediately green area." In this sentence it would be more appropriate to use instead "green massif" some other words: "forest", "greenery".
In other speech styles bureaucracy are inappropriate, then they are cliches. For example: « It has place lack of spare parts."
4.5.4. Paronyms.
Paronomasia– deliberate use of paronyms.
If mixing paronyms is a gross lexical error, then the deliberate use of two words - paronyms in one sentence is a stylistic figure called “paronomasia” (from the Greek near, about + I call).
Paronomasia is called a binary figure of stylistics, since both paronyms take part in it. This figure is widespread, and in short it can be called binary. Chatsky: “I’d be glad to serve, but it’s sickening to be served”(Griboedov “Woe from Wit”).
By the way, the emphasis in this word is in two variants: paronomasia and paronomasia.
Verb put on used only when the action is directed at oneself (I or he put on a coat, hat, glasses, socks) and can be continued with a preposition on. If the action is directed at another, then the preposition on simply a must (put a hat on his son, put a collar on the dog). Speech errors in use lexical units. 1.1. Lexical meaning of the word. Word " lexical"means...
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Speech redundancy- this is a problem born largely due to the author’s reluctance to spend time and effort on polishing his own text. That is, instead of indicating his thought with a couple of precisely formulated phrases, the writer embarks on long explanations, which give us verbal redundancy.
Speech redundancy in a text can manifest itself in various forms.
Sometimes you can observe an obsessive explanation of already known truths: Daily consumption of milk is a healthy habit; not only children, but also adults eat milk; the habit of drinking milk can persist until old age. Can this habit be called harmful? Should I give it up? Of course no!
Speech redundancy also occurs when the same thought is conveyed repeatedly. For example: Russian athletes arrived at the Olympic Games in order to take part in competitions in which not only ours, but also many foreign athletes will participate.
In some cases, the manifestation of speech redundancy may border on the absurd: The body was clearly dead and showed it with all its appearance. In literary theory, such examples are called Lapalissiades. The name of the term is derived from the name of the French marshal Marquis La Palis, who died in 1525. The fact is that the soldiers composed a song about the deceased commander, which contained the following words: Our commander was alive 25 minutes before his death. Lapalissades add inappropriate comedy to speech, asserting obvious truths. And inappropriateness, as a rule, is expressed in the fact that such phrases emerge in situations associated with the most tragic circumstances.
Pleonasm.
Pleonasm (from the gr. pleonasmos - excess) - this is the use in speech of words that are close in meaning and therefore unnecessary ( foresee in advance, speak out loud, dark night, etc..). Pleonasms arise mainly due to the stylistic negligence of the author. For example, when connecting synonyms: boring and dull; helped and contributed; nevertheless, however; for example.
However, in addition to obvious errors and oversights, there is the concept of “ imaginary pleonasm", which the writer uses consciously as a means of enhancing the expressiveness of speech: Not will go back a time when the history of our country was rewritten to suit someone's petty interests. Such a deliberate discrepancy attracts the reader’s attention, enhancing the expressive effect.
It would not be out of place to mention that the use of pleonastic combinations is very characteristic of folklore. As is known, expressively colored pleonasms have long been used in oral folk art, such as once upon a time, sea-okiyan, path-path and others.
Tautology.
A special case of pleonasm is tautology. Tautology(from the gr. tauto - the same, logos - word) arises as when repeating words with the same root ( ask a riddle, stop at a bus stop), and when combining a foreign and Russian word that duplicates its meaning ( young prodigy, first debut, interior). The second case is often called hidden tautology, and often this indicates that the speaker does not understand the exact meaning of the borrowed word.
In general, tautology - and in fact, the unintentional use of combinations of words with the same root - is a very common mistake. And even with careful proofreading of the text, it is not always possible to detect all tautological connectives. However, I believe that such repetitions should not always be considered as errors. Indeed, in many cases it is simply impossible to avoid tautology, and excluding a single-root word from a sentence and replacing it with a synonym does not always give the desired effect - very often this leads to a distortion of meaning or impoverishment of speech. It can be considered that a pair of cognate words in a close context are stylistically justified if such words are the only carriers of the corresponding meanings and they cannot be replaced by synonyms ( edit – editor; cook – jam, etc..)
Exceptions include the use of terminological vocabulary, which also often gives rise to tautological combinations ( dictionary of foreign words, investigation by investigative agencies, etc..)
12. Correlation of the concepts “bureaucracy”, “stamp”, “standard”.
When analyzing errors caused by the unjustified use of stylistically colored vocabulary, Special attention You should pay attention to words associated with formal business style. Elements of official business style, introduced into a stylistically alien context for them, are called bureaucracy. It should be remembered that these speech means are called clericalism only when they are used in speech that is not bound by the norms of official business style.
Lexical and phraseological clericalisms include words and phrases that have a coloring typical of the official business style ( presence, for lack of, in order to avoid, reside, withdraw, the above, takes place and so on.). Their use makes speech inexpressive ( If there is a desire, much can be done to improve the working conditions of workers; There is currently a shortage of teaching staff).
As a rule, you can find many options for expressing thoughts, avoiding bureaucracy. For example, why would a journalist write: Marriage is a negative aspect of the enterprise's activities, if you can say: It’s bad when a company produces defects; Marriage is unacceptable at work; Marriage is a great evil that must be fought; We must prevent defects in production; We must finally stop producing defective products!; You can't put up with marriage! Simple and specific wording has a stronger impact on the reader.
A clerical flavor of speech is often given verbal nouns formed using suffixes -eni-, -ani- and etc. ( identifying, finding, taking, swelling, closing) and suffixless ( tailoring, stealing, time off). Their clerical tone is aggravated by consoles Not-, under- (non-detection, under-fulfillment). Russian writers often parodied the syllable “decorated” with such bureaucracy [ The matter of gnawing the plan by mice(Hertz.); The case of a crow flying into and breaking glass(Writing); Having announced to the widow Vanina that in her failure to attach a sixty-kopeck stamp...(Ch.)].
Verbal nouns do not have the categories of tense, aspect, mood, voice, or person. This narrows their expressive capabilities compared to verbs. For example, the following sentence lacks precision: From the side of the farm manager V.I. Shlyk showed a negligent attitude towards milking and feeding cows. You might think that the manager milked and fed the cows poorly, but the author only wanted to say that Farm manager V.I. Shlyk did nothing to ease the work of the milkmaids or prepare feed for the livestock. The inability to express the meaning of voice with a verbal noun can lead to ambiguity in the construction of the type professor's statement(Professor asserts or him claim?), I love singing(I love sing or listen when they sing?).
In sentences with verbal nouns, the predicate is often expressed by the passive form of the participle or reflexive verb, this deprives the action of activity and enhances the clerical coloring of speech [ After visiting the sights, tourists were allowed to take photographs of them.(better: Tourists were shown the sights and allowed to photograph them)].
However, not all verbal nouns in the Russian language belong to the official business vocabulary; they are varied in stylistic coloring, which largely depends on the characteristics of their lexical meaning and word formation. Verbal nouns with the meaning of person ( teacher, self-taught, confused, bully), many nouns with the meaning of action ( running, crying, playing, washing, shooting, bombing).
Verbal nouns with book suffixes can be divided into two groups. Some are stylistically neutral ( meaning, name, excitement), many of them -nie changed in -nye, and they began to denote not an action, but its result (cf.: baking pies - sweet cookies, boiling cherries - cherry jam). Others retain a close connection with verbs, acting as abstract names of actions, processes ( acceptance, non-detection, non-admission). It is precisely such nouns that most often have a clerical connotation; only those that have received a strict terminological meaning in the language do not have it ( drilling, spelling, joining).
The use of clericalisms of this type is associated with the so-called “splitting of the predicate”, i.e. replacing a simple verbal predicate with a combination of a verbal noun with an auxiliary verb that has a weakened lexical meaning (instead of complicates, leads to complication). So, they write: This leads to complexity, confusion of accounting and increased costs., or better yet write: This complicates and confuses accounting and increases costs..
However, when assessing this phenomenon stylistically, one cannot go to the extreme, rejecting any cases of using verbal-nominal combinations instead of verbs. In book styles the following combinations are often used: took part instead of participated, gave instructions instead of indicated etc. Verb-nominal combinations have become established in the official business style. declare gratitude, accept for execution, impose a penalty(in these cases the verbs thank, fulfill, exact inappropriate) etc. In the scientific style, terminological combinations such as visual fatigue occurs, self-regulation occurs, transplantation is performed and so on. Expressions function in the journalistic style workers went on strike, clashes occurred with the police, an attempt was made on the minister's life and so on. In such cases, verbal nouns cannot be avoided and there is no reason to consider them clericalisms.
The use of verb-nominal combinations sometimes even creates conditions for speech expression. For example, the combination take an active part more capacious in meaning than a verb participate. The definition of a noun allows you to give the verb-nominal combination a precise terminological meaning (cf.: help - provide emergency medical care). The use of a verbal-nominal combination instead of a verb can also help eliminate the lexical ambiguity of verbs (cf.: give a horn - blow a horn). The preference for such verbal-nominal combinations over verbs is naturally beyond doubt; their use does not damage the style, but, on the contrary, gives the speech greater effectiveness.
The influence of official business style often explains the unjustified use denominative prepositions: along the line, in section, in part, in business, by virtue of, for the purposes of, to the address, in the region, in plan, at the level, at the expense of etc. They have become widespread in book styles, and under certain conditions their use is stylistically justified. However, often passion for them damages the presentation, weighing down the style and giving it a clerical coloring. This is partly due to the fact that denominal prepositions usually require the use of verbal nouns, which leads to a string of cases. For example: By improving the organization of repayment of arrears in the payment of wages and pensions, improving the culture of customer service, turnover in government and commercial stores should increase- the accumulation of verbal nouns, many identical case forms made the sentence ponderous and cumbersome. To correct the text, it is necessary to exclude the denominal preposition from it, and, if possible, replace verbal nouns with verbs. Let's assume this edit option: To increase turnover in government and commercial stores, it is necessary to pay wages on time and not delay pensions for citizens, as well as improve the culture of customer service.
Some authors use denominative prepositions automatically, without thinking about their meaning, which is partly still preserved in them. For example: Due to lack of materials, construction has been suspended(as if someone foresaw that there would be no materials, and therefore construction was suspended). Incorrect use of denominative prepositions often leads to illogical statements.
The exclusion of denominative prepositions from the text, as we see, eliminates verbosity and helps to express thoughts more specifically and stylistically correctly.
The influence of official business style is usually associated with the use of speech cliches. Speech stamps words and expressions with erased semantics and faded emotional overtones become widely used. Thus, in a variety of contexts, the expression to obtain registration begins to be used in a figurative meaning ( Each ball that flies into the goal net receives a permanent registration in the tables; Petrovsky's muse has a permanent residence in our hearts; Aphrodite was included in the permanent exhibition of the museum - now she is registered in our city).
Any frequently repeated speech device can become a stamp, for example, stereotyped metaphors, definitions that have lost their figurative power due to constant reference to them, even hackneyed rhymes ( tears - roses). However, in practical stylistics, the term “speech stamp” has acquired a narrower meaning: this is the name for stereotypical expressions that have a clerical overtone.
Among the speech cliches that arose as a result of the influence of the official business style on other styles, we can highlight, first of all, cliched figures of speech: on at this stage, in this period of time, today, emphasized with all its severity and so on. As a rule, they do not contribute anything to the content of the statement, but only clog up the speech: At this time, a difficult situation has arisen with the liquidation of debt to supplier enterprises; At present, the payment of wages to miners is under constant control; At this stage, the crucian carp spawns normally, etc. Excluding the highlighted words will not change anything in the information.
Speech stamps also include universal words, which are used in a wide variety of, often too broad, vague meanings ( question, event, series, carry out, unfold, separate, specific and so on.). For example, noun question, acting as a universal word, never indicates what is being asked about ( Nutrition issues are especially important in the first 10-12 days; The issues of timely collection of taxes from enterprises and commercial structures deserve great attention.). In such cases, it can be painlessly excluded from the text (cf.: Nutrition is especially important in the first 10-12 days; It is necessary to collect taxes from enterprises and commercial structures in a timely manner).
Word be, as a universal, is also often superfluous; You can verify this by comparing two editions of sentences from newspaper articles:
Unjustified use of linking verbs is one of the most common stylistic flaws in specialized literature. However, this does not mean that linking verbs should be prohibited; their use should be appropriate and stylistically justified.
Speech stamps include paired words, or satellite words; the use of one of them necessarily suggests the use of the other (cf.: event - carried out, scope - wide, criticism - harsh, problem - unresolved, urgent etc.). The definitions in these pairs are lexically inferior; they give rise to speech redundancy. Speech cliches, relieving the speaker of the need to look for the necessary, exact words, deprive speech of concreteness. For example: This season was held at a high organizational level- this sentence can be inserted into a report about hay harvesting, and about sports competitions, and about preparing housing for winter, and about harvesting grapes...
The set of speech cliches changes over the years: some are gradually forgotten, others become “fashionable”, so it is impossible to list and describe all cases of their use. It is important to understand the essence of this phenomenon and prevent the emergence and spread of cliches.
Language standards should be distinguished from speech cliches. Language standards are called ready-made means of expression reproduced in speech, used in a journalistic style. Unlike a stamp, “standard... does not cause negative attitude, since it has clear semantics and economically expresses thoughts, facilitating the speed of information transfer.” Language standards include, for example, the following combinations that have become stable: Public sector workers, employment services, international humanitarian aid, commercial structures, law enforcement agencies, branches Russian authorities, according to informed sources, - phrases like household service (nutrition, health, relaxation etc.). These speech units are widely used by journalists, since it is impossible to invent new means of expression in each specific case.
A cluster of verbal nouns, chains of identical case forms, and speech cliches firmly “block” the perception of such statements that are impossible to comprehend. Our journalism has successfully overcome this “style”, and it “decorates” only the speech of individual speakers and officials in government institutions. However, while they are in their leadership positions, the problem of combating bureaucracy and speech cliches has not lost its relevance.
13. Literary editing as one of the components of the journalist’s profession: the concept of literary editing; the place of literary editing in the process of preparing a manuscript for publication; literary editing tasks
Literary editing is the search for the most accurate verbal expression of formulations, certain ideas, specific judgments or concepts, as well as arguments proving the author’s position. Literary editing - this is a reading of the text that may require not only the correction of individual errors, but also the reworking of individual fragments of the text, the restructuring of sentences, the removal of unnecessary repetitions, the elimination of ambiguity, etc., so that the form of the text best matches its content.
Literary editing involves correcting stylistic flaws. Stylistic errors are understood as various types of errors associated with a violation of style and Literary norms in general, including incorrect choice of word form, choice of inappropriate, inappropriate general style text of a stylistic variant, etc.
Problems lit. edits:
Evaluation of the manuscript in terms of suitability of the text for its purpose
Identification of substantive advantages and disadvantages, verification of the accuracy and reliability of facts
Assessment of the literary qualities of the text: compositional, genre, stylistic and logical
Lexical redundancy is the common name for two stylistic phenomena: pleonasm and tautology, associated with the presence in a sentence of two words instead of one.
Lexical redundancy is used as a stylistic device of reinforcement: see with your own eyes, hear with your own ears.
PLEONASM (Greek – excess).
1. A means of lexical expressiveness, based on the use in a sentence or text of words that are close in meaning, creating semantic redundancy.
Pleonasm is found in folklore: once upon a time, sadness-longing, path-path, sea-ocean. This product is also widely used in fiction, usually for the purpose of specifying the details of the narrative or enhancing emotions, assessments: Indeed, extremely strange! - said the official, - the place completely smooth like a freshly baked pancake. Yes, incredibly smooth! (N. Gogol, “The Nose”); The old fear seized him again everything, from head to toe(F. Dostoevsky, “Crime and Punishment”); - I didn’t see you the whole week, I didn't hear you so long. I I passionately want, I thirsty your voice. Speak. (A. Chekhov, “Ionych”).
2. A type of lexical error associated with a violation of the norms of lexical compatibility, when words that are unnecessary from a semantic point of view are used in a phrase or sentence. For example, in the sentence They ensured the rhythmic and uninterrupted operation of the enterprise, the definitions express similar meanings; here one of them is sufficient. The author's inscription on the cover of the book Dedicated to my dad - Sergei Mikhailovich is pleonastic; Enough Dedicated to my dad...
Typical examples of non-normative pleonasm are phrases in which the meaning of one word repeats the meaning of another: more important (more redundant, since more important means “more important”), first premiere (premiere is sufficient - “the first performance of a play, film or performance of a musical work”), atmospheric air(enough air - “a mixture of gases that forms the Earth’s atmosphere”), ultimately (correct ultimately or sufficiently in the end), return back (the verb return indicates movement back, in the opposite direction), import from abroad (enough to import – “import from abroad”).
Some pleonastic phrases are fixed in the language and are not considered erroneous, for example: go down, go up, period of time, exhibit of an exhibition (Latin exponatus means “on display”), people's democracy (democracy translated from Greek language"People power").
In fiction and journalism, non-normative lexical redundancy can act as a means of speech characterization of characters: - Here you are laugh And bare your teeth, - said Vasya, - and I really, Marya Vasilievna, warmly love you adore And I love(M. Zoshchenko, “Love”).
TAUTOLOGY (Greek - the same and - word) - a type of pleonasm; the use of cognate words in a sentence or text.
Tautology is found in proverbs and sayings: Friendship is friendship, A service by service; Live life– don’t cross the field; Free will; in phraseological units: walk around, jam-packed, eat.
Expressively colored tautological combinations are characteristic of folklore: Soon the fairy tale takes its toll, not soon the job is done; let's sit, bitter grief.
The deliberate use of cognate words serves as a means of lexical expressiveness in fiction and journalism: “Gorky with fur mine I'll laugh"(N. Gogol); "How mind is smart, How business wise, // How fear is terrible, How darkness is dark!// How life is alive! How death is fatal! // How youth young girl ! (Z. Ezrohi), “ Law There is law"(from the newspaper).
A tautology is a lexical error if the use of cognate words is not justified by stylistic purposes and is of an accidental nature: to connect together, to dance a dance, to treat sports in a sporting way, to confirm a statement. Usually an unintentional tautology is said to be like this: oil is oil.
