Health is one of the most important components of human happiness and one of the leading conditions for successful social and economic development. The implementation of intellectual, moral and spiritual, physical and reproductive potential is possible only in a healthy society.
Concept itself "health" In English sounds like Health from Whole (Anglo Saxon) - whole, holistic What already involves the complexity, integrity and multidimensionality of this state.
Galen at 11 p. BC. Detected health as a condition "in which we do not experience pain and which does not prevent the functions of our everyday life: to participate in the leadership, wash, drink, eat and do all the other things that we want."
Even at the beginning of the 40s of the 20th century, the concept of "health" was given the following definition: "A person who has a harmonious development can be considered healthy and is well adapted to the physical and social environment. Health does not mean just the absence of diseases: this is something positive, it is a cheerful and effortful performance of the duties that life imposes on a person "(Sigerist, Pete. By: E.A. Ovcharov, 2002).
The founder of Valeology I.I. Brechman (1966) considered human health "How the ability to maintain the appropriate stability in the face of sharp changes in the quantitative and qualitative parameters of the triune flow of sensory, verbal and structural information".
In 1985, the World Health Organization (WHO) adopted the concept of "Health for All by 2000", identifying the strategy and tactics of all developed countries to create conditions for ensuring and developing public health.
By definition of the World Health Organization (WHO), health is a state of complete physical, spiritual and social well-being, and not just the absence of disease and physical defects.
According to leading Russian scientists, this definition is non-specific. For example, A. G. Shchedrin suggests such a wording: "Health is a holistic multidimensional dynamic condition (including its positive and negative indicators), which develops ... in a specific social and environmental environment and allows a person ... to carry out its biological and social functions. "
Analyzing these formulations, it can be noted that the first of them considers health in statics, as something given, i.e. Health or is there, or it is not. The second definition represents health in the dynamics, shows that health is formed as the body develops; Moreover, it is focused on the fact that health is genetically programmed. And whether the program is implemented depends on specific biological and social factors (that is, the surrounding biological environment and education), under the influence of which a person will live and develop. Obviously, this is what health is that, although it has congenital prerequisites (positive or negative), however, for long-term ontogenesis, starting from the moment of fertilization of the egg (conception).
S.Ya. Chikin (1976) sees in health harmonious interaction and functioning of all organs and systems of a person in its physical perfection and normal psyche, allowing to actively participate in socially useful work.
One of the founders of cosmic biology and medicine P.M. Baevsky (1979) considered the adaptability of the body: "The ability of the human body to adapt to environmental changes, fluently interacting with it, based on the biological, psychological and social essence of a person."
N.D. Grajevskaya (1979) The concept of "Health" includes an assessment of the level of functionality of the body, the range of its compensator-adaptation reactions in extreme conditions, i.e. The ability to adapt to increased environmental requirements without pathological manifestations.
So, given the biosocial essence of man, Yu.P. Lisitsyn (1986) considers human health as a harmonious unity of biological and social qualities caused by congenital and acquired mechanisms.
V.P. Treaschairs (1980) determines human health as the process of preserving and developing its biological, physiological and psychological capabilities, optimal social activity at the maximum life expectancy. At the same time, attention is drawn to the need to create such conditions and such hygienic systems that would ensure not only the preservation of human health, but also its development.
ON THE. Agajanyan (1979, 2006), studying human biological rhythms, concludes that health is the optimal ratio of interrelated endogenous rhythms physiological processes and their compliance with external cyclic changes.
Famous cardiohururg N.M. Amosov (1987) considered health as "the level of the functionality of the body, the range of its compensatory adaptation reactions in extreme conditions, i.e. the level of the reserve capacity of the body. "
Currently, there is no experimental justification that E.N. gave Weiner definition of health: "Health is a state of the body that gives a person the opportunity to maximize its genetic program in the conditions of socio-cultural being of this person" (E.N. Weinner, 1998). However, not only the extent to the implementation of the human genetic program, but also the functional purpose of the genes has not yet been studied.
Physiological (medical-biological) approach based on the basic principles of the body's livelihoods, was based on the definition of the health of R.I. Isisman (1997): "Health is the body's ability to maintain their psycho-physiological stability (homeostasis) in the conditions of adaptation to various environmental factors and loads."
Modern definition of health
The modern health concept allows you to distinguish its main components - physical, psychological and behavioral.
Physical The component includes the level of growth and development of organs and systems of the body, as well as the current state of their functioning. The basis of this process is morphological and functional transformations and reserves that ensure physical performance and adequate adaptation of a person to external conditions.
Psychological The component is the state of the mental sphere, which is determined by motivational-emotional, mental and moral and spiritual components. The basis of it is the state of emotional and cognitive comfort, providing mental performance and adequate human behavior. This state is due both biological and social needs, as well as opportunities to meet these needs.
Behanthened The component is an external manifestation of a person. It is expressed in the degree of adequacy of behavior, the ability to communicate. The basis of its life position (active, passive, aggressive) and interpersonal relations, which determine the adequacy of interaction with the external environment (biological and social) and the ability to work effectively.
Modern life conditions put forward increased health care requirements. Therefore, the main thing for young people is healthy.
Concepts of health and illness
The most important task of the state and the whole society as a whole is the concern for the health of the population. To the question of what health is most often the answer is that it is the absence of disease, good health, that is, health is usually determined by the absence of disease. Therefore, at first it is necessary to determine the concept of the disease. Understand the concepts of "Health" and "Disease" is not easy. Most often, the disease implies change, damage, defect, etc., that is, all that leads to violation of life.
Definitions of the concept of the disease Mass: violation of normal life, adaptation to the habitat (dezadaption), the functions of the body or its parts, the bonds of the body with an external environment, homeostasis (constancy of the inner environment), the inability to fully exercise human functions, etc. There are many theories The occurrence of diseases: social (the disease is the result of social deadaption), the energy (the disease occurs due to the imbalance of the energy of the human body), the biological (the basis of the disease is the violation of the correspondence of the biological rhythms of the organism by natural rhythms), etc.
According to the World Health Organization Classification disease - This is a life disturbed by damage to the structure and function of the body under the influence of external and internal factors When mobilizing its compensatory-adaptive mechanisms. The disease is characterized by a common or private decrease in adaptability to the medium and restrictions of freedom of vital activity of the patient.
Before talking about health, it should be understood in a double essence of a person: on the one hand, a person is an integral part of the biological world (man - Homo Sapiens, the subtype of the vertebrate, the detachment of primates, the class of mammals - the highest level of development of organisms on Earth), on the other hand, Man is a social being (public), capable of producing and use tools of labor, change the world around. This creature has consciousness as a function of a high-organized brain and a self-rugge speech.
The philosophers and doctors of the ancient world considered a person like nature, peace, cosmos. - This is a microcosm in the macrocosm, it consists of the same elements: water, air, fire, etc. Consequently, health is equilibrium of these elements, and the disease is a violation of this equilibrium. In some of the thinkers of antiquity, as a result of observing the life of people, in their way and living conditions, there were beliefs about the role of social factors in a person's life. As medicine, history and other sciences are developing, observations and evidence of the importance of social factors in human life has been accumulated. This was especially developed in the Renaissance, when activities, spiritual world, Communication of people, i.e. social principles, were reflected in philosophical and scientific works.
These glances were the greatest development in the Epoch of Enlightenment. So, Helvetia wrote that a person is an animal with a special external organization that allows us to use weapons and workers. But scientists of that time the social beginning in man interpreted incompletely, only as an external manifestation of human bodily communications with the environment.
Supporters of opposing views on the essence of man, in fact, shared the views of K. Marx: "The essence of a person is a totality of public relations." More fully and objectively characterized by the person F. Engels: "The essence of a person is manifested by two: as a natural (i.e. biological) and as social relationship (i.e. social). " The continuity of the biological and social in the person is reflected in the "capital" of Marx: "By influencing the external nature and changing it, he (person) at the same time changes its own nature."
The ratio of social and biological in person is the main thing in understanding the nature of health and illness.
Doctors of antiquity have seen the origins of the health and causes of disease not only in the mixing of the elements of the body, but also in the behavior of people, their habits, traditions, i.e. the conditions and lifestyle. Laja attempts were made to establish a correspondence between the specifics of the disease and the nature of the labor (Galen and Otner divided the diseases of the Lords and slaves).
Socialists-utopians have seen a guarantee of good health of people of their fictional cities in perfectly organized living conditions and social order.
The French philosophers encyclopedists of the Epoch of Enlightenment have repeatedly pointed to the dependence of the health of people from social conditions.
English Doctors and Sanitary Inspectors of the XIX century. In its reports, more than once brought examples of a detrimental effect of difficult working conditions on the health of workers.
Progressive domestic medicine figures Second half of the XIX century. Presented thousands of evidence of the unfavorable impact on the health of workers and labor conditions. The primary importance of social conditions in the formation of public health has become the subject of studying social hygiene from the beginning of the XX century.
The definition of social and biological relations began in a person allows you to identify their influence on human health. As in the essence of the person himself, it is impossible to tear the biological on social, so it is impossible to break the biological and social components of health. The health and illness of a separate person is based on their biological. But oversized qualities are not fundamental, they are mediated by the social conditions of his life, which are determining. Not only in the works of individual researchers, but also in documents of international medical organizations aware of the social conditionality of health, i.e., on paramount effects on the health of social conditions and factors.
Social conditions are a form of manifestations of production relations, a method of social production, socio-economic system and the political structure of society.
Social factors - This is a manifestation of social conditions for concrete person: working conditions, recreation, accommodation, food, education, upbringing, etc.
In the charter, WHO is given a definition of health - "the state of full physical, spiritual and social well-being, and not just the absence of diseases." But it should be said that there is no single definition. It is possible to offer the following options for determining the health, proposed by Yu.P.Lisitsyn: Health - the harmonic unity of biological and social qualities, due to congenital and subdinctive biological and social impacts (illness - violation of this unity); A condition that allows lifeless lifeless in its freedom, to fully fulfill the functional function (primarily labor), to lead a healthy lifestyle, i.e., testing spiritual, physical and social well-being.
Individual health - Health of a separate person. It is assessed by personal well-being, the presence or absence of diseases, physical condition, etc.
Group Health - Health of individual communities of people: age, professional, etc.
Population health - The health of people living in a certain territory.
The most difficult to determine public health. Public health reflects the health of the individuals, of which society consists, but is not the amount of health of individuals. Even WHO has not yet suggested a brief and capable definition of public health. "Public health is such a state of society that provides conditions for an active productive lifestyle, not constrained by physical and mental illness, i.e. this is what society cannot create material and spiritual values, this is the wealth of society" ( . P. Lisitsyn).
Public health potential - The measure of the number and quality of the health of people and its reserves accumulated by society.
Public Health Index - The ratio of a healthy and unhealthy lifestyle of the population.
WHO experts are subject to public health criteria consider the percentage of gross national product (GNP), which goes to health care; availability of primary health care; child mortality rate; The average duration of the upcoming life, etc.
The methods of studying the health of the population include: statistical, sociological (survey, interviewing, comprehensive comprehensive examination), expert method, etc.
Science, which studies the patterns of occurrence and development of diseases, individual pathological processes and states.
Pathology obstetric-The order of P., which studies the patterns of the emergence and development of complications of pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period.
Military pathology- Section of P. and military medicine, studying the fighting defeats of people, as well as the features of the emergence, development and flow of various pathological processes in the conditions of war and military service in military and peacetime.
Pathology geographical- Section P., which studies the patterns of diseases, pathological processes and states associated with geographical factors.
Pathology gumoral (Eastr.; p. Hurnuralis) - Operation in P., explaining the occurrence of diseases by changes in the composition of the inner environment of the body.
Pathology cells (Eastr.) - See Pathology cellulular.
Clinical pathology-cm. Pathology is private.
Pathology consoles (Eastr.) - The direction in P., considered the occurrence of diseases as the result of the effect of the combination (constellation) of various external and internal factors without a clear allocation of the main etiological moments.
Pathology cortico-visceral (Eastor.) - The direction in P., explaining the occurrence of a number of diseases with a violation of cortical-subcortical relationships and the neurohumoral regulation of the functions of the internal organs.
Molecular pathology (R. Molecularis) -Excend P., which studies the patterns of the occurrence and development of pathological processes at the molecular level.
Total pathology (R. GENERALIS) - Section P., studying the general patterns of occurrence, flow and outcome of the disease, pathological processes and conditions.
Pathology relational (Eastor.) - The direction in P., limited in the study of diseases by analyzing the relationship between different protective and pathological reactions of the body.
Solidarity pathology (Eastr.; Lat. Solidus dense) - direction in P., according to which the essence of all diseases (in contrast to humoral P.) consists in primary changes in the composition of dense parts of the body; A variety of P. p. is cellulular P.
Special pathology - See Pathology Private.
Functional pathology (p. Functionalis) - direction in P., according to which the dominant value in pathogenesis has functional disorders.
Pathology cellular (Eastr.; p. Cellularis; Sin.: Virchova Cellular pathology, P. Cellular) - direction in P., considered a cell as a material substrate of the disease, and the very disease itself as a certain amount of lesions of the set of individual cells.
Pathology private (r. Specialis; Sin: P. Clinical, P. Special) - section P., studying the patterns of the emergence and development of individual diseases, pathological processes and conditions.
Pathology evolutionary - Section P., studying in the comparative aspect of the disease, pathological processes and states of representatives of the animal and vegetation world, located at different stages of evolutionary development.
Pathology experimental (p. Experimentalis) - direction in P., the main method of which is modeling pathological processes and diseases on experimental animals.
General pathology is primarily to study the biological aspects of medical problems and the very essence of human diseases. The main goal of both the general pathology as a whole and its individual sections is the development of a slender learning about the disease. First of all, practical medicine is in dire need: only relying on such a doctrine, you can develop scientific foundations for disease prevention, to give the correct assessment of the first clinical manifestations of the ailment, it is clear to imagine the essence of various periods of its periods, including recurrence, and in the end - to increase rationality and the effectiveness of medical intervention.
General pathology at the present stage of development consists of three sections. One of them includes information on issues such as the periodization of the disease, the causes of its occurrence, the mechanism of development and recovery, the importance of the Constitution, heredity, reactivity, etc.
The study of pathology in the course of sports medicine is necessary for students of institutions and faculties of physical culture of universities primarily because athletes and schoolchildren often encounter a variety of diseases and changes in the musculoskeletal system. In some cases, this is due to the fact that in case of insufficient medical monitoring, people who already have certain diseases or disabilities in a state of health begin to be engaged in physical education and sports; In other - deviations in a state of health arise already in the process of sports. The emergence of injuries and diseases in athletes contribute to training without taking into account the state of their health and functional state, age, gender and other factors.
To properly resolve the question, whether to continue training or immediately stop them, whether to consult a doctor or to give an athlete any first help, etc., the teacher is important to know the main manifestations of pathology, understand the causes and mechanisms for the development of disease.
Not knowing the general patterns of the occurrence of pathological processes, the changes occurring in the body of athletes in certain diseases cannot be understood. An acquaintance with private pathology is necessary and when studying the use of physical culture with therapeutic purposes in the rehabilitation system for various injuries and diseases, etc.
Knowledge of what health is what disease is and under what conditions it occurs is a significant factor in the prevention of diseases and injuries in physical education and sports.
Health is such a state of the body in which it is biologically full, able to be able to, the functions of all its constituents and systems are balanced, there are no painful manifestations. The main sign of health is the level of body adaptation to the conditions of the external environment, physical and psycho-emotional loads.
High adaptability of the body to changes in the external environment is needed athletes in training and participating in competitions.
It should be noted that the boundaries between the norm and pathology are not. There are various transitional stages between health and painful condition. The disease usually occurs in cases where the body is exposed to excessive physical and psycho-emotional loads or when adapted-biabel functions are reduced. Then there are morphofunctional changes, often turning into a disease or leading to the ode injury.
The disease is the process of converting a normal state into a pathological, associated with reactive and deterministic changes in the degree of compensatory and adaptive self-regulation of living systems. The norm is a measure of the life of the body in these specific environments, within which changes in physiological processes are held at an optimal level of functioning of homeostatic self-regulation. The disease is associated with the transformation of the normal state of the living system into pathological, that is, with the transition to a new quality state.
Any disease is the defeat of the whole organism. By the nature of the disease, the disease is divided into sharp, subacute and chronic. A sharp disease begins suddenly, pronounced symptoms immediately appear. The subacute disease occurs more sluggish. Chronic illness continues many months or years. Sometimes a sharp disease goes into chronic. This contributes to insufficiently active treatment, and in sports - early resumption of training or participation in competitions.
The concept of illness includes an idea of \u200b\u200bthe pathological process and pathological condition.
The pathological process is the body's response to the pathogenic irritation, which is based on a violation of the function of the body or its structure. During the disease, various pathological processes may occur, for example, an increase in temperature and inflammation of the glands during an angina, an increase in temperature and cough for pneumonia, etc.
Pathological condition is one of the stages of the pathological process or its consequence. An example of a pathological condition may be rheumatism, which leads to the fluctuation of the heart, myocarditis later.
The identification and study of the causes of diseases serve as the basis for prevention. Most often, the disease arise as a result of the impact of external factors. However, diseases may arise from the internal reasons lying in the very organism. The external causes are overcooling, overheating, radiation, malnutrition, etc. - change the inner state of the body, resulting in decreasing immunity, resistance to pathogens. The internal causes of the disease are associated with heredity, constitution, reactivity, immunity, etc.
Pathogenesis is the doctrine of mechanisms for the emergence, development and course of the disease. The pathological process can develop at various levels: molecular, fabric, organ, finally capture the whole system. It should be noted that in the body all cells, tissues and organs are inextricably linked. Therefore, there are no local diseases, always sicks the entire body. Hence the main principle of treatment: it is necessary to treat a disease, but a patient.
During each disease, the following periods distinguish: 1 - hidden, or latent; 2 - Promotional, or the period of forerunners of the disease; 3 - a period of deployed course of the disease; 4 - the period of completion of the disease.
The hidden period is the time from the introduction of a pathogen agent to the body to the first manifestations of the disease. For infectious diseases The hidden period is called incubation.
The long period is manifested in ailment, headaches, chills, temperature increase, etc.
The period of deployed flow for each disease has certain manifestations, is characterized by a combination of some symptoms. The totality of symptoms is called symptom complex or syndrome.
The period of completion of the disease is different: recovery with the restoration of functions, the transition to a chronic form, complication or death.
With violations of metabolism in the body, various changes arise. It is known that oxygen and nutrients are required to all tissues with the timely removal of metabolites. The process of assimilation of nutrients is called assimilation, the process of decay-trissimillation. Food nutrition is provided by the adaptation-trophic effect of the CNS.
Assimilation is a combination of the following processes of creating live matter: reception from the external environment necessary for the body of substances; transformations of substances in compounds acceptable for body tissues; synthesis of cells, enzymes and other regulatory compounds and replacement of obsolete new; synthesis of ordinary formations in more complex compounds; Deposition of stocks.
Dissemia - a set of following disintegration processes of living matter: mobilization of body reserves; splitting more complex connections to simpler; decay of outdated fabric and cellular elements; splitting of energy-rigged compounds together with the release of energy; Elimination of decay products from the body.
Other sections of the foundations of human pathology are dystrophy, circulatory disorder, inflammation, regeneration, etc.
The dystrophy is manifested in a violation of the tissue exchange, leading to structural changes in tissues and cells. Therefore, dystrophy is considered as one of the types of damage. The direct cause of dystrophy development may be a violation of cellular or extracellular mechanisms. Among them, it is possible to distinguish such as: cell dealers of cells leading to its energy deficiency and impaired enzymatic processes in the cell; Violation of the work of trophic transport systems, which cause hypoxia, which becomes leading in the pathogenesis of discirculatory dystrophy; Disorders of the endocrine or nervous regulation of trophics underlying endocrine and nervous dystrophy.
Dystrophy are divided into parenchymal, mesenchymal and mixed; on protein, fat, carbohydrate and mineral; on acquired and hereditary; On general and local.
It is known that various injuries and diseases of the nervous system cause various changes in the tissues. Atrophy - a decrease in the volume and decrease in the functional activity of organs and tissues due to the death of cellular and tissue elements with any pathological process due to the nutritional of tissue or a long-term decline in their involvement in the general physiological process.
Hypertrophy - an increase in the organ or its part due to an increase in the volume and number of cells. May be vicar hypertrophy; hormonal; true; compensatory; corrective, when changing the function of another body located with it in a single functional system; false; neurogumoral; regeneration; Physiological.
Athletes systematically train in cyclic sports can develop hypertrophy of myocardium, that is, an increase in the heart muscle. Moreover: today it is believed that each athlete has myocardial hypertrophy in initial stage. Myocardial hypertrophy, turning certain boundaries, contributes to strengthening the work of the heart, as thought before.
In the development of hypertrophy of myocardium in athletes, various unfavorable factors play a decisive role: participation in competitions and training in a painful condition or after the diseases suffered, the presence of chronic foci of infections. The basis of pathological hypertrophy is the deterioration of the blood supply to the heart muscle, dystrophic changes that lead to the deterioration of the contractile ability of myocardium and, consequently, to a decrease in sports efficiency.
Quite often, when training in zones with a hot and wet climate, excessive hobby in the body of an athlete arises a violation of water and mineral exchange. It manifests itself in changes in the acid-alkaline state, electrolyte, water-salt and other levels of homeostasis.
Acid and alkaline state ensures normal cell functioning in constancy of the volume, composition and pH of the body of the body. Acidness or alkalinity of solutions depend on the concentration of H4, an increase in it makes a solution with an acidic decrease - alkaline. Extracellular liquid is slightly alkaline, and its pH is within 7.35-7.45.
Water-salt metabolism is a set of water and electrolyte distribution processes between, outside and intracellular space of the body, as well as between the organism and the external environment. The distribution of water in the body is inseparable connected with the electrolyte exchange.
Water-electrolyte homeostasis-maintaining the constancy of the osmotic volumetric and ion equilibrium of outside and intracellular fluids with the help of reflex mechanisms.
Water balance - the ratio between the amounts of water entered the body and the water derived from it.
Athletes, especially training in cyclic sports, there are marching fractures of bones, convulsions, etc. In athletes, driven by pharmacological means and bath, there are often serious impairment of mineral exchange.
Non-necrosis of a part of a living organism, an irreversible cessation of the vital activity of its elements. This is not just a local cell reaction, fabric or body damage, and complete cessation of their livelihoods.
Necrosis as a biological phenomenon cannot be considered only by the pathological process, since it is a necessary point in the development and functioning of the body. The cells of the epidermis of the skin, the epithelium of the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract, some glazed organs are constantly eliminated. The organism is widespread by physiological autolysis as a necessary part of the self-renewal of the system on cellular, tissue and organ levels, but having different biological significance.
Necrosis as a pathological phenomenon can cause irreversible changes in the body up to death. Clinically necrosis is expressed in specific diseases: myocardial infarction, grain limbs, etc. In addition, necrosis can appear part, pathogenetic link another process or illness.
The transition of the organ, fabric or cells from one qualitative state to another should be considered as a whole, and not on the assessment and registration of changes in the part.
Introduction ........................................................................ ... ............... 3
1 The concept of health ........................................................................... 4
1.1 The concept of health and its criteria ................................................ ... 4
1.2 Concept of a healthy lifestyle ................................................ 16
2 components of a healthy lifestyle ............................................. .27
2.1 rational human nutrition ................................................................ ... 27
2.2 Hardening ..........................................................................................28
2.3 Physical education ............................................................ .30
2.4 Personal hygiene and day mode ...................................................... .33
Conclusion ......................................................................................35
List of references used ...................................................... ... 36
Introduction
Health is an invaluable heritage of not only every person, but also in the whole society. At meetings, partings with loved ones and expensive people We wish them good and good health as this is the basic condition and guarantee of a full and happy life. Health helps us to fulfill our plans, successfully solve the basic vital tasks, overcome difficulties, and if you have, then significant overload. Good health, reasonably saved and strengthened by the person himself, provides him with a long and active life.
Scientific evidence suggests that most people in compliance with the hygienic rules have the opportunity to live up to 100 years and more.
Unfortunately, many people do not respect the most simplest, informed science of the norms of a healthy lifestyle. Some people leaving a detrimental habit of smoking and alcohol, actively shorten their lives.
Physical education is designed to bring up a person and transmit accumulated knowledge, skills and skills from the older generation to the younger. It acts as a relatively independent part, aimed at creating conditions and prerequisites for efficient labor and social activities. This determines the specifics of the tasks of physical education.
A physical education is understood as the process, the essence of which is to manage the physical development of a person, "in its physical education and implementation on this basis links between the various parties of development in order to comprehensively harmonious personality improvement.
The purpose of this work is to study the concept of "health" and components of a healthy lifestyle.
1 The concept of "Health"
1.1 The concept of health and its criteria
At all times, all the peoples of the world are the incredit value of man and society and is physical and mental health. In antiquity, it was understood by doctors and philosophers as the main condition for the free activity of a person, his perfection.
But, despite the greatest value attached to the health, the concept of "health" has not had a specific scientific definition for a long time. And currently there are different approaches to its definition. At the same time, most of the authors: philosophers, physicians, psychologists (Yu.A. Aleksandrovsky, 1976; V.K. Vasilenko, 1985; V.P. Kazanovaev, 1975; V.V. Nikolaev, 1991; V.M. Vorobyev, 1995 ) With regard to this, the phenomenon agrees with each other only in one thing that now there is no single, generally accepted, the scientifically substantiated concept of "individual health".
The earliest of the definitions of health is the definition of alkmeon, has its supporters until today: "Health has harmony of oppositely directional forces." Cicero characterized health as the correct ratio of various spiritual states. Stoiki and epicuretes appreciated health above all, opposing him to enthusiasm, the desire for the entire unlimited and dangerous. Epicuretes believed that health is complete contentment, subject to complete satisfaction of all needs. According to K.Jaspers, psychiatrists consider health as the ability to implement "the natural congenital potential of human vocation." There are other wording: Health is a person gaining his self, "Sales I", a full and harmonious inclusion in the community of people. K.Stizhs M., 1994. Also perceives a healthy person as moving, open, and not constantly using protective reactions independent of external influences and based on itself. Optimally actualized, such a person constantly lives in every new moment of life. This person is moving and well adapts to changing conditions, tolerate to others, emotional and reflective.
F. Perlz considers a person as a whole, believing that mental health is associated with the maturity of the personality, manifested in the ability to aware of their own needs, constructive behavior, healthy adaptability and the ability to adopted responsibility for himself. Mature and healthy personality of authentic, spontaneous and internally free.
Z. Freud believed that a psychologically healthy person is the one who can coordinate the principle of pleasure with the principle of reality.
By K.G. Yungu, a person can be a person who assimilated the content of his unconscious and free from the capture by any archetype. From the point of V.Raych, neurotic and psychosomatic disorders are treated as a consequence of stagnation of biological energy. Consequently, a healthy state is characterized by free energy flow.
The Charter of the World Health Organization (WHO) recorded that health is not only the absence of disease and physical defects, but the state of full social and spiritual well-being. In the corresponding volume of the 2nd BME edition, it is defined as the state of the human body, when the functions of all its organs and systems are balanced with the external environment and there are no painful changes. This definition is based on a state of health status, which is estimated for three signs: somatic, social and personal. Somatic - Perfection of self-regulation in the body, harmony of physiological processes, maximum environmental adaptation. Social is a measure of working capacity, social activity, an active attitude of a person to the world. Personal sign implies a human life strategy, the degree of his domination over the circumstances of life.
Arshavsky I.A. It emphasizes that the body throughout its development is not in a state of equilibrium or equilibrium with the environment. On the contrary, being a non-equilibrium system, the body all the time over the course of its development changes the forms of its interaction with environmental conditions. G.L.Apanasenko points out that, considering a person as a bioenergo information system, characterized by a pyramid structure of the subsystems, to which the body, the psyche and the spiritual element relate, the concept of health implies the harmony of this system.
Violations at any level are reflected in the sustainability of the entire system. G.A. Kurayev, S.K. Sergeev and Yu.V.Shlenov emphasize that many health definitions proceed from the fact that the human body must resist, adapt, overcome, maintain, expand their capabilities, etc. The authors note that with such an understanding of health, a person is seen as a militant being located in an aggressive natural and social environment. But because the biological environment does not generate the body, which is not supported by it, and if this happens, such a body has been doomed at the beginning of its development. Researchers propose to determine health, based on the basic functions of the human body (implementation of the genetic unconditional reflex program, instinctive activity, the generative function, congenital and acquired nervous activity). In accordance with this, health can be determined. As the ability of interacting organism systems to ensure the implementation of genetic programs of unconditional reflector, instinctive, processes, generative functions, mental activity and phenotypic behavior aimed at the social and cultural sphere of life.
For philosophical health consideration, it is important to understand that it reflects the need resulting from the essence of phenomena, and the disease is an accident that has no universal nature. Thus, modern medicine is mainly engaged in random phenomena - diseases, and not health, which is natural and necessary (Brechman I.I.).
I.A. Gundarov and V.A. Palessky noted: "In determining health, it should be considered that health and disease do not relate to each other on the principle of dichotomy: either there is or not; Or a man is healthy or sick.
Health appears in the form of a life continuum from 0 to 1, on which it is always present, although in different quantity. Even seriously ill is a certain amount of health, although it is very small. Absolutely complete disappearance of health is equivalent to death. "
In the overwhelming majority of work, it is emphasized that absolute health is abstraction. Human health is not only human biological, but primarily the social category determined by the nature and nature of social relations, social conditions and factors depending on the method of social production.
N.V. Yakovlev has allocated several approaches to the definition of health tracing in applied studies. One of them is the "opponent" approach, in which health is seen as the absence of a disease. As part of this approach, research is carried out in the medical psychology and psychology of the individual, especially those performed by doctors. Naturally, such consideration of the phenomenon "Health" cannot be exhaustive. Different authors lead the following disadvantages of such an understanding of health: 1) in the consideration of health as non-abatinen initially laid a logical error, since the definition of concept through denial cannot be considered complete; 2) This approach is subjective, since health is seen in it as the denial of all known diseases, but at the same time all unknown disease remain overboard; 3) Such a definition has a descriptive and mechanistic character, which does not allow to reveal the essence of the phenomenon of individual health, its features and dynamics. Yu. P. Lisitsyn notes: "It can be concluded that health is more than the absence of disease and damage, it is an opportunity to fully work, relax, in a word, to perform a function inherent in man, freely, happily live.
The second approach is characterized by N. V. Yakovlev, as comprehensive analytical. IN this case When studying health by counting the correlation bonds, separate factors affect health. Then the frequency of occurrence of this factor in a concrete person's life environment is analyzed and on the basis of this is a conclusion about its health. The author indicates the following disadvantages of this approach: the possibility of lack of a specific factor for the conclusion of human health; The absence of a single abstract reference standard as a set of factors; The absence of a single quantitative severity of a separate feature characterizing human health.
As an alternative to the previous approaches to the study of health problems, a systematic approach is considered, the principles of which are: a refusal to determine health as non-abuse; Isolation of systemic, rather than isolated health criteria (gestalt criteria of human health system) mandatory study of the dynamics of the system, the allocation of the nearest development zone showing how the system is plastic under various influences, i.e. As far as its self-correction or correction is possible; Transition from allocating certain types to individual modeling.
A.Ya. Ivanyushkin offers 3 levels to describe the value of health: 1) Biological - initial health implies the perfection of the organism self-regulation, harmony of physiological processes and, as a result, at least adaptation; 2) Social - Health is a measure of social activity, the actual relationship of man to the world; 3) Personal, psychological - health is not the absence of a disease, but rather negating it, in the sense of overcoming. Health in this case acts not only as the condition of the body, but as a "human life strategy."
I. ILLICH notes that "Health defines the process of adaptation: ... Creates an opportunity to adapt to a changing external environment, to growth and aging, to treatment with violations, suffering and peaceful detention (Brechman I.I.). Health as the ability to adapt to the environmental conditions, which is the result of interaction with the environment consider R. M. Baevsky and A. P. Bersenev. In general, in domestic literature, it became a tradition to associate health, diseases and transitions between them with the level of adaptation. L. Kh. Garkavi and E. B. Kwakina consider health, donozological conditions and transitions between them the state from the position of the theory of non-specific adaptation reactions. Health in this case is characterized by harmonious anti-stress reactions of calm and increased activation.
I. I. Brechman emphasizes that health is not the lack of disease, but a physical, social and psychological harmony of a person, friendly relations with other people, with nature and himself. He writes that "human health is the ability to maintain an appropriate stability in the face of sharp changes in the quantitative and qualitative parameters of the triune source of sensory, verbal and structural information."
Understanding the health as a state of equilibrium, balance between adaptation capabilities (health potential) and ever-changing conditions of the environment proposed by academician (V. P. Petlenko 1997).
One of the founders of Valeology T. F. Akbashev calls the health characteristic of the stock of the human vital forces, which is asked by nature and is realized or not implemented by a person.
When determining the concept of "health" often arises the question of its norm. At the same time, the very concept of the norm is a discussion. So, in the article "Norma" published in the second edition of BME, this phenomenon is considered as symbol The equilibrium of the human body, individual organs and functions under the conditions of the external environment. Then health is defined as the equilibrium of the body and its medium, and the disease - as a violation of equilibrium with the medium. But, as I. I. Brechman notes, the body is never in a state of equilibrium with the medium, since otherwise the development would cease, and therefore the possibility of further life. V. P. Petlenko, Criticia this definition Norms, suggests to understand it as a biological optimum of a living system, i.e. The interval of its optimal functioning, which has mobile boundaries, in which the optimal relationship with the medium and the consistency of all the functions of the body remains. And then normal should be considered functioning within the limits of optimum, which will be considered as the health of the body. According to V. M. Dilman, talking about the health of the body and its norm in principle is impossible, because Individual development is a pathology, deviation from the norm, which can be attributed only to the 20-25-year age characterized by the minimum frequency of the majority of human diseases. I. I. Brechman, considering the problem of health as one of the global problems of humanity, indicates the misunderstanding of this approach. It notes that the concept of the norm remains abstract because it means the condition preceding the disease, and it may be unequal from different people. When determining the health, the author departs from the relative and controversial category of norms in the direction of health understanding from the standpoint of quality. He suggests that the problem of health, like all global problems, occurs in the crisis situation. According to A. Pecheci, "... the sources of this crisis are inside, and not outside the human being considered as individuality and as a team. And the solution of all these problems should proceed primarily from the changes of the person himself, its inner essence.
P. L. Kapitsa closely connects health with the "quality" of people of this society, which can be judged by the life expectancy, reduction of diseases, crime and drug addiction.
N. M. Amosov drew attention to the fact that the health of the body is determined by its amount, which can be estimated to be maximum organizative performance while maintaining the qualitative limits of their functions. But maximum performance can be achieved at the expense of high energy costs and work on endurance, i.e. Through overcoming fatigue and may have negative consequences for the body. In addition, appropriate criteria have not yet been developed to judge the qualitative limits of the functioning of various organs and their systems. Thus, such a definition requires clarification. A similar approach to understanding of health is offered by M. E. Teleshevskaya and N. I. Didnoy, considering this phenomenon as the ability of the human body to refract the entire set of natural and social factors that constitute the living conditions of a person without disrupting harmony physiological mechanisms and systems that provide normal human functioning. N. D. Lakosina and K. Ushakov determine the health as the structural and functional preservation of human organs and systems, high individual adaptability of the body to the physical and social environment and as the preservation of familiar well-being.
V. P. Treaschaev indicates that the health of the individual "can be defined as a dynamic state (process) of the preservation and development of biological, physiological and psychological functions, optimal disability and social activity at the maximum life expectancy", as "the valeological process of the formation of the body and personality" . In his opinion, this definition takes into account the fullness of the fulfillment of the main socio-biological functions and the life goals of the individual. Along with the health of a separate person V.P.Kaznasheev proposes to consider the health of the population, which he understands "as the process of socio-historical development of vitality - biological and psychosocial - population in a number of generations, improving the working capacity and productivity of collective labor, growth of environmental dominance, improvement of the type Homo Sapiens. The human health criteria In addition to the individual properties of the components of its people include the birth rate, the health of the offspring, genetic diversity, the adaptability of the population towards climatotogeographic conditions, readiness for the implementation of diverse social roles, age structure, etc.
I. I. Brechman, speaking about the problem of health, notes that it is very often occupied in the hierarchy of human values \u200b\u200bfar from the first place, which is given to the material benefits of life, career, success, etc. V.P. Treaschaev considers the possible hierarchy of needs (goals) in animals and man, indicating that the person in the first place is worth "... fulfillment of socio-labor activities at the maximum duration of active life. Preservation of genetic material. Reproduction of full offspring. Ensuring the preservation and development of the health of this and future generations. Thus, the author emphasizes that health should belong to the first place in the human needs hierarchy.
So, health is seen as an integrative characteristics of the individual, covering both its inner world and all the originality of relations with the environment and includes physical, mental, social and spiritual aspects; As a state of equilibrium, balance between human adaptation capabilities and ever-changing environmental conditions. Moreover, it should not be considered as an end in itself; It is only a tool for the most complete realization of human life potential.
Observations and experiments have long allowed physicians and researchers to divide the factors affecting human health, biological and social. Such division was obtained by philosophical reinforcement in the understanding of a person as a substantial of biosocial. Doctors, first of all, among social factors include housing conditions, the level of material support and education, the composition of the family, etc. Among biological factors, the age of the mother is distinguished when the child was born, the age of the father, the peculiarities of the course of pregnancy and childbirth, the physical characteristics of the child at birth. Psychological factors are also considered as the result of biological and social factors. Yu.P.Lisitsyn, considering the risk factors, indicates the harmful habits (smoking, alcohol consumption, improper nutrition), pollution of the habitat, as well as "psychological pollution" (strong emotional experiences, distress) and genetic factors. For example, it was revealed that a long distress suppresses immunity, making them more vulnerable to infections and malignant tumors; In addition, under stress in jet people, easily flowing into anger, a large number of stress hormones are thrown into the blood, which are believed to accelerate the process of formation of plaques on the walls of the coronary arteries.
G. A. Apanesenko proposes to distinguish between several groups of health factors that determine its reproduction, formation, functioning, consumption and restoration, and also characterizing health as a process and as a state. So, the factors (indicators) of health reproduction include: the state of the gene pool, the state of the reproductive function of the parents, its implementation, parents of parents, the availability of legal acts, protecting gene pool and pregnant women, etc. To the factors of health factors, the author ranks a lifestyle to which the level of production and productivity relates; the degree of satisfaction of material and cultural needs; general education and cultural levels; Features of nutrition, motor activity, interpersonal relationships; Harmful habits, etc., as well as the state of the environment. As factors, the author considers the culture and nature of production, the social activity of the individual, the state of the moral environment, etc. Recreation, treatment, rehabilitation serve as health restoration.
As I. I. Brechman notes, in the context of the modern scientific and technical revolution, a large number of reasons lead to a certain disorganization of the natural basis effective life Personality, crisis of emotionality, the main manifestations of what are emotional disharmony, alienation and immaturity of feelings leading to deterioration of health and diseases. The author states that great health importance has the installation of a person for a long health life. To preserve and improve health, a person should be even more than to get rid of diseases, adopt a new attitude towards his life, to work.
As already noted, culture can be considered as one of the factors of health. According to V. S. Semenov, culture expresses the measure of awareness and mastering a person with his relationship to himself, to society, nature, as well as the degree and level of self-regulation of its essential potencies. If our ancestors were largely defenseless in front of various diseases due to their ignorance, and this state of affairs was partly saved only the various taboos, then a modern person knows incommensurable more than its predecessors about nature, its own body, diseases, health risk factors, lives in much better Conditions.
But, despite this, the incidence rate is rather high, and quite often people are sick of those diseases, for the prevention of which it is enough to conduct a certain lifestyle. Such a situation I. I. Brehman explains that "very often people do not know that they are able to do with themselves, what huge reserves of physical and mental health have, they have to save and use them, right up to an increase in the duration of active and happy life ". The author indicates that despite general literacy, people just do not know much, and if they know, they do not follow the rules of healthy life. He writes: "Health needs such knowledge that being."
V.Solukhin the problem of communication of culture and health considers as follows: a cultural person cannot afford to hurt; Consequently, a high incidence of population (especially such chronic diseases as atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease, diabetes, etc.), an increase in the number of persons with excess body, as well as smoking, consumed alcohol, is an indicator of the low level of their culture.
O. S. Vasilyeva, paying attention to a number of components of health, in particular, such as physical, mental, social and spiritual health, considers the factors that have a predominant effect on each of them. Thus, among the main factors affecting physical health include: a system of nutrition, breathing, physical exertion, hardening, hygienic procedures. The mental health primarily affects the system of relations of a person to themselves, other people, life in general; His life goals and values, personal features. Social human health depends on the compliance of personal and professional self-determination, satisfaction with family and social status, the flexibility of life strategies and their compliance of the socio-cultural situation (economic, social and psychological conditions). And finally, the spiritual health, which is the purpose of life, affects high morality, meaningfulness and fullness of life, creative relations and harmony with them and the world, love and faith. At the same time, the author emphasizes that consideration of these factors, as separately affecting every component of health, is quite conditionally, since they are all in close relationship.
So, as already noted, human health depends on many factors: hereditary, socio-economic, environmental, health care system. But a special place among them is a person's lifestyle.
1.2 Concept of a healthy lifestyle
Man's health by more than 50%, according to different sources depends on his lifestyle. D. W. Nistryan writes: "According to some researchers, human health by 60% depends on his lifestyle, by 20% - from the environment and only 8% from medicine." According to WHO, human health by 50-55% is determined by the conditions and lifestyle, on 25% - environmental conditions, by 15-20%, it is due to genetic factors and only 10-15% - the activities of the health care system.
There are different approaches to the definition of the concept of "lifestyle".
Thus, a number of authors believe that lifestyle is a biosocial category that determines the type of vital activity in the spiritual and material spheres of human life. According to Yu. P. Lisitsyn, "Lifestyle - a certain, historically determined type, type of vital activity or a certain way of activity in the material and intangible (spiritual) spheres of the life of people." In this case, the lifestyle is understood as a category reflecting the most common and typical methods of material and spiritual vital activity of people taken in unity with natural and social conditions.
In another approach, the concept of lifestyle is considered as an integral way of being of an individual in the external and inner world, as "a person's relationship system with itself and the factors of the external environment", where a person's relationship system with himself is the most complex set of actions and experiences, the availability of useful habits strengthening the natural health resource, the absence of harmful, destroying it.
Most Western researchers determine the lifestyle as "a broad category, including individual forms of behavior, activity and implementation of their work opportunities, everyday life and cultural customs peculiar to this or other socio-economic text. "
A. M. Iestkin and G. Tsarovegorodtsev The structure of lifestyle is present in the form of the following elements: "1) transformed activities aimed at changing the nature, society and the person himself; 2) ways to satisfy material and spiritual needs; 3) forms of participation of people in social political activities and in government management; 4) cognitive activity at the level of theoretical, empirical and value-oriented knowledge; 5) Communicative activities involving communication between people in society and its subsystems (people, class, family, etc.); 6) Medical and pedagogical activities aimed at the physical and spiritual development of a person. " Yu. P. Lisitsyn, N. V. Polunina, E. N. Savelyev, etc. offer such components (aspects) of lifestyle, such as manufacturing, social and political, VND, medical care. Other authors in the concept of lifestyle include human labor, social, psychinactive, motor activity, communication and domestic relationships, habits, regime, rhythm, pace of life, features of work, recreation and communication.
Yu. P. Lisitsyn, relying on the classification of the lifestyle I. V. Bestumev-Lada and other domestic sociologists and philosophers, allocates four categories in the lifestyle: "... economic -" standard of living ", sociological -" quality of life ", Socio-psychological - "Lifestyle" and socio-economic - "Lifestyle". The standard of living or the level of well-being characterizes the size, as well as the structure of material and spiritual needs, thus a quantitative, measurable side of living conditions. Under the way of life, the order of social life, life, culture, in which the vital activity of people occurs. Lifestyle refers to the individual characteristics of behavior as one of the manifestations of life. The quality of life is an assessment of the qualitative side of living conditions; This is an indicator of the level of comfort, job satisfaction, communication, etc. According to Yu. P. Lisitsin, the human health largely depends on the style and lifestyle.
Since ancient times, even before the occurrence of professional medicine, people implaced the impact on the health of the nature of labor, habits, customs, as well as beliefs, thoughts, experiences. Famous doctors of different countries paid attention to the peculiarities of labor and the life of their patients, taking the appearance of ailments.
If you turn to the historical aspect of the origin of ideas about a healthy lifestyle, then for the first time they begin to form in the east.
Already in ancient India, 6 centuries BC. The Vedas formulated the basic principles of conducting a healthy lifestyle. One of them is to achieve a sustainable psyche equilibrium. The first and indispensable condition for the achievement of this equilibrium was complete internal freedom, the lack of severe human dependence on physical and psychological environmental factors. Another way leading to the establishment of an internal equilibrium was considered the path of the heart, the path of love. Lovely, giving freedom, in bhakti yoga was not a love for a separate person, to the group of people, and the love of everything living in this world as the highest expression of the essence of being. The third way to achieve inner freedom is the path of mind, reasonable - offered Jan-yoga, arguing that none of the yogi should refuse knowledge, for it increases vital stability.
Eastern philosophy has always been an emphasis on the unity of mental and bodily in man. Thus, Chinese thinkers believed that the disharmony of the body arises as a result of a psychic disharmony.
They allocated five painful moods: anger and quick temper, "oversity" experiences, concern and despond, sadness and sadness, fear and anxiety. The tendency to such moods, "they thought, - violates and paralyzes the energy of both individual organs and the whole organism as a whole, reducing a life to a person. The joy gives the harmonious elasticity of the body's energy consumables and prolongs life.
In Tibetan medicine, ignorance was considered a common cause of all diseases in the famous treatise "Chjud-Shi". Ignorance generates a sick lifestyle, eternal dissatisfaction, leads to painful, pessimistic experiences, detrimental passions, unfair anger, disapprovers to people. Moderation in everything, natural naturalness and overcoming ignorance - the main components of a healthy lifestyle, determining the physical and mental well-being of a person.
Eastern philosophy is based on the understanding of a person as a whole, inextricably linked with the immediate environment, nature, space and is focused on maintaining health, identifying huge human opportunities to resist the ailments.
The ideas about a healthy lifestyle are found in antique philosophy. Antique period thinkers are trying to allocate in this phenomenon Specific elements. For example, Hippocrates in the treatise "On a healthy lifestyle" considers this phenomenon as some kind of harmony, to which it should strive through the observance of a number of preventive measures. It focuses on the physical human health. Democritis more describes spiritual health, which is the "good fortune state", in which the soul is in peace and equilibrium, not worried about any passions, fears and other experiences.
In the ancient world there are traditions of conducting a healthy lifestyle. The presence of good health was the main criterion for ensuring the intellectual development of the younger generation. So, the young men, physically poorly developed, did not have the right to higher education. IN Ancient Greece The body's cult is being built into the framework of state laws, there is a strict system of physical education.
During this period, the first concepts of a healthy lifestyle appear: "Know yourself", "take care of yourself." According to the last concept, each person should have a certain image of action, carried out in relation to itself and involving care for oneself, change, transformation. The peculiarity of the ancient period is that the physical component of a healthy lifestyle comes to the fore, the spiritual pouring into the background. In the eastern philosophy, an inextricable connection between the spiritual and physical condition of man is clearly traced. Health here is considered as "the necessary step of perfection and the highest value." The provisions of Eastern Medicine are based on a person as a person. It is expressed in the forms of the dialogue between the doctor and the patient in those angles, in which he sees himself, because no one except the person himself can change his lifestyle, habits, attitude to life and illness. This approach is based on the fact that many diseases have functional nature and their symptoms are signals of serious emotional and social problems. But in any case, a person acts as an active participant in the preservation and acquisition of health. Therefore, in the grounds of Eastern medicine, it is especially emphasized that the problem of health cannot be solved only by perfect technical means of diagnosis and treatment. It should be approached with the individual attitude towards health, including the awareness of itself and its own lifestyle. This aspect is largely lost in modern medicine, considering the disease as a violation of the well-being of the human body state, the presence of specific, local deviations in organs and tissues, and the patient - as a passive person who receives certain prescriptions in the development of which he did not participate.
In Western and Russian science, the problem of a healthy lifestyle was affected by such doctors and thinners as F. Bacon, B. Spinosa, H. De Roa, J. Lamemetri, P. J. Kabanis, M. Lomonosov, A. Radishchev.
20th century Much gave humanity: electricity, television, modern transport. But at the same time, the end of the century is characterized by the deep incidents of the natural, social and spiritual foundations of the person and the environment of its life. There was significant changes in the consciousness of a person: if earlier it was simultaneously both by the manufacturer, and the consumer of various benefits, then currently these functions were divided, which was reflected in relation to our contemporary to their health. In former times, a person, "consumeing" his health in a serious physical work and in the fight with the forces of nature, was well aware that he himself should take care of his recovery. Now the people seem to be health as well as electric and water supply, which will always be.
I. Blebman notes: "By themselves, the achievements of the Scientific and Technical Revolution will not reduce the lag behind the adaptation opportunities of a person from changes in the natural and socio-industrial environment of its habitat. The larger the automation of production and the air conditioning environment will be, the less training will be the protective forces of the body. Given its production activities to the environmental problem, concerned about the preservation of nature on a planetary scale, a person forgot that he is part of nature, and his efforts guides mainly on preserving and improving the environment. " Thus, in front of humanity there is a task not to deal with utopian plans of human fence from all possible pathogenic influences, but to ensure its health in real conditions.
To preserve and restore health, there is not enough passive expectation when the nature of the body earlier or later will make its own business. The man itself needs to make a certain work in this direction. But, unfortunately, most people are aware of the value of health only when a serious threat to health arises or it is largely lost, as a result of which motivation arises to cure the disease, return health. But the positive motivation to improving health in healthy people is clearly not enough. I. I. Brechman allocates two possible reasons for this: a person is not aware of his health, does not know the magnitude of his reserves and take care of him for later, to retirement or in case of illness. At the same time, a healthy person can and should focus on his lifestyle on a positive experience of the older generation and on negative - sick people. However, this approach acts far from all and with insufficient force. Many people are not in their way and behavior, they contribute to health, but destroy it.
Yu. P. Lisitsyn notes that a healthy lifestyle is not just all that has a beneficial effect on the health of people. In this case, we are talking about all the components of different types of activities aimed at protecting and improving health. The author indicates that the concept of a healthy lifestyle is not reduced to certain forms of medical and social activity (elimination of bad habits, following hygienic standards and rules, sanitary education, treatment for treatment or advice in medical institutions, compliance with labor, recreation, nutrition, and Many others, although they all reflect those or other sides of a healthy lifestyle. "Healthy ... Lifestyle is, first of all, the activity, human activity, groups of people, societies using material and spiritual conditions and opportunities in the interests of health, harmonic physical and human spiritual development. "
The midnight also allocated a number of criteria for the criteria for a healthy lifestyle, to the number of which include, for example, a harmonious combination of biological and social in man, hygienic substantiation of behavior forms, nonspecific and active ways to adapt the body and human psyche to adverse conditions of nature and social environment. B. N. Chumakov notes that a healthy lifestyle includes typical forms and methods of everyday life of people who strengthen and improve the ability of the body. At the same time, the concept of a healthy lifestyle is much wider than the regime of labor and recreation, the system of food, various hardening and educational exercises; It also includes a system of relations to himself, to another person, to life in general, as well as the meaningfulness of being, life goals and values.
In practical activity, in determining individual criteria and the goals of a healthy lifestyle, there are two alternative approaches. The task of the traditional approach is to achieve all the same behavior, which is considered correct: the refusal of smoking and drinking alcohol, an increase in motor activity, restriction of consumption with rich fats and cooking salts, preserving body weight in the recommended borders. The effectiveness of propaganda of a healthy lifestyle and massive health promotion is estimated by the number of persons adhering to the recommended behavior. But, as practice shows, the incidence inevitably turns out to be different with the same behavior of people with different genes - and a phenotype. An explicit lack of such an approach is that it can lead to equality of behavior of people, but not to equality of final health.
Another approach has completely different benchmarks, and as a healthy is considered such a behavior that leads a person to the desired duration and the required quality of life. Given that all people are different, they need to behave differently during the life. I. A. Gundarov and V. A. Polesky state: "A healthy lifestyle in principle cannot and should not be identical. Any behavior should be assessed as healthy if it leads to achieving the desired health result. " With this approach, the criterion for the effectiveness of the formation of a healthy lifestyle is not behavior, but a real increase in the amount of health. Consequently, if human health does not improve, despite, it would seem reasonable, cultural, socially useful behavior, it cannot be considered as healthy. To assess the number of health in this approach, a technique has been developed that gives man the possibility given the health index and its position on the health scale itself to make a decision, what behavior is considered healthy. So, within this approach, a healthy lifestyle is determined, based on individual criteria, personal choice of the most preferred effects of health and control of their effectiveness. Consequently, for people with a large number of health, any lifestyle, which is normal for them, will be quite healthy.
In valeopsychology, i.e. Health psychology, developing at the junction of valeology and psychology, is supposed to be a purposeful consistent work on the return of a person to himself, mastering the man of his body, soul, spirit, mind, the development of the "internal observer" (the ability to hear, see, feel). To understand and accept yourself, you need to "touch", pay attention to your inner world.
Changing himself, listening to himself, we are already on the path of creating health. For this, it is necessary to awareness of personal responsibility for life and in particular for health. Millennies a man gave his body into the hands of doctors, and gradually it ceased to be the subject of his personal care. The man stopped responding for the strength and health of his body and soul. As a result of this "man's soul - dotmon."
And the only way of liberating consciousness from illusions and imposed schemes of life is our own experience.
Each person needs to believe that it has all the possibilities for strengthening its own life potential, increasing the sustainability of various pathogenic, stressful factors. As V. I. Belov writes, in mind, first of all, physical health, it is possible to "achieve Super Help and longevity, regardless of whether the stage of the disease or presets is a person." The author also provides methods and methods of increasing mental health at the disposal of each ready to become a creator of their own health. J. Rainawater, emphasizing the person's responsibility for his own health and the great opportunities of everyone in the formation of the latter, indicates: "What health has each of us, largely depends on our behavior in the past - from how we breathed and moved like us They fed, which thoughts and relationships preferred. Today, now we define our health in the future. We answer for him! " Man should be reoriented with treating diseases, i.e. "breaking weeds", for care for your health; It is necessary to understand that the reason for the unhealthy is primarily not in poor nutrition, uncomfortable life, pollution of the habitat, the absence of good medical care, and in the indifference of a person to themselves, in liberation due to the civilization of a person from their efforts on themselves, the consequence of the destruction of the body's protective forces. Thus, the increase in the level of health is associated not with the development of medicine, but with a conscious, reasonable work of the person in the restoration and development of life resources, to turn a healthy lifestyle into a fundamental component of the image. I. To improve and form health, it is important to learn to be healthy, creatively approach To your own health, form the need, the ability and determination to create health with your own hands at the expense of your internal reserves, and not other people's efforts and external conditions. "Nature gave a man with perfect life support and management systems representing well-established mechanisms that regulate the activities of various organs, tissues and cells at various levels in the close interaction of central nervous and endocrine systems. The functioning of the body on the principle of self-regulating system, taking into account the state of the external and internal environment, makes it possible to make a gradual training, as well as training and education of various organs and systems in order to increase its reserve capabilities. " As E. Charlton notes, it was previously believed that information on the consequences for the health of a certain behavior will be sufficient to form an appropriate attitude towards it and changes in the desired side. It emphasizes that this approach has not taken into account many social and psychological factors involved in decision making, as well as the presence of a decision making skills. The author sees the ability to change the lifestyle and attitude to his health in the demonstration of the immediate consequences of undesirable behavior. According to a number of authors, in the formation of a healthy lifestyle and the conservation of the health of the individual, creativity is of great importance, which permeates all the vital processes and beneficially affecting them. So, F. V. Vasilyuk argues that only the values \u200b\u200bof creativity have the ability to turn devastating potential events in the point of spiritual growth and increase in health. V. A. Lichkuk also believes that the development of a human spiritual world, its creative abilities contribute to changing the lifestyle, preservation and increase in health.
So, health largely depends on the lifestyle, however, speaking of a healthy lifestyle, first of all mean the lack of bad habits. This, of course, is necessary, but not at all sufficient condition. The main thing in a healthy lifestyle is an active creation of health, including all its components. Thus, the concept of a healthy lifestyle is much wider than the absence of bad habits, labor and recreation mode, a nutrition system, various hardening and educational exercises; It also includes a system of relations to himself, to another person, to life in general, as well as the meaningfulness of being, life goals and values, etc. Therefore, for the creation of health, it is necessary as an expansion of ideas about health and diseases and the skillful use of the entire spectrum of factors affecting various components of health (physical, mental, social and spiritual), mastering wellness, well-minded, natural methods and technologies, the formation of installation on healthy lifestyle.
Based on the foregoing, it can be concluded that the concept of a healthy lifestyle is multifaceted and not yet developed. At the same time, at the level of everyday consciousness of the idea of \u200b\u200ba healthy lifestyle, many centuries exist.
2 components of a healthy lifestyle
2.1 rational food of man
One of the component of a healthy lifestyle is rational nutrition. When it is talking about it, you should remember two basic laws whose violation is dangerous to health.
The first law is the equilibrium of the resulting and consumed energy. If the body gets energy more than spending, that is, if we get food more than it is necessary for the normal human development, for work and well-being, we will fully. Now more than a third of our country, including children, has excess weight. And the reason is one - excessive nutrition, which ultimately leads to atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, a number of other ailments.
The second law is the compliance of the chemical composition of the diet to the physiological needs of the body in food substancesoh. Food should be diverse and provide need for proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, food fibers. Many of these substances are indispensable because they are not formed in the body, but they only come with food. The absence of at least one of them, for example, vitamin C leads to a disease, and even death. The vitamins of the group in we get mainly with bread from the flour of coarse grinding, and the source of vitamin A and other fat-soluble vitamins are dairy products, fishery, liver.
Not each of us knows that you need to learn the culture of rational consumption, refrain from the temptation to take another piece delicious product, giving extra calories, or imbalance. After all, any deviation from the laws of rational nutrition leads to a violation of health. The human body consumes energy not only during the period of physical activity (during operation, sports, etc.), but also in a state of relative rest (during sleep, leisure lying), when energy is used to maintain the physiological functions of the body of preserving a constant body temperature. It has been established that a healthy middle-aged person at normal mass of the body is consumed with 7 kilocalories per hour per kilogram of body weight.
The first rule in any natural nutrition system should be: - Eating only when hunger sensations.
Refusal to eat with pain, mental and physical indisposition, with fever and increased temperature Body.
Refusal of food intake directly before bedtime, as well as before and after serious work, physical or mental.
It is very important to have free time to absorb food. The idea that physical exercises after meals contribute to digestion is a rough mistake.
Meals must consist of mixed products that are sources of proteins, fats and carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. Only in this case, it is possible to achieve a balanced ratio of nutrients and irreplaceable nutritional factors, to ensure not only the high level of digestion and suction of food substances, but also their transportation to tissues and cells, their complete assimilation at the cell level.
Rational nutrition ensures the right growth and formation of the body, contributes to the preservation of health, high performance and extension of life.
Persons suffering from chronic diseases should be observed a diet.
2.2 Hardening
For effective recovery and prevention of diseases, it is necessary to train and improve the most valuable quality - endurance in combination with hardening and other components of a healthy lifestyle, which will ensure a growing body a reliable shield against many diseases.
In Russia, hardening has long been massive. An example is rustic baths with pair and snow baths. However, these days most people do nothing to tempering, both themselves and their children. Moreover, many parents from the concern to catch a child, from the first days of the months of his life, begin to engage in passive protection against colds: wrap it, closed the vents, etc. Such "care" about children does not create conditions for good adaptation to the changing temperature of the medium. On the contrary, it contributes to the weakening of their health, which leads to cold illness. Therefore, the problem of searching and developing effective hardening methods is one of the most important. But the benefits of hardening from an early age has been proven with huge practical experience and relies on a solid scientific justification.
Various hardware methods are widely known - from air baths to pouring cold water. The usefulness of these procedures is no doubt. From time immemorial, it is known that walking barefoot is a wonderful hardening agent. Winter swimming is the highest form of hardening. To achieve it, a person must pass all the decaying steps.
Elimination efficiency increases when using special temperature and procedures. The basic principles of their proper use should know everything: systematics and sequence; Accounting for individual features, health status and emotional reactions to the procedure.
Another effective hardening can also be before and after exercising physical exercises a contrasting shower. Contrast souls train the neuro-vascular apparatus of the skin and subcutaneous fiber, improving physical thermoregulation, have a stimulating effect on central nervous mechanisms. Experience shows a high charming and wellness value of a contrasting shower, both for adults and for children. It works well as a nervous system stimulator, removing fatigue and improving performance.
Hardening is a powerful wellness. It avoids many diseases, extend life for many years, maintain high performance. Hardening has a fascinating effect on the body, increases the tone of the nervous system, improves blood circulation, normalizes the metabolism.
2.3 Physical education
The method of achieving human harmony is one - systematic performance of exercise. In addition, it is experimentally proven that regular physical education classes that are rationally enter into labor and recreation, contribute not only to health promotion, but also significantly increase the efficiency of production activities. However, not all motor actions performed in the everyday life and the process of work are exercise. They can only be movements specially selected for the impact on various organs and systems, the development of physical qualities, correction of defects of the physique.
Exercise will have a positive impact if certain rules are followed during classes. It is necessary to follow the state of health - this is necessary in order not to cause yourself harm by doing physical exercises. If there are violations from the cardiovascular system, exercises requiring substantial stress can lead to a deterioration in the activity of the heart.
Do not do immediately after the disease. It is necessary to withstand a certain period so that the functions of the body are recovered - only then physical education will benefit.
When performing physical exercises, the human body reacts to a given load with responses. The activities of all organs and systems are activated, as a result of which energy resources are consumed, the mobility of nerve processes increases, muscle and bone-ligament systems are strengthened. Thus, physical preparedness is improved and as a result of this, such a state of the body is achieved, when the loads are transferred easily, and formerly previously inaccessible results in different types of physical exercises become the norm. You always have a good health, the desire to engage, raised mood and good sleep. With regular and regular exercise, the training is improved from year to year, and you will be in good shape for a long time.
Changes in physiological functions are caused by other factors of the external environment and depend on the time of year, content in food products of vitamins and mineral salts. The combination of all these factors (stimuli of different efficiency) has either stimulating, or inhibitory effects on human well-being and the flow of vital processes in its organism. Naturally, a person should adapt to the phenomena of nature and the rhythm of their oscillations. Psychophysical exercises and hardening the body helps a person to reduce the dependence on weather conditions and weather drops, contribute to its harmonic union with nature.
For the normal functioning of the brain, not only oxygen and nutrition, but also information from the sense organs is needed. Especially stimulating the psyche of the novelty of impressions, causing positive emotions. Under the influence of the beauty of nature, a person calms down, and this helps him to distract from ordinary little things. Balanced, it acquires the ability to look around him like through a magnifying glass. Resenting, hurry, nervousness, so frequent in our lives, dissolve in the great tranquility of nature and its endless expanses.
It is very important to note the favorable state of the air environment with muscle activity, including in exercise classes, as the pulmonary ventilation increases, heat generation, etc. In sports practice, sanitary and hygienic research of air allow you to take a timely manner necessary measuresproviding maximum conditions for physical culture and sports.
It should be remembered that entering the desired amount of clean air and the removal of air contaminated with productivity products is important and necessary.
Based on the decisions as a result of many years of experience in the field of sports medicine, the main objectives of hygiene exercise and sports are clearly defined. This is the study and recovery of the conditions of the external environment, which occur in physical culture and sports, and the development of hygienic measures to promote health, improving health, endurance, growth of sports achievements. As noted earlier, physical exercises affect not isolated on any organ or system, but on the whole body as a whole. However, the improvement of the functions of different systems is not at the same extent. Especially distinct are changes in the muscular system. They are expressed in increasing the volume of muscles, enhancing metabolic processes, improve the functions of the respiratory system. Cardiovascular system is also improved in close cooperation with respiration. Exercise classes stimulates the metabolism, the strength, mobility and equilibrium of nervous processes increase. In this regard, the hygienic value of exercise is increasing if they are held outdoors. Under these conditions, their overall health effect increases, they have a hardware effect, especially if classes are carried out at low air temperatures. At the same time, such indicators of physical development, as an excursion of the chest, the vital capacity of the lungs are improved. When conducting classes under cold conditions, a thermal regulation function is being improved, the sensitivity to cold decreases, the possibility of colds is reduced. In addition to the favorable effect of cold air on health, an increase in training efficiency is noted, which is explained by the large intensity and exercise density. Physical exertion should be normalized with the age-related features, meteorological factors.
Speaking of hygiene of exercise, it is impossible not to remember the morning gymnastics and the role of physical education pause. The purpose of the morning gymnastics is to accelerate the organism from sleeping for wakefulness, to the upcoming work and the provision of general health effects. Gymnastic exercises must be performed in a well-ventilated room, with an open window or a window, and if possible - and outdoors. Charging should be combined with air bath. After graduating from gymnastics, it is useful for wiping or pouring the body with cool water. Physical pauses are carried out at school and in production, they are one of the main forms of outdoor activities.
2.4 Personal hygiene and day
An important element of a healthy lifestyle - personal hygiene. It includes rational daily regime, body care, clothing and shoe hygiene. Of particular importance is the day of the day. With the right and strict compliance, a clear rhythm of the functioning of the body is produced. And this, in turn, creates the best conditions for work and recovery.
The unequal conditions of life, labor and life, individual differences of people do not allow to recommend one version of the daily regime for all. However, its main provisions should be observed by everyone: performing various activities in a strictly defined time, correct alternation of work and recreation, regular nutrition. Special attention should be paid to sleep - the main and nothing is a replace view of recreation. Permanent lacking is dangerous in that it can cause the depletion of the nervous system, the weakening of the protective forces of the body, a decrease in working capacity, deterioration of well-being.
The study of morbidity led to the conclusion that the cause of the overwhelming majority of diseases are different violations of the regime. Disorder meal at different times inevitably leads to gastrointestinal diseases, the departure to sleep at different times - to insomnia and nervous exhaustion, violation of the systematic distribution of work and recreation reduces performance.
The mode has not only wellness, but also educational significance. Strictly compliance with such qualities as disciplined, accuracy, organization, dedication. The mode allows a person to use every hour every minute, every minute of his time, which significantly expands the possibility of a versatile and meaningful life. Each person should work out the mode, based on the specific conditions of his life.
It is important to observe the next routine of the day: to get up daily at the same time, to engage in regular morning gymnastics, there are in the set clock, alternate mental work with exercise, comply with the rules of personal hygiene, follow the cleanliness of the body, clothes, shoes, work and sleep in good Awerful room, go to bed at the same time!
Conclusion
Health is the first and most important human need, which determines its ability to work and ensures the harmonious development of the person.
Health helps us to fulfill our plans, successfully solve the basic vital tasks, overcome difficulties, and if you have, then significant overload. Good health, reasonably saved and strengthened by the person himself, provides him with a long and active life.
Bibliography
1. Zolinov V. F. Physical education of an adult. L., 1984.
2. G. L. Apanesenko. Healthy lifestyle. L., 1988.
3. B. M. Lipovetsky. Exercise !!! M., 1985.
4. N. M. Amosov, Ya. A. Beit. Human health M., 1984
5. E. A. Pirogov. Environment and man Minsk, 1989
2.1. Concepts of health and illness
The most important task of the state and the whole society as a whole is the concern for the health of the population. To the question of what health is most often the answer is that it is the absence of disease, good health, that is, health is usually determined by the absence of disease. Therefore, at first it is necessary to determine the concept of the disease.
Definitions of the concept of the disease Set: violation of normal life, adaptation to the habitat (dezadaption), the functions of the body or its parts, the bonds of the body with the external environment, homeostasis (constancy of the inner environment of the body), the inability to fully exercise human functions.
According to the classification of the World Health Organization, the disease is the life disturbed by damage to the structure and function of the body under the influence of external and internal factors when mobilizing its compensatory-adaptive mechanisms. The disease is characterized by a common or private decrease in adaptability to the medium and restrictions of freedom of vital activity of the patient.
Before talking about health, it should be understood in a double essence of a person: on the one hand, a person is an integral part of the biological world (man - homo sapiens, a subtype of vertebrates, a detachment of primates, the class of mammals - the highest level of development of organisms on earth), on the other hand , Man is a social being (public), capable of producing and use tools of labor, change the world around. This creature has consciousness as a function of a high-organized brain and a self-rugge speech.
The philosophers and doctors of the ancient world considered a person like nature, peace, cosmos. A person is a microcosm in a macrosmos, it consists of the same elements: water, air, fire, etc. Consequently, health is equilibrium of these elements, and the disease is a violation of this equilibrium. In some of the thinkers of antiquity, as a result of observing the life of people, in their way and living conditions, there were beliefs about the role of social factors in a person's life. As medicine, history and other sciences are developing, observations and evidence of the importance of social factors in human life has been accumulated. This was especially developed in the Renaissance Epoch, when the activity, the spiritual world, the communication of people, i.e. social principles, were reflected in philosophical and scientific works.
These glances were the greatest development in the Epoch of Enlightenment. So, Gelving wrote that a person is an animal with a special external organization that allows weapons to use weapons and instruments. But scientists of that time the social beginning in man interpreted incompletely, only as an external manifestation of human bodily communications with the environment.
Supporters of opposing views on the essence of a person essentially divided the views of K. Marx: "The essence of a person is a totality of public relations." More fully and objectively characterized by the person F. Engels: "The essence of a person is manifested by two: as a natural (i.e. biological) and as a social relationship (i.e. social)." The continuity of the biological and social in the person is reflected in the "capital" of K. Marx: "By influencing the external nature and changing it, he (person) at the same time changes its own nature."
The ratio of social and biological in person is the main thing in understanding the nature of health and illness.
Doctors of antiquity have seen the origins of the health and causes of disease not only in the mixing of the elements of the body, but also in the behavior of people, their habits, conditions and lifestyle. Even attempts were made to establish a correspondence between the specifics of the disease and the nature of labor.
Socialists-utopians have seen a guarantee of good health of people in their fictional cities, excellent living conditions. The French philosophers encyclopedists of the Epoch of Enlightenment have repeatedly pointed to the dependence of the health of people from social conditions. English Doctors and Sanitary Inspectors of the XIX century. In its reports, more than once brought examples of a detrimental effect of difficult working conditions on the health of workers. Progressive domestic medicine figures Second half of the XIX century. Presented thousands of evidence of the unfavorable impact on the health of workers and labor conditions. The primary importance of social conditions in the formation of public health has become the subject of studying social hygiene from the beginning of the XX century.
The definition of social and biological relations began in a person allows you to identify their influence on human health. As in the essence of the person himself, it is impossible to tear the biological on social, so it is impossible to break the biological and social components of health. The health and illness of a separate person is based on their biological. But obsubiological qualities are not fundamental, they are mediated by the social conditions of his life. Not only in the works of individual researchers, but also in documents of international medical organizations aware of the social conditionality of health, i.e., on paramount effects on the health of social conditions and factors.
Social conditions are a form of manifestations of production relations, a method of social production, socio-economic system and the political structure of society. Social factors are a manifestation of social conditions for a particular person: working conditions, recreation, accommodation, food, education, education, etc.
In the charter, WHO is given a definition of health - "the state of full physical, spiritual and social well-being, and not just the absence of diseases." But it should be said that there is no single definition. The following elections of determining the health proposed by Yu.P.Lisitsyn: The harmonic unity of biological and social qualities caused by congenital and subdinent biological and social impacts (disease is a violation of this unity); A condition that allows lifeless lifeless in its freedom, to fully fulfill the functional function (primarily labor), to lead a healthy lifestyle, i.e., testing spiritual, physical and social well-being.
Individual health - the health of a separate person. It is evaluated by personal well-being, the presence or absence of diseases, physical condition, etc. Group health - the health of individual communities of people: age, professional, etc. The health of the population is the health of people living on a certain territory.
The most difficult to determine public health. Public health reflects the health of the individuals, of which society consists, but is not the amount of health of individuals. Even WHO has not yet suggested a brief and capable definition of public health. "Public health is such a state of society that provides conditions for an active productive lifestyle, not constrained by physical and mental illness, i.e. this is what society cannot create material and spiritual values, this is the wealth of society" ( .P.Lisitsin).
Public health potential is a measure of the number and quality of the health of people and its reserves accumulated by society. Public health index - the ratio of a healthy and unhealthy lifestyle of the population.
WHO experts are subject to public health criteria: the percentage of gross national product (GNP), which goes to health care; availability of primary health care; child mortality rate; The average duration of the upcoming life, etc.
The methods of studying the health of the population include: medical statistical, sociological (survey, interviewing, dispenseed comprehensive examination), an expert, organized experiment.
Human health is a complex, multidimensional, integral concept. It is central in the corporate culture of a whole professional group - employees of the health care system and medicine, students of medical universities and colleges. In modern conditions, when the urbanization process and the boom of technical progress covered the majority of human life spheres, the problem of health is becoming increasingly significant. It is the health that is absolutely necessary, although the insufficient condition for the positive existence and development of a separate person and social communities, up to humanity as a whole. In the list of human rights, guaranteed by the constitutions of a number of countries, has recently appeared and the right to health. The following position is enshrined in Article 25 of the "Universal Human Rights Declaration": "Each person has the right to such a standard of living, including food, clothing, housing, medical care and required social servicewho is needed to maintain the health and well-being of his own family. " In the "Constitution of the Russian Federation", a similar article (41) also enshrines the Russian law to protect health. There is a program of state guarantees, expressed in financial standards and in the amount of medical care, which the state guarantees the population for free.
The state is of blood interested in the health of its population. Health is provided by the main social institutions - health and medicine. They are formulated by the fundamental categories "Health", "Disease"; The concept of health of the nation is lined; The tactics of achievement of the goals are determined.
Human health and illness is a complex socio-conditioned phenomenon that combines biological and social properties. This complex conglomerate itself is also adjusted by the impact of environmental factors. IN " Explanatory dictionary Russian language "edited by Ozhegov read:" Health is a normal condition of a properly functioning intact organism "or" the right, normal activity of the body. " In modern scientific literature there are more than a hundred definitions and approaches to this concept. Most of the meaning comes down to the following: health is the absence of disease; Health and Norma are the concepts identical .. This concept is known as "Medico-biological", it is based on « microbial theory of the disease ", which dominated the X1X century medical thinking. Medicine examined a person as a complex mechanism, a disease, a consequence of the breakdown of this mechanism, as a state preceding death. This idea is not Nova, still an antique poet of the NAMON wrote that the disease is a relaxed death. Health is interpreted as a normal condition as a state of freedom from physical and mental defects or diseases. Thus, the disease becomes the final purpose of medicine. The biomedical model, despite the progress in understanding the mechanism of the occurrence of the disease and the drugs of its correction, up to full cure, is still insufficient. In everyday life, health is understood only as a lack of disease. It turns out that both in the ordinary consciousness and in some part of the scientific literature health is determined through the concept of "unhealthy". Therefore, markers of pathology are dominated and indicators reflecting the quality and number of personal and public actually health are minimized. Currently, on a number of pathology theory, there is also the theory of health - Valeology, which did not receive any public recognition in our country or institutional status.
The World Health Organization in 1948 was given the following definition: " Health it is a state of complete physical, spiritual and social well-being, and not only the absence of disease and physical defects. " WHO proclaimed the principle, according to which "possession of the highest achievable level of health is one of the basic rights of each person."This principle is the main ethical, vocational value of all doctors and medical universities. Thus, health is a socially deterministic phenomenon, which is a harmonious interaction biological and social Qualities. In other words, health biosocial status.
It should be noted socioticcharacteristics, since health is the most important, natural, increasing for all without exceptions of groups and layers value. Moreover, the higher the place of a person or group in the social hierarchy, the more realized this value and socially and socially ensured. Recent conditions (social and material well-being) allow you to more fully and intensively implement diversity human needs and opportunities.
Very interesting and useful is psychologicalinterpretation of health. For a long time, the health problem was not a priority in the research interests of psychology. Rather, on the contrary, general reasoning algorithms were repeated. The psychology of the 20th century drove the phenomenology of human suffering, internal conflict and crisis. Through the pictures of mental disorders, the methodology of psychotherapy was the most popular theory of Z. Freud, A. Adler, K. Yung. In other words, the disease, psychopathology was the beginning of the construction of fundamental psychological theories of personality. Disease, intrapersonal conflict seemed much more interesting than the ability to maintain health and mental well-being. This turned out to be the reason for a rather long period of absence in the psychology of a holistic, structured and argued psychological theory of health. Today, psychologists offer their own model of a healthy personality. According to this concept, "... a healthy person is capable of independently, i.e. Based on its own intrapersonal resources to support the structural and procedural consistency of the psyche, to ensure assimilation life experience And the integration of the personality, to achieve the completeness of self-realization. " (Vasilyeva O.S., Filatov F.R. "Psychology of Health" of the R / d., 2005) In other words, it's not that who has no problem, and the one who is able to resolve them.
Socio-economic Health status is a prerequisite for working capacity resource, labor efficiency. The degree of remuneration depends on the productivity of labor in all areas (mental and physical). This, in turn, determines the level of satisfying all human needs. Health, in some cases, predetermines the possibility of adopting to work and use it as a source of material well-being.
Today, medical practice actively uses an intermediate term "practically healthy", thereby predetermining another version of the interpretation of health. The approach to the category "Health" as a discrete, mosaic, consisting of the concepts "healthy", "practically healthy" and "sick" is rather functional and more suitable for domestic use, since it is extremely simplified. Health means, in subjective sensation, biological and social functions are able to carry out biological and social functions. Even if a person already has pathological changes and processes in the body, but they allow him to engage in social and useful activities - medicine states "practically healthy." This is a border state, when somatic or mental problems are already poured, but do not significantly affect the well-being and human health. But over time, pathology leads to a violation of physiological, psychological, social and economic functions. Thus, it can be said that the disease is the process of violation of human vital activity, and therefore life support.
Disease You can also interpret multi-term. For example, from the position of the employer - the disease is the inability of the employee to fulfill its professional functions. Biologist sees in the disease a violation of biological rhythms of the body, pace vital processes and reactions, and a pathologist - a violation of the processes of physiological livelihoods. Finally, for the very sickness, this is a change in the lifestyle of his own and his family itself, often reassessing the entire value system and priorities.
Essentially, the concepts of health and illness go far beyond medicine, although most people have the word "disease" associated only with medicine. These states are determined by the lifestyle, environmental safety of the habitat, nutrition structure and living conditions, labor nature, recreation opportunities, socio-psychological climate, with a sense of protection of medicine, state and society.
In world practice, it is customary to allocate 4 levels of health assessment:
1st level - the health of a separate person (individual health);
2nd level - health of small social groups or ethnic groups (group health);
3rd level - health of the population (people living in certain administrative and territorial units - villages, cities, regions, etc.);
4th level - public health - the health of society, people of a whole state, continent, population as a whole.
Health and illness is largely determined by the so-called risk factors. Risk factor is potentially dangerous for health conditions of behavioral, social, genetic, environmental and climatic nature. Unlike the direct causes of the disease (injuries, viruses, lack of any microelements, etc.) they act indirectly, creating a negative background that promotes the emergence and progress of the disease. The well-known Russian scientist, Academician Ramne Yu.P. Lisitsin built a hierarchy of risk factors in relation to health. The first group of the most significant risk factors (defining 49-53% of the quality of health) include conditions forming lifestyle:
Smoking, alcohol use;
Addiction;
Improper nutrition;
Distresses (stressful situations);
Unfavorable production environment;
Hypodynamine;
Uncomfortable living conditions;
Excessive and incorrect use of drugs;
Fragility of the family institution;
Loneliness;
High level of urbanization.
The second largest group is genetic and biological factors whose share is approximately 18-22%:
The presence of hereditary diseases;
The predisposition to the so-called degenerative diseases.
The third group (occupying about 17-20%) - the conditions associated with the external environment:
Air pollution;
Poor quality or lack of drinking water;
Degeneration and soil pollution;
Elevated heliocosmic, radiation, magnetic and other radiation;
Climate change.
The fourth group of risk factors - conditions associated directly with health care and medicine (their proportion from total - 8-10%):
Ineffectiveness of preventive measures;
Low quality medical care;
Insufficient amount of medical institutions;
Incompretation of medical care.
When analyzing factors affecting public health, it is accepted to allocate them as follows:
1. socio-economic (material status, working conditions, educational and cultural level);
2. Socio-biological (floor, age, genetic predispositions, etc.);
3. Environmental and climatic;
4. Organizational and medical.
Public Health and Health,
In the twentieth century, in an increasingly complicant society and a rapidly developing science there was a new direction, which had a long history of the combination of medical and social problems - public health and health care. It analyzes the comprehensive effect of various factors on the health of a separate person and on the health of the entire population dominant is not to the specific disease of a particular person, but to the formation of the health of a large number of people (village, cities, ethnos, nation, etc.). Currently, this scientific activity has gained clear contours with the object and the subject of study inherent in our country, "public health and healthcare" in our country. . The first name "Social hygiene" was used from the 19th century along with others - "Preventive Medicine", "Social Medicine", "Theory of Health", "Theory and Public Health Practice". "Preventive and social medicine" in contrast to punitive medicine. So, Vo. Portuguev, wrote, "The degree of morbidity and mortality of humanity is committed due to the existing conditions of social life. Not punitive (therapeutic) medicine, whatever excellence, it has reached, will save humanity from devouring evil (diseases), but only a warning, consisting in the improvements of social life . And as preventive medicine or social hygiene will be included in their rights and disseminate its strength, as its influence will increase, value, and most importantly - use in extensive sizes, as the punitive medicine will weaken . There are also hygiene social, public, regulating the attitude of a person to society and the obligations or the relationship of society to face. " In 1922, the founder of the Soviet Health N.A.Semashko Delivered that « social hygiene studies issues of recovery from a social point of view, i.e. Analyzes the influence of social factors on the health of the entire population and individual groups, it is not only individual, but also social activities aimed at preserving or restoring public health
The words of the Great Russian Doctor N.I. remain up to date. Pirogova: "Reducement in the masses depends on the solid, energetic and rational use of administrative and hygiene measures against the initial development of diseases ... The future of social medicine in the hands of the state and scientific administration, and not in the medical equipment . Only walking, hand in hand with rational government orders in all sectors of national economy and education, medicine can promote the dissemination and prevention of disease, and then this indirectly, and not treatment can help reduce the mortality of the masses. "Since its social hygienic positions, he He came to an understanding of health care as the most important social and state social institution.
The discoveries in the field of sociology, anthropology, biology, psychology made common understanding of the social conditionality of many diseases, as well as the importance of social consequences of mass diseases. The process of institutionalization of social hygiene has become total and irreversible.
In Russia, in 1922, curricula and social hygiene benefits have already been developed. At Moscow University N.A. Semashko organized the Department of Social Hygiene. In subsequent years, similar departments were established in other higher medical institutions.
Political gaze, peculiar to our state of that period, began to penetrate into all spheres of society, including, oddly enough, and in social hygiene. Naive logic in the fact that in a socialist state, based on social justice, there are no objective social grounds for diseases, became legitimate. Its official political status manifested itself in renaming the Department of Social Hygiene in the Department of Health Organization. With a weakening of official ideological installations, a sober understanding of the fact that human health is determined by real, and not declared terms of social life. Received the use of more rational methods Solving the health problems of Soviet people. Sociological research, mathematical and logical modeling, system analysis, expert assessment, automated system management, etc.
In 1994, the subject "Social hygiene" was renamed social medicine, and 1999 in "public health and health care". The new name more specifically and adequately reflects the content of the subject, its independence and importance in the system of prophylactic disciplines. This subject summarizes data on the health status of the population, creating a comprehensive idea of \u200b\u200bthe objective state of affairs in medicine and health care and health policies.
Today, the circle of scientific and educational interests of "public health and health care" make up courses on the history of medicine, pharmacy and health care; on biomedical ethics; by medical informatics; on social (general) epidemiology; on the theory and health care organizations; in economics; management; Marketing and legal health facilities
As part of social hygiene, social epidemiology, public health and health care, another science originated - medical sociology. It is believed that the sociology of medicine arose after World War II in the United States and the UK. The methodological basis for it was a structural-functional school (T. Parsons, T.Mils, S. Lipset) in the 20th century by the efforts of a number of doctors, social scientists, the philosophers began to be denoted by a separate scope of medical sociology. Today it grows its significance in solving a number of medical problems.
In Russia, the emergence of the sociology of medicine is still associated with the activities of N.A. Semashko within social hygiene. The beginning of scientific and practical activities of the sociology of medicine coincided with the post-revolutionary period of political euphoria, when it was believed that the cardinal socio-political changes in our society destroy the objective foundations of the disease. In fact, the decline in the incidence was the global cultural process. Not only in the Soviet state, but also almost all over the world, scabies, tuberculosis, smallpox, household syphilis and other infectious diseases were defeated.
Industrialization and urbanization of the Soviet state brought with them the so-called "civilizational diseases". To explain them and, especially overcome political methods, it is certainly failed. They demanded a different conceptual relationship. There was a need for medical sociology with its multiplativity in determining the causes of morbidity (multiczuality). It studies a complex of social factors leading to the disease. Its task includes the search and analysis of those connections and relations that predetermine the behavior of a person; Household, social, political factors determined by its place in the social hierarchy. In the Arsenal of Sociology of Medicine - the ability to subjected to predicative analysis (understanding of the properties) of the individual, the group (eg, student), the community of people (city, ethnos), or the social institution (family, state). And also give a certain forecast or the trajectory of behavior gentle or infringement. Interpretation of statistical data, monitoring the condition of various magnitude of population groups require special, narrow-modeling professional skills of medical sociology. In most western countries Such work is conducted, starting from the 60s.
In the US, an organization with the name "public health of the state" explores changes in the medical and social sphere of society, publishes the results of sociological research. In this country, medical sociology gained the status of accurate experimental science. It is based on general sociology, applied sociology, the basic concepts of medicine and developed its own system of concepts. She has its own subject of study - the shy area of \u200b\u200bsociety and medicine. Although the same segment is interested in epidemiology, medical statistics, social hygiene, demography, organization of health.
A special place among them is "clinical epidemiology", which gained recognition in the second half of the last century. States of the whole world, trying to ensure high-quality health care, faced increasing difficulties of controlling expenses for medical care. The discrepancy between the need for medical care and health resources led to an understanding of the need to use information on the clinical efficacy of various interventions when choosing priorities. Clinical epidemiology – this is a science that allows prediction for each particular patient based on the study of the course of the disease in similar cases using strict scientific methods. The assistance to a specific patient is considered in the context of a large population, to which it belongs to the patient (R. Fletcher, S. Fletcher, E. Vagner "Clinical Epidemiology"). The main goal of clinical epidemiology is to implement the methods of clinical observation and sociological analysis of data that ensures the acceptance of the right solutions.
There are two practical directions in the study of the problems of medical sociology:
Sociological problems inside medicine (for example, clinical epidemiology). This means that any doctor in the process of treatment can take advantage of the collaboration of sociologists, qualified doctors and medical institutions.
Sociological problems that are important for medicine. In this direction, the research of socio-cultural changes determining the human factor in medicine is relevant. They provide an opportunity to analyze the organization of medical research activities in the interpersonal interaction "Patient". In these studies, the most effective is the technique developed by the American sociologist T. Parson. He considered it necessary to overcome the narrowness of the domical model of health and illness based on the study. american society. This pragmatic algorithm of actions is relevant and to solve modern health problems in Russia.
Health is performed by organizational, social, regulatory functions. It is "The activities of the Company, its representatives, its institutions and organizations (political, economic, public, public, private, religious, philanthropic, etc.), including medical, health care ... Healthcare - social function Society and medicine for protection and health promotion "(Yu.P. Lisicin" Public Health and Health "). The main actors of the health care activities are the state, society, the population. As for the fundamental principles of health, they were adequately formulated in 1970 by the Delegation of the USSR at the WHO World Assembly in the report "Basic Principles of National Health Development" in the following provisions:
1. Proclamation of the responsibility of the state, society for health care.
2. Organization of rational training of national health personnel and awareness of all medical workers with its high social responsibility to society.
3. The development of health care is primarily on the basis of extensive measures aimed at the development of public and individual prevention.
4. Ensuring the entire population of the country's highest possible level of qualified, publicly available preventive and therapeutic assistance.
5. Widespread use in every country achievements of medical science and health practice.
6. Sanitary education and involvement in conducting all programs of wide circles of the population, which is an expression of personal and collective responsibility of all members of society for the protection of people's health.
Despite the past four decades, these principles remain relevant not only for our country, but also for many others. Of the above, the principle of prevention remains and remains. There is a differentiation of prevention on:
Individual (personal)
Public (identification of causes of diseases and injuries, eradication or smoothing of sharp clinical manifestations from individuals, groups and the total population)
Primary (measures to neutralize the immediate causes of the disease)
Secondary (influences on conditions that contribute to the emergence and development of the disease).
The primary and secondary prevention includes vaccination, compliance with labor and recreation, nutrition structure, physical and intellectual activity, etc.
Prevention, of course, does not boil down to individual events. N.Ya.Semashko gave the most complete definition, summarizing him to the level of concern about the health "through the implementation of socio-economic activities to improve, the transformation of working conditions, life, the lifestyle of the population aimed at protecting the public health, the prevention of causes and risk factors Diseases and damage, to implement a specific social policy. " Those. The preventive direction in health care is reduced to the system of medical and socio-economic measures. Preventive medical, sanitary and technical, hygiene measures are specific to health care. Meanwhile, human health and especially public health more depends on the circumstances, weakly controlled by health. For example, on the characteristics of climatic, geographical, stratification, cultural, ethnic, religious, finally, from the lifestyle.
Lifestyle - Method, forms and conditions of individual and collective vital activity of a person (labor, household, socio-political and cultural), typical of specific historical socio-economic relations. (Sociological encyclopedic dictionary. - M., 2000) highlight the lifestyle is collective and individual. In the structure of lifestyle, there are elements regulated by a person dependent on it (smoking or not smoking, there is fast-foot or not) and external conditions and causes (economic level of the country, climatic conditions, religious traditions, social stratification, etc.).
Lifestyle is an integral concept reflecting the level and quality of life. The standard of living and quality of life is important and for the general and for medical sociology category. A.V. Reshetnikov gives them the following definition: standard of living this is a socio-economic category, expressing the degree of satisfaction of the material and cultural needs of the population of the country (or a separate region), classes and social groups, families, individual in the sense of consumer benefits, characterized mainly by quantitative indicators abstracted from their qualitative value.
The quality of life - This is a combination of material, social, demographic, etc. living conditions and level of their development. Quality of life can be interpreted both as a subjective perception and assessment of their lives. Unlike the concept of "standard of living", the quality of life includes the level of democratization, public health and environmental state, education, the degree of protectionetc. (Sociological encyclopedic dictionary. M., 2000)
Lifestyle elements positively affecting health, together form healthy lifestyle. This term is increasingly used in our country, but there is no generally accepted definition. Common sense of everyday consciousness allows us to briefly formulate the definition of a healthy lifestyle as any type of activity has a beneficial effect on health.. The term activity is very wide, multidimensional, including collective and personal events, as well as labor, leisure, physical, intellectual, social, medical activity. Especially it is worth allocating medical activity, since this type of activity is an indicator of the general medical culture of each member of society: to know some medical aces, regularly undergo dispensarization and immediately begin to be treated if some problems are revealed, etc.
