Sore eyes after general anesthesia. Causes of visual impairment: various situations

The effect of anesthesia on the human body and its consequences are always taken into account and evaluated in conjunction with the risks of refusing surgery. If it is possible to avoid surgery under anesthesia (there are other methods of treatment), then it is quite clear that it is better to do this. But when the refusal of surgical intervention can entail much more consequences than the influence of anesthetics, then there is only one way out in this situation. In any case, this issue is decided by the patient's attending physician and the anesthesiologist.

How does general anesthesia affect the human body?

Complete loss of consciousness and sensation is a method that is used only in the most difficult and lengthy operations, when it is impossible otherwise. How does anesthesia affect the human body: he loses consciousness, while all the muscles completely relax, which makes it possible to perform an operation and avoid pain shock to the patient.

General anesthesia is divided into three types:

• Intramuscular.

Which one will be used during the operation, only the anesthesiologist decides - he focuses on the picture of the patient's illness. It is this doctor who selects a unique formula of drugs for each patient in order to put the patient to sleep, prevent the development of pain shock, and with minimal discomfort, bring him out of sleep.

Almost every patient is concerned about how anesthesia affects the human body. Its main action is to “turn off” the brain. In medicine, there is even a special term that characterizes the effect on the brain - postoperative cognitive dysfunction. It manifests itself with the following symptoms:

• Memory impairment.
• Deterioration to learning.
• A strong decrease in concentration.

These symptoms may last up to a year after surgery. More details on how can be found in another article.

What is the effect of general anesthesia after surgery?

Considering that the brain is the engine of our body, how can shutting it down affect other organs and senses?

Does anesthesia affect vision?

There is no influence on the eyes themselves, but on the connection of the brain with what a person sees, influence is possible. A person sees a picture that is transmitted to our “processor”, and then processing takes place. Considering that the impact general anesthesia on the human body comes down to “turning off the processor”, that is, the brain, then it needs time to get its work back on track after such a reboot. The first days after the “shutdown”, blurry vision is possible, even sometimes blindness. But these symptoms usually go away within a couple of weeks.

The effect of anesthesia on the nervous system

It is noted that more than 80% of patients become nervous after surgery. Even after a few months, they may be haunted by panic attacks.

The effect of anesthesia on the human psyche

Many patients experience hallucinations after surgery. It doesn't last long, but it still happens frequently. Such a consequence often occurs after very long operations, when the brain has been in sleep mode for a very long time.

How it affects the kidneys, liver and heart

It's worth knowing that Negative consequences may be for the kidneys, liver and heart. What is anesthesia? These are the strongest chemicals. Therefore, there is a tremendous effect on the kidneys, because it is they who must remove this drug from the body. In most cases, such general anesthesia is contraindicated in people with kidney failure.

Unfortunately, the answer to the question - does anesthesia affect the liver, is positive too. This organ is a filter, which accounts for the brunt of drugs. There are even special diets that are used after such anesthesia in order to minimize the risks to the liver and quickly bring it back to normal.

Also, such manipulation is extremely poorly tolerated by the cardiovascular system. There may be strong pressure surges, rapid pulse. More details on how can be found on our website.

How does anesthesia affect the body of a child

Before the operation, parents are always worried about the question of whether anesthesia affects the health of children. Unfortunately yes. Many studies have been conducted and they have confirmed that general anesthesia has a strong effect on the nervous system of children, and can also lead to the death of some cells in the brain. At a very early age, such manipulations can lead to inhibition of development. Some children may fall behind their peers, but usually catch up quickly afterwards.

Therefore, doing something to a child under general anesthesia is possible only in the most critical cases. The more developed the child is, the older, the greater the chance that the operation will bring a minimum of negative consequences.

Prevention of complications

About how anesthesia affects the body, it becomes clear after talking with the anesthesiologist. But the question is - is it possible to minimize the risks? There are some simple rules:

• A week before surgery, refuse heavy food. Eliminate all fatty, smoked and fried foods.
• Exclude alcohol and smoking.
• Do not take any additional painkillers.
• Set yourself up for a positive outcome. Psychological attitude The patient is very important both for himself and for the doctor.
• After the operation, follow a special diet, which is aimed at facilitating the work of the liver, and improving brain function. After all, there may be memory problems after surgery. How, you can read with us. Therefore, it is important to stimulate the brain.

These simple axioms will help you undergo surgery with the least risks and complications.

Conclusion

How anesthesia affects the human body is one of the most common questions an anesthesiologist has. Almost 90% are not afraid of the operation itself, but of general anesthesia. Yes, there are risks, but most often they are not commensurate with the risk of refusing the operation. The main effect is on the brain, liver and kidneys. Therefore, after the intervention, memory problems, panic attacks, nausea, and pain are possible. Anesthesia Particularly detrimental to young children, therefore, if possible, they try not to do operations under general anesthesia.

It is worth knowing that anesthesia does not affect life expectancy in any way. It used to be thought that it takes 5 years, but this is just a myth. In practice, this hypothesis could not be proved.

I created this project to plain language tell you about anesthesia and anaesthesia. If you received an answer to your question and the site was useful to you, I will be glad to support it, it will help to further develop the project and compensate for the costs of its maintenance.

Strabismus can be congenital in nature, and also occur as a result of various factors. And although some consider strabismus only an aesthetic problem, in fact, this pathology can provoke the formation of many unpleasant consequences. It is very important for the patient not only to diagnose the disease in a timely manner, but also to start solving this problem as early as possible. Strabismus surgery is a radical and effective method.

Strabismus and its consequences

Strabismus is diagnosed in the presence of existing deviations in the parallelism of the visual axis of the eyes. More often, the patient mows only one eye. In some cases, the deviation is symmetrical. There are several types of strabismus and there are also several ways to solve the problem: wearing special glasses, turning off one eye organ, surgery.

Important: Most specialists are inclined to ensure that surgical intervention is performed in extreme cases. To begin with, it is recommended to try conservative methods of correcting strabismus.

What threatens strabismus? Complete loss of vision of the eye organ, which has deviations. In this case, the brain stops receiving three-dimensional images, and the images do not correspond to each other. Nervous system gradually blocks the data received from the defective eye organ. His muscle tone begins to be lost. The functioning of the eye deteriorates over time, and amblyopia develops in 50% of cases.

Reasons for the formation of strabismus

Strabismus can be acquired or congenital. The formation of each of them has its own causes of occurrence. Eg.

Acquired strabismus

Most often, this type of strabismus develops in children before they reach six months. A significant role in this case is played by the existing diseases that provoked such a side effect. But episodes of the development of strabismus are also frequent in the older secular category. Most common causes development of acquired strabismus:

• strabismus as a result of sharply impaired vision with astigmatism, farsightedness, and myopia;
• refractive errors in the eye can be provoked by developing cataracts or glaucoma, and as a result, strabismus is formed;
• paralysis of the eye muscles can cause psychological disorders, as well as somatic diseases(as an example: neurosyphilis, encephalitis);
• a mild degree of strabismus can be provoked by circulatory disorders and sudden pressure surges, and if the pathology is ignored, disability;
• Experts also consider such childhood diseases as scarlet fever and measles to be provoking factors in the development of strabismus.

Important: In the case when the child had a predisposition to strabismus, the pathology can manifest itself as a complication after suffering diphtheria or influenza.

Strabismus can develop in preschool children after a strong fright, and also as a result of psychological trauma. These reasons for the development of pathology were also recorded in older patients. Although in rarer cases.

congenital type of strabismus

In practice, congenital strabismus is very rare. It is even rarer to find it in pure form i.e. immediately after the baby is born. The manifestation of pathology in the first six months of a baby's life is established as infantile. More often in a newborn, imaginary strabismus is observed. Toddlers of this age are unable to accurately focus their eyes, and at the same time it seems that the child is developing a pathology.

Interesting: Imaginary strabismus can also be observed in adults when a person is in a state of extreme intoxication.

Infantile strabismus is often formed with genetic disorders and during the period when the fetus is still in the womb. This can be caused by such diseases: cerebral palsy, Crouzon or Down syndrome, as well as hereditary predisposition. In cases with heredity, one of the baby's relatives also has similar deviations.

At risk are babies whose mothers suffered during pregnancy infectious diseases, used narcotic drugs, as well as medicines without the appointment of specialists.

Is strabismus surgery the only solution to the problem?

The operation to eliminate strabismus refers to radical methods for solving the problem. Immediately after the diagnosis, the specialist will offer conservative methods of treatment, which are more gentle methods. It can be special glasses. Their task is to force both eye organs to focus on one point. Over time, the muscles of the damaged eye are developed. The pathology is gradually corrected.

If the patient mows one organ, the procedure of "turning off the eye organ" may be offered. For these purposes, a special bandage is placed on a healthy eye. Thus, the brain begins to receive an image only from a diseased organ. Muscles gradually develop and the pathology is corrected.

Surgery is recommended in more advanced cases. It cannot guarantee the complete restoration of lost vision, but it allows to achieve a more symmetrical relationship between the eye organs. More often, young people agree to the operation, for whom it is very important to have no external defects.

Indications for the operation

1. The patient used all conservative methods of treatment, but no improvements were achieved (or they were not achieved to the maximum extent).
2. The patient wants to eliminate cosmetic defects as soon as possible. Conservative treatment can last several months or even years.
3. The patient is severely handicapped. The doctor considered it more expedient to first restore vision with the help of surgical intervention, and only then apply conservative methods to fix or improve the previously obtained result.

Important: The operation may be contraindicated only in cases where the patient has individual characteristics, which are previously negotiated with their specialist.

There are also some age restrictions. For example, the optimal age for surgery is considered to be 4-5 years old for a child. Younger patients may be denied. An exception is the congenital form of strabismus, which is corrected in 2-3 years. It is explained simply. After the operation, the patient must adhere to a special regimen and perform special exercises. Children under 4 years old will not be able to do this consciously and independently. The chances that the pathology will return are significantly increased.

Principles and types of surgical intervention to eliminate strabismus

Surgical intervention to correct strabismus is carried out by several types of operations. Sometimes a specialist picks one best option for this situation, but more often during the operation several types are combined with each other. More about each type.

1. Muscle recession involves the cutting off of tissues from the place of its physiological attachment. After clipping, the muscle is sutured. The specialist selects the optimal place for its future fastening. It can be a tendon, as well as a sclera. As a result, the fiber shifts back and its action weakens. If the fiber is displaced forward, the action of the muscles, on the contrary, is enhanced.
2. The operation of myectomy involves similar manipulations with cutting off the muscle. The difference from the previous type is the absence of a suturing procedure.
3. Less trauma to the eye organ can be achieved with the Faden operation. In this case, manipulations with cutting off the muscle are not performed. The fabric is immediately sutured to the sclera. This procedure uses non-absorbable sutures.
4. If the muscle is weakened and its action needs to be strengthened, a shortening operation is used. During surgery, part of the muscle is removed.
5. A different type of operation will help to get a similar effect. It involves creating a fold between the tendon and the muscle. It is possible that this fold is formed inside the body of the muscle itself.

Any of the selected operations to correct strabismus is carried out in compliance with the main principles. Correction must be gradual. The operation is performed on only one eye organ. On the second, the procedure is repeated after a few months (approximately 3-6). Although with a small mowing angle, the surgeon may decide to correct both eyes simultaneously, but this is often the exception.

Features of the operation

If the patient has severe strabismus, surgery is performed in several stages. The fact is that it is undesirable to carry out the operation on more than two muscles at a time.

Lengthening or shortening of the muscle must be carried out evenly from all sides. For example, if the muscle on the right is reduced in size, then on the left it must necessarily increase. In this case, the dimensions of excision and increase are necessarily identical.

Observing all the main principles of surgical intervention, the specialist tries to preserve the connection between the eyeball and the operated muscle as much as possible.

For adult patients, the correction is performed under local anesthesia. At the end of the procedure, a bandage is applied to the patient. You can go home after a few hours. For children (of any age), general anesthesia is always used. Without fail, the child is hospitalized for a day, but cases with a longer stay in the hospital are not excluded.

Those who have the opportunity to correct the pathology in foreign clinics should pay attention to German and Israeli specialists. Their approach to such a correction is more radical. Almost all types of pathologies are corrected in one go. Another plus is the possibility of carrying out the operation for babies up to a year old.

Recovery period

Although the operation to correct strabismus is performed on the same day and the patient is immediately released home, this does not mean that there is no rehabilitation period. For a quick recovery binocular vision it will take some time to adhere to certain recommendations of the doctor and perform special exercises for the eyes.

The first day after the operation, the eye organ will hurt, slightly redden and inflamed. This is the natural state. Also possible short-term visual impairment. During this period, each of your movements must be controlled, since any attempts to touch the eye can only end in increasing pain.

Important: Restoration of the tissues of the eye organ and binocular vision occurs after a month. Most patients see a double picture all the time. If after this period the vision is not restored, you need to contact an ophthalmologist.

In children, the adaptation period is significantly reduced. The main thing is to perform the exercises prescribed by a specialist and visit an ophthalmologist.

For active recovery, a specialist may recommend using special corrective glasses, as well as from time to time to cover a healthy eye. This will help create a load on the operated organ. Muscles will develop faster and gain the desired rate.

What complications should be expected after surgery

The most common complication that occurs in medical practice after surgery to eliminate strabismus - hypercorrection. It is formed with excessive lengthening or sewing in of the muscles of the eye organ. The main reasons for this undesirable effect:

• surgeon's mistake;
• wrong preliminary calculations;
• the natural growth of the patient, which affects the increase in the size of the eye organ.

Recently, experts have found the best way to minimize the risk of such complications. Increasingly, operations are performed with not cutting, but sewing in muscle folds. At the same time, the superimposed suture is regulated and the undesirable effect can be corrected in a minimally invasive way.

The formation of a rough scar at the site of muscle cut-off and its subsequent sewing. This method of surgical intervention deprives muscle tissue of mobility and elasticity, which are partially replaced by fibrous tissue. The only alternative to this moment is a reduction in the size of the excised area.

Strabismus returns (recurs) after a while. This complication most often occurs through the fault of the patient himself, who neglects to comply with all the rules in the postoperative period. In children, a relapse can occur due to a sharp increase in the load on the eye organ. For example, surgery to correct strabismus was performed at the age of five or six, and after a couple of months the child began to attend school.

The most serious, but very rare complication is injury during surgery. vagus nerve, which is responsible for the work of the lungs, organs of the gastrointestinal tract and muscles of the heart.

Patient reviews

Basically, a lot of negative feedback can be heard from parents who decided to have their child operated on in domestic clinics. They justify their dissatisfaction with the following comments.

1. In most clinics, there is no individual approach to each patient and the existing problem.
2. The refusal of specialists to carry out surgery at an early age, and the delay for a small patient turns into a progression of the disease and deterioration of vision.
3. Basically, all clinics use outdated methods and equipment during surgery and diagnostics. This does not make it possible to get a 100% result from the first operation. Correction of strabismus is performed with insufficient results and after a while it is necessary to carry out repeated surgical interventions.
4. There are few specialists in this profile, which greatly limits patients' choice.

Most parents note only temporary positive result. As soon as it starts academic year and the child goes to school, the vision begins to fall again, and the strabismus returns. This is explained by the increased load on the eyes. Many children refuse to wear special corrective glasses at school. So that classmates do not laugh, they secretly take them off and hide them from adults. Less time is devoted to special exercises. All these negative factors lead to the fact that young people decide on a second operation only after finishing school.

Important: The older the patient, the less successful the strabismus surgery is.

How much does a strabismus surgery cost?

The cost of strabismus surgery varies from clinic to clinic. For example, if this is a state institution and the child is a minor, the operation can be performed free of charge. Free treatment will be for adults, but only for those who have a compulsory medical insurance policy. It is worth noting that some private clinics also work with compulsory health insurance. The operation itself will be free, but may be necessary Additional services that will need to be paid.

In the case of other private clinics, here the price can vary within 20,000 thousand rubles. The price fluctuates depending on the availability of modern equipment in the institution, the professionalism of the doctor, the complexity of the operation itself, etc.

Patients who are thinking of going to a German or Israeli clinic will have to count on an amount of about 7 thousand euros. But there is also one caveat. Contacting a foreign clinic through an intermediary will increase in price (about 2 times).

What brands of contact lenses do you know?

Eye surgery to correct strabismus

Often, surgery for strabismus does not immediately restore normal vision. Many will agree that it is a pity to look at a young pretty girl or child squinting. Without this cosmetic defect, everything would be fine. In addition, ophthalmologists recommend trying conservative treatments for strabismus before going under the knife.

What is strabismus or strabismus

Strabismus is a pathology in which one, both, or alternately the right and left eyes deviate from the normal position when looking directly. When a person looks at an object, the information received by each eye is slightly different, but visual analyzer in the cortical region of the brain, everything unites. With strabismus, the pictures are very different, so the brain ignores the frame from the squinting eye. The prolonged existence of strabismus leads to amblyopia - a reversible functional decrease in vision, when one eye is practically (or completely) not involved in the visual process.

Strabismus can be congenital or acquired. Newborns often have a floating or squinting gaze, especially after a difficult birth. Treatment by a neurologist can relieve or alleviate symptoms birth injury. Another reason may be an abnormal development or improper attachment of the oculomotor muscles (see Fig. 1).

Acquired strabismus occurs as a result of:

infectious disease: influenza, measles, scarlet fever, diphtheria, etc.; somatic diseases; injuries; sharp drop vision of one eye; nearsightedness, farsightedness, high astigmatism and medium degree; stress or severe fear; paresis or paralysis; diseases of the central nervous system.

How to get rid of strabismus

Strabismus corrects:

wearing special glasses; a series of exercises for the eyes; wearing a bandage covering one eye; surgery to correct strabismus.

Non-permanent strabismus, when sometimes it mows the right or left eye, they try to correct it by wearing a bandage. Quite often, long-term use of specially designed glasses helps. Focusing exercises are recommended for almost all patients with strabismus. If all of the above methods did not correct vision, an operation is performed to correct strabismus. This type of surgery is performed both in infancy and in adulthood.

Types of operations to correct strabismus

The following types of strabismus occur in children and adults:

• horizontal - converging and diverging relative to the bridge of the nose;
• vertical;
• combination of two types.

Doctors encounter convergent strabismus more often than divergent strabismus. Together with converging strabismus, the patient may have farsightedness. People who are nearsighted usually have divergent strabismus.

During the operation can be carried out:

amplifying type operation; debilitating operation.

In loosening surgery, the eye muscles are transplanted slightly further away from the cornea, which deflects the eyeball in the opposite direction.

During augmentation surgery, a small piece of the eye muscle is removed, which leads to its shortening. Then this muscle is sewn to the same place. Surgery to correct strabismus involves shortening and weakening of the necessary muscles, which restores the balance of the eyeball. The operation is performed on one or both eyes. The microsurgeon determines the type of surgical intervention when the patient is in a completely relaxed state on the operating table.

In some clinics, the operation is performed under local anesthesia only for adults. and in others, all patients are given general anesthesia. Depending on age, health status and other factors, mask (laryngeal), endotracheal anesthesia is performed using muscle relaxants or an alternative type of anesthesia.

It is important that during surgery the eyeball is motionless and there is no tone in the muscles, because the surgeon conducts a special test: he assesses the degree of restriction of eye movements by moving it in different directions.

An adult can go home after the operation on the same day. The child also needs preliminary hospitalization. Most often, mothers are in the hospital with children, and discharge occurs the next day after the operation. Recovery period takes about 14 days. After discharge, the patient extends the sick leave or certificate in his clinic.

It should be noted that in 10-15% of cases, strabismus is not completely eliminated and a second operation may be necessary. Surgery with adjustable sutures helps to reduce the failure rate. After waking up the patient, the doctor after a while checks the condition of the eyes under local anesthesia. If there are deviations, he slightly tightens the knots of the seams and only then finally fixes them. All types of operations are performed with fully absorbable suture material.

In adults who have lived a significant time with strabismus, sometimes double vision after surgery, because the brain has lost the habit of perceiving the binocular image. If before the operation the doctor determined a high probability of developing double vision, the correction of strabismus is done in two stages so that the brain can gradually adapt.

Operation

A few days before surgery, you need to take blood tests, do an ECG and consult with some specialists. Do not eat for 8 hours before the operation. If it is scheduled for the morning, you can have dinner, and if in the afternoon, then a light breakfast is allowed. The child and mother are admitted to the hospital a couple of days before the operation. The procedure is performed under general anesthesia. The operation itself lasts 30-40 minutes, then the patient is taken out of anesthesia and transferred to the ward. All this time there is a bandage on the eye. After the operated patient has completely recovered from anesthesia, the surgeon examines him in the afternoon. He opens the bandage, checks the eye, instills special drops and closes it again. After that, adults are allowed to go home with detailed recommendations: what drugs to take, how to bury the eye, and when to come for a second examination. The bandage on the eye is left until the next morning. A week later, you need to come for an examination, where the doctor will assess the healing rate and the condition of the eye. The final assessment of the position of the eyes is carried out after 2-3 months.

A few weeks after the operation, special anti-inflammatory drops and (if necessary) antihistamines are used. The eye will be red and swollen. Sometimes the next morning the eye will stick together due to accumulated pus. No need to be scared: it is washed with warm boiled water or sterile saline. For a couple of days, the eyes will be very watery and sore, it will also seem that there are motes in the eye. The stitches dissolve on their own after 6 weeks.

Within a month after surgery, you need to carefully protect the eye. You can not swim, be in dusty rooms and play sports. Children at school are exempted from physical education for six months.

A month after the operation, you need to undergo a course of treatment. To return the binocular ability to see and recognize the correct picture, you need to undergo special hardware treatment at the medical center. Some clinics have the Amblicor complex, developed by specialists from the Institute of the Brain. Treatment on this device is a computer video training. It helps to overcome the skill of suppressing the vision of one eye. While watching a cartoon or movie, the patient is continuously taking EEG of the visual cortex of the brain and readings about the work of the eyes. If a person sees with two eyes, the film continues, and if only with one, it stops. Thus, the brain is trained to perceive the image from both eyes.

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Anesthesia during strabismus surgery - medical article, news, lecture

Strabismus is visually defined as a deviation of the axis of the eyeball. The disease predominantly affects children (2-5% of the child population). Strabismus may involve one or both eyeballs, turning inward, outward, up, or down. Although the correction can be done at any age, the results of operations at an early age are better, with the most positive results usually obtained in children under 6 years of age, especially those under 2 years of age. Surgery is only one of the possible ways to treat strabismus. Other methods include wearing special glasses or an eye patch. Strabismus surgery involves extraocular interventions that involve repositioning the eye muscles that cause the deviation. The operation can be performed on one or both sides.

Anesthesia for strabismus surgery

Strabismus correction is the most common operation in pediatric eye surgery. It is usually performed under general anesthesia (always in children), although local anesthesia can sometimes be used successfully in adults. There are several ways to perform general anesthesia in strabismus surgery. Usually, endotracheal anesthesia with muscle relaxants is used, but the use of a laryngeal mask (LM) for anesthesia is also quite popular. During surgery, it is very important that the eye remains still. This is because the surgeon needs a complete absence of muscle tone to perform a forced duction test (FDT). It includes an assessment of the mechanical limitation of the movements of the eyeball through its forced movement in the direction of all fields of view, performed by grasping the sclera near the edge of the cornea with two tweezers. This test allows the surgeon to differentiate myoparalytic restriction of eyeball movements from mechanical. Due to the fact that muscle tone can vary widely depending on the depth of anesthesia, some surgeons prefer to perform the operation under the influence of muscle relaxants.

Preoperative preparation for strabismus surgery

It is enough for children to carry out premedication with paracetamol 20 mg per kg, while prior consent of the parents should be obtained. rectal application NSAIDs in candles. In older children who are scheduled to undergo surgery under general anesthesia, routine studies are performed. Premedication is performed using glycopyrrolate (200 µg in adults, 5 µg/kg in children), which can reduce salivation, which is especially useful when using a laryngeal mask (LM). The drug also helps to reduce the frequency of the oculocardial reflex.

Induction anesthesia for strabismus surgery

Tactics depend on whether the patient will be under the influence of muscle relaxants or breathing spontaneously through a laryngeal mask (LM).

Most often, intravenous induction is performed with fentanyl or alfentanil in combination with propofol or thiopental. Induction with the inhalational anesthetics halothane or sevoflurane can also be used with success, especially in children. younger age.

The choice between a laryngeal mask (LM) and tracheal intubation depends on several factors. Given that the laryngeal mask (LM) is more likely to develop problems in young children, some anesthesiologists prefer to use endotracheal anesthesia in them. Usually, when using a laryngeal mask (LM), the patient breathes spontaneously, although mechanical ventilation is also possible. In the latter case, an increase in inspiratory pressure (more than 15 cm of water column) should be avoided in order to minimize the possibility of inflating the stomach with air. The use of a reinforced laryngeal mask (LM) is more likely to give positive results than the use of a traditional laryngeal mask (LM). A common contraindication for the use of a laryngeal mask (LM) is uncontrolled reflux. It should also be remembered that during surgical interventions for strabismus, access to the airways is difficult, so you should make sure that the patency is reliable. respiratory tract until the patient is covered. To ensure tracheal intubation (usually reinforced tubes are used - RAE), it is preferable to use non-depolarizing muscle relaxants, rather than suxamethonium. There are two reasons for this. First, the patient after administration of suxamethonium has a prolonged increase in extraocular muscle tone, which interferes with the FDT test. This effect lasts approximately 15-20 minutes. Secondly, a patient undergoing strabismus surgery may be at risk of developing malignant hyperthermia.

Maintenance of anesthesia during strabismus surgery

Strabismus correction usually lasts 60-90 minutes in the supine position. Anesthesia can be maintained with either volatile anesthetics (with or without nitrous oxide) or propofol infusion. Due to the fact that this type of surgery is not very painful, the combination of paracetamol / NSAIDs with fentanyl or alfentanil should be considered an adequate combination. As an adjunct, local anesthesia can be used.

Like all operations in eye surgery, there is a risk of developing an oculocardial reflex (OCR) with this intervention. It is most commonly seen in children or adolescents undergoing strabismus correction. The oculocardial reflex (OCR) is characterized by a marked slowing of the heart rate, the appearance of cardiac arrhythmias in response to extraocular muscle traction or pressure on the eyeball. In extremely rare cases, cardiac arrest may occur. This reflex is mediated by excitation of the vagus and trigeminal nerves. The reflex is more noticeable with sudden and sharp traction than with careful and gradual traction. The intensity of the oculocardial reflex (OCR) decreases with subsequent stimulation. Due to the importance of the oculocardial reflex (OCR), special attention should be paid to the need for its prevention and elimination. Although the dose of glycopyrrolate administered at the time of induction (200 mcg in adults, 5 mcg/kg in children) provides some protection against the oculocardial reflex (OCR), it cannot be completely eliminated in all patients. Usually premedication with glycopyrrolate avoids the need for subsequent administration of anticholinergic drugs (atropine). If the patient exhibits a marked oculocardial reflex (OCR) with bradycardia or arrhythmias, atropine is the rescue drug of choice. In such situations, the surgeon must be informed, and releasing traction will help return the heart rate to its original level. Side effects associated with the administration of anticholinergic drugs, such as dry mouth and tachycardia, should also be taken into account.

Simple tricks like extra usage local anesthetics and exclusion of hypercapnia are also able to reduce the incidence of oculocardial reflex (OCR).

Postoperative management during strabismus surgery

As mentioned earlier, strabismus surgery is not a painful procedure. In this regard, you can stop using opioids. This will reduce the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Their appearance is especially typical for strabismus correction operations, and therefore the question of the prophylactic administration of antiemetic drugs should be considered.

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Strabismus

The ultimate goal in strabismus surgery is to restore a symmetrical (or as close to symmetrical) eye position as possible. Such operations, depending on the situation, can be performed both in adulthood and in children.

Types of operations to correct strabismus

In general, surgeries for strabismus are of two types. The first type of operations is aimed at easing excessively tense oculomotor muscle. An example of such operations is recession (crossing the muscle at the place of its attachment and moving it in such a way as to weaken its action), partial myotomy (partial excision of part of the muscle fibers), muscle plastic (for the purpose of lengthening). The second type of operations is aimed at strengthening the action of a weakened oculomotor muscle. An example of operations of the second type is resection (excision of a section of a weakened muscle near the site of attachment, followed by fixation of the shortened muscle), tenorrhaphy (shortening of the muscle by forming a fold in the area of ​​the muscle tendon), anteposition (moving the place of fixation of the muscle in order to enhance its action).

Often, a combination of the above types of surgery (recession + resection) is used during surgery to correct strabismus. If there is residual strabismus after surgery that does not self-correct, a second operation may be required, which is usually performed after 6 to 8 months.

In order to achieve maximum efficiency during the operation to correct strabismus, it is necessary to adhere to several basic principles.

1. Excessive forcing of the process of surgical correction of strabismus often leads to unsatisfactory results. Therefore, all manipulations should be done in doses (if necessary, in several stages).

2. If it is necessary to weaken or strengthen individual muscles, dosed surgical intervention should be distributed evenly.

3. During the operation on a certain muscle, it is necessary to maintain its connection with the eyeball.

High-tech strabismus surgery:

Specialists of children's eye clinics have developed modern high-tech radio wave surgery with the principles of mathematical modeling.

Advantages of high-tech eye surgery:

1. Operations are less traumatic, thanks to the use of radio waves, eye structures are preserved.
2. There are no terrible edema after the operations, the patient is discharged from the hospital the next day.
3. Operations are accurate.
4. Thanks to the principles of mathematical calculation, we can ensure the highest accuracy and show a guaranteed result of the operation even before it is carried out.
5. The rehabilitation period is reduced by 5-6 times.
6. Relaxing. During such surgery, the place to which the muscle is attached is transplanted at a farther distance from the cornea. Due to this, the influence of the muscle tissue that deviates the eye from the center of the axis is weakened.
7. Reinforcing. Such an operation removes strabismus by excising (shortening) the muscle, while its location remains the same.

It should be noted that what type of surgical intervention will be performed is determined only during treatment by an ophthalmologist.

It takes into account many factors:

patient's age; features of the location of muscle fibers; strabismus angle; general condition and features of eye movement, etc.

Correction in most cases affects several muscle groups at once (especially when it comes to adult patients), and sometimes both eyes require surgical intervention.

If the ophthalmologist decides on a combination of two methods of the operation, then it often takes place in stages.

Features of surgical treatment of strabismus depending on age

Often, surgery to eliminate strabismus in adults is performed under local anesthesia. After it, the patient spends in the clinic under the supervision of medical workers for no more than one day.

The correction made gives a positive result. But in practice, after surgery, unpredictable behavior of muscle fibers is possible, which can lead to residual strabismus. In adult patients, this occurs more often, therefore, it is often prescribed re-treatment or a set of exercises that are aimed at stabilizing the work of the eye muscles. The next surgery is scheduled no earlier than 6 months later.

In order for the effectiveness of surgical intervention in adults to be the best, a person needs to fulfill a number of conditions:

if the doctor has decided that the correction should be phased, one should not insist on the opposite and rush things; fully adhere to all appointments after the operation, which are given by the medical staff; for adult patients, it is desirable to carry out both weakening and strengthening measures.

Surgical intervention is aimed at correcting the location of the eye, it should not break the connection between the eyeball and muscles.

The most optimal for such a correction in children is the age of 4 to 5 years. Congenital strabismus is characterized by a significant angle of deviation of the eyeball from the center, so surgery can often be prescribed earlier. But the time when the child consciously understands and does the exercises prescribed by the doctor is considered more effective and productive.

Unlike the course of surgical intervention in an adult patient, general anesthesia is used for a child, and the hospitalization period, depending on the condition, can be extended by several days.

Are there complications?

Strabismus surgery, like any other surgical intervention, has its postoperative complications. But it should be noted that the capabilities of modern ophthalmology (minimally invasive and its implementation with a laser) have significantly reduced the possibility of their occurrence.

One of these complications, which in principle is not such, is considered to be residual strabismus. After a successful operation, only 15% of patients from total number such a state may occur.

The intervention itself does not affect visual acuity in any way, since it only affects the muscle group that regulates the movement of the eye.

Of course, it cannot be ruled out that an infection may be introduced during the operation. But in order to avoid this, doctors prescribe antibiotic drops that contribute to normal healing and prevent the development of pathogenic microflora. Therefore, the percentage of such complications is very low.

If in the postoperative period the patient complains of double vision (diplopia), then this condition cannot be called a complication. This is a completely normal condition, which passes with time, and indicates the restructuring of the body and the resumption of binocular vision. In some cases, for faster recovery, the patient is prescribed hardware treatment.

Surgical intervention, which is aimed at correcting strabismus, will help anyone get rid of this aesthetic problem and at the same time will not affect visual acuity in any way. Therefore, you should not be afraid of this.

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A few questions about concomitant strabismus and surgery

Hello. I am 26 years old (almost 27 in a few days).

About a year ago, a friendly strabismus appeared. Until that moment, there was nothing like this, although 5 years ago, during the examination, the doctor found strabismus with a minimal angle, but said that it was insignificant and the vision was binocular, it was not visible visually.

Why it appeared so abruptly - I don’t understand at all, there is only an assumption that this is due to neurology - since childhood I had a disease with tics, which they could not diagnose, I went through a lot of examinations and there was no sense. When he grew up, the tics disappeared. Although occasionally there is a spontaneous twitching of the fingers, for example. And at the time of the onset of strabismus, there was a certain pulsation in the eye, very reminiscent of muscle contraction, and it was more on the healthy eye, which is now dominant. The pulsation then appeared for a long time, only the last few months it disappeared.

I turned to the Excimer center. We conducted a survey, unfortunately, I can’t post its data, because. I don't have it on hand.

The doctor also said that you need to start using the squinting eye, about two hours a day, then the image sharpness will gradually return to it to the level of a strong eye. Although during the examination I saw the smallest letter “sh” with both eyes, but all the same, if with a healthy eye I saw clear contours, then with a squinting eye it was blurry.

1) Is it so that if I wear an eye patch for several hours a day (which, in principle, is not at all problematic for me), then the sharpness will completely return to the squinting eye and at least it will not get worse. Until that time, almost a full od, I used the left eye, and not the squinting one. (maybe this is all too subjective, but I already notice some improvement in sharpness on the squinting eye after I started wearing the bandage).

2) Regarding the bandage, they generally talk about gluing. But I feel so very uncomfortable, and even when the left eye is closed for a long time, and the right eyelid also tries to close all the time, the eye waters. I made a dark bandage with an elastic band. in it the eye is open and a little light comes from below and from the edge, even with peripheral vision silhouettes are slightly visible, but all the same, only the squinting eye works. Is it enough to wear such a bandage? In it, my eyes are open, but I don’t feel much discomfort.

3) Actually about the operation itself. It scares me a little that two eyes will be operated on at once. I do a lot of computer work. Although the doctor said that the visual functions are not affected in any way and the eyes can be used immediately after the operation. But after all, at least they cut the muscles, how am I going to move my eyes, it probably hurts, or am I mistaken? How fast can I work on the same computer?

5) Actually, the main question is, do I need an operation, especially since two of them are apparently required, again in half a year, so they warned me at least. I was told. that after the operation and the passage of 10 days of a hardware course, there is a high probability of obtaining binocular vision. Here I doubt a little how much this is all worth doing at all. The cosmetic effect does not play a role for me (although they warned that further strabismus will only increase due to very low counterrgence, or something like that).

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Operation. What kind of anesthesia is done?

Many people have undergone surgery due to a serious illness or accident. When the operation was performed, most of them had no idea what kind of anesthesia they were doing. But patients who have the right to choose whether to lie down on the operating table or eliminate the problem that has arisen in the body by other methods often think about how doctors will relieve them of pain and, in general, of the perception of an unpleasant procedure. In this case, it is recommended that you contact a professional anesthesiologist. But if you do not have such an opportunity, then I recommend reading this publication to the end in order to have an idea of ​​\u200b\u200bwhat is happening with the patient in the surgical room.

I decided to write this article because I received a letter from one reader of the site posowetuite.ru. She will have an operation, but she does not know what kind of anesthesia is done in this case. Read her post to get an idea of ​​the problem this woman has:

Hello! Tell me, please, the operation to remove a tumor in the mammary gland, under what kind of anesthesia is it better to do it? I went to three doctors, they all say differently ...

As is clear from her appeal, she is disoriented because the doctors give her different answers. I think it would be advisable to address the question of interest to her directly to the anesthesiologist, and preferably to the one who has a lot of experience.

At what age can general anesthesia be done if surgery is necessary?

Before answering a woman's question - what type of anesthesia is done when an operation is performed to eliminate a tumor in the mammary gland, consider the most frequently asked question about the age at which general anesthesia is performed. The answer to it will be the statement - in fact, there are no specific boundaries between the age at which they begin to do general or local anesthesia and when they finish. It may be needed in different situations. Sometimes people have babies who need emergency surgery, and old people end up on the operating table quite often.

The risk of general anesthesia, as well as local anesthesia, is always present. Causes:

Uneducated and inexperienced anesthesiologist;

Wrong dose;

Allergic reaction of the body;

Intolerance to some substances;

Weakness of the heart or any other vital organ.

Therefore, before deciding on an operation, you should ask the doctor or anesthetist to clarify what kind of anesthesia they do, and then demand to determine whether your body is taking those substances that are contained in painkillers. This is almost a guarantee that nothing will happen to you during the surgery and the operation will pass without serious consequences.

For which diseases can anesthesia not be performed if an operation is to be performed?

As mentioned above, agreeing to a surgical intervention, you need to find out at the clinic what type of anesthesia they do. It can be general or local. And only then, you should ask in what cases it is contraindicated. Anesthesiologists believe that if surgery is to be performed, then general anesthesia in children should not be done if the child:

Treated for acute respiratory disease;

Sick of pronounced rickets;

Suffering from hyperthermia of unknown nature;

Has purulent rashes on the skin;

He was vaccinated less than ten days before the operation, in this case it is also important what kind of vaccination he underwent.

In the case of adults, anesthesiologists do not administer anesthesia when:

The patient suffers from neurological and psychiatric diseases;

The patient suffered an acute myocardial infarction a couple of months before the moment when the operation should be performed;

A person has heart rhythm disturbances;

If the patient is suffering from stable or unstable angina;

If the patient has diastolic pressure;

There is severe stenosis of the mitral or aortic valves;

There is uncompensated heart failure;

The patient has an exacerbation bronchial asthma or bronchitis;

The patient is suffering from pneumonia;

The patient has had acute infection respiratory tract.

You probably do not know what kind of anesthesia is done if an operation is performed in the lower part of the body. Usually it is epidural and spinal anesthesia. Contraindications to them are:

Allergy to the anesthetic or its components;

Hypovolemia - reduced filling of vessels with blood, this occurs with dehydration or severe blood loss;

Poor blood clotting;

Increased intracerebral pressure.

It should be clarified that epidural anesthesia is the introduction of a tube through which an anesthetic drug is delivered into the epidural space of the spine. Spinal anesthesia is the anesthesia of the nerves near the spine, with the help of an appropriate medication. Which one the anesthesiologist chooses depends on his preferences and the recommendations of the doctor.

In the case when the operation is performed because it is necessary to save the patient's life, for example, if an accident occurs or the cancer begins to progress, then doctors do not pay attention to contraindications. Indeed, in this case, general anesthesia is simply necessary so that the victim does not die from pain shock. What kind of anesthesia is done in this case, the patient, like his relatives, will not be able to find out. And the point here is that doctors try to react quickly, choosing the lesser of two evils. What can't be blamed on them.

If an operation is planned in which general anesthesia is not performed, but local anesthesia should be performed, then you should know what contraindications there are to the latter. This procedure cannot be carried out for the following reasons:

When there is severe liver disease;

If the operation requires the introduction of an anesthetic in large quantities;

When the patient suffers from epilepsy;

With pseudocholinesterase deficiency.

If at least one of the above is observed in you, and you are going to have an operation, then you need to tell your doctor the information he needs so that the anesthesiologist knows which drug is best to use or which anesthesia to do.

What types of anesthesia are used when the operation is performed?

In this part of the article we will analyze the types of anesthesia. She happens:

1. General. She is an anesthetic. When it is done, consciousness and the reaction of the body to stimuli of any nature are turned off. Usually, after this procedure, the patient does not remember anything about what happened in the surgical room.

2. Regional. These include epidural, spinal and conduction. The first two have been described above. The third is the blockage of nerve transmission in a specific area of ​​the body, which entails pain relief and immobilization, which continue for the duration of the operation.

3. Local. Carrying out it, the anesthesiologist or doctor injects the painkiller into a specific place, because of which it becomes insensitive.

4. Sedation. It is carried out to conduct examinations that can cause pain. Typically, sedation is administered with a small amount of drugs that are used for general anesthesia.

Preparations for anesthesia and anesthesia. Which is better?

Anesthesiologists use a number of drugs to ensure that patients experience pain-free surgery. The most commonly used drugs for anesthesia are listed in this part of the publication. Let's start with inhalation anesthetics. Their list:

Nitrous oxide, also called laughing gas;

Isoflurane;

Sevoflurane;

Desflurane;

Which of them will not harm you, and which one is harmful, only doctors can determine.

There are anesthetics and non-inhalation, that is, drugs that are injected into the body before the operation begins. These include:

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strabismus surgery

Hello! There is an operation for strabismus, how does it go (under the general or local anesthesia?) And will there be bed rest on the first day? When can I walk, work with a computer? Thank you.

Under local anesthesia (injection under the eye). There will be no bed rest. Sit down at the computer whenever you can. During the first week, the operated eye will quickly get tired, watery and afraid of light.

Good afternoon A few years ago I had an operation to correct a strabismus. Then the left eye squinted to the bridge of the nose, and now, on the contrary, to the temple. Both eyes were operated on. Is it possible to put the eyeball in place so that both eyes look straight? Under what kind of anesthesia is the operation performed? Does one of your specialists travel to Perm for consultations? If yes, which clinic? How much does the operation cost? Thank you in advance.

The ability to help can be assessed during a face-to-face consultation, and sometimes only on the operating table. In adults, the correction of strabismus is carried out against the background of an anesthetic injection (local anesthesia). The cost of the operation in our clinic is 10350 rubles. Concerning consultations in your region - to our representative.

Hello! I have surgery to correct my strabismus. Please tell me how it goes. and whether there will be scars after the operation. thank you in advance!

It goes very easy. You are given an anesthetic injection. Cut the conjunctiva. Operated eye muscles are isolated, their attachment sites are shortened or transplanted. The conjunctiva is sutured. And that's it. Scars are not visible 1-2 months after the operation.

Hello! you can find out if adults undergo surgery to correct strabismus under anesthesia.

For adult patients, the operation is performed under local anesthesia (an injection under the eye). With increased anxiety and excitement, sedatives are used. General anesthesia is used as an exception.

hello, I’m 19 years old, my left eye is squinting, they told me how it will be 18 years old, come to Kaluga and have an operation, they didn’t do an operation for my strabismus. they said that the cornea is thin, how is it? how to thicken it? if my cornea remains thin all my life, then I won’t see the operation?

For strabismus surgery, the thickness of the cornea does not matter. You may have been denied laser vision correction. Unfortunately, it is impossible to “increase” the thickness of the cornea with all the desire. For patients with thin corneas, some vision correction techniques such as IntraLasik or Epi-Lasik may be indicated. To determine the possibility of surgical treatment, a face-to-face consultation is necessary.

Hello, here I am 21 years old. I'm going to have an operation to eliminate the concordance of the right eye, but he also sees poorly with me, it can be corrected right away or how.

In principle, one-time execution of such operations is carried out. However, their necessity and possibility will be determined after an internal examination.

Hello. I am 32 years old. My right eye squints to the temple. This gives me great discomfort when dealing with people. Please tell me, is it possible to correct strabismus at this age? What is the percentage of successful operation? What is the price?

Surgery for strabismus is possible. The cost is 12200 rubles. The effectiveness of surgical treatment tends to 95%. Registration for a consultation is on the website.

Hello, I'm 14, I have a strabismus, I would really like to fix it. I went to the hospital and coached him, they glued my eye with which I see well, and with an oblique I followed all sorts of balls. in the end it didn't help. eye squints to the temple. I was told that if you do the operation, the eye can go to the nose. Please tell me if it is possible to make a support and how much it will cost, thank you.

The operation can be done. With the right manipulations on the eye muscles, there will be no hypereffect.

The cost of correcting strabismus in our clinic is 12,800 rubles. Registration for diagnostics and possible operative treatment - on the website.

Hello, I am 18 years old. The left eye has been squinting since 7 months. I wanted to know if an operation to correct strabismus was recommended for me (I was refused to restore my vision). And if so, how long will the effect be? My full diagnosis: “Amblyopia of the highest degree of the left eye. Partial otrophy optic nerve, hypertrophy of the highest degree of the left eye. Descending concomitant strabismus of the left eye. Thank you in advance.

It is possible to correct strabismus. The cosmetic effect, on average, lasts 3-6 years. In case of recurrence, they resort to a second operation.

Hello, I would like to know. Since childhood, strabismus in the left eye. In the 4th grade, the eye magically “slid into place”, but when looking at any objects or looking at a person nearby, the eye runs into a corner. Is it possible to perform an operation in such a situation and what will it consist of?

Source:

Strabismus or strabismus is a shift in the focus of one or both eyes and the resulting impairment of binocular vision. The disease can be caused by various factors. Sometimes it is congenital, sometimes there is only a predisposition, and strabismus occurs as a result of infection or stress.

There are several methods of treating the disease - wearing special glasses, "temporary" turning off the healthy eye, surgery. The operation for strabismus is reduced to correcting the position of the eye: weak muscles are strengthened, and too short fibers are lengthened.

Indication for surgery

Surgery is most effective in childhood. If it is acquired, the optimal age is 4-6 years. With congenital forms of strabismus, the operation is carried out somewhat earlier - at 2-3 years. In adults, it can be performed at any age in the absence of general contraindications.

• The patient's desire to eliminate cosmetic defect for yourself or your child.
• The whole arsenal of conservative methods was used, but the achieved improvement in binocular vision is not the maximum.
• The doctor believes that it is advisable to create conditions for the restoration of vision by surgery. That is, an operation is first assigned, and then additional correction conservative methods. Such an appointment is possible in case of too strong strabismus.

Operation

Operation types

There are several fundamentally different types of surgical intervention, which are often combined in one operation:

1. Recession of the oculomotor muscle. During the procedure, the surgeon cuts off the tissue at the site of its attachment. After that, the muscle is sutured to the sclera or tendon. As a result, the fiber is moved back, and thus its effect is weakened. If the movement is, on the contrary, forward, the action of the muscle is enhanced.
2. Myectomy. This operation also involves cutting off the muscle, but without subsequent suturing.
3. Operation Faden. In this case, the muscles are not cut off, but are sutured immediately to the sclera with non-absorbable threads.
4. Resection (removal) of a part of the muscle. The operation serves to shorten it and enhance its action.
5. The formation of a fold within a muscle or between a muscle and a tendon. The effect is similar to the previous operation.

Principles of surgical intervention

The most optimal is the following scheme:

• Step by step correction. First, the operation is performed on one eye, and after 3-6 months - on the other.
• The calculation of shortening or lengthening of the muscle is carried out in accordance with standard schemes.
• Shortening and lengthening should occur evenly on both sides, i.e., for example, when the size of the muscles on the right is reduced, on the left they increase by the same amount.
• It is desirable to keep the connection of the muscle with the eyeball.
• Surgery on more than two muscles is not recommended for severe strabismus.

The details of the procedure are determined by the surgeon. With a slight mowing angle, correction of two eyes at once is possible.

It is worth noting that the approach of Western doctors is somewhat different. Israeli, German specialists approach correction more radically, which allows correcting vision immediately and in one session. Also abroad, operations to eliminate strabismus are performed at the age of up to a year. This, according to doctors, avoids loss of vision and the appearance of amblyopia (a symptom of a "lazy" eye).

Operation progress

Surgery is performed under general anesthesia in children and under local anesthesia in adults. Sometimes, before and after the operation, hardware exercises are shown (orthoptic exercises on the synoptophore). They last 1-2 weeks and are designed to "teach" the eye to see correctly. Sometimes the preparation lasts much longer - up to six months. During this period, the doctor recommends taking turns closing and opening the right and left eyes. This is necessary for the formation of stable neural connections in the brain.

After the onset of anesthesia, the eye is fixed, the eyelids are retracted with the help of special spacers. There are at least two people in the office - a doctor and nurse. A sterile oilcloth with a slit for the eye is applied to the person's face. The doctor cuts the sclera, conjunctiva and opens access to the muscles. The sister periodically moistens the eye and holds it in the correct position.

The muscle is pulled out through the incision. The nurse periodically dabs the eye with a swab so that the blood does not interfere with the operation. The doctor performs an incision or suturing of the muscle, taking measurements and controlling the accuracy of his actions. After that, sutures are applied. In some cases, the operation is performed under a microscope.

At the end of the operation, a bandage may be applied to the eye, which is removed the next day. For some time the patient is under a dropper. After the anesthesia wears off, he can leave the operating room. As a rule, hospitalization is not required, and the patient returns home on the day of the procedure.

Postoperative period

After the end of the anesthesia, the eye may hurt, its movements will lead to increased pain. discomfort. It will look reddened, possibly a temporary slight deterioration in vision. Adults sometimes have double vision.

Recovery takes up to 4 weeks. In children, it is faster. During this period, it is necessary to periodically visit an ophthalmologist, instill prescribed drugs, and perform special exercises. Your doctor will give you advice on how to wear glasses. He usually advises to cover the healthy eye in order to “activate” the operated one more quickly.

Possible Complications

The most serious consequence of the operation is accidental damage to the vagus nerve. It is responsible for the work of the muscles of the heart, organs of the gastrointestinal tract and lungs. In rare cases, a violation in the innervation can lead to death.

The most common complication is overcorrection - excessive suturing or lengthening of the muscle. It may occur as a result of a calculation error, a surgeon's error, or due to the growth of the patient and the natural increase in the size of the eye. The optimal prevention of the occurrence of such a symptom is the application of adjustable sutures, not cutting, but sewing up muscle folds. This makes it easy to correct the situation in a minimally invasive way.

Sometimes, after resection or clipping of the muscle and its subsequent sewing, rough scars form. They deprive it of elasticity, mobility. This is due to the fact that muscle tissue is partially replaced by fibrous tissue. To prevent such complications, at the moment, specialists are actively developing new methods of access to the muscle, alternative methods of surgical treatment to reduce the area of ​​the truncated area.

Defects of the eyeball can be formed as a result of inaccurate actions of the surgeon. They are usually cosmetic in nature and do not affect visual acuity.

Relapse disease - re-development of strabismus. Such a complication often occurs if the patient neglects the doctor's recommendations, refuses to wear glasses or perform special exercises. In childhood, relapse can occur with a sharp increase in eye strain, for example, when a child begins to attend school.

Operation cost

When applying to a public medical institution, the operation for the correction of strabismus is carried out free of charge, both for adults and children, if they have a compulsory medical insurance policy. Treatment is carried out permanently. Some private clinics also work with statutory health insurance policies.

Children under 18 and those with severe visual impairments may require an escort. His stay in the hospital is not always provided or may require additional payment.

The average cost of strabismus treatment in private clinics in Russia is 20,000 rubles. The price is influenced by the technologies used, the complexity of the operation, the fame of the clinic or a particular surgeon.

If the choice falls on the correction of strabismus in an Israeli or German clinic, then you will have to prepare from 7,000 euros. When using an intermediary company, the price may increase by 2-3 times.

The anesthesia itself and all its components do not negative impact to the organ of vision. Short-term dizziness and the apparent visual impairment associated with this is of a different nature - these are symptoms from the central nervous system, and they are temporary. Among the consequences of general anesthesia in adults, there are sometimes complaints that vision has deteriorated. But on examination, it turns out that vision problems have already taken place.

Most often, after prolonged anesthesia, patients experience a feeling of “sand in the eyes”. This happens when the eyelids do not completely cover the eyeball during anesthesia, and its outer shell (cornea) dries up. As a result, a small inflammatory process, which is very quickly eliminated by special eye drops, which include vitamins, hydrocortisone. This is the fault of the anesthesia staff. The doctor or nurse anesthetist must ensure that the eyes are completely closed.

Attention! The information on the site is provided by experts, but is for informational purposes and cannot be used for self-treatment. Be sure to consult a doctor!

Risk is an integral part of our whole life. Many things that we do in our daily life are associated with a certain risk to our health - this is driving a car, swimming in a pond, and even eating certain types of food.

Many used in modern medicine therapeutic methods, designed by definition to improve the health of patients, can in themselves cause the development of serious complications, as it may sound paradoxically. There are no exceptions and ongoing surgical interventions (which sometimes cause serious surgical complications), and performed anesthesia, the role of which we want to talk about in this article.

Anesthesia is designed to protect your body from surgical trauma. Anesthesia is not so much pain relief as ensuring the safety of your life during the operation. Despite the fact that anesthesia, as such, is a great blessing and a positive component of the operation, at the same time, it itself can cause serious reactions and complications.

Your anesthetist will be able to tell you more about the risks of your planned surgery and anesthesia. Below we will tell you about the most common reactions and complications that may be the consequences of anesthesia and anesthesia.

First, it should be said that all reactions and complications according to the frequency of development are usually divided into five gradations:

For greater simplicity and better understanding, we have presented you all possible complications of anesthesia and the consequences of anesthesia in the form of three blocks:

1 Very often, as well as common complications of anesthesia, effects of anesthesia:

1.1 Nausea

1.2 Sore throat

1.4 Dizziness and pre-syncope

1.5 Headache

1.7 Pain in the back and lower back

1.8 Muscle pain

1.9 Confusion

2 Uncommon consequences of anesthesia, complications of anesthesia:

2.1 Postoperative lung infection

2.2 Injury to teeth, lips, tongue

2.3 Awakening during general anesthesia

3 Rare and very rare complications of anesthesia and the consequences of anesthesia:

3.1 Nerve injury associated with general anesthesia

3.2 Nerve injury associated with regional anesthesia

3.3 Serious allergic reaction (anaphylaxis)

3.4 Eye injuries during general anesthesia

3.5 Death or brain damage

Very common and common adverse reactions and complications of anesthesia (anesthesia consequences)

• Nausea

This is a very common consequence of anesthesia, occurring in about 30% of cases. Nausea is more common with general than with regional anesthesia. Here are some tips to help you reduce your risk of nausea:

You should not be active during the first hours after the operation - sit down and get out of bed;

Avoid drinking water and food immediately after surgery;

Good pain management is also important, as severe pain can cause nausea, so if you experience pain, let the medical staff know;

Deep breathing with slow inhalation of air can reduce the feeling of nausea.

• A sore throat

Its severity can vary from discomfort to severe constant pain, disturbing when talking or swallowing. You may also experience dry mouth. These symptoms may disappear within a few hours after surgery, but may remain for two or more days. If the above symptoms do not go away within two days after the operation, contact your treating doctor. Sore throat is only a consequence, not a complication of anesthesia.

• Shiver

Trembling, which is another consequence of anesthesia, presents a certain problem for patients, as it causes them great discomfort, although most often it does not pose any danger to the body and lasts about 20-30 minutes. Trembling can occur both after general anesthesia and be a complication of epidural or spinal anesthesia. You may be able to reduce your chances of developing shivering by keeping your body warm before surgery. You need to take care of warm clothes in advance. Remember that it may be cooler in the hospital than at home.

• Dizziness and faintness

The residual effect of anesthetics can be manifested in the form of a slight decrease in blood pressure, in addition, dehydration, which is not so uncommon after surgery, can lead to the same effect. A decrease in pressure can cause dizziness, weakness, and fainting.

• Headache

There are many reasons that can cause a headache. These are the drugs used for anesthesia, the operation itself, dehydration, and simply excessive anxiety of the patient. Most often, the headache resolves within a few hours after anesthesia on its own or after taking painkillers. Severe headache can be a complication of both spinal anesthesia and epidural anesthesia. The features of its treatment are described in detail in the article "Headache after spinal anesthesia".

Itching is usually an adverse reaction to anesthetic drugs (particularly morphine), but itching can also be a manifestation of an allergic reaction, so you should definitely tell your doctor if it occurs.

• Pain in the back and lower back

During the operation, the patient is in one fixed position on a hard operating table for quite a long time, which can lead to “fatigue” of the back and, ultimately, to the occurrence of back pain after the operation.

• Pain in the muscles

Most often, muscle pain after anesthesia occurs in young males, most often their occurrence is associated with the use of an anesthesia drug called dithylin, usually used in emergency surgery, as well as situations where the patient's stomach is not free from food. Pain in the muscles is a consequence of anesthesia (general anesthesia), they are symmetrical, localized more often in the neck, shoulders, upper abdomen and last about 2-3 days after surgery.

• Confusion

Some patients, most often the elderly, have confusion after surgery and anesthesia. Their memory may deteriorate, and their behavior may differ from their usual state. This can greatly disturb you, your family, friends and loved ones. However, all these phenomena should disappear along with recovery from the operation.

The following recommendations can reduce the likelihood of postoperative impairment of consciousness:

Before hospitalization, try to be as healthy as possible, eat healthy food, do physical exercises;

Talk to your anesthesiologist about the possibility of having the operation under regional anesthesia;

If your operation is not large in volume and you do not live alone at home, then discuss with your attending surgeon the possibility of returning home as soon as possible after the operation;

Make sure you remember to bring your contact lenses and hearing aid to the hospital;

If your doctor has not told you otherwise, then continue to take your usual home medicines in the hospital;

If you drink alcohol, then you should consult with a narcologist how you can safely reduce, and then completely stop taking it. At the hospital, you must also tell your health care providers how much alcohol you are drinking.

Uncommon effects of anesthesia, adverse reactions and complications of anesthesia

• Postoperative lung infection

Pulmonary infection (bronchitis, pneumonia) is most often a consequence of general anesthesia (narcosis). A few simple steps can significantly reduce the risk of this complication:

If you are a smoker, you should stop smoking approximately 6 weeks before surgery;

If you have a chronic lung disease, then it should be treated as much as possible before the planned anesthesia for you. To do this, even before hospitalization, contact medical care to your primary care physician or pulmonologist;

Good pain relief after surgery is essential for good breathing and coughing, and therefore an important link in reducing the risk of lung infection. Speak with your anesthesiologist about postoperative epidural pain relief if you have major thoracic or abdominal surgery.

• Injury to teeth, lips, tongue

General anesthesia poses some risk for tooth damage, which occurs in about 1 in 45,000 anesthetics. Serious damage to the tongue is quite rare. But small injuries of the lips or tongue are quite common - in about 5% of cases of general anesthesia.

If your teeth or gums are in bad condition, then warn possible problems a preoperative visit to the dentist will help you with your teeth. If you know that during the previous anesthesia there were difficulties with the introduction of the breathing tube or teeth were damaged, then be sure to tell this information to your anesthesiologist.

• Awakening during anesthesia

When the patient is given general anesthesia, he is unconscious. Awakening during anesthesia is a situation when during the operation the patient regains consciousness, and after anesthesia he can remember some episodes of the operation itself. Fortunately, this very unpleasant anesthetic complication occurs in real life rarely.

Rare and very rare adverse reactions and complications of anesthesia (anesthesia consequences)

• Nerve damage as a complication of general anesthesia

This type of complication is characterized by a feeling of numbness, tingling or pain. There may also be a disturbance in the sensation of heat or cold. In addition, there may be a feeling of weakness in the limb or paralysis. Depending on the extent of the lesion, all these manifestations may disturb in any small area of ​​the body or the entire limb. Usually, all complaints, depending on the initial severity of the symptoms, disappear after a few days or months. Full recovery can sometimes take up to a year. The most common injuries are to the ulnar nerve in the elbow area, as well as to the peroneal nerve in the knee area.

• Nerve injury, which is a complication of epidural anesthesia, as well as a complication of spinal anesthesia

These complications are rare and usually temporary lesions that resolve after a few weeks or months. Cases of complete immobilization (paralysis) of one or two limbs are very rare (about 1 in 50,000).

If signs of nerve injury appear after surgery, this does not mean that epidural or spinal anesthesia was the cause. Below are other equally common causes that can cause nerve injury:

The nerve can be injured by the surgeon (unfortunately, during some operations, this is sometimes difficult and impossible to avoid);

The position in which you were placed on the operating table could compress or stretch the nerve, causing it to be damaged;

The use of tourniquets by the surgeon to reduce blood loss during surgery puts pressure on the nerve, also contributing to its damage;

In addition, the cause of nerve compression may be postoperative edema (in the area of ​​the operation);

The presence of comorbid chronic diseases such as diabetes or atherosclerosis of the vessels significantly increase the risk of nerve damage during anesthesia

• Serious allergic reaction (anaphylaxis)

During anesthesia, as, indeed, throughout your stay in the hospital, you will constantly receive a large number of medicines needed for your speedy recovery. All of these drugs can cause a very severe allergic reaction - anaphylaxis. The frequency of its development is approximately 1 case per 15,000 anesthesias. Typically, an anesthesiologist will successfully diagnose and treat this formidable complication, but statistically, one in twenty such serious reactions can lead to death.

• Eye injury during general anesthesia

This is an uncommon or rare complication of anesthesia. The most common type of eye injury during and after general anesthesia is corneal injury (approximately 1 in 2000 anesthetics). This pathology does not affect visual acuity, however, it can lead to the appearance of a dark or blurry dot on the damaged eye. Most often, trauma to the cornea occurs due to the fact that during anesthesia the patient's eyelids do not always close completely. As a result, the cornea becomes dry and the eyelid “sticks” to it with inside. Further, when the eyes are opened, damage to the cornea occurs.

Eye damage resulting in loss of vision is statistically extremely rare.

• Death or brain damage

If the patient is relatively healthy and has a non-emergency operation, then the risk of death is very low and is about 1 in 100,000 general anesthesia. The risk is increased if the patient is elderly, if the operation is urgent or extensive, if there are previous health problems (especially heart or lung disease), and if the general condition of the patient before the operation is severe. The risk of stroke leading to damage to the brain increases in the elderly, in patients who have had a previous stroke, and also if surgery is performed on the brain, neck, carotid arteries or heart.

The necessity and justification of general anesthesia is no longer in doubt. In the surgical sector of medicine, general anesthesia is as necessary as air. In addition, this method is used by dentists in particularly unpleasant situations, gynecologists (for some pathologies), as well as doctors of many other specialties.

General anesthesia is definitely necessary, but do not forget that loss of consciousness through drug-induced stunning of the nervous system is a critical situation for the body, which has a number of side effects and complications.

That is why there is a very difficult medical specialty - an anesthesiologist.

Before performing anesthesia, the doctor talks in detail about the main risks and adverse reactions. As a rule, the patient is introduced to typical complications, as well as individual risks associated with age, pathologies. of cardio-vascular system, oncological pathology, etc.

Nausea after anesthesia

Nausea is the most popular side effect

The most common side effect after anesthesia. Occurs in every third case. Of course, with local (regional) anesthesia, this complication is much less common.

There are some general principles to reduce the likelihood of nausea after anesthesia:

• Do not rush to get up after the operation, especially not to run somewhere. Your body does not know that you are an important busy person, it only understands that it was first stunned with chemicals, and now for some reason they are shaking. As a result, you can throw up at the most inopportune moment;
• Do not drink or eat for 3 hours after the operation;
• If you are worried about severe pain (an anesthetic is incorrectly titrated, for example), then you should not endure it - tell the nurse or doctor, because. may vomit from pain;
• If nausea occurs, try to breathe deeply and slowly. Saturation of tissues with oxygen reduces the risk of nausea.

Pain when swallowing or talking and dry mouth

Pain when swallowing may occur after endotracheal anesthesia

After endotracheal anesthesia (the most popular type of general anesthesia), there may be a sore throat, pain when swallowing or during a conversation. These are the consequences of not quite successful intubation. This is usually associated with anatomical features patient, less often with the negligence of the anesthesiologist. Pain of this kind disappears within a few hours after anesthesia. Sometimes the disappearance of this side effect takes 2-3 days.

If after the operation the sore throat does not go away after 2 days, contact your doctor. Most likely - the tube injured the tracheal mucosa.

Headache after general anesthesia

Headache after anesthesia is more common in women

This complication is more common in women, especially those prone to migraines and headaches in general. Medications, stress for the body from the surgical procedure itself, the patient's fears - there are enough reasons for vascular spasm and headaches.

Headache of this kind disappears 2-3 hours after the manipulation.

On the other hand, headache is a typical complication of spinal and epidural anesthesia, which the doctor should warn the patient about in such cases.

Dizziness can be due to a transient decrease in blood pressure, and also as a result of dehydration. Patients may also notice weakness, up to fainting.

Sopor (impaired perception) after surgery

Confusion or stupor is a common side effect in the elderly

It often occurs in older patients. The nervous system after anesthesia experiences some difficulties in cleansing cells and restoring cognitive functions: memory temporarily deteriorates, there may be deviant behavior. Fortunately, all these problems are temporary and gradually level out (up to 2 weeks).

The reasons for this kind of complications are associated both with the peculiarities of the metabolism of the elderly, and with psychological trauma from the fact of the operation. An increased load is also created by communication with strangers in an unusual (frightening) environment.

With a planned operation in an elderly person, the severity of this complication can be reduced as follows:

• Try (if the disease allows) to lead an active lifestyle before the operation;
• If it is possible to carry out the manipulation under local anesthesia, do so;
• If you live with your family, try to negotiate with your doctor about the fastest possible return home after surgery;
• Check if you have taken to the hospital the medicines indicated to you (for hypertension, for example), reading glasses and books (magazines, checkers, etc.);
• Do not drink alcohol before and after anesthesia.

Trembling in the body after surgery

Many patients after an exit from an anesthesia beats a large shiver. This condition does not pose a danger to health, but it irritates the patient fairly. Paroxysms of this kind last no more than half an hour. The type of anesthesia in this case does not matter - the reason is the cooling of the tissues during the operation (the individual characteristics of microcirculation, diabetes, atherosclerosis in the patient play a role).

The only thing that can be done to prevent this condition is not to freeze before the operation (take warm clothes to the hospital in the cold season).

Skin itching after anesthesia

In some cases, the doctor is not informed about the patient's allergic reactions. Sometimes - the patient himself does not know about the presence of an allergy. For this reason, skin reactions may develop, manifested by itching, which should be reported to the doctor immediately. Often such excesses are caused by morphine and some other drugs used for anesthesia.

Skin itching after anesthesia may be due to an allergic reaction.

Spinal pain after surgery

With spinal anesthesia, pain can be caused by a traumatic factor, so if you experience pain in the lumbar and any other part of the spine, tell your doctor about it. This is especially important in cases where back pain is combined with paresis or plegia of the limb (limitation of mobility).

The above case is a very rare complication. Most often, the back hurts because a person has been lying on a fairly hard surface of the operating table for some time, which, in combination with osteochondrosis, gives pain.

Lower back pain and other muscle pain - the result of the use of Ditilin

Muscle pain after anesthesia

Caused by the use of the drug Ditilin, which is actively used in urgent surgery (especially when the patient is not ready for surgery - a full stomach, etc.). Muscles hurt everything, especially the neck, shoulders, abs.

The duration of "ditilin" pain does not exceed 3 days after anesthesia.

All subsequent complications are, fortunately, quite rare, but the doctor must take into account their possibility and be prepared for them.

Injury to lips, tongue or teeth during surgery

Injury of the tongue or teeth is not a consequence of anesthesia, but its setting

These, in fact, are not the consequences of anesthesia itself, but mechanical damage during its setting. Teeth are damaged, on average, in two out of 100,000 patients (carious, as a rule). Before general anesthesia, it is desirable to treat caries and stomatitis.

The tongue and lips are slightly damaged in one out of 20 patients, you need to be mentally prepared for this. All defects heal without a trace within a week after anesthesia.

Postoperative lung infection

Postoperative pneumonia - a consequence of an infection

The infection enters the lungs due to tracheal intubation, trauma and infection of the mucosa, or with a non-sterile tube. In addition, the cause may be either an atypical anatomy of the respiratory tract in a patient, or an already existing chronic disease. respiratory system(Chronical bronchitis).

To reduce the risk of postoperative pneumonia, the following is recommended:

• We quit smoking one and a half months before a planned operation;
• Bronchitis, tracheitis, laryngitis and sinusitis (if present) should be treated prior to endotracheal anesthesia;
• If you have difficulty breathing after surgery, tell your doctor immediately. With insufficiently active breathing, the risk of infection increases, and a hospital infection is the most “evil”.

Awakening during operation

It happens extremely rarely, it is eliminated by anesthesiologists almost instantly. A situation of this kind occasionally occurs with drug addicts, as well as people who constantly take powerful analgesics (cancer patients, for example).

The brain, getting used to the impact on certain centers, needs in this case a higher dose of analgesic.

If (purely hypothetically) you are constantly taking sleeping pills, strong painkillers, or are dependent on any chemicals, it is in your best interest to tell the anesthetist about this.

There are three types of this condition:

• The patient wakes up during the operation and tries to move. Doctors react instantly by increasing the dose of analgesics. At the same time, the patient does not have time to wake up properly or feel pain;
• The patient wakes up, feels no pain, cannot move. A rather surreal situation, but the patient does not experience any discomfort (except psychological);
• The patient wakes up, cannot move, feels pain. In this case, there may be a serious trauma to the psyche.

Nerve injury during spinal or epidural anesthesia

They are extremely rare. As a rule, such damage is temporary, and disappears after a month and a half maximum.

One in 50,000 patients is paralyzed in one or both limbs after spinal or epidural anesthesia.

This condition occurs due to the following factors:

• The nerve was injured by the anesthetist himself during the puncture;
• The nerve is damaged by the surgeon during the corresponding operation;
• The patient was given an incorrect position on the operating table, which led to nerve compression;
• As a result of the operation, tissue edema developed, compressing the nerve;
• The patient had severe diabetes or atherosclerosis, which significantly increases the likelihood of such a situation.

I would like to emphasize once again that the indications for anesthesia of this kind are vital, and the probability of disability is only 0.0002%.

Anaphylactic shock during surgery

Rarely develops, happens to anything. If you carefully study the instructions for any drug (not dietary supplements), then there is definitely a complication - individual intolerance (allergic reactions to components, etc.). If this situation develops during anesthesia (1 case out of 15,000), the anesthesiologist copes with the situation in 95% of cases.

The remaining 5% of 0.00006% of patients die.

In a word, a vanishingly small number of patients die from anaphylactic shock during anesthesia, you should not worry about this.

Photo gallery: rare complications during anesthesia

Dryness of the cornea - a reason for damage when the patient wakes up

Eyeball damage

Actually, no one touches the patient's eyes during the operation, it's just that some patients, due to various physiological nuances, do not completely close their eyelids. The cornea dries up, the eyelid itself can “glue” to it from the inside. When a person wakes up and tries to open his eye, the cornea is damaged. This manifests itself in the form of a dark dot on the damaged eye, over time, the condition disappears without additional medical manipulations.

Taken together, the complications that anesthesia can cause are incomparable to the health benefits (including the ability to live at all) of the patient. Try to take into account the above risk factors for postoperative complications, and inform your doctor about them in time.

Physician-therapist of the city polyclinic. Eight years ago she graduated from the Tver State Medical University with honors. I decided not to stop there and at the moment I specialize in cosmetology and massage courses. Rate this article:

And I believed. “Oils containing a large amount of glycerides of unsaturated acids are capable of spontaneous combustion. This is due to the fact that glycerides of unsaturated acids are oxidized in air to form peroxides, which easily decompose to form highly reactive atomic oxygen. The more oxygen is attached to the glyceride molecule, the more heat is released. “To calculate the self-heating temperature and heating time of a solid material, the following formulas are proposed

lg t = Ap + nplg S lg t = Av – nвlg τ, where t is the temperature environment, °С; Ap, np, Av, nv are constants determined from experience; S is the specific surface of the sample, m-1; τ is the sample heating time, h.” And there is no P (pressure) in the formulas.

After general anesthesia, absolutely everyone feels bad, although no ethers are currently used.

It is well known that after their use in many patients the liver stopped working.

Is general anesthesia harmful or is it a myth? Does anesthesia affect life expectancy, human health?

Modern drugs for anesthesia little toxic to human organs.

If the dose is calculated correctly for you, the drug is administered correctly, there is nothing to be afraid of.

But we are afraid of anesthesia, pain, although we understand the inevitability of the operation and its necessity.

Now there is a lot of new: equipment, drugs, a lot of new technologies, but we are still afraid, maybe we don’t know what anesthesia is? What to expect from him?

Anesthesia implies safety during and after the operation.

The patient's condition after general anesthesia, qualitative in a good clinic:

• No pain during treatment.
• Absence of nausea, vomiting after surgery.
• Absence of chills, trembling (sometimes it is impossible to do without these symptoms after the operation).
• During operations, continuous monitoring of respiration and blood circulation is carried out.
• Monitoring of the electrical activity of the brain, control of muscle conduction, temperature control.

After the operation, the patient is given anesthesia, if this is not enough, the patients themselves inject themselves by pressing a button.

For this, special devices appeared that the patient always carries with him.

Doctors then control how many times the patient pressed the button, according to these calculations, the degree of recovery of the patient is determined.

Thanks to this, the time after the operation passes comfortably.

Before taking general anesthesia, take into account:

• Your weight or body mass index.
• The medical history, tests, permissions from specialists for anesthesia are studied.
• The age of the patient.
• Current medications taken and allergic reactions to them.
• Consumption of alcohol or drugs by the patient.
• Dental check-ups and oral cavity, Airways.

General anesthesia, what is it:

General anesthesia, a state of coma, sleep in which the patient does not feel pain. It doesn't hurt, he doesn't react. The man appears to be unconscious.

General anesthesia is administered intravenously or inhaled.

Medicines are administered by an anesthesiologist, a specialist who monitors the patient's vital signs, breathing during surgery.

There are four stages:

Induction or first stage:

It is characterized by the onset of drug administration and loss of sensation (consciousness).

Stage of excitation - the second stage:

There is delusional, excited activity. Heartbeats and breathing are erratic.

Nausea, dilated pupils may occur.

There is a danger of suffocation. Modern drugs limit the time for the two stages described above.

Surgical anesthesia or third stage:

When it occurs, all muscles relax, breathing is suppressed. Eye movement slows down, then stops. The patient is ready for surgery.

Overdose stage, if you have incorrectly calculated the dose of anesthesia:

Leads to cardiovascular, respiratory failure.

As you understand, the fourth stage is an exception to the rule, but it sometimes happens, as everywhere and always.

Why do they do general anesthesia, and not anesthesia of only the necessary part of the body.

Under what circumstances is it appointed?

• The operation takes a long time.
• Risk of major blood loss.
• according to the patient's condition.

Modern surgical treatment is an absolutely safe intervention.

Immediately after anesthesia, you may feel:

• Difficulty in passing urine.
• Bruising, soreness on the arm due to the drip during the operation.
• Constant nausea, possible vomiting.
• Trembling and feeling cold, you will be shaking, warming up at first is problematic.
• Sore throat (due to the presence of a breathing tube during surgery).
• You will not feel pain, nurses will constantly administer pain relief.

But there are more serious risk groups for the consequences:

Elderly people with long-term operations are at risk of serious consequences.

After anesthesia, they can get a heart attack, amnesia (memory loss), stroke, and even pneumonia.

Of course, it is good that now you can have an operation, recover, if not for the consequences after it. They are.

Consequences are early, and appear later.

Consequences after general anesthesia:

Early consequences are immediately visible, the person does not get out of the state of anesthesia, a cerebral coma occurs.

The effects appear after a few days or weeks:

• Severe headache that is difficult to relieve with analgesics. Often they have to be removed with drugs.
• Sleep apnea - people stop breathing for a short period of time during sleep.
• The blood pressure rises.
• Sudden dizziness, can last up to a day.
• Panic attacks, fear interfering normal life. The person does not understand where it comes from, what to do.
• Cramps in the legs, calves, bringing incredible suffering to the patient due to their frequent occurrence.
• The heart suffers, there are malfunctions in its work, the pulse is frequent with increased pressure.
• The kidneys and liver, the organs of purification of our body, suffer. Whatever the drugs for anesthesia, but in order for a person to feel nothing, an incredibly huge dose of them is needed. Naturally, in order to cleanse everything, healthy organs are needed.
• Sometimes alcoholism develops.
• Burning legs, arms, body.

Help yourself after surgery:

It is very good to drink courses:

• Piracetam, cavinton (improve blood circulation and brain nutrition). Memory will recover faster, headaches will pass.
• Go through the ECG (electrocardiogram) again, see what is happening with your heart after the operation.
• Donate blood, go with the results to the therapist. Don't waste time.
• Avoid anesthesia anytime, anywhere. Treat your teeth under local anesthesia.

Sometimes life and health force us to take extreme measures in the methods of recovery - to perform an operation, undergo anesthesia and crawl out after general anesthesia, get rid of the consequences after general anesthesia.

It's life, everything happens in it. Fewer such episodes in your life. Health and longevity!

I always look forward to seeing you on my site.

Watch the video, allergies and anesthesia:

The necessity and justification of general anesthesia is no longer in doubt. In the surgical sector of medicine, general anesthesia is as necessary as air. In addition, this method is used by dentists in particularly unpleasant situations, gynecologists (for some pathologies), as well as doctors of many other specialties.

General anesthesia is definitely necessary, but do not forget that loss of consciousness through drug-induced stunning of the nervous system is a critical situation for the body, which has a number of side effects and complications.

That is why there is a very difficult medical specialty - an anesthesiologist.

Before performing anesthesia, the doctor talks in detail about the main risks and adverse reactions. As a rule, the patient is introduced to typical complications, as well as individual risks associated with age, pathologies of the cardiovascular system, oncological pathology, etc.

Nausea after anesthesia

Nausea is the most popular side effect

The most common side effect after anesthesia. Occurs in every third case. Of course, with local (regional) anesthesia, this complication is much less common.

There are some general principles to reduce the likelihood of nausea after anesthesia:

• Do not rush to get up after the operation, especially not to run somewhere. Your body does not know that you are an important busy person, it only understands that it was first stunned with chemicals, and now for some reason they are shaking. As a result, you can throw up at the most inopportune moment;
• Do not drink or eat for 3 hours after the operation;
• If you are worried about severe pain (an anesthetic is incorrectly titrated, for example), then you should not endure it - tell the nurse or doctor, because. may vomit from pain;
• If nausea occurs, try to breathe deeply and slowly. Saturation of tissues with oxygen reduces the risk of nausea.

Pain when swallowing or talking and dry mouth

Pain when swallowing may occur after endotracheal anesthesia

After endotracheal anesthesia (the most popular type of general anesthesia), there may be a sore throat, pain when swallowing or during a conversation. These are the consequences of not quite successful intubation. This is due, as a rule, to the anatomical features of the patient, less often to the negligence of the anesthesiologist. Pain of this kind disappears within a few hours after anesthesia. Sometimes the disappearance of this side effect takes 2-3 days.

If after the operation the sore throat does not go away after 2 days, contact your doctor. Most likely - the tube injured the tracheal mucosa.

Headache after general anesthesia

Headache after anesthesia is more common in women

This complication is more common in women, especially those prone to migraines and headaches in general. Medications, stress for the body from the surgical procedure itself, the patient's fears - there are enough reasons for vascular spasm and headaches.

Headache of this kind disappears 2-3 hours after the manipulation.

On the other hand, headache is a typical complication of spinal and epidural anesthesia, which the doctor should warn the patient about in such cases.

Dizziness can be due to a transient decrease in blood pressure, and also as a result of dehydration. Patients may also notice weakness, up to fainting.

Sopor (impaired perception) after surgery

Confusion or stupor is a common side effect in the elderly

It often occurs in older patients. The nervous system after anesthesia experiences some difficulties in cleansing cells and restoring cognitive functions: memory temporarily deteriorates, there may be deviant behavior. Fortunately, all these problems are temporary and gradually level out (up to 2 weeks).

The reasons for this kind of complications are associated both with the peculiarities of the metabolism of the elderly, and with psychological trauma from the fact of the operation. An increased load is also created by communication with strangers in an unusual (frightening) environment.

With a planned operation in an elderly person, the severity of this complication can be reduced as follows:

• Try (if the disease allows) to lead an active lifestyle before the operation;
• If it is possible to carry out the manipulation under local anesthesia, do so;
• If you live with your family, try to negotiate with your doctor about the fastest possible return home after surgery;
• Check if you have taken to the hospital the medicines indicated to you (for hypertension, for example), reading glasses and books (magazines, checkers, etc.);
• Do not drink alcohol before and after anesthesia.

Trembling in the body after surgery

Many patients after an exit from an anesthesia beats a large shiver. This condition does not pose a danger to health, but it irritates the patient fairly. Paroxysms of this kind last no more than half an hour. The type of anesthesia in this case does not matter - the reason is the cooling of the tissues during the operation (the individual characteristics of the microcirculation, diabetes, in the patient play a role).

The only thing that can be done to prevent this condition is not to freeze before the operation (take warm clothes to the hospital in the cold season).

In some cases, the doctor is not informed about the patient's allergic reactions. Sometimes - the patient himself does not know about the presence of an allergy. For this reason, skin reactions may develop, manifested by itching, which should be reported to the doctor immediately. Often such excesses are caused by morphine and some other drugs used for anesthesia.

Skin itching after anesthesia may be due to an allergic reaction.

Spinal pain after surgery

With spinal anesthesia, pain can be caused by a traumatic factor, so if you experience pain in the lumbar and any other part of the spine, tell your doctor about it. This is especially important in cases where back pain is combined with paresis or plegia of the limb (limitation of mobility).

The above case is a very rare complication. Most often, the back hurts because a person has been lying on a fairly hard surface of the operating table for some time, which, in combination with osteochondrosis, gives pain.

Lower back pain and other muscle pain - the result of the use of Ditilin

Muscle pain after anesthesia

Caused by the use of the drug Ditilin, which is actively used in urgent surgery (especially when the patient is not ready for surgery - a full stomach, etc.). Muscles hurt everything, especially the neck, shoulders, abs.

The duration of "ditilin" pain does not exceed 3 days after anesthesia.

All subsequent complications are, fortunately, quite rare, but the doctor must take into account their possibility and be prepared for them.

Injury to lips, tongue or teeth during surgery

Injury of the tongue or teeth is not a consequence of anesthesia, but its setting

These, in fact, are not the consequences of anesthesia itself, but mechanical damage during its setting. Teeth are damaged, on average, in two out of 100,000 patients (carious, as a rule). Before general anesthesia, it is desirable to treat caries and stomatitis.

The tongue and lips are slightly damaged in one out of 20 patients, you need to be mentally prepared for this. All defects heal without a trace within a week after anesthesia.

Postoperative lung infection

Postoperative - a consequence of an introduced infection

The infection enters the lungs due to tracheal intubation, trauma and infection of the mucosa, or with a non-sterile tube. In addition, the cause may be either the atypical anatomy of the respiratory tract in the patient, or an already existing chronic disease of the respiratory system (chronic).

To reduce the risk of postoperative pneumonia, the following is recommended:

• We quit smoking one and a half months before a planned operation;
• Bronchitis, tracheitis, laryngitis and sinusitis (if present) should be treated prior to endotracheal anesthesia;
• If you have difficulty breathing after surgery, tell your doctor immediately. With insufficiently active breathing, the risk of infection increases, and a hospital infection is the most “evil”.

Awakening during operation

It happens extremely rarely, it is eliminated by anesthesiologists almost instantly. A situation of this kind occasionally occurs with drug addicts, as well as people who constantly take powerful analgesics (cancer patients, for example).

The brain, getting used to the impact on certain centers, needs in this case a higher dose of analgesic.

If (purely hypothetically) you are constantly taking sleeping pills, strong painkillers, or are dependent on any chemicals, it is in your best interest to tell the anesthetist about this.

There are three types of this condition:

• The patient wakes up during the operation and tries to move. Doctors react instantly by increasing the dose of analgesics. At the same time, the patient does not have time to wake up properly or feel pain;
• The patient wakes up, feels no pain, cannot move. A rather surreal situation, but the patient does not experience any discomfort (except psychological);
• The patient wakes up, cannot move, feels pain. In this case, there may be a serious trauma to the psyche.

Nerve injury during spinal or epidural anesthesia

They are extremely rare. As a rule, such damage is temporary, and disappears after a month and a half maximum.

One in 50,000 patients is paralyzed in one or both limbs after spinal or epidural anesthesia.

This condition occurs due to the following factors:

• The nerve was injured by the anesthetist himself during the puncture;
• The nerve is damaged by the surgeon during the corresponding operation;
• The patient was given an incorrect position on the operating table, which led to nerve compression;
• As a result of the operation, tissue edema developed, compressing the nerve;
• The patient had severe diabetes or atherosclerosis, which significantly increases the likelihood of such a situation.

I would like to emphasize once again that the indications for anesthesia of this kind are vital, and the probability of disability is only 0.0002%.

Anaphylactic shock during surgery

Rarely develops, happens to anything. If you carefully study the instructions for any drug (not dietary supplements), then there is definitely a complication - individual intolerance (allergic reactions to components, etc.). If this situation develops during anesthesia (1 case out of 15,000), the anesthesiologist copes with the situation in 95% of cases.

The remaining 5% of 0.00006% of patients die.

In a word, a vanishingly small number of patients die from anaphylactic shock during anesthesia, you should not worry about this.

Photo gallery: rare complications during anesthesia

Dryness of the cornea - a reason for damage when the patient wakes up

Eyeball damage

Actually, no one touches the patient's eyes during the operation, it's just that some patients, due to various physiological nuances, do not completely close their eyelids. The cornea dries up, the eyelid itself can “glue” to it from the inside. When a person wakes up and tries to open his eye, the cornea is damaged. This manifests itself in the form of a dark dot on the damaged eye, over time, the condition disappears without additional medical manipulations.

Taken together, the complications that anesthesia can cause are incomparable to the health benefits (including the ability to live at all) of the patient. Try to take into account the above risk factors for postoperative complications, and inform your doctor about them in time.