Every schoolchild knows about this. However, not everyone knows the spelling rules for this part of speech, as well as into what groups it is divided, etc.
general information
It is a part of speech that names the properties and qualities of objects (for example, old chair), events ( incredible incident), states ( strong feeling) and other phenomena of the surrounding world ( Hard childhood). In addition, the adjective indicates that the object belongs to someone ( mom's bag, fox hole).
Main types
Depending on how the adjective is designated and what feature it has, as well as what grammatical properties it has, this part of speech is divided into the following groups:
- relative;
- quality;
- possessive.
Relative adjectives
Such a group describes the properties of any attribute, action or object through its relationship to another attribute, action or object.
Here are some examples: bookcase, children's play, destructive power, Brazil nut, double blow, religious views, etc.
Qualitative adjectives
This group has its own characteristics, namely:
- Indicates the characteristics of objects: age (old), size (sick), speed (fast), color (blue), human properties (angry), assessment (normal), physical properties (strong, dense, thick, etc.).
- Forms such excellent ( strongest, subtlest, most important, most important) and comparative ( stronger, thinner, more important, etc.).
- They have short forms (for example, fast, thick, powerful etc.). It should be especially noted that short adjectives cannot be formed from all qualitative ones.
Possessive adjectives
Adjectives of this group answer the question “whose?”, and also indicate that something belongs to an animal ( hare's hole, cow's milk) or person ( daddy's wallet, petya's car). It should also be noted that all possessive adjectives are formed from animate nouns using suffixes such as -nin, -in, -iy, -ev, -ov.
Here are some examples: grandfather - grandfather's; father - fathers, etc.
Short name adjective
In addition to the division into relative, qualitative and possessive groups, this part of speech also differs in special forms. So, in the Russian language there are:
- brief;
- full adjectives.
Moreover, the former are formed by a kind of reduction of the latter. To understand what features short adjectives have, you should consider all the rules regarding their formation and spelling. After all, only this information will allow you to correctly use this part of speech in writing text or in oral conversation.
Endings
Adjectives in short form in singular have the following generic endings:
- Feminine - ending -A. Here are some examples: new, thin, strong, skinny, etc.
- Masculine gender - zero ending. Here are some examples: strong, strong, lean, new, handsome, etc.
- Neuter - ending -o or -e (beautiful, strong, strong, new, thin, skinny, etc.).
In plural There are no gender differences in this part of speech in this particular form. Thus, all short adjectives have endings -And or -s (strong, strong, beautiful, new, graceful, skinny, etc.).
Features of the short form
As you can see, this part of speech can be declined according to gender and number. However, it should be remembered that short adjectives never change by case. In a sentence, such members usually act as a predicate.
Let's give an example: She's very smart. IN in this case the word “smart” is a short adjective that acts as a predicate.
It should also be noted that some types of a given part of speech with several lexical meanings can form a short form only in some of them. For example, the word "poor" does not have a short adjective if it means "miserable, miserable." In addition, some adjectives also cannot have their full form. These words include must, glad, loving and much.
What is the difference from full ones?
They only have a short form. Their difference from the full form lies in the definition of morphological characteristics. That is, as mentioned above, this form of the presented part of speech does not change by case, but is declined only by number and gender. Besides, short names adjectives differ from full adjectives in their syntactic role. Thus, in a sentence they do not act as a definition, but in or as a component of it. Although in some cases they are still designated as a definition. Most often this phenomenon is observed in phraseological turns or in works of folk art (for example, and barefoot, in broad daylight, a beautiful maiden, a good fellow, etc..).
Spelling short adjectives
To correctly use short forms of adjectives, you should definitely study the rules of their spelling.
Formation of short adjectives
Short forms from long forms. This happens by adding generic endings to them:
- zero or male;
- middle (-e or -o);
- female (-I or -a).
In addition, short adjectives can be plural (ending -ы or -и) or singular. So how are these shapes formed? These rules are very simple:
The relationship between the full and short forms of adjectives
From the point of view of lexical meanings, there are 3 types of relationships between the short and full forms of adjectives:
1. Coinciding in lexical meaning (for example, good day and good day, beautiful baby and beautiful baby).
2. They coincide only in certain values:
- “False” meaning “fake.” In this case there is no short form.
- “False” meaning “insincere.” In this case, the short form will be "fake".
- “Poor” means “unhappy.” In this case there is no short form.
- “Poor” means “poor.” In this case, the short form will be "poor".
3. The short form is considered as a semantic synonym and differs from the full form in its meaning:
- the short form denotes a temporary sign, and the full form denotes a permanent one (for example, the baby is sick and the baby is sick);
- the short form indicates excessive manifestation of the trait (for example, grandma is old or grandma is old);
- full form indicates an unrelated attribute, and a short one - in relation to something (for example, the dress is tight and the dress is tight).
- in some cases the meanings of both forms of adjectives are so divergent that they are used and perceived as completely different words(For example, the purpose of the trip was quite clear and the weather was clear).
Qualitative adjectives
Only qualitative adjectives have a full and short form: good - excellent, excellent - excellent, fresh - fresh, sweet - sweet.
The short form of relative adjectives is usually used as a means of expressiveness in artistic speech.
Let's give an example: These are the same strings. They look like copper and like cast iron.
Only full forms are used in the definition function. However, both full and short forms of adjectives can be used as a predicate: Short day. The day is short. The day is short.
Change by case retain only some adjectives in folklore expressions.
Let's give an example: on bare feet.
In a sentence, short adjectives are almost always the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate.
Let's give an example: He is smart; He is stately; He's cheerful.
Relative adjectives have only full form.
Let's give an example: Iron, today's, comfortable.
Possessive adjectives with the suffixes "in"/"yn", "ov"/"ev", "iy" - in singular form nominative case They usually only have a short form.
For example: Dad, daddy, daddy, daddy; wolfish, wolfish, wolfish, wolfish.
IN indirect cases such adjectives have:
or a short form: father's, wolf's;
or the full form: father's, wolf's.
The endings of short forms coincide with the endings of nouns.
Let's give an example: spring - daddy's; spring - daddy's.
Qualitative adjectives usually have two forms: full and short.
Let's give an example: Cheerful - cheerful, handsome - handsome.
Full adjectives change by gender, singular, number and case.
Short qualitative adjectives answer the questions what? what? what? what are they? and change by gender, singular and numbers.
Here's an example: Happy, happy, happy, happy.
Declension of adjectives
The declension of adjectives, in comparison with the declension of nouns, is more unified. In the nominative singular case, adjectives have a gender distinction: case endings male, feminine and neuter are different. In the plural, adjectives have no gender differences, and the case endings for all three genders are the same.
In modern Russian there are three types of declension of adjectives:
1. Declension of qualitative and relative adjectives such as red, gold, summer, blue.
2. Declension of possessive adjectives such as bratnin, aunt, fathers, friends.
3. Declension of adjectives starting with “ii” such as wolf, bear.
The most productive is the first type of declension, which, according to the nature of the last consonant of the stem, has three varieties: a hard version of the declension (rich, stone), a soft version of the declension (autumn, blue) and mixed: a) with a base on sibilant, b) with a base on d , k, x and v) with a base on c (pale-faced, small, smooth, long, quiet).
For adjectives with a stem on a hard consonant, the stress during declension is either only on the stem (kind, red), or only on the ending (sick, dumb).
For adjectives with a stem on a soft consonant and adjectives with a stem on c, when inflected, the stress always falls only on the stem (short, autumn, blue).
Adjectives with a base on a hard consonant in the instrumental case singular female have a double ending: "oh" ("ey") and "oyu" ("her"). Their use depends on the style of speech: in poetic language the ending -oy ("ee") is more common, which is due to the laws of poetic style (rhythm, rhyme, etc.), for example: I pass through a field along a narrow boundary, overgrown with porridge and tenacious quinoa.
Possessive adjectives ending in "in", "ov" ("ev") have mixed type declination: part case endings of these adjectives coincides with the endings of the hard declension of qualitative-relative adjectives; in separate cases the endings of nouns are used (in the nominative and accusative cases of all genders and numbers, in the genitive and dative cases masculine and neuter singular).
Possessive adjectives with the suffix “in” in modern Russian are increasingly declined like full adjectives with a base on a hard consonant (not sister, sister, but sister, sister, etc.).
Possessive adjectives ending in “rank” (bratnin, muzhnin) are inflected in the same way as adjectives ending in “in”.
Possessive adjectives in -niy (filial, filial) are declined like full qualitative-relative adjectives of the soft variant of declension (for example, neighbor).
Possessive adjectives formed with the suffix -j- (wolf, wolf, wolf) have both full and short endings: wolfish, wolfish, etc., wolfish, wolfish, etc.
Adjectives that are used as nouns are declined according to general rules Declensions of adjectives.
Spelling case forms of adjectives:
1. Adjectives have endings that are similar to the endings of the question word what: with an excellent (what?) mood, about a beautiful (what?) bag, and the like.
Always remember that after hard consonants the vowels s, o, u are written, and after soft consonants the vowels are written - i, e, yu.
Let's give an example: long stockings - blue stockings, in a long stocking - in a blue stocking; in a black bag - in a yellow bag.
2. Spelling o and e after sibilants and c at the end of adjectives always depends on stress: under stress - o, without stress - e, big garden - handsome boy.
3. In the nominative case of the singular masculine gender, full adjectives in the stressed position have the ending -ой, in the unstressed case - “й”, “и”.
nightmare - blue ocean, early reception.
4. In all forms of possessive adjectives with the suffix “ii”, except for the masculine singular form of the nominative case, it is written soft sign.
Wolfish, wolfish, wolfish, wolfish.
5. B short adjectives After hissing words, a soft sign is not written.
Burning - burning, mighty - mighty.
The category of completeness/brevity is realized only in the category of qualitative adjectives and is formed by the opposition of two forms - full and short - of the same adjective: white - white; old - old
The short form is formed by joining to the base positive degree endings: Ø for masculine, - and I for women, - o/e for average, - s/s for plural ( deep-Ø , deep-a, deep-o, deep-i).
If at the end of the stem there is a combination of consonants with<н>or<к>, then when forming the m.r. a “fluent” vowel appears ( thin - thin, full - full). For adjectives with stems ending in -enn (such as painful, artificial, frivolous, numerous) in the form m.r. truncation occurs -n (painful (cf. painful), artificial).
A short form is not formed from qualitative adjectives, which
1) have suffixes characteristic of relative adjectives - sk-, -ov-/-ev-, -n-: brown, coffee, fraternal;
2) indicate the colors of animals: brown, black;
3) have suffixes of subjective assessment: tall, blue.
From adjective small the short form is formed by truncation of the stem suffix – yenk - (small – small, few, small), and from the adjective big– suppletive (big - great, great, great, great).
Short form only have adjectives much, should, glad, necessary, too big, too small etc.
The short and full forms of the adjective differ in morphological, syntactic and semantic features. The short form does not change by case; in a sentence it appears primarily as a nominal part of the predicate (cases like beautiful girl, white flammable stone are phraseologically archaic); the short form acts as a definition only in a separate syntactic position ( Angry at the whole world, he almost stopped leaving the house).
In the position of the predicate, the meaning of the full and short forms usually coincides, but for some adjectives the following semantic differences are possible between them:
1) the short form denotes excessive manifestation of a trait with a negative assessment, cf.: short skirt – short skirt;
2) the short form denotes a temporary sign, the full form – permanent, cf.: the child is sick - the child is sick.
The short form always names the main feature of the subject. The full form can denote both an additional attribute of an object (The cheerful girl was beautiful) and the main attribute of the same object (The cheerful girl was beautiful).
Degrees of comparison of adjectives
Qualitative adjectives are characterized by an inflectional category of degrees of comparison formed by the forms positive, comparative and superlative degrees(comparative degree is called comparative, and excellent - superlative).
Positive degree comparison is the original form of the adjective, when compared with which the grammatical meaning of the comparative and superlative degrees is realized.
comparative an adjective indicates that the attribute expressed by the adjective is characteristic of a given object to a greater extent than of another ( Peterhigher Vasya; This riverdeeper than the other) or the same item in other circumstances ( Petya is taller than he was last year; The river is deeper in this place than in that one).
Superlative shows that the attribute expressed by the adjective is characteristic of this object to the highest degree compared to all compared objects ( beautiful from gifts, most high house in the city).
The forms of comparative and superlative degrees of comparison can be synthetic And analytical.
1. Synthetic(simple) form of comparative degree denotes a greater degree of manifestation of the characteristic and is formed as follows: positive degree stem + formative suffixes -ee(s), -e, -she/-zhe (faster, higher, earlier, deeper).
If at the end of a stem of a positive degree there is an element To / OK, this segment is often truncated: deep - deep.
Some adjectives have suppletive forms, that is, formed from another base: bad is worse, good is better.
When forming a simple comparative degree, a prefix can be added By- (newer). Simple comparative degree with prefix By– is used if the adjective takes the position of an inconsistent definition ( Give me a newer newspaper) and does not require introducing into the sentence what this feature is being compared with. If there is in a sentence both what is being compared and what is being compared with, the prefix By- adds a conversational tone ( These boots are newer than those).
The morphological features of the simple comparative degree are uncharacteristic of an adjective. This
1) immutability,
2) the ability to control a noun,
3) use primarily as a predicate ( He is taller than his father). A simple comparative degree can occupy a position of definition only in a separate position ( Much taller than the other students, he seemed almost an adult) or in a non-separated position with an attachment By– in position after a noun ( Buy me some fresh newspapers).
Analytical The (compound) form of the comparative degree is formed using auxiliary words more/less + positive degree ( more/less high).
The difference between a compound comparative degree and a simple one is as follows:
1) the compound comparative degree is broader in meaning, since it denotes not only a greater, but also a lesser degree of manifestation of a characteristic;
2) the compound comparative degree changes in the same way as the positive degree of comparison (original form), i.e. according to gender, number and cases, and can also be in a short form ( more beautiful);
3) the compound comparative degree can be either predicate or non-separate and separate definition (A less interesting article was presented in this journal. This article is less interesting than the previous one.)
2. The superlative degree of comparison, like the comparative, can be simple and compound.
Synthetic The (simple) superlative form of comparison of an adjective is formed as follows: base positive degree + formative suffixes -eysh– / -aysh-(after k, g, x, causing alternation): good, Supreme
When forming a simple superlative degree of comparison, the prefix can be used nai-: kindest.
Morphological features of the simple superlative degree of comparison of adjectives: variability by gender, number, case, use of the attribute and predicate in the syntactic function. The simple superlative degree of comparison of an adjective does not have a short form.
Analytical The (compound) superlative form of adjectives is formed in three ways:
1) element the most + positive degree ( the cleverest);
2) element most/least+ positive degree ( most/least smart);
3) simple comparative degree + element total/everyone (He was smarter than everyone).
The forms of the compound superlative degree formed in the first and second way have morphological characteristics, characteristic of a positive degree, that is, they change according to gender, number and cases, and can have a short form ( most convenient), act both as a definition and as a nominal part of the predicate. Forms of the compound superlative degree, formed in the third way, are unchangeable and act primarily as the nominal part of the predicate.
Not all qualitative adjectives have forms of degrees of comparison, and the absence of simple forms of degrees of comparison is observed more often than the absence of compound forms.
3. Derivational “degrees of quality” do not indicate the actual intensity of the attribute, but its subjective assessment by the speaker: forest green . Formed:
1) adding the prefixes arch-, ultra-, super-, time-, pre-, all- (arch-modern, ultra-right, super-powerful, etc.);
2) by adding the suffixes –ovat-/-evat-, -onk-/-enk-, -okhonk-/-eshenk-, -ush-/-yush-, -enn- (plump, bluish, long, hefty, etc.) d.);
3) repetition of the basics, often with prefixation in the second part (darling-cute, cheerful-cheerful).
Question 13. Adverb. Classification of adverbs by meaning. State category words, their meaning, morphological features and syntactic function. Distinguishing homonymous forms of adjectives, adverbs and words of the state category.
Adverb - This is an independent part of speech, denoting a sign of an action, another sign, state, or rarely an object. Adverbs are unchangeable (with the exception of qualitative adverbs in - O / -e) and are syntactically adjacent to verbs, adjectives, adverbs, as well as special words naming the states of living beings and environment (run fast, very fast, very fast).
In rare cases, an adverb may be attached to a noun: running a race(a noun has the meaning of action), soft-boiled egg, Warsaw coffee. In these cases, the adverb acts as an inconsistent definition.
The main morphological property of adverbs is their immutability - this is their constant morphological feature. However, qualitative adverbs in - O / -e, formed from qualitative adjectives, have degrees of comparison.
Due to its immutability, an adverb is associated with other words in a sentence by adjacency. In a sentence it is usually an adverbial adverbial clause.
Some adverbs can act as a nominal part of predicates. Most often these are predicates of impersonal sentences ( The sea is quiet), however, some adverbs can also serve as predicates of two-part sentences ( The conversation will be frank. She is married).
The adjective is one of the main ones used by its speakers constantly. It has a number of indicators, so before answering the question of how an adjective changes, it is necessary to clarify what exactly should be understood by this part of speech.
The term “adjective” appeared in the Russian language quite a long time ago, and it was formed from Latin word adjectivum, which means “adding”. That is why the lexical meaning of the word “adjective” should be considered “a name that is attached to a noun.”
In general, an adjective denotes a lexico-grammatical class of word forms that denote a non-procedural attribute of an object. Lexical meaning in this case is expressed using inflectional categories. Adjectives in a sentence have their own syntactic function - definition, especially difficult cases they are a compound nominal predicate.
Adjective: three in one
Speaking about the adjective, three understandings should be noted this term. According to the first, this part of speech should include adjectives themselves, adjective pronouns, participles and ordinal numbers. The lexical meaning of these words (a feature of the subject) is supplemented with new shades. This point of view is called a broad understanding of the adjective.
There is a formal position of the moderate type, in which only adjectives themselves and ordinal numbers are included under adjectives. This point of view was popular in the 60-70s of the 20th century, until it gave way to a broad understanding, actively lobbied by Russian Grammar-80.
With a narrow understanding of the adjective name, only adjectives themselves are included in it. Many linguists prefer to adhere to this approach, since only it takes into account all the features with the help of which a particular part of speech is distinguished. It is on the basis of this point of view that the adjective is analyzed today.
How does an adjective change?
The adjective has a number of morphological categories with the help of which it can be changed if necessary. All these categories are dependent on other parts of speech; the ending of an adjective is a universal morpheme that can indicate inflectional categories.
Adjectives change according to gender, number and case, and when the word becomes plural, the gender disappears as unnecessary. Most often, the inflectional categories of an adjective can be clarified using its ending in combination with the ending of a noun. Sometimes it happens that an adjective is used with and at the end it is not possible to obtain complete information about the word. In this case, the meaning of the gender, number and case of the noun will depend on the ending of the adjective. The number of the adjective plays an important role here, since it affects all indicators at once.
Short and long forms of adjectives
Most adjectives have a short and a long form. During the existence of the Old Church Slavonic (Old Russian) language, short forms had priority, but now the situation has changed exactly the opposite.
Adjectives in their full form are most often placed before a noun, in which case they play the role of a determiner in a sentence. If the full adjective appears after a noun, it is most often a nominal part of a compound nominal predicate. If there is no verb in the sentence, the adjective takes on the role of the predicate.
Most often they are located after the noun, in this case they play the role of the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate. If a sentence has a predicate expressed by a verb, a short adjective can play the function of a separate agreed definition.
Short forms of adjectives (qualitative)
Some high-quality adjectives have retained their short form, these are remnants of active use this phenomenon in Old Russian language. These forms usually denote temporary features that may be applicable to a particular situation, in addition, they can convey a softened categorical assessment of a particular feature.
The short form is formed using the stems of full adjectives, to which gender endings should be added. When forming short masculine adjectives, an alternation of the letters “o” and “e” with a zero sound may appear; this phenomenon is a consequence of the fall of the reduced ones.
It is important to be able to distinguish short forms from truncated adjectives, which are actively used in folklore and fiction. Short adjectives can only be qualitative and change only in gender and number; they are most often used in postposition in relation to a noun.
Adjective categories
To understand how an adjective changes, it is necessary to touch upon its lexical and grammatical categories. Qualitative adjectives can denote the qualities of people, objects and animals, color characteristics, and also give overall assessment any phenomenon referred to in the sentence.
Relative adjectives are distinguished by the fact that they express the attribute of an object indirectly, through their relationship to an object or some action. They are used to indicate attitudes toward persons, animals, objects, actions, concepts, places, times and numbers. Lexical meaning is conveyed using special suffixes.
Possessive adjectives are the most difficult category. In the broad sense of the word, it includes adjectives with possessive suffixes, in in the narrow sense- a part of speech must simultaneously have two characteristics - a suffix and an individual affiliation with a person or thing.
How to analyze an adjective?
Morphological analysis of an adjective is a fairly simple procedure that can be completed in a few minutes. The analysis scheme works the same for both school and university levels, so it will not cause any difficulties or additional hassle. If necessary, you can consult linguistic reference books.
In the analysis it is necessary to indicate: word form, whether the word form belongs to a part of speech, categorical meaning, initial form+ a question for her and a semantic question. Next, you need to indicate all lexical and grammatical indicators and the type of declension (with indicators). For qualitative adjectives, you will need to indicate comparatives and short forms (with evidence in the form of indicators). Next, it is necessary to note by what nominal indicators the adjective agrees with number, case), and indicate its syntactic function in the sentence.
Unstressed endings of adjectives
Quite often a situation arises when it is very difficult to check, since it is unstressed. In this case, you will need to use a whole series of questions (which one? which one? which one? which one? which ones?). You should also remember about exceptions - adjectives ending in “-y”, “-e”, “-ya”, “-iy”, in most forms they have a soft sign before the ending: rabbit, rabbit, rabbit.
The exception is the nominative and accusative case singular masculine. If the adjective was formed from the name of a month, the soft sign will be preserved: July - July.
How is an adjective learned?
Previously, the deadline for learning the adjective (3rd grade) did not suit everyone, which is why children today learn about parts of speech much earlier than previous generations. An adjective is much easier to learn because it is closely related to another part of speech - a noun, and even has similar grammatical indicators.
To learn how an adjective changes, you need to make every effort in class and listen carefully to your teacher. However, if a child accidentally missed a lesson and it is now very difficult for him to catch up, he can open any reference book from large quantity scientific literature and find the answer to the question that interests him. The answer in this case may not always be correct, and this must be taken into account when searching.
In the university format, the adjective is studied much more deeply, but a small number of hours are provided for its development, which will help the student repeat only a basic understanding of this part of speech. However, university students have access to libraries and can easily and quickly find the information they need.
Only qualitative adjectives have a short form. Short adjectives differ from full adjectives in certain morphological features (they do not change by case, they only have gender and number forms) and syntactic role (they are predicates in a sentence). For example: Molchalin was so stupid before! (Gr.). Short adjectives act as definitions only in individual phraseological units (across the world; on bare feet; in broad daylight, etc.) or in works of oral folk art (a good fellow, a beautiful maiden).
Short adjectives, having lost the ability to change by case and, as a rule, acting as a predicate, sometimes acquire a new lexical meaning that differs from the meanings of full adjectives.
The adjectives prominent and visible, right and right, capable and able, etc. can have different meanings. Moreover, such adjectives as much, nadoben, glad and some others are used only in a short form: Hello, Balda little man, what kind of rent do you need? (P.), Is handsome Lel good at singing? (A. Ostr.).
The adjective must is used in certain phraseological units in its full form: in due measure, properly, etc., but has a different meaning.
In modern Russian, short adjectives are formed from full ones. In the singular, gender endings are: for the masculine gender - zero ending (strong - strong, new - new, skinny - skinny, etc.); for the feminine gender the ending is -a (strong, new, skinny); for the neuter gender - the ending -o, -e (strong, new, thinner). In the plural there are no gender differences: all short adjectives end in -ы, -и (strong, new, skinny).
If the base of a full adjective has two consonant sounds at the end, then when forming short masculine adjectives, a fluent vowel sound o or e sometimes appears between them (sharp - sharp, eternal - eternal, etc.). Short forms are also formed from full adjectives in -н and -ні (-ні, -ніні). IN masculine they end in -en or -nen (red - red, honest - honest, muddy - muddy, hungry - hungry and modern - modern, fragrant - fragrant).
If the short form of adjectives is formed from passive participles in -nny, then it ends in -en (-an, -yan) (sure - sure, used - used).
There are fluctuations in the use of these forms. For example, along with the form in -en, forms in -enen are also used (natural and natural, related and related). Forms in -en are more productive for the modern Russian language.
In modern Russian there are no short forms:
- 1. Qualitative adjectives, which are relative in origin, as evidenced by their word-formation connections with nouns: fraternal, tragic, comradely, enemy, friendly, blood, whole, efficient, slanderous, free, fighting, draft, advanced, etc.
- 2. Adjectives that are part of terminological names of a qualitative nature: deep rear, fast train, urgent mail, etc.
- 3. Some polysemous adjectives in their individual meanings. For example: glorious in the meaning of “pleasant, good”: Nice song, matchmaker! (G.); round in the meaning “full”: The prince’s second misfortune was his round loneliness (Ch.); bitter in the meaning of “unhappy”: Nothing, Polya, you’re laughing at your happiness, bitter widow (Trenev); poor in the meaning of “unfortunate”: Ah, poor Snow Maiden, savage, come to me, I will take care of you (A. Ostr.) and some others. These same adjectives, which have a different meaning, can also have a short form. For example, glorious in the meaning of “famous, worthy of glory”: Kochubey is rich and famous... (P.); round in the meaning of “having the shape of a ball”: She [Olga] is round, red-faced... (P.); bitter in the sense of “sharply unpleasant to taste”: Without me, chaos begins in the house: this is not so; the other is not for you; Either the coffee is bitter, or lunch is late... (A. Ost.); poor in the sense of “having a lack of something”: Her [Gorchakova’s] low voice was dull and poor in shades (Shol.); poor in the meaning of “inexpensive, wretched”: The candle sadly and somehow blindly illuminates the room. Its furnishings are poor and bare... (S.-Shch.).
- 4. Adjectives with the suffix -l-, formed from verbs and retaining a connection with them: experienced, emaciated, backward, skillful, etc. The short forms of such adjectives would coincide with the past tense forms of the verb: experienced, emaciated, behind, able. When they lose connection with verbs, adjectives gain the opportunity to form short forms: flabby - flabby, dull - dull, etc.
- 5. Individual adjectives that receive the meaning of an enhanced degree of quality (without changing the main lexical meaning), with the prefixes pre- and raz- and with the suffixes -ush-, -yush-, -enn-: kind, very smart, cheerful, thin, hefty and others.
Short forms of qualitative adjectives differ from truncated adjectives, i.e. those that are formed by cutting off the final vowel of the full form. Wed, for example: The fields were covered with gloomy night (Lom.). - My soul is gloomy (L.). The first adjective is truncated, the stress in it falls on the base, in a sentence it performs the function of a determiner (like all truncated adjectives in general). The second adjective is short, the emphasis in it falls on the ending, and it acts as a predicate. Truncated forms were widely used in the poetic language of the 18th-19th centuries.
