In 30% of the population painful sensations in the right hypochondrium are chronic in nature and signal disturbances in the functioning of internal organs. Such symptoms may indicate serious pathologies, so if they appear, you should immediately consult a doctor and find out why the right hypochondrium in front hurts.
Mild pain and discomfort in healthy people
Anatomical structure human body ensures close contact of organs in the right hypochondrium. Therefore, symptoms such as pain and discomfort in this area are observed quite often.
Often, at first glance, absolutely healthy people complain of strange sensations in one place or another. The reason for this is not always pathological processes; external stimuli and anatomical features can also act as provoking factors.
Many people experience periodic discomfort in the right hypochondrium in the front, but this does not cause much concern and in most cases goes unnoticed. If this condition occurs frequently, but there are no other symptoms, it is worth analyzing the influencing factors.
The most common causes of discomfort and mild pain on the right side are the following factors:
- increased physical activity - discomfort appear during or after exercise;
- anatomical enlargement of the liver - when exerted, pressure increases and, as a result, nagging pain occurs;
- mechanical damage to the liver and gall bladder as a result of injuries, bruises;
- a sharp change in body position and a sharp turn of the body - muscle tissue they do not have time to adapt, so compression occurs;
- a regular habit of overeating - this greatly increases the load on the liver, especially after eating junk food.
At first glance, the list of these signs does not seem dangerous, but such conditions of a regular nature can provoke serious diseases of the internal organs.
If it aches on the right side in women
Obviously, irregular pain of the same type causes less concern than complex pathological processes with severe and constant symptoms. But they are also worth paying attention to. As for women, their physiological characteristics can provoke discomfort on the right side quite often.
If a woman experiences acute pain in the right hypochondrium, which radiates to the groin and spreads throughout the body, then we may be talking about a serious inflammatory process in the ovary or its appendage. Similar symptoms also occur with ectopic pregnancy and cyst rupture. In this case, the nature of the pain is sudden and intensely growing. Pathologies require urgent intervention.
Less intense pain and irregular manifestations on the right are observed during normal pregnancy. The reason for this is hormonal changes and physiological changes in internal organs, resulting in increased pressure on other organs. Because of this, a woman occasionally experiences aching pain in the right hypochondrium, and the symptoms are mild.
Discomfort and strange wandering painful manifestations can be observed in a woman every month, immediately a few days before menstruation. This syndrome manifests itself individually, and in most cases does not require treatment.
Clinical reasons
You should not assume on your own that the pain is in the right side; it is better to immediately consult a specialist. The list of possible pathological processes is so large that for a complete diagnosis it is necessary to undergo a series of studies. Most of the diseases presented pose a great danger to humans, so you should not hesitate.
These are the most common pathologies, but in fact the range of causes is much more extensive. Therefore, if you often experience pain in the right hypochondrium of unknown nature and etiology, then you should consult a doctor.
Video “What does pain in the side mean?”
Informational video with visual explanations from experts why discomfort occurs in the side.
How do the symptoms appear?
The first thing the doctor pays attention to during examination is the nature of the pain and its intensity. To identify a possible pathology, it is necessary to determine:
- type of pain syndrome (acute, sharp, aching, throbbing, pulling or dull);
- pain intensity - determined by whether the patient can tolerate without painkillers;
- how long has it hurt and whether the location and nature of the pain have changed during this time;
- associated symptoms;
- presence of chronic diseases.
Often, a complete medical history is not enough to make a diagnosis, so you need to undergo a series of studies. To understand the danger of pain in this localization, it is necessary to analyze the most common diseases with such symptoms.
Cholecystitis
Cholecystitis is an inflammatory process in the gallbladder. This process can be triggered by poor nutrition, severe intoxication as a result of poisoning, and abuse. bad habits, accompanying pathologies liver.
The main symptoms of cholecystitis are the following:
- severe acute pain on the right, its intensity can be extremely high, the patient cannot find a place for himself, there are cases of painful fainting;
- increased body temperature;
- with severe bouts of vomiting, after bowel movement there is no relief, the vomit has dark color and a strong unpleasant odor;
- changes in skin tone, circles appear under the eyes, the face turns pale, dry skin is observed;
- empty belching, after which bitterness remains in the mouth.
Cholecystitis can develop in acute and chronic forms. In case of exacerbation, hospitalization is necessary. To resume normal operation organ undergoes anti-inflammatory therapy.
The process of bile secretion is directly involved in the digestive process, so a gentle diet is required during treatment. With calculous cholecystitis, when stones are observed in the bile ducts, the pain increases significantly. In this regard, a more radical method of treatment is selected, for example, surgical removal stones.
Cirrhosis of the liver
Today, cirrhosis is a fairly common disease among people over 40 years of age. Patients with increased level cholesterol and partial to alcohol.
Cirrhosis is the death of liver cells and the formation of nodules in its tissues. As a result, the structure of the organ changes, and compression is observed bile ducts And blood vessels. The liver changes dramatically in size, which causes strong pressure on nearby organs - the spleen and gallbladder. In this case, the spleen takes on a double blow and, due to strong pressure, its function may be impaired.
Dull pain in the right hypochondrium in front occurs in the first stages of development of this disease. Over time, the symptoms only intensify, and from time to time acute attacks occur.
Additionally, other signs occur:
- itching and dry skin;
- pale skin, blueness around the eyes;
- redness of the palms;
- nausea;
- restlessness, irritability and sleep problems.
As the disease develops, the liver ceases to perform its direct functions, abdominal cavity Fluid collects and coma ensues. This scenario is fraught with serious consequences, including the death of the patient.
Fortunately, in the early stages, cirrhosis is treatable. Organ cells can be regenerated very quickly; you just need to choose the right method and start treatment in a timely manner, eliminating the main provoking factor. In advanced cases, surgical intervention with partial removal of the organ is used.
Cholelithiasis
Acute pain in the right hypochondrium is a clear sign of gallstone disease in a complicated form. In the first stages of development, the patient feels slight discomfort and heaviness, especially after eating and heavy physical exertion. Acute signs appear when the stones become large sizes or begin to move along the bile ducts.
The danger of this pathology is a disruption of the digestive process as a result of blockage of the bile ducts. Most severe case considered if cholelithiasis is accompanied by exacerbation of cholecystitis. Small stones can be dissolved and removed from the body using specialized drug therapy, but today there are more effective methods removal, for example, laser surgery.
Diaphragm diseases
The diaphragm is a very important part of the body; its role is to separate the thoracic region from the abdominal cavity. The diaphragm takes part in the breathing process and is always under pressure, so disturbances in its functioning are immediately signaled by acute pain.
There are several causes of the disease:
- age-related changes;
- congenital anomalies in the structure of the organ;
- mechanical damage.
The diaphragm is a soft muscle plate, so it is easily injured. The most unfavorable situation is the formation of a hernia. As a result, the organs from the abdominal cavity are displaced into chest part torso. Thus, the work of all other internal organs is disrupted.
The following signs may indicate pathologies of the diaphragm:
- pain under the ribs, intensifies when inhaling;
- symptoms increase significantly with movement;
- shortness of breath;
- heartbeat, which usually increases after eating;
- constant feeling of internal discomfort and heaviness;
- I feel an incomprehensible rumbling in my chest.
A hernia or violation of the integrity of an organ requires urgent surgical intervention. The diagnosis can be determined using x-ray examination with a contrast agent.
The operation is performed on an inpatient basis, after which long-term rehabilitation with a gentle recovery regime is required. If the hernia is not strangulated, then there is no need to perform surgical intervention. In this case, drug therapy is prescribed to regenerate tissue and reduce acidity. The stomach creates a certain pressure on the diaphragm, so a special fasting diet is very important during the treatment process.
Hepatitis
One of the most dangerous diseases liver disease is hepatitis, it comes in several forms and is not always treatable. The most difficult form is viral hepatitis C, which is transmitted through the blood. The damage is complex and completely destroys organ tissue.
Symptoms can develop over a long period of time, the apogee of the disease is a full set of symptoms:
- constant increase in body temperature;
- bursting and aching pain under the ribs;
- enlargement of the liver, pressure on nearby organs, resulting in constant heaviness;
- change in the color of discharge: urine becomes dark, and feces, on the contrary, colorless;
- small rashes appear on the skin, the pimples do not have a purulent center, the localization of the rashes is the arms above the elbow and thigh;
- bitterness in the mouth, empty sour belching;
- the general condition worsens significantly, body aches, chills, and weakness are felt.
Sometimes a dry cough appears, so the first stages of the disease are often confused with a flu-like condition. More clear signs appear at the second stage of viral infection.
An infectious disease specialist is involved in treatment; he prescribes a number of laboratory and clinical trials to confirm or exclude the diagnosis. The key diagnostic method is a biopsy of the virus.
It is not yet possible to completely cure hepatitis. There are certain medicinal methods, allowing you to keep the liver normal, but they are not able to kill the virus. In most cases, immunostimulants and anti-inflammatory drugs are used. Also, for therapy to be effective, a specialized diet is needed to relieve the load on the organ.
If hepatitis is confirmed, the patient’s life changes dramatically, treatment and diet are prescribed for life. With a positive prognosis, a person can live for several decades if he follows the recommendations of a specialist and undergoes regular examinations.
Pneumonia
Unilateral pneumonia (in in this case on the right side) manifests itself with vivid symptoms. The first thing the patient feels is that he has severe pain in the right hypochondrium in front. These symptoms are especially aggravated by strong inhalation and sharp exhalation. The pain has unclear localization and often spreads throughout the upper chest.
Reasons inflammatory process the following factors may be present in the lungs:
- cold;
- inflammation of the upper respiratory tract;
- smoking;
- infectious and bacterial damage.
The disease develops quickly, the nature of its course depends on general level human immune defense. In this case, all the signs of the inflammatory process appear: increased body temperature, changes in blood readings occur, headache and general weakness.
Characteristic symptoms of pneumonia, except acute pain, are the following manifestations:
- strong barking cough and selection large quantity sputum;
- increased sweating;
- increased heart rate and shortness of breath;
- body aches;
- blue lips and nails, this is how oxygen deficiency manifests itself.
Diagnosis is carried out using a standard method. The key study is x-ray and fibrobronchoscopy, which allows you to determine the focus and stage of the lesion. Treatment involves an integrated approach: taking antibacterial and anti-inflammatory drugs, as well as drugs for symptomatic treatment. An effective physiotherapeutic method is inhalation.
Pneumonia can be considered an extremely dangerous pathology. If treatment is not started in time, there is a possibility of complications developing, in particular gangrene or lung abscess, and these processes lead to organ loss and even death.
Congestive processes in the liver as a result of heart failure
The body can function smoothly only if all its parts are in perfect order. When the functioning of one organ is disrupted, the load in another increases and, as a result, pathological processes also develop.
A clear example is stagnation of blood in the liver due to acute heart failure. This diagnosis is very common and occurs in people with running form cardiac pathology. Impaired blood circulation leads to its accumulation in the liver. The organ increases in size, which causes regular pain on the right side under the ribs. When this condition develops, fluid accumulates in the abdominal cavity and swelling of the extremities is observed.
Acute heart failure accelerates this process, so the condition of the liver deteriorates sharply, it becomes similar to that which can be seen with cirrhosis. With this diagnosis, a person constantly feels pain in the right side, and after physical exertion, the heartbeat increases and it becomes difficult to breathe. The most unfavorable consequence of heart failure is myocardial infarction, which in 60% of cases ends in disability or death.
Intestinal diseases
Almost all intestinal pathologies are characterized by disruption of the digestive process, flatulence, stagnation, or, conversely, diarrhea. All of these symptoms often cause pain of various nature and localization.
If a person initially, and then with wandering steps, discomfort turns into right side, then we can talk about flatulence. Increased gas formation always causes severe bursting pain and discomfort.
List intestinal diseases, capable of causing pain in the right hypochondrium is quite extensive, their nature depends on the form of the lesion:
- With colitis, the pain has wandering manifestations with frequent attacks of tingling.
- Crohn's disease, when the inflammatory process develops, entails an extensive list of serious conditions: intestinal obstruction, purulent accumulation, bleeding. In this case, the pain intensifies and is observed not only in the hypochondrium, but also in the lower abdomen.
- With inflammation of the appendix, the key localization of pain is the right side, but it spreads from the hypochondrium to the groin.
- Oncological formations at different stages have distinctive symptoms. Pain can occur at different stages of the disease. Acute abdomen syndrome occurs most often.
What to do: first aid for pain in the right hypochondrium
Each person is independently responsible for his own health, so he decides how and when to start treatment. However, experts say that it is difficult to independently determine the exact cause of the appearance of such signs, so only a doctor, after a specialized examination and a series of studies, will make a diagnosis and indicate what exactly hurts in the right hypochondrium and how to treat it.
Number possible pathologies quite extensive, but all of them are extremely dangerous to the life and health of the patient.
The sooner treatment begins, the greater the chance of avoiding complications. When pain occurs of different nature should not be taken medications until an accurate diagnosis is made. Moreover, doctors do not recommend resorting to traditional medicine.
As a preventive measure, you should follow the following key rules:
- Have an x-ray and ultrasound every year. Patients with chronic diseases need to be diagnosed more often.
- Watch your diet. Fatty, spicy, salty foods and others harmful products have a detrimental effect on the functioning of many internal organs.
- Take care of your body and exercise.
- If strange symptoms appear, consult a doctor. If the symptoms are acute, it is better to use the services of an ambulance.
Video “What hurts in the right hypochondrium?”
An informative video with advice and explanations from doctors about what can hurt in the right hypochondrium.
When does pain occur under the right rib?
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The site provides background information for informational purposes only. Diagnosis and treatment of diseases must be carried out under the supervision of a specialist. All drugs have contraindications. Consultation with a specialist is required!
Diaphragm diseases
Pathological processes concentrated in the right dome of the diaphragm can also cause pain under the right lower rib. This pathology includes diaphragmatic hernia, tumors and inflammation of the diaphragm - diaphragmatitis - extremely rare disease. Abdominal injuries may cause rupture of the diaphragm.Intestinal diseases
Pain in the right hypochondrium can occur with intestinal diseases such as duodenal ulcers and appendicitis (inflammation of the appendix, a branch of the cecum). Although the appendix is located significantly below the ribs, pain during its inflammation often radiates directly under the right rib.Heart diseases
In case of myocardial infarction or angina pectoris, pain from the heart area can radiate (“reflect”) along the nerve fibers to the right hypochondrium, thereby complicating the diagnosis of the disease.Diseases of the right lung
Painful sensations under the right lower rib, aggravated by coughing and inhaling, are characteristic of right-sided pneumonia (pneumonia). If the patient feels such pain not only in front under the rib, but also in the back, one can assume pleurisy (inflammation of the pleura) or cancer of the right lung.Shingles
When you get shingles, pain appears where the rash is located. And if the rash is located under the right rib, the patient experiences pain in this area.Pain under the right rib from behind
Pain under the right rib from behind can occur in the following situations:Diseases of the right kidney
Most often, the cause of pain is an infectious-inflammatory disease of the right kidney - acute or chronic pyelonephritis. At acute pyelonephritis the patient experiences dull, rather intense, constant pain in the lumbar region on the right. The pain sharply intensifies when lightly tapping the lower rib from behind with the edge of the palm (positive Pasternatsky sign). At chronic pyelonephritis pain is weak, dull, aching; they worsen in cold, damp weather.
Urolithiasis disease
Depending on the size of the stone and its position in the urinary tract, the patient may experience constant or intermittent, often dull pain under the right rib from behind. This pain tends to intensify with movement, driving, shaking the body (for example, when jumping), as well as if the patient takes a large amount of liquid.The listed factors can cause the stone to move from its place and begin to move along the urinary tract. This movement is accompanied by acute pain - renal colic. The patient cannot find a place for himself in pain, he rushes about, groans, and cries.
Acute pancreatitis
Pain due to pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas), as already described, is most often of a shingles nature. The patient experiences acute pain in the lumbar region, and under the right lower rib, and under the left lower rib at the same time. An attack of pain is often accompanied by nausea and vomiting. In a lying position, the pain intensifies, and the patient gets relief from a sitting position, leaning forward.Osteochondrosis
Pain under the right rib from behind, caused by lumbar osteochondrosis, is constant, pulling, aching, and sometimes acute. The pain is accompanied by stiffness and muscle tension in the lumbar region. In advanced cases, the patient cannot sit or stand for a long time due to pain, and cannot bend his back. It gets worse when lifting weights, sneezing or coughing. Retroperitoneal hematoma
After a back injury (fall or blow), pain often appears under the right rib from behind. These pains are associated with the fact that deep in the tissues, behind the peritoneum, a vessel burst, and blood spilled into the surrounding tissues - a hematoma (accumulation of blood) formed. The hematoma puts pressure on tissues and organs, causing pain. The larger the hemorrhage, the greater the pain. Retroperitoneal hematoma is characterized by increased pain with movements of the hip joint.Acute pain
Acute pain in the right hypochondrium – extremely unfavorable symptom. This is a sign that the patient needs emergency medical care. The following conditions and diseases can cause acute pain under the right rib:1. Injury:
- liver rupture;
- liver hematoma;
- gallbladder rupture;
- kidney rupture;
- prolapse of the kidney due to rupture of ligaments;
- fracture of one or more lower ribs on the right.
3. Hepatic colic.
4. Incarceration of a renal cyst.
5. Acute cholecystitis.
6. Acute pancreatitis.
All of these diseases and injuries are accompanied by acute, difficult-to-bear pain. The patient may lose consciousness from pain, especially with injury. If consciousness is preserved, the patient rushes about, trying to find a body position that relieves pain.
These pains are very diverse: they can be sharp or dull, aching or stabbing, constant or paroxysmal. The patient, as a rule, cannot clearly localize the pain (show exactly where it hurts). The examination does not reveal signs of any of the diseases listed above.
However, people with such complaints are not malingerers. They really experience pain in the right hypochondrium, often quite intense. Such pains are called psychosomatic. Neurologists and psychotherapists treat patients with such pain.
Pain under the right rib in healthy people
In some cases, completely healthy people may experience pain under the right rib. This is possible in the following situations: The main cause of pain in the right hypochondrium is diseases of the liver, gall bladder and biliary tract. In this article we will look at the causes of acute stabbing pain in the right hypochondrium and first aid methods.Acute stabbing pain in the right hypochondrium is commonly called biliary (hepatic) colic. Biliary colic- a sudden attack of intense pain in the right hypochondrium caused by blockage or spasm of the bile ducts. Typically, such pain is caused by a stone entering the bile ducts from the gallbladder. However, there are a number of other reasons that can cause such pain. In this article we will look at the most common reasons.
Anatomy of the gallbladder and bile ducts
Biliary tract
The length of the biliary system in an adult exceeds 2 thousand meters. Bile begins to collect in the liver in the intercellular bile canaliculi, through which it enters the bile ducts (lobular, segmental). Subsequently, when leaving the liver, the right and left bile ducts are formed (up to 2 cm long), which subsequently merge into one general hepatic duct
(length 3 cm). Next, the common hepatic duct connects with the gallbladder duct (length 1-3 cm, diameter 2-3 mm), and form common bile duct(length from 4 to 12 cm, diameter on average 5-6 cm). This duct ultimately carries bile into the duodenum. At the point where the common bile duct enters the intestine, it is joined by the pancreatic duct. Before entering the duodenum, the common bile duct narrows. And it is here that the duct is often blocked by a stone, mucus plugs, or bile clots. Gallbladder
The gallbladder is a pear-shaped reservoir for the accumulation and storage of bile. It is located in the right lobe of the liver in a special bed. Normally holds up to 70 ml of bile. The length is 7 cm, width 3 cm. The basis of the bladder is made up of muscle fibers running in the longitudinal and circular directions. The fundus, body, infundibulum and neck of the gallbladder are distinguished. The movement of bile is regulated by special muscle sphincters, which carry out the unidirectional movement of bile towards the duodenum. However, sometimes a spasm of the sphincter (usually the sphincter of Oddi) becomes the cause of hepatic colic.
The innervation of the biliary tract, pancreas and duodenum has a common origin, which determines their close relationship and explains the similarity of symptoms.
Projection of the gallbladder onto the anterior wall of the abdomen
Knowing the location of the gallbladder will help you navigate the diagnosis of the disease. Since this is the place where maximum pain sensitivity will appear. The gallbladder area is the intersection of the right costal arch and the outer edge of the rectus abdominis muscle.
Causes of hepatic colic
Diseases that may manifest acutely attack of pain in the right hypochondrium:
- Cholelithiasis
- Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction
- Functional disorder of the gallbladder
- Acute acalculous cholecystitis
- Exacerbation of chronic acalculous chelecystitis
- Choledocholithiasis (stones in the common bile duct)
- Acute cholangitis
- Crohn's disease (Terminal ileitis)
- Colitis (inflammation of the large intestine)
Mechanisms of hepatic colic
The mechanism of colic is complex and not yet fully understood. Although the main points of pain are clear. In most cases, an attack of colic is associated with a violation of the outflow of bile from the gallbladder. In turn, a violation of the outflow of bile can cause the following reasons: - Cystic duct spasm
- Blockage of the bile duct by a stone or lump of mucus
- Impaired bile flow common bile duct:
- Spasm of the sphincter of Oddi;
- Blockage of the sphincter of Oddi with a stone or lump of mucus;
- Passage of stone through the common bile duct.
- The area accompanied by moderate pain is the funnel, neck and part of the body of the gallbladder adjacent to the neck.
- The area of severe pain is the bile ducts.
Symptoms of hepatic colic
The main symptom of biliary colic is - pain.Characteristics of pain in biliary colic caused by stones entering the bile ducts:
 | Cause | Start and duration | Nature of pain | Where does it hurt? | Associated symptoms | |
| Pain due to biliary colic | Getting stones and mucus into the bile ducts | Sudden onset, may last for hours. Typically, the pain intensity increases over 15-60 minutes, then remains almost constant for 1-6 hours. Then there is a gradual subsidence of pain. But a sudden cessation of pain is also possible. An attack lasting more than 6 hours may indicate the development of acute cholecystitis(inflammation of the gallbladder). | Acute, paroxysmal character | Right hypochondrium, below the sternum (in the epigastrium). The pain may radiate to the right shoulder blade and back. In some cases, pain may also occur in the heart area, reminiscent of an angina attack. | Nausea, vomiting that does not bring relief. There is no increase in temperature or chills. The pulse may increase, but the blood pressure remains virtually unchanged. With prolonged colic, the mucous membranes and skin may acquire a yellowish tint. Skin itching may occur. The feces become white. Urine takes on the color of beer. |
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| Between attacks of colic the patient feels quite well. In 30% of cases, the patient does not have a recurrent attack. |
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Mechanism of pain
When a stone enters the duct, a reflex spasm occurs, which sharply disrupts the blood supply to this area. A blocked duct leads to disruption of the outflow of bile and causes stretching of the overlying parts of the duct, the motor activity of the duct increases, and all this causes severe pain.
Pain when functional impairment gallbladder function
Reasons for violation:
- Psycho-emotional stress
- Error in diet
- Tobacco smoking
Mechanism
The pain is associated with contraction of the muscle layer of the gallbladder. The spasm is caused by a violation of the emptying or filling of the gallbladder with bile.
General symptoms: irritability. sweating, headache, palpitations, increased fatigue, sleep disturbance. The temperature is not elevated. Pain in the area of the gallbladder projection.
Pain as a result of spasm of the bile duct or sphincter of Oddi
Very often, the cause of biliary colic is a spasm of the bile ducts or sphincter of Oddi. If the function of the sphincter of Oddi is impaired, the outflow of bile and pancreatic juice in the area of the junction of the bile duct with the pancreatic occurs. Most often, a spasm of the sphincter occurs, usually against the background of psycho-emotional experiences, stress, physical activity, poor nutrition (overeating, fasting, eating spicy, fatty fried foods, drinking alcohol). The spasm leads to disruption of the outflow of bile and pancreatic juice, which is accompanied by pain and indigestion.
Pain in the right hypochondrium or in the area below the sternum can radiate to the back, right shoulder blade, or occur in the left hypochondrium. Sometimes the pain has a girdling character; more often such pain is associated with eating and is accompanied by nausea and vomiting.
The main symptoms of dysfunction of the sphincter of Oddi are considered to be repeated attacks of severe or moderate pain lasting more than 20 minutes, occurring for 3 months in a row.
Pain in acute acalculous cholecystitis
Acute acalculous cholecystitis – acute inflammation gallbladder walls.
Causes:
Obstructed outflow of bile from the gallbladder contributes to the addition of infection and the development of an acute inflammatory process.
Symptoms:
More common in men. The onset is sudden. In the form of typical pain of biliary colic. Then the pain becomes constant. Pain occurs more often in the right hypochondrium, less often above the navel and in the right side of the abdomen. Body temperature rises to 37.2 C or higher. The abdominal muscles in the right hypochondrium are tense. When tapping the right costal arch with the edge of the palm, the pain increases sharply. In the general blood test, the number of leukocytes and ESR increases.
Acute cholecystitis requires urgent hospitalization in surgery department solving the problem conservatively (use of antibiotics) or surgical removal of the gallbladder.
Pain in acute cholangitis
Acute cholangitis – inflammation of the bile ducts.
Causes: disruption of the outflow of bile contributes to the addition of infection (E. Coli in 50-60% of cases), which leads to inflammation of the bile ducts. Violation of the outflow of bile is often associated with a stone entering the bile duct.
Symptoms:
A triad of symptoms is typical: 1) pain in the right hypochondrium, 2) jaundice, 3) increased body temperature with chills. In addition, possible: confusion, decreased blood pressure. The feces are discolored, the urine is dark.
Acute cholangitis requires urgent hospitalization and treatment in the surgical department.
Treatment of hepatic colic. Urgent Care.
Is it necessary to call an ambulance?
Symptoms of danger and mandatory hospitalization for hepatic colic:- Increased body temperature 37 C or higher, chills;
- The appearance of yellowness of the mucous membranes and skin;
- The appearance of diffuse pain throughout the abdominal area;
- Confusion;
- A sharp decrease in blood pressure.
Hospitalization of patients with hepatic colic is carried out in the surgical department. Where further treatment tactics for the patient are decided. There are 2 main ways to solve the problem. The first one is conservative treatment(use of antispasmodics and analgesics, antibiotics if necessary). The second is an emergency surgical intervention(removal of stone and/or gallbladder).
How to relieve liver colic?
What can you do on your own before the ambulance arrives? The main medications used to treat hepatic colic are antispasmodics (drugs that relieve spasms of smooth muscles). The route of administration and dose of the drug depends on the intensity of the pain syndrome and possible reason pain in the right hypochondrium. For pain of moderate intensity there may be effective application medicines orally (duspatalin, no-shpa forte). If ineffective, you can increase the dose or add another drug. Nitroglycerin (under the tongue 1 or ½ tablet of 0.5 mg) has a good antispasmodic effect, especially on the smooth muscles of the bile ducts and gallbladder. For severe pain, intravenous or intramuscular injection medications (drotaverine, platyphylline, papaverine). The same applies combination drugs(Bral, Spazgan, etc.), which contain an antispasmodic and analgesic substance. For unbearable pain, strong painkillers (ketorolac, tramadol, etc.) are used in addition to antispasmodics.
| A drug | Characteristics, mechanism of action | Directions for use, dosage | Contraindications and side effects |
| Duspatalin (mebeverine) | The antispasmodic effect is higher compared to that of other known drugs. 30 times greater than the effect of platyphylline. Mechanism of action: has a direct relaxing effect on the smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract. Does not disrupt normal intestinal motility and does not reduce arterial pressure. | Orally 200 - 400 mg. 1-2 capsules. | The drug is practically not absorbed into the general bloodstream. Side effects rare. Can be used in pregnant women and breastfeeding. |
| Buscopan (hiscine butyl bromide) | Relaxes the smooth muscles of internal organs, reduces the secretion of digestive glands. | 1-2 tablets inside. Rectally 1-2 suppositories. | Contraindications: angle-closure glaucoma, myasthenia gravis, pulmonary edema. Side effects: dry mouth, drowsiness, tachycardia, possible urinary retention. |
| Drotaverine (No-shpa, No-shpa forte) | It has a pronounced relaxing effect on the smooth muscles of internal organs and blood vessels, and reduces blood pressure. | Orally 1-2 tablets (No-spa 80 mg). Intravenously or intramuscularly 2% 2-4 ml. | Contraindications: increased sensitivity to the drug, glaucoma. Side effects: dizziness, feeling hot, decreased blood pressure, palpitations. |
| Papaverine | Relaxes and reduces the tone of the smooth muscles of internal organs and blood vessels. | Intramuscularly 1-2 ml of 2% solution. Orally 40-60 mg. (1-2 tablets). Maximum single dose up to 200 mg. | Glaucoma, severe liver failure, AV block. |
| Odeston (hymecromone) | The drug has a selective, relaxing effect on the sphincter of Oddi and the sphincter of the gallbladder. Therefore, the drug is especially effective for pain caused by spasm of the sphincter of Oddi and the gallbladder. | Used orally at 200-400 mg (up to 800 mg). 1-2 tablets per dose. Up to 4 tablets at a time. | Pregnancy and breastfeeding. Kidney or liver failure. Biliary obstruction caused by stone blockage or tumor pressure. |
| Bral, Spazgan | Combined antispasmodic and analgesic agent. Used for mild to severe pain. | Inside 1-2 tablets. Intramuscularly, intravenously 5 ml. | Contraindications: tachyarrhythmia, severe liver and kidney disorders, glaucoma, intestinal obstruction, low blood pressure. Pregnancy, lactation period. |
| Ketorolac | Non-narcotic analgesic. Has a pronounced analgesic effect. | Intramuscular or intravenous 15-30 mg, 1-2 ml. Orally 10 mg. | Severe kidney disorders, pregnancy, breastfeeding. |
| Tramadol | Narcotic analgesic. Has a pronounced analgesic effect. | Intravenous, intramuscular, 50-100 mg. Tablets 100 mg. | Pregnancy, breastfeeding, severe renal and liver failure, a condition accompanied by severe respiratory depression. |
What to do if you don’t have medications on hand?
In the case when pain occurs in the right hypochondrium of weak or strong intensity, and the necessary medications are not at hand. You can use the Old Slavonic technique of abdominal massage (on modern stage– visceral therapy, Ogulov A.T.). However, if you have pain in the background temperature, it is better not to do such manipulations. This technique is more suitable for cases of pain resulting from spasm of the gallbladder, bile ducts and sphincters. The essence of massage lies in the fact that with the help of mechanical pressure on a muscle or muscle organ, its reflex relaxation occurs. Thus, by pressing on the area of the bile ducts and the area of the gallbladder, it is possible to relieve their spasm and thereby get rid of pain.Technique:
Pressing should be done until pain appears that is comfortable to bear; you should not press to such an extent that the pain is unbearable, everything should be comfortable. After pressing and the appearance of “comfortable” pain, you should maintain the pressure until the pain disappears. This usually happens within 1-2 minutes. After which the pressure is deepened until the following pain appears. And so on until the spasm and pain completely disappear. If this type of manipulation does not help, it is better not to overdo it and wait for qualified medical help.
Pressure area:
- Initially, pressure is applied in the duodenum area. This allows you to relax the sphincter of Oddi and bile ducts. Projection on abdominal wall belly about 2 cm below xiphoid process sternum.
- Afterwards it is pressed in the area of the pancreas (left hypochondrium).
- The area of the gallbladder, the intersection of the right costal arch and the outer edge of the rectus abdominis muscle.
Prevention of hepatic colic
- Prevention of the formation of gallstones, their timely identification, removal and removal.
- Diet (especially indicated for disorders of the gallbladder and bile ducts):
- Exclude: alcohol, carbonated drinks, fatty, fried, smoked foods. Limit the consumption of egg yolks, strong coffee and tea, creams, baked goods, and nuts.
- Products containing magnesium, which reduces the tone of smooth muscles (buckwheat, oatmeal, millet, wheat bran), are indicated. Eating small amounts of food 5-6 times a day. Avoid overeating.
- Avoid psycho-emotional stress and heavy physical exertion with overwork of the body.
- News healthy image life (moderate physical activity, healthy eating, active recreation, mental comfort and harmony).
Pain in the right side under the ribs indicates malfunctions of the digestive system, gynecological diseases; discomfort can be caused by pathologies of the heart and musculoskeletal system. Unpleasant sensations vary in nature and duration and are accompanied by certain symptoms.
There can be many causes of pain in the right side under the ribs
Causes of pain in the right side under the ribs
The liver is located in the right upper abdomen, gallbladder, duodenum, kidney, part of the diaphragm. The cause of pain in this area may be women's diseases osteochondrosis, heart attack, angina pectoris, pathologies of the lung, pancreas, herpes zoster.
Why does it hurt on the right front?
In case of malfunction of the liver, gall bladder, stomach, pathological processes in the lungs and diaphragm, heart diseases, unpleasant sensations are localized in the anterior right hypochondrium region of the abdomen.
Main diseases:
- liver tumors and cirrhosis, different shapes hepatitis A;
- cholecystitis, gallstones;
- dysfunction of the pancreas;
- diaphragmatic hernia;
- inflammation of the appendix;
- heart attack, angina pectoris;
- right-sided pneumonia - the pain syndrome manifests itself more clearly during coughing, with a deep breath;
- shingles.
If pain appears under the ribs on the right front, this may indicate a diaphragmatic hernia.
Causes of discomfort under the ribs on the back right
If the pain syndrome from the right ribs spreads backward, this is a sign of the presence of pathologies in the organs of the urinary system.
Why does pain appear in the back under the right ribs:
- with pyelonephritis, the pain is paroxysmal, radiating to the lumbar area;
- urolithiasis - the severity of pain depends on the size of the stone;
- acute attack of pancreatitis;
- lumbar osteochondrosis, intervertebral hernia– the pain can be sharp or muted, more intense when moving, and it is difficult for a person to sit.
Daggering pain on the right behind often appears after back injuries, intensifies when walking - such symptoms indicate the formation of a hematoma behind the peritoneum.
Pain on the right back indicates urolithiasis
Dull pain in the ribs on the right side
Constant or periodic discomfort is a sign of chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and genitourinary system.
Causes of nagging pain syndrome:
- Chronic cholecystitis – against the background cholelithiasis the gallbladder becomes inflamed. The stones damage the tissues of the organ when moving, ulcers appear, which gradually turn into scars - congestion occurs, and the movement of bile worsens. The disease is accompanied by muted pain, heaviness in the abdomen, and the discomfort becomes more pronounced after eating fatty foods.
- Chronic pancreatitis - the pathology is indicated by a dull pain under the ribs on both sides, which manifests itself more strongly after eating, and dyspeptic disorders.
- Chronic pyelonephritis - pain intensifies during intense exercise, temperature often rises, diarrhea occurs, and hypertension develops.
- Chronic hepatitis - aching pain is accompanied by flatulence, intolerance to fatty foods and alcohol.
- Duodenitis - dull pain appears, vomiting with streaks of bile, heartburn, upset stool.
Dull pain under the ribs is a sign of pancreatitis
Pain in the area of the right hypochondrium at night, early in the morning or immediately after eating is a sign of a duodenal ulcer. The disease is accompanied by vomiting and bloating.
Aching pain on the right
Constant aching pain in the area of the right hypochondrium is one of the main signs of liver pathologies.
Why does it pull in the right side:
- Viral hepatitis is a disease that can for a long time proceed without any special symptoms, the development of pathology is indicated by periodic tingling, nagging pain under the right lower rib, severe fatigue, skin acquire a yellowish tint, the urine becomes cloudy.
- Liver cirrhosis is an aching pain syndrome that occurs at a late stage in the development of the pathology and indicates the death of a large number of cells.
- Liver tumors of a malignant nature - periodic, pressing pain, while the person suddenly loses weight, complains of severe fatigue, low-grade fever.
Sharp or dull pain without other signs of inflammation, problems with digestive system often has a psychosomatic origin, occurs with vegetative-vascular dystonia.
Aching pain on the right indicates liver cirrhosis
Sharp pain in the right side
An intense, burning pain syndrome is a sign of a strong inflammatory process, exacerbation of chronic gastrointestinal pathologies.
What does severe pain indicate:
- Cholecystitis - an attack begins unexpectedly, often at night, accompanied by burning, throbbing pain, and cramping in the stomach. In the acute form, the pain radiates to the arm, and frequent bouts of vomiting are bothersome.
- Ulcerative duodenitis of the duodenum - the pain is stabbing, stabbing in nature, worsens during sleep, discomfort and burning sensation decrease after eating. The disease is accompanied by flatulence, vomiting, and weakness.
- Renal colic - occurs when stones move, the pain is acute, severe, and the condition does not improve when changing body position.
- Pancreatitis - shooting in the side, throbbing pain, girdling pain, rumbling in the stomach, cramps occur.
- Shingles - viral disease, initial stage accompanied by sharp constant pain on the right or left side; after a few days, bubbles appear, they are located in the places where the nerve endings pass.
Acute dagger pain in the right side, rapid rise in temperature, vomiting - clinical picture appendicitis, the appendix is located in the iliac zone, but the pain often radiates under the ribs, into the leg, and into the pubic area.
Before the onset of shingles appears sharp pain with the right side
Pain under the right rib – gynecological problems
In women, it can cause discomfort in the right side ectopic pregnancy, problems of the pelvic organs.
Main reasons:
- Ectopic pregnancy - no menstruation, but spotting appears bloody issues on the background nagging pain, colitis in the side, a sharp increase in discomfort indicates stretching or a violation of the integrity of the fallopian tube.
- Adnexitis - when the appendages become inflamed, the lower abdomen hurts and discomfort occurs in the area of the right hypochondrium. Vaginal discharge interspersed with pus, nausea, and the process of urination are disrupted.
- Torsion of an ovarian cyst is a severe pathology, which is accompanied by pain in the lower abdomen and right side, bleeding, elevated temperature, signs of intoxication.
Adnexitis - inflammation of the female appendages
Pain in the right side in men
Discomfort in the right hypochondrium in men occurs due to alcohol abuse; urological pathologies are often the cause of the unpleasant sensations.
Main diseases:
- Cavernitis is an inflammatory process localized in the corpus cavernosum of the penis, and erectile dysfunction develops intensively. Acute stage accompanied by high temperature, swelling inguinal lymph nodes tingling pain in the right side. In the chronic form, the discomfort is mild and manifests itself during bowel movements. Bladder, during sex.
- Prostatitis – inflammation, swelling prostate gland, the clinical picture depends on the form of the disease. Pain from the lower abdomen can radiate to the lower back, under the ribs, in groin area, erection and urination worsen.
- Prostate adenoma is a benign hyperplasia, accompanied by a feeling of fullness, pressing pain in the lower abdomen, which radiates to the back, groin area, side, a lump is palpable at the base of the penis.
Severe pain can be caused by the presence of stones in the prostate gland.
Pain in the right side in men may indicate prostate adenoma
Unpleasant sensations in the right hypochondrium in healthy people
Discomfort between the ribs on the right does not always indicate the presence serious illnesses, even healthy people can periodically ache in this area.
Causes of pain below the ribs on the right:
- physical activity – there is pain and twitching in the right side, discomfort occurs in people who lead a sedentary lifestyle;
- during pregnancy – discomfort appears in the second trimester against the background of intense fetal growth, which puts pressure on the internal organs;
- PMS - unpleasant sensations that occur when high level estrogens, which cause spasms of the biliary tract.
Which doctor should I contact?
If the pain in the rib area is long-lasting, it is necessary. After the initial diagnosis, he can write out a referral.
Diagnosis of pain in the right hypochondrium
The doctor makes a preliminary diagnosis after examining the patient, collecting an anamnesis, studying the medical history; during the physical examination, the specialist measures blood pressure, temperature, and pulse rate. After which he appoints comprehensive examination to confirm the diagnosis.
Diagnostic methods:
- clinical, biochemical analysis blood;
- general analysis urine;
- coprogram;
- tumor marker test, biopsy;
- bacteriological analysis of a smear from the vagina or urethra;
- Ultrasound of the pelvic and abdominal organs:
- cardiogram;
- X-ray with or without contrast agent;
- endoscopy;
- CT, MRI.
Call immediately ambulance necessary for a sharp, severe attack of pain that intensifies when pain syndrome of a pulling or stabbing nature that lasts longer than 30–60 minutes.
To identify the causes of pain you need to do a cardiogram
Treatment
Based on the results of the study, the doctor selects appropriate medications and draws up a treatment regimen. If the discomfort is caused by problems with the digestive system, then additional diet therapy is prescribed.
Drug therapy
To eliminate pain in the right side use different groups medicines that are aimed at eliminating the inflammatory process and restoring the functions of damaged organs.
What drugs are used in therapy:
- antispasmodics – No-schpa, Baralgin;
- antibiotics wide range actions – Levofloxacin, Amoxicillin;
- anti-inflammatory drugs – Metronidazole;
- hepatoprotectors – Essentiale, Karsil;
- enzymes – Mezim, Creon;
- drugs to improve the outflow of bile - Allohol;
- sedatives – Relaxil, Deprim;
- heart medications - Nitroglycerin, Verapamil, Concor.
Additionally, you should take vitamin complexes, probiotics and prebiotics to strengthen the immune system and restore the balance of intestinal microflora.
Thank you
The site provides reference information for informational purposes only. Diagnosis and treatment of diseases must be carried out under the supervision of a specialist. All drugs have contraindications. Consultation with a specialist is required!
One of the common reasons for anxiety and visiting a doctor among patients is pain in right side or back. This symptom accompanies the development of many diseases various organs. Some of them are very dangerous and can lead to death. That is why, if you experience pain in the side on the right, you must consult a doctor to determine the causes.Pain localized in the right side, with various diseases differs in nature and location.
Character of pain in the right side
In some cases, the localization of pain corresponds to the location of the affected organ. The pain can be of different types: dull and aching, sharp and sharp, constant or periodic. This pain occurs when the pancreas is damaged (pancreatitis).Sometimes pain appears if the peritoneum is involved in the inflammatory process. At the same time, its location is well determined. It is more often characterized as burning, sharp or stabbing. The intensity increases when changing position, running, walking, or raising your arm.
If you feel such pain in the right side, then it is necessary to exclude surgical diseases:
- appendicitis;
- perforation of a stomach ulcer or duodenum;
- intussusception and volvulus.
One of the manifestations of pain in the right side may be umbilical colic. It manifests itself as a sharp, periodic, cramping pain, which is caused by increased peristalsis or intestinal distension. Occurs more often during or after eating. It is felt in the area near the navel, with nausea, pallor, and vomiting. Colitis and enterocolitis are accompanied by the appearance of umbilical colic. Prolonged and severe colic-type pain in the right hypochondrium indicates diseases of the liver and biliary tract (hepatitis, cholecystitis, biliary dyskinesia).
“Referred” pain should be placed in a separate category. This is pain from the internal organs, which is carried out on certain areas of the skin. In diseases of the liver and gallbladder, it can radiate to the scapula, and in diseases of the pancreas and duodenum, it radiates to the back and lower back, and is also felt under the ribs on the right and left.
Localization of pain in the right side
1.
Pain in the right side above:
- diseases of the stomach and duodenum;
- liver diseases;
- diseases of the biliary tract;
- diseases right kidney;
- pancreatic diseases;
- right lower lobe pneumonia;
- appendicitis;
- abdominal form of myocardial infarction.
- volvulus or intussusception;
- appendicitis;
- diseases of the right kidney.
- kidney damage;
- damage to the uterine appendages;
- bladder diseases;
- appendicitis;
- inguinal hernia.
When does aching pain occur in the right side of the lower abdomen?
If you have pain in the right side of the lower abdomen, the pain is aching, dull, then you should suspect some diseases.In women, these may be the following pathologies:
- pyelonephritis;
- glomerulonephritis;
- appendicitis;
- right-sided adnexitis;
- ovarian cyst;
- dyskinesia of the biliary tract of the hypotonic type;
- cholelithiasis.
Men most often experience pain in the lower right abdomen due to the following diseases:
- pyelonephritis;
- glomerulonephritis;
- appendicitis;
- cholelithiasis;
- urolithiasis disease;
- dyskinesia of the biliary tract of the hypotonic type.
Diseases accompanied by pain in the right side
Diseases of the stomach and duodenum
Gastritis. It is characterized by dull, mild periodic pain in the right side under the ribs and sternum, appearing more often two hours after eating, or on an empty stomach in the morning. Patients complain of decreased appetite, belching of sour air, constipation or diarrhea. If there is a dull aching pain in the right side under the ribs and sternum, which can appear 1 to 2 hours after eating or on an empty stomach, combined with vomiting, heartburn, sour or bitter belching, loss of appetite, diarrhea or constipation, the doctor prescribes the following examinations:
- General blood analysis;
- Fibrogastroduodenoscopy (FGDS) (sign up);
- Computed or magnetic resonance imaging;
- Revealing Helicobacter pylori in the material collected during the FGDS;
- The presence of antibodies to Helicobacter Pylori (IgM, IgG) in the blood;
- Level of pepsinogens and gastrin in blood serum;
- The presence of antibodies to gastric parietal cells (total IgG, IgA, IgM) in the blood.
In practice, in most cases, the doctor prescribes a general blood test, a blood test for the presence of antibodies to Helicobacter Pylori and fibrogastroduodenoscopy, since these examinations make it possible to diagnose gastritis and duodenitis with high accuracy. Computer or magnetic resonance imaging may be prescribed instead of fibrogastroduodenoscopy if technically possible, if a person cannot undergo FGDS. An analysis of the level of pepsinogens and gastrin in the blood is usually prescribed as an alternative to FGDS if it is possible to perform it, but in practice this study It is not used very often, since it almost always has to be done in a private laboratory for a fee. But an analysis for antibodies to gastric parietal cells is prescribed only if atrophic gastritis is suspected, and often instead of an FGDS when a person cannot undergo it.
If there is a sharp cramping pain in the right side, appearing with pain in the navel area, occurring periodically after or during meals, combined with nausea, vomiting, rumbling in the abdomen, bloating and pale skin, the doctor prescribes the following tests and examinations:
- General blood analysis;
- Analysis of stool for worm eggs;
- Stool analysis for scatology and dysbacteriosis;
- Stool culture for clostridia;
- Blood test for the presence of antibodies to clostridia;
- Ultrasound of the abdominal organs;
- Colonoscopy (make an appointment) or sigmoidoscopy (sign up);
- Irrigoscopy (intestinal x-ray with contrast agent) (make an appointment);
- Blood test for the presence of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies and antibodies to Saccharomycetes.
Pain in the right side, combined with itching and yellowing of the skin, decreased appetite, weakness and a slight increase in body temperature, requires contacting an infectious disease specialist or hepatologist, since such symptoms indicate a high risk of hepatitis. The doctor must first prescribe blood tests to detect hepatitis, such as:
- Blood test for the presence of antibodies to the hepatitis B virus (Anti-HBe, Anti-HBс-total, Anti-HBs, HBsAg) by ELISA;
- Blood test for the presence of antibodies to the hepatitis C virus (Anti-HAV-IgM) using the ELISA method;
- Blood test for the presence of antibodies to the hepatitis D virus (Anti-HAD) using the ELISA method;
- Blood test for the presence of antibodies to the hepatitis A virus (Anti-HAV-IgG, Anti-HAV-IgM) using the ELISA method.
If antibodies to hepatitis C or B viruses are detected in the blood, the doctor prescribes a blood test to determine the presence of the virus using the PCR method, which will assess the activity of the process and select treatment.
With a dull aching pain in the upper part of the right side, radiating to the shoulder and scapula, which intensifies with stress, changes in weather, when eating fatty and rich foods, alcohol, carbonated drinks or shaking, becoming stabbing and cutting, and is combined with nausea, vomiting or bitter belching, the doctor prescribes a general blood test, a general urinalysis, ultrasound of the abdominal organs, retrograde cholangiopancreatography, as well as a biochemical blood test (bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, elastase, lipase, AST, ALT). If technically possible, computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging is also prescribed.
With intense sharp, cutting, dagger pain in the right side, which is combined with darkening of the urine, skin itching and light stool, the doctor must prescribe a general blood and urine test, a biochemical analysis of stool (amylase in the blood and urine, pancreatic elastase, lipase, triglycerides, calcium), scatology, ultrasound of the abdominal organs, and, if technically possible, an MRI. These studies allow you to diagnose pancreatitis.
With periodic pain in the right side and at the same time in the groin, radiating to the leg, provoked physical activity, the doctor prescribes a general blood test, an ultrasound of the abdominal organs, and also performs an external examination and, in some cases, performs an X-ray of the intestines and urinary organs with contrast.
When pain in the right side is localized in the back, combined with pain in the lower back, pain when urinating, swelling in the face, headache, fever, blood in the urine, the doctor must prescribe Kidney ultrasound (sign up), general urine analysis, determination of the total concentration of protein and albumin in daily urine, urine analysis according to Nechiporenko (), Zimnitsky test (), as well as a biochemical blood test (urea, creatinine). In addition, the doctor may prescribe bacteriological culture of urine or scraping from the urethra to identify the pathogenic causative agent of the inflammatory process, as well as determination PCR method or ELISA of microbes in scrapings from the urethra. If glomerulonephritis is suspected, the doctor may additionally prescribe the following tests:
- Antibodies to the basement membrane of the glomeruli of the kidneys IgA, IgM, IgG (anti-BMK);
- Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, ANCA Ig G (pANCA and cANCA);
- Antinuclear factor (ANF);
- Antibodies to phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R), total IgG, IgA, IgM;
- Antibodies to complement factor C1q;
- Antibodies to endothelium on HUVEC cells, total IgG, IgA, IgM;
- Antibodies to proteinase 3 (PR3);
- Antibodies to myeloperoxidase (MPO).
In addition, if pain in the right side periodically appears and disappears on its own, regardless of the accompanying symptoms, the doctor may prescribe a stool or blood test to detect helminths (ascaris or pinworms).
Before use, you should consult a specialist.
