Entered liquid-lymph fabric. The lymphatic system is an integral part of the vascular system, providing the formation of lymph and lymph circulation.

Lymph system - The network of capillaries, vessels and nodes by which Lymph is moving in the body. Lymphatic capillaries are closed from one end, i.e. blindly end in the tissues. Lymphatic vessels of medium and large diameter, like veins, have valves. In their course there are lymph nodes - "filters", delaying viruses, microorganisms and the largest particles located in the lymph.

The lymphatic system begins in organ tissues in the form of a branched network of closed lymphatic capillaries, which do not have valves, and their walls have high permeability and ability to suck colloidal solutions and suspension. Lymphatic capillaries are transferred to lymphatic vessels equipped with valves. Thanks to these valves that impede the reverse current of Lymph, it it flows only towards Vienna. Lymphatic vessels fall into the lymphatic chest duct, through which lymph flows from 3/4 of the body. Breast duct flows into the cranial hollow vein or yarem Vienna. Lymph on the lymphatic vessels enters the right lymphatic barrel, which flows into the cranial hollow vein.

Fig. Lymph system scheme

Functions of the lymphatic system

The lymphatic system performs several functions:

the protective function provides lymphoid fabric of lymph nodes, generating phagocytic cells, lymphocytes and antibodies. Before entering the lymphatic assembly, the lymphatic vessel is divided into small branches, which go into the sinuses of the node. Also, small branches are also deployed from the node, which are united again into one vessel;
the filtration function is also associated with lymph nodes, in which various alien substances and bacteria are mechanically delayed;
the transport function of the lymphatic system is that through this system the main amount of fat arrives in the blood, which is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract;
the lymphatic system also performs a homeostatic function, maintaining the constancy of the composition and volume of interstitial fluid;
the lymphatic system performs a drainage function and removes an excess in the organs of the tissue (interstitial) fluid.

The formation and circulation of lymphs ensure the removal of excess of extracellular fluid, which is created due to the fact that the filtering exceeds the reabsorption of the fluid into the blood capillaries. Such. drainage function The lymphatic system becomes apparent if the outflow of lymphs from some area of \u200b\u200bthe body is reduced or stopped (for example, when squeezing with clothing limbs, blocking lymphatic vessels during their injury, intersection during surgical operation). In these cases, the local squeezing place is developing local tissue edema. This type of edema is called lymphatic.

Return to the bloodstream albumin, filtered into an intercellular fluid from the blood, especially in organs having high-pixed (liver, gastrointestinal). During the day with lymph in the bloodstream, more than 100 g of protein returns. Without this return, protein loss with blood would be irreplaceable.

Lymph enters the system, providing humoral connections between organs and tissues. With its participation, transport signal molecules, biologically active substances, some enzymes (historification, lipase) are transported.

In the lymphatic system, the differentiation processes of lymphocytes transported by lymph, along with immune complexes performing functions of the immune protection of the body.

Protective function The lymphatic system is also manifested in the fact that in lymph nodes are filtered off, and in some cases foreign particles, bacteria, residues of destroyed cells, various toxins, and tumor cells are detected. With the help of lymphs are removed from the erythrocyte tissues, which came out of blood vessels (during injuries, damage to vessels, bleeding). Often the accumulation of toxins and infectious agents in the lymph node is accompanied by its inflammation.

Lymph is involved in transport in the venous blood of chylomicron, lipoproteins and fat-soluble substances suction in the intestine.

Lymph and lymphaticism

Lymph is a blood filtrate formed from a tissue fluid. It has an alkaline reaction, it is missing, but contained, fibrinogen and, so it is capable of coagulating. The chemical composition of the lymph is similar to such plasma, tissue fluid and other organism fluids.

Lymph leaking from different organs and fabrics, has a different composition depending on the characteristics of their metabolism and activities. Lymph, leaking from the liver, contains more proteins, lymph - more. Moving on the lymphatic vessels, the lymph passes through the lymph nodes and is enriched with lymphocytes.

Lymph - A transparent colorless liquid contained in lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes in which there are no erythrocytes, there are platelets and many lymphocytes. Its functions are aimed at maintaining homeostasis (refund of protein from tissues in blood, redistribution of fluid in the body, the formation of milk, participation in digestion, exchange processes), as well as participation in immunological reactions. The lymph contains protein (about 20 g / l). Lymph products are relatively small (most of all in the liver), about 2 liters are formed during the day by reabsorption from the interstitial fluid into the blood of blood capillaries after filtration.

Lymfy formation due to the transition of water and dissolved in substances from blood capillaries in tissue, and from tissues to lymphatic capillaries. In a state of rest, filtering and absorption processes in capillaries are balanced and lymph is completely absorbed back into the blood. In the case of increased exercise In the process of metabolism, a number of products are formed, which increase the permeability of capillaries for a protein, its filtering increases. The filtration in the arterial part of the capillary occurs when the hydrostatic pressure is increased over oncotic to 20 mm RT. Art. With muscular activity, the volume of lymph increases and its pressure determines the penetration of interstitial fluid into the lumen of lymphatic vessels. Limph formation promotes raising osmotic pressure Fabric fluid and lymphs in lymphatic vessels.

The lymph of lymphatic vessels occurs due to the pristenting force of the chest, the reduction, reduction of the smooth muscles of the lymphatic vessel walls and due to lymphatic valves.

Lymphatic vessels have sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation. The excitation of sympathetic nerves leads to a reduction in lymphatic vessels, and during the activation of parasympathetic fibers, there is a reduction and relaxation of the vessels, which increases the lymphotok.

Adrenaline, histamine, serotonin reinforce Lymph current. The decrease in the oncotic pressure of plasma proteins and the increase in capillary pressure increases the volume of the flowing lymph.

Education and quantity of lymph

Lymph is a liquid flowing through the lymphatic vessels and the component of the body's interior environment. Sources of its formation - reinforced from the microcirculatory bed in the fabric and the contents of the interstitial space. In the section on microcirculation, it was discussed that the volume of blood plasma filtered into the tissue exceeds the volume of the fluid reabsorbed from them into the blood. Thus, about 2-3 liters of blood filtrate and fluid of the intercellular medium, not rebucing into blood vessels, are coming over the inter-endothelial slots in lymphatic capillaries, a system of lymphatic vessels and returned to the blood (Fig. 1).

Lymphatic vessels are available in all organs and tissues of the body, with the exception of surface layers of skin and bone tissue. The greatest amount is in the liver and thin intestineswhere about 50% of the total volume of body lymph is formed.

The main component of the lymph is water. The mineral composition of the lymph is identical to the composition of the intercellular medium of the fabric in which Lymph was formed. The lymph contains organic substances, mainly proteins, glucose, amino acids, free fatty acids. The composition of lymph leaks from different organs, noodynaks. In organs with relatively high permeability of blood capillaries, for example, in the liver, lymph contains up to 60 g / l of protein. In Limfe, there are proteins involved in the formation of thromboms (protuberine, fibrinogen), so it can coagulate. Lymph leaks from the intestine, contains not only a lot of protein (30-40 g / l), but also a large number of Hilomikrons and lipoproteins formed from aponery and fats that have seen from the intestines. These particles are located in a suspended limf, they are transported to the blood and give lymph similar to milk. As part of the lymph of other tissues, the protein content is 3-4 times less than in the blood plasma. The main protein component of the tissue lymph is the low molecular weight fraction of albumin, filtering through the wall of capillaries into emergency spaces. The flow of proteins and other large-molecular weight particles in lymph lymphatic capillaries is carried out at their pinocytosis.

Fig. 1. Conceptual structure of the lymphatic capillary. The arrows show the direction of the Lymph current

The lymph contains lymphocytes and other forms of leukocytes. Their amount in different lymphatic vessels differs and is in the range of 2-25 * 10 9 / l, and in the breast duct is 8 * 10 9 / l. Other types of leukocytes (granulocytes, monocytes and macrophages) are contained in lymph in small quantities, but their number increases with inflammatory and other pathological processes. Erythrocytes and platelets may appear in lymph during damage to blood vessels and tissue injuries.

Suction and movement of lymph

Lymph is absorbed into lymphatic capillaries with a number of unique properties. In contrast to blood capillaries, lymphatic capillaries are closed, blindly ending with vessels (Fig. 1). Their wall consists of one layer of endothelial cells, the membrane of which is fixed with collagen threads to emergency tissue structures. Between endothelial cells there are intercellular sloping spaces, the dimensions of which are capable of changing wide limits: from a closed state to size through which blood elements can penetrate into the capillary, fragments of destroyed cells and particles comparable in size with uniform elements of blood can penetrate.

The lymphatic capillaries themselves can also change their size and reach the diameter to 75 microns. These morphological features of the structure of the wall of lymphatic capillaries give them the ability to change permeability overwhered. Thus, when reducing the skeletal muscles or smooth muscles of internal organs due to the tension of collagen threads, inter-element slots can be revealed through which the intercellular fluid contained in it mineral and organic substances, including proteins and tissue leukocytes, can be fluidally moved into the lymphatic capillary. The latter can easily migrate into lymphatic capillaries also due to their ability to amoeboid movement. In addition, lymphocytes formed in lymph nodes come in lymph. The flow of lymph into lymphatic capillaries is carried out not only passively, but also under the action of the negative pressure forces arising in capillaries due to the pulsating reduction of the more proximal sections of the lymphatic vessels and the presence of valves in them.

The wall of lymphatic vessels is constructed from endothelial cells, which from the outside of the vessel are covered in the form of a cuffs of smooth muscle cells, located radially around the vessel. Inside the lymphatic vessels there are valves, the structure and principle of the functioning of which are similar to the valves of venous vessels. When smooth myocytes are relaxed and the lymphatic vessel is expanded, the valve flaps are open. When reducing smooth myocytes, which causes the narrowing of the vessel, the lymph pressure in this section of the vessel increases, the valve sash is closed, the lymph cannot be moved in the reverse (distal) direction and pushed along the vessel for proximal.

Lymph from lymphatic capillaries moves to post-cellular and then large intraight lymphatic vessels flowing into lymph nodes. From lymph nodes along a small extraordan lymphatic lemph vessels flowing into larger extraordinary vessels, forming the largest lymphatic trunks: right and left breast ducts, through which the lymph is delivered to the blood circuit system. From the left-breast duct of the lymph enters the left plug-in vein in the place near its connection with the jugular veins. Through this duct to blood moves most of lymphs. Right lymphatic dashing Delivers lymph to the right subclavian vein on the right half of the chest, neck and right hand.

Lymph current can be characterized by volumetric and linear speeds. The volumetric rate of arrival of lymphs from breast ducts in veins is 1-2 ml / min, i.e. Total 2-3 l / day. The linear velocity of the lymph movement is very low - less than 1 mm / min.

The driving force of the Lymph current forms a number of factors.

The difference between the hydrostatic pressure of lymph (2-5 mm Hg. Art.) In lymphatic capillaries and its pressure (about 0 mm Hg. Art.) At the mouth of a common lymphatic duct.
Reducing smooth muscle cells of the walls of lymphatic vessels, promoting lymph in the direction of the thoracic duct. This mechanism is sometimes called the lymphatic pump.
Periodic increase in external pressure on lymphatic vessels, created by a reduction in skeletal or smooth muscles of internal organs. For example, the reduction in the respiratory muscles creates rhythmic pressure changes in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. Reducing pressure B. breast cavity When inhaling creates a suction force that promotes the movement of lymph into the chest duct.

The number of lymphs formed during the day in the state of physiological rest is about 2-5% of the body weight. The rate of Education, movement and composition depends on the functional state of the organ and a number of other factors. Thus, the volumetric current of lymphs from muscle with muscle work increases 10-15 times. After 5-6 hours after meals, the volume of lymph extended from the intestines increases, its composition changes. This is mainly due to the receipt of chilomicron and lipoproteins in the lymph.

Pressing the foot of the legs or long standing leads to difficulty return venous blood From the legs to the heart. In this case, the hydrostatic blood pressure in the capillaries of the limbs increases, the filtering increases and an excess of tissue fluid is created. The lymphatic system in such conditions can not provide sufficient drainage function, which is accompanied by the development of edema.

If we talk about the work of the body and, in particular, the fluids that flow in the body, then not many are immediately called lymph.

Nevertheless, Lymph has huge importance for the body And possesses very significant functions that allow the body to function normally.

What is a lymphatic system?

Many know about the needs of the body in blood circulation and the work of other systems, but not many know about the high significance of the lymphatic system. If the lymph does not circulate in the body of everything over a couple of hours, then such an organism can not more function.

Thus, every human body is experiencing continuous need in the work of the lymphatic system.

The easiest to compare lymphatic system with blood and highlight the following differences:

Unclocked, Unlike blood system Lymphatic is unlocked, that is, there is no such circulation.
One-directionalIf the bloodstream system provides movement in two directions, the lymph moves only from the peripherals to the central parts of the system, that is, the liquid is going first in the smallest capillaries and then moves into larger vessels, and the movement is only in this direction.
There is no central pump. In order to ensure the movement of the fluid in the desired direction, only the valve system is used.
More slow motion Fluids compared to the blood system.
The presence of special anatomical elements - lymph nods that perform a significant function and are peculiar warehouses for lymphocytes.

The largest value of the system of lymphatic vessels has for metabolism and for Immunity. It is in lymph nodes that the main part of foreign elements are processed, which enter the body.

If there is any virus in the body, then it is in the lymph nodes work on the study and displacement of this virus from the body begins.

You yourself can notice this activity when you have, which indicate fighting the body with virus. In addition, Lymph is regularly engaged in purifying the body and displays unnecessary elements from the body.

Learn more about the lymphatic system from the video:

Functions

If we speak more about functions, it should be noted the connection of the lymphatic system with cardiovascular. Thanks to the lymfe, it is performed delivery of various elementsthat cannot be immediately in the cardiovascular system:

proteins;
liquid from tissue and emerkane space;
fats that are supplied mainly from the small intestine.

These elements are transported to the venous bed and, thus, turn out to be in the circulatory system. Next, these components can be removed from the body.

At the same time, many unnecessary inclusions are processed at the Lymph stage, in particular, we are talking about viruses and infections that neutralized lymphocytes and destroyed in lymph nodes.

It should be noted a special function of lymphatic capillaries, which have a larger size compared with the capillaries of the circulatory system and thinner walls. Due to this from the Arctural Space in Lymph proteins and other components can come.

Additionally, the lymphatic system can be used to purify the bodySince the intensity of the flow of lymph is largely depends on squeezing vessels and muscle tension.

Thus, massage and physical activity make it possible to make the movement of lymphs more efficient. Thanks to this, additional cleansing and improving the body becomes possible.

Features

Actually, the word "lymph" comes from Latin "Lympha", which is translated as moisture or pure water. Only from this name is possible to understand a lot regarding the structure of lymph, which washes and cleans the whole body.

Many could observe lymph, as this liquid stands out on the surface when graying on the skin. Unlike blood, the liquid is almost completely transparent.

By anatomical structure Lymph belongs to K. connective tissue And contains a large number of lymphocytes with the complete absence of erythrocytes and platelets.

In addition to this Lymph, as a rule, contains various products of the life of the body. In particular, previously marked large protein molecules that cannot be absorbed into venous vessels.

Such molecules are often may be virusesTherefore, the lymphatic system is used to absorb such proteins.

The lymph may contain various hormones that are produced by endocrine glands. From the intestine here fats and some other nutritional elements come from the liver - protein.

Direction of Lymfy movement

Figure below shows the scheme of the lymph of the lymph system of the person. Here each lymphatic vessel and completely lymph nodes are not displayed. about five hundred in the human body.

Pay attention to the direction of movement. Lymph moves from the periphery to the center and from the bottom up. Liquid proceeds from small capillariesthat are further connected in larger vessels.

The movement goes through lymph nodes that contain a huge amount of lymphocytes and purify lymph.

As a rule, to lymphatic nodes more vessels comes than moving, That is, the lymph enters the multitude of channels, and goes one-two. Thus, the movement continues to the so-called lymphatic stems that are the largest lymphatic vessels.

The biggest is breast dumpwhich is located near the aorta and passes through itself lymph from:

all organs that are below the ribs;
left side of the chest and the left side of the head;
left hand.

This duct is connected to left connectible veloyawhich you can see marked with blue in the figure on the left side. It is there that the lymph of the thoracic duct comes.

It should be noted I. right Dashwhich collects liquid from the right upper side of the body, in particular from the chest and head, hands.

From here Limph enters right subclavian veinwhich is located in the picture is symmetrically left. Additionally, such large vessels that belong to the lymphatic system as are:

right and left jugs;
left and right connector trunks.

It should be said about the frequency of lymphatic vessels along the blood, in particular venous vessels. If you pay attention to the drawing, you will see some similarin the location of the blood and lymphatic vessels.

The lymphatic system has great importance For the human body.

Many doctors consider the analysis of lymphs no less relevant than blood test, since it was that Lymph may indicate some factors that are not detected in other analyzes.

In general, the lymph is in combination with blood and the intercellular fluid internal liquid medium in the human body.

Lymphatic system

The lymphatic system is a network of vessels that permeate organs and tissues containing a colorless liquid - lymph.

Only brain structures, leather epithelial cover and mucous membranes, cartilage, parenchyma spleen, eyeball And the placenta does not contain lymphatic vessels.

The lymphatic system, being an integral part of the vascular system, exercises with veins of tissue drainage by formation of lymph, and also performs the function-specific functions: barrier, lymphocytopoietic, immune.

The lymphocytopoietic function of the lymphatic system is ensured by the activities of lymphatic nodes. They carry out the products of lymphocytes that enter the lymphatic and bloodstream. In the peripheral lymph, which is formed in the capillaries and flowing through the lymphatic vessels to their imposition in lymph nodes, the number of lymphocytes is less than in the lymph flowing from lymph nodes.

The immune function of the lymphatic system is that plasma cells producing antibodies are formed in lymph nodes, which are in-and T-lymphocytes responsible for humoral and cellular immunity.

The barrier function of the lymphatic system is also carried out by lymph nodes in which foreign particles, microbes, tumor cells are delayed with lymph, and then absorbed by phagocytic cells.

Blood occurring in blood capillaries does not have direct contact with body tissues: the fabric is washed with lymph.

Coming out of the blood capillaries, the lymph moves in the interstitial slots, from where it turns into thin-walled capillary lymphatic vessels that merge and form larger trunks. In the end, all the lymph through two lymphatic trunks is poured into veins not far from their sign in the heart. The number of lymphatic vessels in the body is many times higher than the number of blood vessels.

In contrast to the blood freely moving along the vessels, the lymph flows through the special accumulations of the connecting (lymphatic) tissue, the so-called lymph nodes (Fig. 4).

The limp of lymphatic vessels is determined by numerous factors: a) by constant pressure of the resulting lymph; b) reduction in the walls of lymphangions; c) pulsation of blood vessels; d) movement of various body segments and limbs; e) a reduction in the smooth muscles in the walls of the organs; (e) Supporting the effect of the chest cavity, etc.

Fig. four. Direction of current limf to lymphatic nodes

The lymphatic vessels under the influence of the nervous system are capable of active contractual function, that is, the magnitude of their lumen or the clearance is completely closed (off from lymphottock). The tone of the muscular shell of lymphatic vessels, as well as the activity of blood vessels, is regulated by the central nervous system.

Lymph nodes - organs of lymphocytopoese and the formation of antibodies located in the course of lymphatic vessels and components with them the lymphatic system. Lymph nodes are located in groups.

From numerous lymph nodes heads and necks We note surface lymph nodes located on the back of the head (occipital nodes); Under the lower jaw - submandibular lymph nodes and on the side surfaces of the neck - cervical lymph nodes. Through these nodes are lymphatic vessels, originate from the gaps in the tissues of the head and neck.

AT escapes of intestines There are thick accumulations of mesenteric lymph nodes; Through them are all the lymphatic intestinal vessels, originating in intestinal villicks.

From lymphatic vessels lower extremities It should be noted the surface inguinal lymphatic nodes located in the groin area, and femoral lymph nodes located slightly below the inguinal nodes - on the front of the thigh surface, as well as popliteal lymph nodes.

From the lymph nodes of the chest and upper limbs, it is necessary to pay attention to the axillary lymph nodes, located quite superficially in the axillary region, and the elbow lymph nodes located in the elbow pits - in the inner tendon of the double-headed muscle. Through all these nodes, lymphatic vessels take place, originate in the creams and tissues of the upper limbs, chest and top of the back.

The movement of lymphs along the tissues and vessels is extremely slow. Even in large lymph vessels, the limp rate of the lymphatic current is barely reaching 4 mm per second.

The lymphatic vessels merge into several large vessels - the vessels of the lower extremities and the lower part of the body form two lumbar trunk, and the intestinal lymphatic vessels form an intestinal trunk. The fusion of these trunks is formed by the largest lymphatic vessel of the body - left, or thoracic, the duct, which flows the barrel, collecting lymph with the left upper half of the body.

Lymph with the right half of the upper part of the body is going to another large vessel - the right lymphatic duct. Each of the ducts flows into the total blood flow at the fusion of the jugular and plug-in veins.

Inside the lymphatic vessels, as the veins, there are valves that facilitate the movement of lymphs.

The acceleration of lymphotok with muscle work is a consequence of an increase in the area of \u200b\u200bcapillary filtration, filtration pressure and the volume of interstitial fluid. Under these conditions, the lymphatic system, reducing the excess of the capillary filtrate, directly participates in the normalization of hydrostatic pressure in the interstitial space. Increasing the transport function of the lymphatic system is simultaneously accompanied by stimulation and resorption function. The resorption of fluid and plasma proteins from the intercellular space in the root of the lymphatic system increases. Moving fluid in the direction of blood - the interstitial fluid - lymph occurs due to changes in hemodynamics and increase the transport function (ability) of the lymphatic bed. Withdrawing excess fluid from tissues, when it is redistributed within the extracellular space, the lymphatic system creates conditions for the normal implementation of transcapillary metabolism and weakens the effect of a rapid increase in the volume of interstitial fluid on the cells, acting as a kind of damper. The ability of the lymphatic channel to be deleted and partially deposit liquid and proteins leaving the blood capillaries is an important mechanism for its participation in the regulation of plasma volume under physical exertion.

The central mechanisms that play a large role in the phase changes in lymphotok at dosage muscle work and in the recovery period include changes in the neurohumoral support of muscle activities and the processes of lymphorage, changes in the functional state of organs, engineering activity of the skeletal muscles, external respiratory parameters.

Currently, there is a real possibility of active influence on the functional state of the lymphatic system (Mikomev Yu. E.). Physical lymphostimulants include:

Local irritating means (compresses, mustard pieces, banks);

Medical physical education agents;

Methods of Eastern Reflexotherapy;

Electromagnetic fields;

Hyperbaric oxygenation.

Methods for stimulation of lymphoration and lymphorage:

1. Lymphostimulatory substances. Hemodynamic Action Substances:

A. Enhanced hydrodynamic blood pressure and reducing plasma osmolar (creating water load).

B. Contracting by virtue of its molarity, the influx of fluid into the vascular system and this is the increase in hydrodynamic blood pressure.

S. influence on the rheological properties of blood and lymph.

2. Means affecting the microchimphogemocyercirculia system:

A. Changeable permeability of cell membranes.

W. Influencing the receptor structures of the microvascular channel (? - Mimetics ,? -Adrenoblocators).

3. Preparations affecting the central and intermediate links of the regulation of common and local hemodynamics (Vasomotor Center and Heart).

4. Substances affecting the mechanisms that produce lymph movement or contributing to it.

Biological methods of lymphostimulation:

Intravenous drip infusion of autobrings;

Intravenous drip infusion of central outolymphs;

The use of the class of bioorganic compounds performing the role of neurotransmitters.

On the upper limb The lymphatic vessels begin on the back and palm surfaces of the fingers in transversely lying trunks. The latter, reaching the side surfaces of the fingers, are collected in larger trunks, rising vertically to the palm (Fig. 5).

Fig. five. Limpat network location on the upper limbs

This arrangement of lymphatic pathways determines the method of stroking and rub fingers. Massage techniques should be carried out as follows:

Under the influence of massage, there is an acceleration of the movement of all liquid media of the body, especially blood and lymphs, and this occurs not only on the massaged body plot, but also in remote veins and arteries. For example, foot massage can cause redness of the skin of the head.

Masseur needed to familiarize themselves with the location of the lymphatic pathway network and with those directions for which massage should be made.

On the palm and back surfaces - in the transverse direction;

On the side surface - right up.

Next, the vessels of the back surface of the brush go mainly in inter-emergency gaps and rise on the forearm, and the palm vessels are sent by radius from the palm center to elevations thumb and Misinza. From the palm of the vessels pass on the forearm and the shoulder almost sticky and reaches the axillary nodes. With the back surface of the brush lymphatic vessels, rich shoulder, are also sent to these nodes; At the same time, the part of them goes the shoulder in front, and the other part is rear. Ultimately, all vessels of the upper limb pass through one of the axillary nodes and some of them are also through the elbow nodes.

Consequently, during the massage of the forearm, the hand of a massage therapist should move in the direction of the nodes located in the elbow bending, and during the shoulder massage - in the direction of the nodes located in the axillary depression, and the nodes underlying the inner satellite.

On the lower limb gathering with the back and plantar sides of the foot, lymphatic vessels rise on both sides of the ankle; At the same time in inner side The thighs and legs of the vessels go straight up to the inguinal nodes; vessels going on the front and outer surface of the limbs reach a groin fold, rich thigh in front; The vessels, which go on the back and inner surface, rich the thigh behind, also reaches the same group of inguinal nodes. Some of the lymphatic vessels passes through two or three nodes located in the patented jamb (Fig. 6)

Fig. 6. Limpatic network location on the lower limb

Due to the specified arrangement of lymphatic pathways, the hand of a massage therapy when conducting massage techniques on the leg muscles is heading to the nodes located in the patented fossa, and on the muscles of the hip to the nodes lying under the tippack bundle.

Two large groups The axillary and inguinal nodes play the role of centers, they have not only all the lymphatic limb vessels, but also the vessels of the common covers of the body.

So on level lumbar Department Spine There is as if lymphatic: lymph covering the upper part of the body and all the limb of the upper limbs passes through the axillary nodes, and the lymph of the lower extremities and the covers located below the lumbar line - through the inguinal nodes (Fig. 7)

Fig. 7. Lymph network on: but) the front of the body; b) rear surface of the body and the direction of massage movements

Consequently, the direction of movement of the masseur's hands during the massage of the breast muscles, the upper and middle parts of the back is to the axillary nodes of the corresponding side. With the muscles massage of the lumbosacral area, the hands move towards the inguinal nodes.

On the neck, the lymphatic vessels lie on top of the breast-curable-bed-like muscle and deep under it. Of them, plexus is formed, which accompanies sleepy artery. And the jugular vein and near the lower end of this vein forms one common trunk, which flows into the upper end of the breast duct.

Upon massage of the head and neck, the movement of the masseur's hands are directed downwards (Fig. 8).

Fig. 8. Lymph network: but) Side I. rear surfaces heads and necks; b) Facial region and scalp

1. All movements when performing various massage techniques are performed in the course of the lymphatic current towards the nearest lymph nodes.

2. The upper limbs are massaged towards elbow and axillary nodes; Bottom - towards the failed and inguinal; Breasts massage from sternum to the sides, to middleweed varnishes; Spin - from the spinal column to the sides: to the armpat, with a massage of the upper and middle of the back, to the inguinal - with a massage of the lumbar-sacral region; The neck muscles are massaged in the direction of the masseur of the book, to the plug-in nodes.

3. Massage of lymph nodes do not produce.

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Lymphision

Lymfy movement

The speed and volume of lymph formation are determined by microcirculation processes and the relationship between system and lymphatic circulation. So, with a minute of blood circulation, equal to 6 liters, about 15 ml of liquid is filtered through the walls of blood capillaries in the human body. Of this amount, 12 ml of fluid is reabsorbated. In the interstitial space, 3 ml of fluid remains, which is further returned to blood on lymphatic vessels. If we consider that in an hour in large lymphatic vessels, 150-180 ml of lymphs are received, and during the day through the chest lymphatic duct takes up to 4 liters of lymph, which further enters into the overall bloodstream, the value of the return of lymph into the blood becomes very tangible.

The lymph movement begins with the moment of its formation in lymphatic capillaries, therefore the factors that increase the rate of filtering fluid from blood capillaries will also increase the rate of formation and movement of lymphs. The factors that increase lymph formation are an increase in hydrostatic pressure in capillaries, an increase in the overall surface of the functioning capillaries (with an increase in the functional activity of the organs), an increase in the permeability of capillaries, the introduction of hypertensive solutions. The role of lymph formation in the mechanism of movement of the lymph is to create the initial hydrostatic pressure necessary to move lymphs from lymphatic capillaries and postcases to the removal lymphatic vessels.

In the lymphatic vessels, the main force, which ensures the movement of lymphs from its places of its formation to the loss of ducts into large veins of the neck, are rhythmic reductions in lymphangions. Lymphanygions, which can be considered as tubular lymphatic microsts, have in their composition all the necessary elements for the active transport of lymphs: a developed muscle "cuff" and valves. As the lymphs arrived from the capillaries into small lymphatic vessels, the lymphangion lymphic and the stretching of their walls occurs, which leads to the excitation and reduction of smooth muscle cells of the muscular "cuff". Reducing smooth muscles in the wall of lymphangion increases pressure inside it to a level sufficient to close the distal valve and the opening of the proximal. As a result, lymph is moving into the next centripetal lymphangion. The filling of the lymph of the proximal lymphangion leads to the stretching of its walls, the excitation and reduction of smooth muscles and pumping the lymph into the following lymphangion. Thus, consecutive reductions in lymphangions lead to the movement of the portion of lymphs on lymphatic reservoirs to the place of their imposition in the venous system. The work of lymphangion resembles a heart activity. As in the heart cycle, there are systoles and diastologies in the loymangion cycle. By analogy with heterometric self-regulation in the heart, the strength of the reduction of smooth muscles of lymphangion is determined by the degree of their stretching of lymph into diastole. And finally, as in the heart, the reduction of lymphangion is launched and controlled by a single potential potential of action

The wall of lymphangions has developed innervation, which is mainly represented by adrenergic fibers. The role of nerve fibers in the Lymphangion wall is not in encouraging them to reduce, but in modulating the parameters of spontaneously emerging rhythmic contractions. In addition, with the overall excitation of a sympathetic-adrenal system, tonic reductions of smooth muscles of lymphangion can occur, which leads to an increase in pressure in the entire system of lymphatic vessels and the rapid flow of a significant amount of lymph. Smooth muscular cells highly sensitive to some hormones and biologically active substances. In particular, histamine, which increases the permeability of blood capillaries and thus leading to the growth of lymph formation, increases the frequency and amplitude of the reductions of the smooth muscles of lymphangion. Limphanygion myocytes also react to changes in the concentration of metabolites, PO2 and temperature increase.

In addition to the main mechanism, a number of secondary factors contribute to the vessels in the body. During the inhalation, the outflow of breast duct lymph in the venous system increases, and when inhaling it decreases. The movements of the diaphragm affect the Lymph current - periodic compression and stretching the diaphragm of the breast duct tank enhances the filling of its lymphoy and contributes to the promotion of breast lymphatic flow. Increasing the activity of periodically cutting muscular organs (heart, intestines, skeletal muscles) affects not only the strengthening of lymphottock, but also contributes to the transition of the tissue fluid into the capillaries. Reducing the muscles surrounding lymphatic vessels increase intralumphactic pressure and squeeze the lymph in the direction defined by the valves. When immobilizing the limb, the outflow of Lymph weakens, and with the active and passive movements, it increases. Rhythmic stretching and massage of skeletal muscles contribute not only to the mechanical movement of lymphs, but also enhance their own contractile activity of lymphangions in these muscles.

A part of the vascular system that frees the body's tissues from the products of metabolism, causative agents of infections and their toxins is called lymphatic. It has vessels, knots, ducts, as well as organs involved in the formation of lymphocytes.

In case of insufficient immune protection, tumor and microbial cells can be distributed over the paths of lymphotok. Lymph stagnation leads to accumulation of selection products in tissues. To improve the drain function of the lymphosystem, massage is assigned and special methods Cleaning.

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The lymphatic system includes capillary, intraganic and stem vessels, nodes and lymphatic organs.

Vessels

Inside the organs there is a network of small lymphatic capillaries, they have very thin walls through which large particles of protein and liquid penetrate from the intercellular space. In the future, they are combined into vessels similar to veins, but with more permeable shells and a developed valve apparatus.

Vessels from organs carry lymph to nodes. By appearance The lymphatic network is similar to beads. Such a structure arises due to the alternation of areas of narrowing and expansion in the attachment site of the sealing flaps. The penetration of the tissue fluid into the capillaries is explained by the osmotic pressure drop (limf concentrated), and the reverse flow is impossible due to the valves.

Knots

Have a lot of incoming vessels and 1 or 2 output. The form is similar to the bean or a ball of about 2 cm. They filtered lymphatic fluid, toxic substances and microbes are delayed and inactivated, and the lymph is saturated with cells of the immune system - lymphocytes.

The liquid that moves along the lymphatic vessels has a whisper or yellowish color. Its makeup depends on the organ from which it comes out.

The following elements penetrate in lymph:

water;
proteins (large molecules);
destroyed and tumor cells;
bacteria;
dust particles and lung smoke;
liquid from abdominal cavity, pleura and pericardia, joints;
any foreign particles.

Basic functions in the body

The biological role of the lymphatic system is associated with such activities:

the formation of lymphocytes responsible for cellular and humoral (with the help of special blood proteins) immunity;
delay in the lymph node mechanical impurities, microbes and toxic compounds;
return to venous vessels of purified blood;
the transfer of fats from the intestinal lumen to blood;
additional tissue drainage to reduce swelling;
suction from the tissue fluid of large protein molecules, which themselves cannot get into the blood vessels due to size.

Look at the video about the lymphatic system of man and its functions:

Lymph movement scheme

The initial suction of the tissue fluid occurs in the organs of lymphatic capillaries. The resulting lymph on the vessels network enters the nodes. Purified and saturated with lymphocytes The liquid from the lymph node is moving into trunks and ducts. There are only two of them in the body:

breast - collects lymph from the left upper limb, the left side of the head, chest and all parts of the body underly under the diaphragm;
right - contains liquid from the right hand, half of the head and chest.

Doubles transfer lymph to the left and right connective veins. It is at the level of the neck located lymphovenomous anastomosis, through which penetration passes lymphatic fluid in venous blood.

Lymph promotion requires the simultaneous action of the following factors:

fluid pressure that is formed in continuous mode;
reducing the smooth muscles of vessels between two valves - muscle cuff (lymphangion);
oscillations of the walls of the arteries and veins;
muscle compression when the body moves;
supporting influence of the chest during breathing.

Lymph system organs

Lymphoid fabric is located in different structures. They are united by the fact that they all serve as a place for formation of lymphocytes:

timus is behind the sternum, provides ripening and "specialization" of T-lymphocytes;
bone marrow is available in tubular bones of limbs, pelvis, ribs, contains immature stem cells, of which blood cells are further formed;
sulfate almonds are located in the nasophalnaya region, protect against microbes, participate in blood formation;
appendix departs from primary department a large intestine, purifies lymph, forms enzymes, hormones and bacteria involved in digestion of food;
the spleen is the largest organ of the lymphosystem, adjacent to the stomach in the left half of the abdominal cavity, acts as a filter for bacteria and foreign particles, produces antibodies, lymphocytes and monocytes, regulates the operation of the bone marrow;
lymph nodes of internal organs (single or accumulations) take part in the formation of cells for immune protection - T and in lymphocytes.

Types and groups of diseases

In case of diseases of the lymphatic system, inflammatory processes may arise:

lymphangitis - capillaries, vessels and trunks in contact with the focus of suppuration are affected;
lymphadenitis - lymph nodes are involved, the infection penetrates with lymph or directly through the skin (mucous) during injuries.

The lesions of the organs of the lymphosystem can manifest themselves in the form of tonsillitis when infected with the almonds, appendicitis (inflammation of a worm-like process, appendix). Pathological changes in thymus lead to muscle weakness, autoimmune processes, tumors.

Bone marrow disorder causes a variety of changes in blood composition: deficiency of cells with a decrease in immunity (), coagulation (), oxygen flow (anemia), malignant blood tumors.

An increase in spleen (splenomegaly) occurs in blood diseases, liver, abdominal Tife. Abscess or cyst can also be formed in the tissue.

Stagnation of lymphatic fluid leads to the development of lymphedemy (lymphatic edema). It occurs when obstacles in the vessels of congenital (abnormal abnormal) or acquired character. Secondary lymphidem accompanies injuries, burns, infections, operational interventions. When progressing lymphostasis, elephantity of the lower limbs occurs, requiring operations.

Election of lower extremities

Tumor processes in which lymphatic vessels are involved are more often benign. They are called lymphangomas. There are on the skin, in the subcutaneous layer, as well as in places of cluster of lymphoid fabric - Neck, head, rib cage, abdominal cavity, inguinal and axillary areas. With the illumination in the same zones there is a lymphosarcoma.

Causes of body disorders

Inflammatory and tumor processes occur in violation of the work of the immune system, when it ceases to cope with the function of protecting the body. This may be a consequence of action. external factors:

adverse climatic conditions
moving (disruption of adaptation),
radiation,
air pollution, water,
nitrates in food
long stay in the sun,
stress.

Chronic foci of infection in the body, as well as a weak function of the isolation organs contribute to excess load on the lymphatic system. The result is to reduce its basic functions. An important value for lymphotoka has a condition of a circulatory system, part of which is lymphatic.

Stagnation processes occur under the following pathological conditions:

insufficiency of blood circulation - arterial (weakness of cardiac activity) and venous (,);
hypodynamia, obesity;
diseases of the kidneys, liver, intestines;
congenital abnormalities of the development of the organs of the lymphatic system;
injuries and operations burning.

Symptoms of the beginning of the disease

If the lymph movement is violated in the lower extremities, swelling occurs, especially after intensive loads. If the treatment has not been treated at this stage, then the edema of tissues (lymphedema) becomes dense, heaviness occurs in the legs, cramps and soreness.

Inflammatory diseases of the vessels and nodes of the lymphatic system are manifested in the form of regional redness, swelling and skin sealing. This is accompanied high temperatures, chills and headache. With deep lymphangitis there are no external manifestations, but the zone of the lesion increases in volumes due to tissue edema. Lymph nodes in lymphadenitis become painful, dense, they can be easily forgotten.

Submandibular lymphadenitis

Status diagnostics

In order to explore the permeability of lymphatic vessels and the outflow blocking zone, these methods are used:

Lymphography with X-ray control, CT or MRI determines the valve failure, anomalies of the structure. A normal lymphogram has the form of uneven accumulations of a contrast agent in the form of beads.
Lymphoscintigraphy with technetium makes it possible to detect the foci of the concentration of radioisotope in the area of \u200b\u200bthe stagnation of lymphs.
Ultrasound C - sections of the narrowing of vessels, changes in nodes.
Computer thermography is used for differential diagnosis with phlegmon, phlebitis and osteomyelitis.
Lymph node biopsy - reveals blood tumors, cancer metastasis.
Blood tests - when inflammation, leukocytosis is observed, when sowing can determine the causative agent of infection.

In suspected tuberculosis, samples with tuberculin (manta), chest radiography are carried out.

Treatment options

At the initial stages of stagnation, the lymphs use predominantly non-drug methods - massage, magnetotherapy, wearing a compression knitwear. Good effect Received from mechanical pneumatic compression and laser treatment for diseases of lymphatic vessels.

With pronounced lymphidem, assign:

phlebotonics (Detralex, Cyclo-3-Fort, Aest);
enzymes - Vobenzym, Tripsin;
angioprotectors - Trental, Quercetin;
- Laziks, Trifas (no more than 2 - 3 days).

If there is a threat of sepsis, then or ultraviolet blood irradiation can be used. At the resorption stage or at the sluggish inflammation, local compresses, bandages with domexide, dioxide, chymotrypsin, dirt treatment are shown.

The progression of lymph stagnation with the formation of elephantity limbs is treated by laying outflow paths with microsurgical operations.

How to clean the lymphatic system

To improve the lymph movement in the body use funds folk Medicine, massage techniques. An important condition for the prevention of disease is the motor regime - the load should be at least 30 minutes, a normal walking in nature, respiratory gymnastics has a healthy effect.

For the accelerated removal of metabolic products from the body and neutralizing toxic compounds are used:

sauna (pair, bath);
bath with warm water and sea salt;
saturation of tissue with clean water;
limiting dairy, meat products, white bread, starch;
juices from cherry, blackberry, grapes, cranberries;
fresh beet salad and red cabbage with lemon;
adding parsley and dill, lettuce and garlic leaves in fresh form to food;
pitchy of clover, elderberry, nettle (teaspoon of one of herbs on a glass of boiling water three times a day);
tincture of Echinacea or Eleutherococcus 15 drops in the morning;
chicory instead of coffee;
spices - Ginger, Kurkuma, Fennel;
instead of sweets - berries of currant, blackberry, lingers and blueberries;
the tincture of the type of Swedish bitter is 10 g of juice from aloe leaves, on a tablespoon of wormwood, rhubarb and leaves of Senna, on the tip of a knife - turmeric and saffron. Pour the liter of vodka and insist for 15 days. Drink on a teaspoon with tea.

Impact of massage

The lymphatic drainage is enhanced when using Lymph current strokes. Since its movement occurs only from the bottom-up, then the movement of the massage should have a similar direction.

At the same time the following changes occur in the tissues:

the movement of fluid from tissues into lymphatic capillaries is accelerated;
eveniness decreases,
exchange processes are filled faster.

Pressing and compression is deeper with soft tissues, and vibration contributes to the increase in microcirculation. Massage is contraindicated at any acute process In the body, and especially in the presence of a purulent focus, since in these cases, accelerated lymphotok will lead to the spread of defeat to other organs and tissues.

The lymphatic system has a drainage function, participates in the exchange processes and the formation of the cells of the immune system. When overvolving (due to external factors or on the background of diseases), immunity fails, which contributes to inflammatory or tumor processes.

Antibacterial drugs, ventilation, angioprotectors can be used to treat. In severe cases, surgical intervention is shown. To clean the lymphatic system, you need to adjust the power to move as much as possible, drink herbal teas, go through a course of lymphatic drainage massage.