Social cooperation in the conditions of the division of labor is a condition for meeting the growing needs of people, and hence for success in the struggle for survival. In human nature, prone to deviant behavior, there are forces that prevent actions that are inconsistent with the standards of behavior that lead to integration and stability. In Smelser's study, 99% of respondents admitted that they had violated the law at least once in their lives due to the contradiction between the desire for something and social norms and values.

The role of the mechanism of social control - a kind of "bypass valve" - is played by mass youth culture. Possessing the features of super-permissibility, it allows young people to "relax", relieve emotional and deviant stress, maintain control over them from the side of elders and the standards of society's behavior. The confidence of young people in their independence from adults within the framework of youth culture forms a sense and motives of responsibility for their behavior. As a young person grows older, he usually loses interest in this culture, socializes and becomes conformed to the standards of behavior. However, for some young people, the over-permissibility of youth culture forms distinct deviant behavior and motivation.

The ultimate form of social control is insulation from the social environment - to stop the deviant's contacts with other people. This mechanism blocks potential conflicts, deviant motives and actions. Isolated people leave a field for the manifestation of conformal motives, standards of behavior. Such isolation is characteristic of criminals held in prisons. Another mechanism of social control - isolation deviant from the social environment by limiting his contacts with other people, suggesting the possibility of returning to society. And finally, it is possible rehabilitation deviants, when artificial conditions are created for them to communicate with their own kind under the control of psychiatrists, guards, etc. For prisoners, such circumstances develop in terms of conditional release, deescort, etc.

Social control is also divided into (1) informal and (2) formal. Informal social control exists, according to Crosby, in the form of: (a) remuneration (approval, promotion, etc.); (b) punishment (a disgruntled look, critical remarks, the threat of physical punishment, etc.); (c) beliefs (reasoned proof of the observance of normal behavior); (d) human re-evaluation of cultural norms (as a result of all previous forms of social control plus the capacity for self-esteem).

Formal control is carried out by the state apparatus, which ensures the enforcement of standards of conduct and the motivation for such compliance with standards. AT political In countries where the basis of society is an authoritarian or totalitarian state, such control is exercised through direct violence against people in all spheres. It often remains illegitimate, giving rise to different types deviant motivation and behavior in the form of covert sabotage or even rebellion. The idea of freedom as the most important value in the life of the people was never developed in the East (in Asia) - there main value obedience to the authorities was considered, and any speech against it was considered as deviant and severely punished.

AT economic and economic-political In countries where the basis of society is a market economy, formal control over compliance with legal norms and standards of behavior is supplemented by control over the powers of officials who control compliance with conforming behavior and the fight against deviant behavior. The idea of freedom has long been a value of Western societies, giving rise to an initiative that violates traditional standards of behavior and which modern man owes to the achievements of the industrial age: among them the rule of law and representative government, the independence of courts and tribunals, judicial proceedings and redress in case of illegal actions of the state, freedom of speech and press, separation of church and state.

Functions of the social control system

Social control is a system of social regulation of people's behavior in society, ensuring their orderly interaction. In relation to society, social control performs two essential functions: protective and stabilizing and is divided into two types:

1. internal control or self-control. when an individual independently regulates his behavior, coordinating it with the norms of society, here the main criterion for moral assessment is conscience;

2. external control is a set of institutions and means that guarantee compliance with generally accepted norms.

The system of social control is carried out with the help of social norms, sanctions and institutions (agents of control).

Social norms are prescriptions, requirements, rules that define the boundaries of acceptable, socially approved behavior of people. They perform the following functions in society:

regulate the general course of socialization;
integrate the personality into the social environment;
serve as models, standards of appropriate behavior;
control deviant behavior. There are two types of social norms:

1. Formal, based on law:

formally defined;
enshrined in regulations;
confirmed by the coercive power of the state.

2. Informal u based on morality:

not formalized;
supported by public opinion.

The essence of social norms is as follows:

they allow the individual to enter into relationships with other people;
compliance with the norms is strictly controlled by a complex mechanism that combines the efforts of control and self-control through a system of sanctions and rewards.

Compliance with social norms in society is ensured through social sanctions,which represent the reaction of the group to the behavior of the individual in socially significant situations. The whole variety of social norms in society, as the effect of action increases, is divided into four types:

informal positive sanctions - public approval from the informal environment, i.e. parents, friends, colleagues, acquaintances, etc. (compliment, friendly praise, friendly disposition, etc.);
formal positive sanctions - public approval from the authorities, official institutions and organizations (government awards, state awards, career advancement, material rewards, etc.);
informal negative sanctions - punishments not provided for by the legal system of society, but applied by society (remark, ridicule, breaking friendships, disapproving feedback, etc.);
formal negative sanctions - punishments provided for by legal laws, regulations, administrative instructions and orders (fine, demotion, dismissal, arrest, imprisonment, deprivation of civil rights, etc.).

There are three ways to implement social control in a group and society:

through socialization. Its essence is that socialization, shaping our desires, preferences, habits and customs, is one of the main factors of social control and establishing order in society;
through group pressure. Each individual, being a member of many primary groups, must at the same time share a certain minimum of cultural norms accepted in these groups and behave appropriately. Otherwise, group condemnation and sanctions may follow, ranging from mere reprimands to the expulsion of a published primary group;
through coercion. In a situation where an individual does not want to comply with laws, regulations, formalized procedures, a group or society resorts to coercion to force him to do like everyone else.

Thus, each society develops a certain system of control, which consists of formal and informal ways of regulating people's behavior and helps to maintain public order. Family, relatives, friends, colleagues act as agents of informal control, while formal control is carried out primarily by official representatives of the state endowed with control functions - courts, the army, special services, law enforcement agencies and other authorized institutions.

We all live surrounded by people, sharing our joys and sorrows with them. But not everyone wants to obey social norms and rules. For a certain orderliness of society, the concept of "social control" was introduced. These new phenomena in society are very effective. We all remember the social censure developed during the heyday of the USSR. When a person did not want to work or acted as a hooligan, he was taken on bail, but the whole society was condemned for such inappropriate behavior. And it worked! A person, perhaps not of his own free will, but began to change. As a result, the society achieved its goal. Social control was introduced for the same purpose - to streamline interpersonal and social relations.

Social control: concept, types, functions

A society can be called organized and relatively safe only if there are mechanisms for self-control of citizens and social control of the state. The higher the first concept is developed, the less social surveillance will be required from the authorities. Self-control is the responsible behavior of an adult who has developed the skills of volitional effort on himself at the level of self-awareness, control over his behavior in accordance with generally accepted norms in society.

Capricious, impulsive, spontaneously inherent in children. An adult, on the other hand, has internal self-control in order not to create conflict or other unfavorable situations for himself and for society. If a society consists of people with an underdeveloped sense of responsibility, then it needs to be introduced formal types of social control by special bodies. But we must not forget that constant hard oppression gradually makes self-control less and less significant, and, as a result, society is degrading, as there are fewer and fewer people who are able to think responsibly and control their will.

What are the main types of public control?

The existing types of social behavior management are divided into two large sections, which are called formal and informal.

The essence of formal control lies in the implementation of legislative and rational regulation government bodies management and supervision of the behavior of citizens. In case of violation of the norms, the state applies sanctions.

Formal control was preceded by informal control, which still takes place in society. Its essence lies in the self-organization of a certain social group, where the rules are not written, but are regulated by the opinions of group members, authoritative personalities, and elders.

How is formal control carried out?

Formal control has its roots in the historical period of the formation of forms of social organization that goes beyond simple, that is, state. Today state form The organization of society has reached such a level of development that such types of social control as formal are simply required to be highly organized. The larger the state, the more difficult it is to organize public order. Formal control is the organization of order on the territory of the entire state, that is, it has a global scale. Its functions are special people who receive state wages(judges, policemen, psychiatrists). The developing social control in society, its types led to the organization of entire institutions, structures and authorized bodies. These are the police, the prosecutor's office, courts, schools, the media and similar institutions.

Features of informal control

Informal management of behavior at the level of a large society is inefficient. It is localized and restricted to group members. For violation of the norms established in such social groups, punishment is applied, which takes the form of threats or real actions: physical impact on the person, rejection in communication, reproaches, ridicule, various kinds of censure ... Informal types and forms of social control do not neglect sanctions in the form of exclusion from the community, the so-called ostracism. For a person to whom this group is important, such an action is very noticeable. He feels empty and hopeless. This prompts him to take various actions to return to such a group or, conversely, to replace interests and reassess values.

The degree of cohesion of the members of a social group, unity in goals, in opinion depends on how effective informal types and forms of social control, the level of its organization will be. Take, for example, a rural community of the past, whose traditions have been preserved in places to this day - there were no clearly defined rules, but the preservation of rituals, various ceremonies brings up social behavior, norms and a deep understanding of the need to comply with them.

Socialization as a form of control

In a traditional society with unwritten informal rules, the essence and types of social control differ significantly from a modern developed society, where all norms of behavior of individuals are strictly prescribed and clothed in a set of laws. Sanctions in such a group of people are imposed in the form of fines, prison terms, administrative, disciplinary and criminal liability. To reduce violations of the law, the state, through its institutions and structures, is taking measures to socialize society - through education, cultural work, propaganda through the media, and so on.

coercion of man

If the methods of socialization do not work, it is necessary to apply such types and methods of social control as coercion. If an individual does not want to voluntarily obey, society forces him to do so by force. Coercion includes the main types of social control, which are described in the norms of each state, based on its norms and laws. Coercion can be local, preventive, for example, at the place of work, using the basic laws of the state. It can also be carried out immediately without warning, using harsh forms of influence on a person. Such a coercive type of social control is the psychological impact on the individual through psychiatric clinics with the use of drug treatment.

Forms of Human Responsibility

If a person does not show responsibility in work or behavior, the state assumes the functions of educating such a citizen by various methods. These methods are not always as humane as we would like. For example, supervision is not a very humane form of instilling responsibility on the part of the state. It is carried out in different ways.

Supervision can be general, when the supervisory authority monitors the implementation of general norms, without going into details, looks only at final result. It can also be detailed, when the agent-controller monitors every detail, adjusting the execution at each stage. necessary norms. Supervision on a state scale can take on such forms when not only behavior, but also thoughts and private life are regulated. That is, the state takes the form of total control, brings up denunciation, applies censorship, surveillance and other methods.

In a developed civil democratic society, social control (types of sanctions) is not total. Citizens are brought up responsible behavior that does not require coercion. Responsibility can be political, moral, legal, financial. Group and collective responsibility, fastened by cultural values, traditions and norms, is very important. When a person is in a team, he has a desire to comply significant group of people. He, without noticing, is changing, trying to imitate the members of the team. Such a change in behavior does not imply pressure and violent influence on the individual.

Implementation of internal control

Internal behavior management implies the concept and types of social control that regulate measures aimed at the effective implementation by citizens of structural units of the tasks assigned to them. Thus, an auditing and controlling body is being formed that checks the financial part, economic and job descriptions compliance with sanitary and epidemiological standards and the like.

On the other hand, internal control is understood as the responsibility of a person. An educated and responsible person will not allow himself to commit offenses or any actions that are contrary to the basic norms of society. Self-control is brought up in childhood. But also with the help of certain methods a person can be encouraged to take responsibility and regulate their behavior, emotions, words and actions.

What are the main functions of social control?

Internal social control, the types, functions that it is characterized by is the controllability of powers to avoid abuse in the workplace, checking the workflow and the safety of material assets. As for the functions of social control in general, they can be divided into:

Regulatory.
Protective.
Stabilizing.

Regulatory - ensures the regulation of relations and their management at all stages of the development of society and its levels. Protective - aims to protect all traditional values accepted in society, to stop all attempts to break and destroy these traditions. Stabilizing - takes measures to maintain public order in the norms adopted by law, predicts the behavior of individuals and social groups, preventing actions aimed at destabilizing public order.

A society without values is doomed to destruction. This is what unites and expresses the goals and aspirations of society and its individual citizens. Values have their own classification and hierarchy.

spiritual;
material;
economic;
political;
social.

According to direction:

integrating;
differentiating;
approved;
denied.

They are also divided according to the needs and type of civilization. In general, we can say that values are classified into:

formed under the influence of traditions and modernity;
primary basic and secondary;
expressing the ideals of society (terminal);
expressing tools for achieving the goal (instrumental).

Whatever type of value it may be, its main task is to be a measure of the level of socialization of society and the implementation of the laws and behavioral norms adopted in it. In the USSR, oddly enough, values were based on the principles of the Bible. A person was condemned for promiscuity, disrespectful attitude towards parents, theft, envy. After the mass revolutions of freedom, the so-called sexual revolutions, the values of society turned upside down. The institution of the family has lost its former significance, children began to show less respect for their parents. Without a foundation, it is difficult to bring up responsibility and control the correct behavior of people. Now social control no longer performs an educational function, but a punitive one.

The Role of Social Control Agents

In modern society, there are certain people - agents who exercise social control. These people have received special training in order to properly organize society. The agents of social control are police officers, doctors (psychiatrists), judges, social workers. They do not work on enthusiasm, but receive a certain payment for their work. Modern society is difficult to imagine without these people, as they are a kind of guarantors of previously adopted decrees, instructions, laws and regulations of the legislative branch of the state.

Social control today is not based on the principle "so the grandmother said", with the loss of the authority of the elders, other control methods appeared, which are determined by the state. At the moment, society is organized by institutions. These institutions are varied:

militia;
prosecutor's office;
places of deprivation of liberty;
mass media;
school;
social services.

These bodies are authorized by the state to maintain, regulate and improve public order through the application of punitive or educational methods to specific people. Naturally, all these methods are used strictly according to the instructions of higher authorities. If a person or a group of people does not heed the recommendations or orders of social control agents, sanctions are applied to them: criminal punishment, disciplinary or administrative liability.

The term "social control" was first introduced by a French sociologist. He proposed to consider it one of the most important. Subsequently, R. Park, E. Ross, A. Lapierre developed a whole theory, according to which he was necessary means to ensure the assimilation by a person of the elements of culture that has developed in society.

Social control is a mechanism that exists to maintain order in society, aimed at preventing the undesirable, deviant and punishing them for it. It is carried out through regulation.

The most important condition for the functioning of a social system is the predictability of people's actions and behavior. If it is not fulfilled, then it will collapse. For the stability of the system, society uses various means, which include social control, which performs a protective and stabilizing function.

It has a structure and consists of and sanctions. The former contain prescriptions, certain patterns of behavior in society (they indicate what people should do, think, say and feel). They are divided into legal (enshrined in laws, contain sanctions for their violation) and (expressed in the form of public opinion, the main instrument of influence is universal censure or approval).

Norms are classified by scale into those that exist in small, large groups and in society as a whole. The general ones include traditions, customs, etiquette, laws, mores, etc. Norms are the rights and obligations of a person in relation to others, the fulfillment of which is expected of him by those around him. They have strictly defined limits. These usually include social customs and traditions, manners, etiquette, group habits, taboos, social mores, laws.

To regulate human behavior, there are sanctions by which it " right action» are encouraged, and penalties are applied for violations. They can be very diverse, ranging from a disapproving look to imprisonment and even the death penalty. Sanctions are divided into 4 types: negative (punishment), positive (encouragement), formal (various awards, prizes, diplomas, scholarships, fines, imprisonment, etc.), informal (approval, praise, compliment, verbal reprimand, insulting tone).

Types of social control

External (formal and informal) and internal.

Formal control is carried out by government agencies, social and political organizations, the media, based on official condemnation or approval and acting on the territory of the entire state. At the same time, the norms governing human activity are contained in laws, regulations, various instructions and orders. Formal social control is aimed at maintaining the existing order and respect for laws with the help of representatives of government agencies. Informal is based on the condemnation or approval of actions by friends, relatives, neighbors, colleagues, and so on. It is expressed in the form of traditions, customs, as well as through the media.

Internal social control involves the regulation by a person of his behavior on his own, based on generally accepted norms. It manifests itself in the form of emotional experiences, feelings of guilt and, in general, attitudes towards perfect deeds. The main elements of self-control are conscience, will and consciousness.

Indirect (based on identification with a law-abiding group) and direct social control, which is based on accessibility various ways meeting needs and achieving goals that are alternative to immoral or illegal.

social control

social control- a system of methods and strategies by which society directs the behavior of individuals. In the ordinary sense, social control is reduced to a system of laws and sanctions, with the help of which an individual coordinates his behavior with the expectations of others and his own expectations from the surrounding social world.

Sociology and psychology have always sought to uncover the mechanism of internal social control.

Types of social control

There are two types of social control processes:

processes that encourage individuals to internalize existing social norms, processes of socialization of family and school education, during which the internal requirements of society - social prescriptions - take place;
the processes that organize the social experience of individuals, the lack of publicity in society, publicity is a form of social control over the behavior of the ruling strata and groups;

deviance

Social behavior that does not correspond to the norm, considered by the majority of members of society as reprehensible and unacceptable, is called deviant, or deviant. Deviance should not be understood as a quality of specific behavior.

Deviant behavior in the narrow sense refers to such behavioral deviations that do not entail criminal punishment.

Social interaction and social control

The starting point for the emergence of a social connection is the interaction of individuals or groups of individuals to meet certain needs.

Interaction- this is any behavior of an individual or a group of individuals that is significant for other individuals and groups of individuals or society as a whole at the moment and in the future. The category "interaction" expresses the nature of the content of relations between people. As well as social groups as permanent carriers of qualitatively various kinds activities that differ in social positions (statuses) and roles (functions). No matter in what sphere of the life of society interaction takes place, it is always social in nature, as it expresses the ties between individuals and groups of individuals; connections mediated by the goals that each of the interacting parties pursues.

Social interaction has an objective and subjective side.
The objective side of interaction- these are connections independent of individuals, but mediating and controlling the content and nature of their interaction.
Subjective side of interaction- this is a conscious attitude of individuals to each other, based on mutual expectations of appropriate behavior. These are interpersonal relationships, which are direct connections and relationships between individuals that develop in specific conditions of place and time.

The mechanism of social interaction includes:

individuals (performing actions);
changes in the outside world caused by these actions;
the impact of these changes on other individuals;
feedback from affected individuals.

Under the influence of P. A. Sorokin and G. Simmel, interaction in its subjective interpretation was accepted as the initial concept of group theory, and then became the initial concept of American sociology. “The main thing in social interaction is the content side. Everything depends on the individual and social properties and qualities of the interacting parties.

Everyday experience, the symbols and meanings by which interacting individuals are guided, give their interaction a certain quality. But in this case the main qualitative side of interaction is left aside - real social processes and phenomena that appear for people in the form of symbols, meanings, everyday experience.

The way an individual interacts with other individuals and the social environment as a whole determines the “refraction” of social norms and values through the consciousness of the individual and his real actions based on the comprehension of these norms, as well as values.

The way of interaction includes six aspects:

Transfer of information;
Receiving the information;
Reaction to the information received;
processed information;
Receiving processed information;
response to this information.

social control- a system of processes and mechanisms that ensure the maintenance of socially acceptable patterns of behavior and functioning of the social system as a whole. Social control:

carried out through the normative regulation of human behavior; and
ensures adherence to social norms.

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3.9. social control

social control - it is a system of social regulation of people's behavior and maintenance of public order; the mechanism of social regulation, a set of means and methods of social influence; social practice of using means and methods of social influence.

Functions of social control: protective; stabilizing (consists in the reproduction of the dominant type of social relations, social structures); target.

Types of social control

1) External social control is a set of forms, methods and actions that guarantee compliance with social norms of behavior. There are two types of external control:

– formal control based on official approval or condemnation; carried out by public authorities, political and social organizations, the education system, the media and operates throughout the country, based on laws, decrees, resolutions, orders and instructions; aims to make people respect law and order with the help of government officials. Formal social control may include the dominant ideology in society. Formal control is carried out by such institutions of modern society as the courts, education, the army, production, the media, political parties, and the government.

– Informal control based on the approval or condemnation of relatives, friends, colleagues, acquaintances, public opinion, expressed through traditions, customs or the media. Agents of informal social control are such social institutions like family, school, religion. This type of control is especially effective in small social groups.

2) Internal social control- self-regulation by the individual of his own social behavior in society. self control is formed in the process of socialization of the individual and the formation of socio-psychological mechanisms of his internal self-regulation. The main elements of self-control are consciousness, conscience and will.

Conscience- the ability of a person to independently formulate his own moral duties and demand from himself their fulfillment, to make a self-assessment of the actions and deeds performed.

Will- conscious regulation by a person of his behavior and activities, expressed in the ability to overcome external and internal difficulties in the performance of purposeful actions and deeds.

Allocate: 1) indirect social control based on identification with a reference law-abiding group; 2) social control based on the wide availability of a variety of ways to achieve goals and satisfy needs, alternative to illegal or immoral.

Social control is inextricably linked with the management of people's actions, social ties and social systems. Internal controllers are needs, beliefs, and external controllers are norms, values, as well as orders, etc.

Mechanisms of social control:

psychological support of conformal motivation, role behavior, status (maternal love, support of friends and team, etc.); habits, traditions, rituals; mass youth culture; insulation; isolation; rehabilitation, etc.

Social control consists of two elements - social norms and social sanctions. Social sanctions- means of encouragement and punishment, stimulating people to comply with social norms. The sanction is recognized as the main instrument of social control and represents an incentive for compliance with the norms.

Types of sanctions:

A) Formal, imposed by the state or specially authorized organizations and persons

– formal positive sanctions: public approval from the authorities, official institutions and organizations (government awards, state awards, career advancement, material rewards, etc.);

– formal negative sanctions: punishments provided for by legal laws, regulations, administrative instructions and orders (fine, demotion, dismissal, arrest, imprisonment, deprivation of civil rights, etc.).

B) Informal, expressed by informal persons

– informal positive sanctions- public approval from the informal environment, i.e. parents, friends, colleagues, acquaintances, etc. (compliment, friendly praise, benevolent disposition, etc.);

- informal negative sanctions - punishments not provided for by the legal system of society, but applied by society (remark, ridicule, breaking friendships, disapproving feedback, etc.).

Ways to implement social control in a group and society:

- through socialization(socialization, shaping our desires, preferences, habits and customs, is one of the main factors of social control and establishing order in society);

- through group pressure(each individual, being a member of many primary groups, must share a certain minimum of the cultural norms accepted in these groups and behave appropriately, otherwise condemnation and sanctions from the group may follow, ranging from simple remarks to expulsion from this primary group) ;

- through compulsion(in a situation where an individual does not want to comply with laws, regulations, formalized procedures, a group or society resorts to coercion to force him to do like everyone else).

Depending on the sanctions applied control methods:

a) direct: hard (the tool is political repression) and soft (the tool is the operation of the constitution and the criminal code);

b) indirect: hard (tool - economic sanctions of the international community) and soft (tool - the media);

c) control is exercised in organizations: general (if the manager gives a task to a subordinate and does not control the progress of its implementation); detailed (such control is called supervision). Supervision is carried out not only at the micro level, but also at the macro level. At the macro level, the state is the subject of supervision (police stations, whistle-blower service, prison guards, convoy troops, courts, censorship).

Elements of social control: individual; social community (group, class, society); individual (controlled) action; social (controlling) action.

The general mismatch of the social structure in the field of normative-value parameters of social behavior is called anomie. The term "anomie" (introduced E. Durkheim) means: 1) the state of society in which the significance of social norms and prescriptions has been lost for its members, and therefore the frequency of deviant and self-destructive behavior (up to suicide) is relatively high; 2) the lack of standards, standards of comparison with other people, allowing one to assess one's social position and choose patterns of behavior, which leaves the individual in a "declassed" state, without a sense of solidarity with a particular group; 3) a discrepancy, a gap between universal goals and expectations approved in a given society, and socially acceptable, “sanctioned” means of achieving them, which, due to the practical inaccessibility for all these goals, pushes many people onto illegal ways to achieve them. Anomie refers to any kind of "violations" in the value-normative system of society. As a result of anomie, the lack of effective norms for their regulation makes individuals unhappy and leads to manifestations of deviant behavior.

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