Russian Gypsy Dictionary Phrasebook Oriental Question. Gypsy Dictionary

Gypsies have been living in Russia for several centuries. They can be found throughout the country - from the borders in the west to the Far East. Not a single horse market in the 19th century was without their active participation. Their well-deserved fame was brought to them by a special dance and musical art. And what language does this people speak, is there a single Gypsy language? After all, gypsies are different. There are Ukrainian serfs, Romanian Vlachs, German Sinti, Crimean and Moldovan gypsies. What does Gypsy linguistics say about this? Let's try to figure out what language the gypsies speak. What words are borrowed from it into our vocabulary?

Language formation process

Very often some people are called gypsies. What is the reason for this? Most likely, they cannot sit in one place, change their place of residence all the time or like to beg for something. Gypsies are a very interesting people. The Europeans were of the opinion that they originally came from Egypt, therefore in many languages ​​the word "gypsy" is a derivative of "Egypt".

In fact, a thousand years ago, several tribes from the north and west of India migrated to other countries. So they became gypsies. Some tribes ended up in Persia, others wandered near the lands of Turkey, some reached Syria, Egypt and North Africa. As immigrants from India, these people have preserved the Indian language for communication.

Later, the Gypsies migrated to the Balkans, to Russia, and Hungary. Then they appeared in European countries: Germany, England, France, Spain, Sweden and Finland.

Centuries of wandering led to the fact that the gypsy language borrowed words from other languages. After all, the gypsies had occupations that allowed them to roam. Some were engaged in woodcarving, others made dishes, others danced, sang, wrote poetry, and divined. They all loved horses and traded in them. In Spain, the gypsies danced beautifully flamenco.

So, the Gypsy language belongs to the Indo-Aryan group of Indo-European languages. This language is still used by residents of Pakistan, India, Bangladesh. It is this dialect that is considered the only Balkan language of Indian origin. The Gypsy dialect has two close relatives - the Domari language (used by the inhabitants of Jerusalem) and Lomavren (previously used by the Armenians).

Since the gypsies traveled all over the world, the development of their dialect took place in the form of separate dialects. In each country where the Roma lived, some peculiarities of the dialect were formed.

Although the Gypsies separate themselves from other peoples, a single "Gypsy society" has never been formed. This leads to the extinction of the Gypsy dialects.

Countries where gypsies live

How common is the gypsy dialect today? The largest number of representatives of this people live in Romania - about half a million people. The next country in terms of their number is Bulgaria - 370 thousand. There are about 300 thousand Roma in Turkey. There are over 250,000 people in Hungary. The next country is France, with about 215,000 Roma. The following list will show you the number of Romani users in other countries:

• in Russia - 129,000;
• Serbia - 108,000;
• Slovakia - 106,000;
• Albania - 90,000;
• Germany - 85,000;
• Republic of Macedonia - 54,000;
• Ukraine - 47,000;
• Italy - 42,000;
• Bosnia and Herzegovina - 40,000.

In all other European countries, their number is less than 20,000. In Great Britain, Spain and Estonia there are only 1000 representatives each.

A little of the grammar of the gypsy dialect

The gypsy dialect is inherent definite article differences in gender and number. The presence of seven cases is highlighted: nominative, accusative, dative, suspensive, possessive, instrumental, vocative. All nouns have abstract concepts male... Pronouns have only six cases, no vocative. The infinitive of the verb does not exist. Adjectives are declined if they refer to a noun.

Dialects

Sometimes speakers of different dialects of the Roma language do not understand each other well. Only conversations on everyday topics are generally understandable. Modern language Roma has three mega-groups:

1. Romani.
2. Lomavren.
3. Domari.

Each major dialectal zone is further subdivided into smaller groups that include phonetic and grammatical innovations. Borrowing depends on the environment. The existence of the following largest dialect zones is noted:

• North. This includes Scandinavian, Finnish, Baltic gypsies, Sinti, Russian Roma.
• Central. Austrian, Czech, Hungarian, Slovak dialects.
• Vlashskaya. Dialects Lovari, Vlahi, Kelderar.
• Balkan. Serbian, Bulgarian, Crimean gypsies.
• Servitskaya. Received a strong influence of northeastern dialects.

In Russia, the Vlash dialect, borrowed from the language of the Romanian Gypsies, is considered the most widespread. The local North Russian dialect originated from him. It is similar to the Polish, Czech, Slovak, Lithuanian dialects. It is important to note that on the basis of the Kelderar dialect, a draft of the supra-dialect Koine, a common Gypsy language, was drawn up.

Moldovan and Romanian gypsies

In 2002, it was first celebrated in Moldova. For the first time, the Moldovan Gypsies were mentioned in 1428. Representatives of this people in Moldova, as well as in Romania, are subordinate to their baron. For many years, Moldovan Roma have been harassed. Indeed, in the nineteenth century it was still possible to buy a whole family of gypsies and use them as slaves.

The Baron of the Gypsies of Moldova today is Artur Cerare. Here, these people are mainly engaged in handicrafts. The houses of the Roma can be recognized from afar, just like their clothes. They colorfully decorate them, paint whole pictures on the walls. Most often, the owners have enough skills for landscapes and flowers. There are also rich representatives of this people. Their homes are like mansions, churches or temples.

Features of dialects of Russian gypsies

The ancestors of Russian Gypsies came to the country from Poland. They were engaged in horse trade, fortune telling, music and were Orthodox Christians. Now they can be found throughout the territory. Russian Federation... People especially like their songs and dances. With coming October revolution the gypsy merchants were completely destroyed, and the horse markets were closed. The Nazis also inflicted it.

The dialect of Russian Roma is filled with tracing copies from Polish, German, Russian. Suffixes and prefixes were borrowed. The most important feature of the Russian dialect is the use of the ending -ы. It is used in feminine nouns and adjectives and is similar to the ending -i. Examples: Romny (gypsy), parny (white), lola (red). But with the ending -i: khurmi (porridge), churi (knife).

Here are examples of words that have common Roman roots: dad (father), give (mother), gray (horse), vast (ruka), yakh (eye), yag (fire), pan (water). We will also give examples of words with borrowings from the Russian language: reka (river), rodo (clan), vesna (spring), bida (trouble), tsveto (color). The words are taken from the Polish language: sendo (court), indaraka (skirt), skempo (stingy). The following borrowings were taken from the Germans: felda (field), fenchtra (window), stuba (apartment).

Gypsy words in Russian

Borrowings not only penetrate into the Gypsy dialect, but also come out of it. Especially they fill the street, criminal, restaurant and music vocabulary. Everyone knows that the word "lave" means money, because many gypsies often ask for it for fortune telling. "Shaving" also comes from the Gypsy dialect and means "to steal". Often, instead of "eat and eat", the slang "hawala" is used. To play a musical instrument, they sometimes use "lab". And very often young people use the word "dude" meaning "your boyfriend".

The most common gypsy phrases

If you want to learn the most popular phrases of the nomadic people, you can refer to the Gypsy dictionary. The very phrase "Gypsy language" is written in it as "romano rakirebe". Here are the most commonly used greeting phrases:

• bakhtales - hello;
• dubridin - hello;
• mishto yavyan - welcome;
• deves lacho - good afternoon.

In addition to greetings, you may be interested in other standard phrases:

• yaven saste - be healthy;
• nais - thank you;
• lachi ryat - good night;
• cheese here kharen - what is your name;
• sorry - sorry;
• me here kamam - I love you;
• me here mangawa - I ask you;
• me sukar - I am fine;
• miro dev - my God!

In literature and art

The Gypsy dialect is often used as a colloquial one. Nevertheless, some books are written in this particular dialect. The following writers used it to write works: Lexa Manush, Papusha, Mateo Maksimov. It is also worth noting Georgy Tsvetkov, Valdemar Kalinin, Janush Panchenko, Dzhura Makhotin, Ilona Makhotina. There are a number of other writers who used the gypsy dialect in their works.

Mostly small prose forms and poems were written in it. Poetry has always been a traditional entertainment for this people. But a prose work cannot be written without some preparation.

There is the Pralipe Theater, where performances are performed in the Gypsy dialect. The first operetta by Nikolai Shishkin also staged performances in the Roma language.

The two filmmakers in this language are well known. This is Tony Gatliff. The Roma language was used in the films "Strange Stranger", "Lucky", "Exiles", "Time of the Gypsies".

Gypsies in the USA

You can also find rum in Canada and the USA, but there are very few of them here. They are represented by all three branches of European Gypsies: Calais, Sinti, Roma. How did the representatives come to America? They came there in different years. They were mainly Roma artists from countries the former USSR, as well as from the Czech Republic and Romania.

For the American Roma, there is no single way of life and a single culture; they have dissolved among the most diverse segments of the population. Some have become marginalized, others - big businessmen. The virtuoso guitarist Vadim Kolpakov, professor Ronald Lee, writer Emil Demeter, musician Eugene Gudz became famous in North America.

Most Americans have a vague idea of ​​this people. Gypsy culture seems distant and exotic to them. It is estimated that there are about a million Roma in the United States. Some of them have to suffer from stereotypes in the field of employment.

Extinction threat of gypsy dialects

Some European gypsies still roam, but most are accustomed to a sedentary lifestyle. The speech of this people was strongly influenced by Slavic and other languages. Therefore, there is a high probability of losing it. There are about 3-4 million Roma speakers across Europe. The main obstacle to its distribution is considered low level literacy of Roma. Although Kosovo, Macedonia, Croatia, Romania, Slovenia, Slovakia, Germany, Finland, Hungary recognize it as the language of national minorities.

The big disadvantage of the Gypsy dialect is neglect. Grammar and vocabulary are in a fairly primitive state. It is even easier for this people to preserve their identity at the level of everyday life, but at the level of speech it is very bad. There are very few gypsy prefixes and particles, so the language is littered with Russian elements. However, groups are currently working in some countries to standardize the Roma language. Romania even operates one system teaching the gypsy language. In Serbia, some channels and radio broadcasts are broadcast on it.

THE INTERNET ACCIDENT HAS BEEN ELIMINATED AND IT'S GOOD.

These gypsy magic words help gypsies open any doors in the sense that before going anywhere to any meeting, and even more so to business meeting, the gypsy says these words to himself and the meeting succeeds. That is, what the gypsy wanted to get from this meeting, he gets. The conspiracy works for all people except the so-called whiners or complainers. That is, those people who are always whining that their life has failed, that everything in this beautiful world for God is bad. God does not give such people luck as a punishment for sinful thoughts about themselves.

CONSPIRACY FROM THEFT

How to make sure that you are not robbed by gypsies or other wizards? Very simple. There is a gypsy conspiracy in Russian "Fish with a head, all that was - all with me." It is necessary to pronounce the conspiracy with passion and faith, aloud or to yourself in every corner of your rooms in the house and pronounce it when you go outside. The conspiracy is suitable only for those people who themselves have never stolen in their lives. Whoever stole is sinful and the conspiracy will not help him, God will punish him for theft by stealing. A gypsy conspiracy cannot be stronger than God's will.

KYZYL BYZMA (BLACK CAT)

So that strangers do not put damage or the evil eye on you, before meeting them or before making a phone call, you need to say “Kyzyl Byzma” out loud or silently to yourself. And you must believe in the power of these words, and then no damage and evil eye will be afraid of you. The black cat is a symbol of the Devil. When a black cat runs across your path, it’s big luck, the Devil himself wants to protect you.

JA LACHI DROM - Say these words before an important matter three times before you start doing something and everything will argue with you and be successful. And if where the obstacles that need to be resolved begin, say this to yourself too. Very strong kind magic words

MANDO SARO SHUKAR - I'm fine

These magic words are needed in order not to anger God. "Sir Juwese?" - the gypsies ask each other. Mando saro shukar - the second gypsy always answers. Always and constantly say, in response to a question about how you are doing, "mando saro shukar" silently and aloud the same in Russian, and everything will really work out in your life.

JA DATTSIR!

I won't give you a translation, you don't need it. These magic words must be uttered with fury and force to yourself in the company of those people who get you and shake your nerves with moralizing or whining. Say "Jha dattsir" three times in a row and you will see how this person will fuck you off and will not bother you at all.

I ask you not to judge me especially harshly - the words are placed randomly and only those that I can now remember. Over time, the vocabulary will take on more definite forms.

here - you

tumE - you

tUke - for you

terE - yours

peace and (peace) - mine (mine)

mange - me

mander - from me

kokuro - myself

ki tu - to you

yune - she

amorO is our

amore - our

kai - where

SavO - what

sareesa - absolutely

sneakers - when

nothing - nothing

con - who

kARIK - where

cheese - how

palsO - why

bout - how much

darik - here

fool - there

kadYake - so

nipples - why

dulEski - because

chayuri (tea) - girl, girl

chaYale - girls, girls

chavoro (chavorAle) - boy, guy

chavAle - boys, boys

rum - gypsy, husband

ROMANES - gypsy, wife

gilah - song

kamam - love

me here kamam - i love you

mangav - please

mae here mangav - i ask you

jav ke me - come to me

jav darik - come here

shunEsa? - do you hear?

avEn - let's go

kher - house

avEn khare - let's go home

from the keeper? - What do we do?

from that KAMES? - What do you want?

Tu bi worldO - you are without me

Mme beiterO - I am without you

dumindem - I thought

so mange te kira? - what should I do?

that jin? - you know?

mae na jinOm - I don't know

pheng - say

seo phengyang? - what you said?

Who? - who's there?

nichi mae tUter on manga ava - I'm not asking you for anything

nichi mae tUter na phenAwa - I won't tell you anything

chamudes - you kiss

mae jinOm, so man kamesa - I know that you love me

tyrdev! - stop! Wait!

day sy - it is

tekhAs - to eat

with tehAs? - what to eat?

ugea sneakers? - where did you go?

Tu MirO Kamla (Tu MirO Kamlo) - you are my beloved (you are my beloved)

me biterO tydzhevAu on muzhinAv - I can not live without you

mae bang o lee - i'm to blame

ripirAva - I remember

from manz? - what happened with me?

shurU dukhal - my head hurts

Mae RodAm here - I'm looking for you

tu me lakhtem - I found you

that on kolyasov - do not be angry

sorry Sorry

Kamessa? - want?

play - drink

avesa tyrdEs? - will you smoke?

on tyrdY! - do not smoke!

palE - forward

ANGEL - BACK

traduns - machine

dates - from here

aven datYr - I will send from here

closed - closed

duckYerdo - open

mae umor here ava - i will kill you

chachipe - true

hohavesa - cheating

na ujA - don't go

now mae java - now i will come

devEl - God

te skarin man deVel! - so that God punishes you!

dade - dad

yes - mom

bibi - aunt

how is uncle

pyeong - brother

pshan - sister

yavEla - will come

te booth? - what time?

tasya - tomorrow

fell tasYa - after tomorrow

dadyves - today

dyves - day

blowA - door

churI - knife

balA - hair

chibe - bed

angrust - ring

chirgin - stars

chirgenorI - asterisk

yakh - eye

yakha - eyes

tere yakha chirgin cheese ya - your eyes are like stars

yak - light

parno - white

kalO - black

lulo - red

lilOro - leaflet, passport

barO - big

bang - damn

manUsh - man

gajo is not a gypsy

chacho - true

bjav - wedding

panI - water

bravinta - vodka

Duc! - look!

de mange podikhAv - let me see

deshuEk - 11

deshudUy - 12

deshutrIn - 13

bishte - 20

threeYanda - 30

stardesh - 40

V. V. Shapoval Self-study book of the Gypsy language: Russian Roma: North-Russian dialect: textbook. allowance / V.V. Shapoval; silt M.A. Epifanova. - M .: Astrel: AST, 2007 .-- 447 p.

Abstract 2

FOREWORD 4

SECTION I. ELEMENTARY INFORMATION ABOUT THE ROMAN LANGUAGE 8

INTRODUCTION 8

1. Dialects of the Gypsy language 8

2. What Is Not In This Book 9

3. What is in this book 10

WRITING AND PRONUNCIATION 12

4. Gypsy alphabet (Romano alphabet) 12

5. Gypsy pronunciation (Romano vyrakiriben) 13

GRAMMAR 25

7. Parts of speech in the Romani language 25

8. Grammatical characteristics of parts of speech in the Romani language 25

Lesson 1. Two kinds of nouns. The meaning of the conjugated forms of the verb. Present tense of the verb. Present tense of I conjugation of verbs 27

Lesson 2. Determination of gender by special endings in original and borrowed nouns. Verbs not included in any of the three conjugations 33

annotation

This tutorial is intended for self-study dialect of Moscow (Russian) gypsies. It contains grammar, exercises, texts with parallel educational translation and a complete Gypsy-Russian and Russian-Gypsy dictionary of all words found in the texts. The book is intended for everyone who wants to learn the Romani language "from scratch", and is also addressed to those who speak the Romani language and want to improve their knowledge. The material is divided into separate lessons. It is introduced in optimal portions, taking into account the capabilities of the students. The grammar is presented at an accessible level, with examples and exercises. The texts of more than 50 old and popular songs, samples of prose are given and analyzed in detail, there is a dictionary, phrasebook and other auxiliary materials. Crosswords to texts and other forms of activation of accumulated knowledge, references to gramophone records and CDs, with which you can work in karaoke mode, will help you learn not only faster and more efficiently, but also with pleasure.

The publication is also of interest to linguists, comparativists, indologists, folklorists. The educational dictionary provides etymological references to root words, while presenting the grammar, information on the history of this little-studied Indo-European language is given.

Such a book has not been published in Russia for over a hundred years.

Dedication

This book is dedicated to Alexander Eroshkin with heartfelt gratitude for the enormous patronage and moral support. author.

FOREWORD

This tutorial is offered as a comprehensive study guide for self-study of the Romani language. The complex nature of the manual is determined by the fact that for the first time in Russia 1 in Russia are collected under one cover: a) educational material, divided into separate lessons for self-assimilation of the basics of grammar and basic vocabulary: b) texts for self-improvement of language knowledge; c) a consolidated dictionary, including all words and special forms used in this manual (Gypsy-Russian and Russian-Gypsy); d) colloquial phrases.

The Romani language of Europe is divided into a number of dialects, the differences between which can be compared with the differences between Slavic languages... Our Russian speaking reader can understand some Ukrainian, Bulgarian or Polish phrases but this is not enough to speak these languages. The same situation in gypsy: when a Russian gypsy in Emil Kusturitsa's film "Black Cat, White cat"Hears the phrases" EkhTat ke, panjma nge»; « TOa toGrga ! »; « On thedysineh la"Etc., he easily understands them:" One (card) for you, five for me "; "Uncle Gyrg a! "; "Doesn't breathe." But in the latter case, he himself would say on thebreatheeh la... Some of the heroes of the film say panand , other - pay, payand and our gypsies will say pans - water (masculine!). Etc.

This publication contains a description of grammar and vocabulary, as well as samples of poetry and prose in the Gypsy language in the dialect variety spoken by Russian or Moscow Gypsies ( Rat nippleruma ). In the scientific tradition, for this dialect the name of the North Russian dialect of the Baltic group of the Gypsy language was fixed. Since the study of the Romani language in special classes of educational schools is still going through another period of formation, 2 the author considered it more reasonable to address this manual to all those interested in the Romani language and make it look like a self-study guide. Thus, the book has full methodological support for independent individual or group work, which does not exclude its use for learning the native language in gypsy classes, in circles, etc.

In order for the self-instruction manual to be used by both beginners and readers who already have some knowledge of the Gypsy language, its material is presented in two parts. The first, elementary part of the tutorial is intended for beginners. It provides a short course of phonetics, the necessary information on morphology, introduces a basic dictionary, provides elementary texts with a methodological apparatus necessary for their independent mastering. The main focus of this part is on reading and translating light texts, as well as exercises for acquiring speaking skills.

The second part of the tutorial is addressed to a more prepared reader. This refers primarily to people who already know the Romani language or have mastered its basics in the process of working with the first part of the self-study guide. However, detailed dictionaries for all texts allow, after a minimal acquaintance with the first lessons, to work with the material in any sequence. The author tried to take into account the interests of different readers in the reading material in the Romani language for himself and for his children. Popular folk and pop songs in the Gypsy language have not been forgotten either, the texts of which are provided with translation and commentary.

All texts and almost all exercises are stressed.

At the end of the self-instruction manual there is an educational dictionary, which contains all the Romani words found in the book, as well as separately given and explained all the grammatical forms of these words, which may present difficulty at the initial stage of learning.

One of the most effective approaches to the study of the Roma language was described by L.N. Tolstoy, who spoke a little Gypsy: 3 "Whoever was with Gypsies, he must have the habit of humming Gypsy songs." You can use Tolstoy's method. After studying the lyrics of the song and disassembling the translation, listen to it as many times as you like, until each gypsy word becomes easy to relate to the translation from memory.

I would like to express my gratitude to colleagues and friends who, with their indulgence and patience, work and example, contributed to the writing of this book: Milena Alinchova, Nikolai Bessonov, the Demeter family, Mikhail Timofeevich Dyachk, Sergei Ermoshkin, Valdemar Kalinin, Stepan Filippovich Novoselar, Valdear Valdellsky. Michael Stewart, Gana Sislova, Vadim Germanovich Toropov, prof. Viktor Fridman, prof. Thomas Acton, prof. Ian Hancock, Svetlana Anatolyevna Shapoval and many many others whom I admire and to whom I am grateful for moral support.

My special thanks go to my editor and mentor for decades, Lev Nikolaevich Cherenkov.

With sorrow I will remember the bright name of my late teacher prof. Kirill Alekseevich Timofeev, who in every way and tirelessly encouraged my scientific interest in the Gypsy language.

V. Shapoval

SECTION I. ELEMENTARY INFORMATION ABOUT THE ROMAN LANGUAGE

INTRODUCTION

1. Dialects of the Gypsy language

About 1,500 years ago, part of an ethnic group or caste left the northwestern part of India dom... 4 Gradually exploring new places in search of a better life, this mobile group of artisans, musicians and artists, hired for seasonal work, split up. For example, a branch called dom lives now in Israel. 5 Another branch of the people ended up in Persia, Armenia and Central Asia, and only some of them retained their old name in the form lom... The group left the homeland farthest rum(pl. ruma - gypsies) or prom... 6 Through the territory of what is now Turkey and Greece ruma spread across Europe (from the 15th century) and Russia (from the 18th century).

Currently, on the territory of Europe, the Roma language is represented by a number of dialects, which are usually divided into the following groups: 7 Balkan (in Russia these are few ursa row- letters: bear trainers 8 and crs we- Crimean Gypsies 9), Vlash ( owa stink, 10 including: keldera row, 11 fishinga row 12 and others), Carpathian, Germanic ( Withand nti), Welsh (in England), Finnish, Ukrainian ( Witheh ditches, they also live in southern Russia) and the most widely represented in Russia (as well as in the Baltic States, Poland and Belarus) is the Baltic group of Gypsy dialects, to which the dialect belongs Rat nippleruma (Russian gypsies) described in this book. In addition to these oral dialects, there are also projects of the literary language. The latter are usually created on the basis of one dialect, but with the involvement of separate words from related dialects. Attempts to create "koine", a supra-dialectal form of the literary language, are also presented in publications in the Gypsy language.

2. What is not in this book

This book does not consider other Russian and foreign dialects of the Gypsy language, however, having mastered the dialect Rat nippleruma (Russian Gypsies), you will be able to quite fully understand the speech of Polish and Czech Gypsies and, if you wish, read books and magazines published in these countries. True, there is one difficulty: they are printed in Latin letters. A list of publications that can be used for further studies of the Gypsy language and a table of correspondences of several Gypsy alphabets used in different countries ah see at the end of this book.

3. What is in this book

This book describes the dialect Rat nippleruma (Russian gypsies). 13 It is spoken by those Gypsies who were the first to come to Russian lands several centuries ago and now live in almost all regions of Russia. 1920s - 1930s dialect Rat nippleruma (Russian Gypsies) received the official name "North-Russian dialect of the Gypsy language", a written language based on the Russian alphabet was created for it, numerous books and textbooks were published. 14 In addition, most of the popular Gypsy songs performed in the XIX-XX centuries by Gypsy choirs in Russia and still played on the stage were created in this dialect. They are still available today on LPs and CDs. Listening to songs and following the lyrics of the singer is very helpful in mastering the correct pronunciation. The songs in this edition have been chosen primarily taking into account this form of educational work.

To the reader, aspiringto learnGypsylanguage.

Thus, this book gives the interested reader real opportunity consistently get acquainted with the rules of grammar and the basic vocabulary, then, by performing the exercises, acquire the necessary skills to learn to understand and speak the dialect Rat nippleruma ... And also to understand in detail the ancient and modern Gypsy songs that have been analyzed and translated in this book and the fairy tales, stories, poems presented below with Russian parallel text and the necessary explanations, and, if desired, and with some diligence, and read Bible 15 in the Gypsy language, excerpts from which are also presented with parallel translation and analysis below.

To the reader, knowingGypsylanguage.

And, of course, in the current situation, when so many private Gypsy schools are being created throughout Russia and beyond its borders, and parents are striving to pass on the treasures of traditional national culture to their children, I could not help but take care of future readers who, to one degree or another, speak the Gypsy language. The book presents as diverse as possible materials for home reading, various poems and riddles, crosswords and palindromes. All this is intended to help parents to awaken in our children an interest and love for their native word. Maybe some of them, having become acquainted with the examples of the work of our wonderful poets and writers of the 1920s and 1930s, will want to try their hand at artistic creativity, write down family legends, fairy tales, and begin to write poetry.

WRITING AND PRONUNCIATION

4. Gypsy alphabet ( novelOthe alphabetandthen)

The alphabet for the literary Gypsy language, created on the basis of the North Russian dialect, officially adopted on May 10, 1927, has 32 characters.

Differences from the Russian alphabet are very insignificant. Additionally, only one character has been entered. This is the 5th letter - "Ґ with a spout". It serves to denote a special sound [r] of the type of Ukrainian long, that is, fricative G as in the word boo[xg] alter... For instance: ara - for a long time (with a long G), but garadO - hidden (with a short, usual G). In addition, the letters Ш and b were not originally included in the alphabet. Accordingly, instead of more it was suggested to write yeshe , and instead of offI am h(leave me alone) - from'I am h... I must say that these artificial restrictions were partly the embodiment of the theoretical principles of the creators of the alphabet, and partly were caused by the spelling fashion of the current moment (rejection of the letter b in post-revolutionary Russia). Subsequently, they did not gain a foothold, and the Russian Gypsies, when recording their speech, in practice did not abandon the letters Щ and Ъ. In this book, these letters are also used to write Russian words borrowed into the Gypsy language.

5. Gypsy pronunciation ( novelOvyrakiribehn)

Vowel sounds

Vowels under stress are pronounced in much the same way as the corresponding sounds in Russian words. For instance: bakht(f.) 16 - luck, share, happiness, con- who, blow- two / two, dukh- look, ker- do, or after soft: yag(f) - fire, yёv- he, chew- put, pi- drink, belvee eh(f) - evening.

However, there are pronunciation options that are quite acceptable from the point of view of the Gypsy language, but not typical for Russian. As well as naneh - no (not available) pronunciation occurs sporadically nans ... That is, [e] and [s] under stress do not differ in the same way as in Russian. We can say that [e] in the Gypsy language, even under stress, is often in an individual pronunciation a narrower vowel than Russians [e], cateh R and cats R- piece.

Unstressed vowels are usually pronounced in much the same way as the corresponding stressed vowels. This is the striking difference between the Gypsy pronunciation and the Russian one. If there is some change in the unstressed vowel [o] or [e], then the shift occurs in the wrong direction, as in the Russian literary (Moscow) pronunciation. For example, pronounced ґaleva wah and ґalyuvea wah- I guess. A well-known gypsy word fishingeh (money) Russians pronounce it as [лАв eh]. Different gypsies pronounce this word differently: from pure [lOv eh] to constricted [lUv eh], but never occurs "akanya" * [лАв eh]. The same can be said for the sound [o] after soft consonants. For example, the word yongeh (they) sound different: from [yon eh] to [yun eh], but the Russian "yakanya" * [yan eh] or "hiccup" * [(th) Ying eh].

As a precautionary measure in order to avoid "akanya", it is recommended to practice artificially strengthening the rounding of the lips when pronouncing the vowel [o] in an unstressed position, gradually moving from [o] to [y]. For instance:

table

The vowel [e] not under stress can also be narrowed. For instance, khera (plural) - “house a" or khereh - "d O ma "is pronounced in the range from pure [khEr a] / [khER eh] to the narrowed [khYr a] / [khYr eh]. However, this type of unstressed vowel change is the same in Russian and Gypsy languages.

Particular attention should be paid to the pronunciation of unstressed I am[a] after soft consonants. For instance: chewa le!(address) - “guys! (gypsies!) "is pronounced with [cha-], not * [chIv a le], as, for example, Russian houra mi[chIS a mi].

It can be recommended as an artificial measure to control and prevent a shift in the pronunciation of [cha] - [chi] do on cha- weak stress, as, for example, in combination cha Withvha With where the weak stress is on the first cha-, and the main and stronger stress is on the second cha-. That is, in other words, it is recommended to pronounce chewa le as if written cha_va le... Only it must be said without a pause, in one piece.

Consonant sounds

Consonants [n], [b], [f], [c], [m], [t], [d], [s], [h], [p], [l], [n], [k], [g], [x], [y], [w], [w], [c] are pronounced in the North Russian dialect of the Gypsy language in the same way as the corresponding Russian sounds, denoted by the same signs of the Russian alphabet ... Front b and letters and, e, e, Yu, I am consonants [n '], 18 [b'], [f '], [v'], [m '], [t'], [q '], [s'], [z '], [p' ], [l '], [n'], [k '], [z'], [x '] are pronounced softly. For example: [l] - [l ’]: Gils (f) - song, GilI am (plural) - songs, [k] - [k ']: ker- do, kin- buy. The sounds [y] and [h ’] in this dialect are always pronounced softly, the sounds [w], [w], [c] are always firmly.

dad(m.) - father of [dates], yag(f) - fire [yak].

Attention should be paid to the specific consonant sounds of the Gypsy language, which do not have special signs for their designation, but are indicated by combinations of letters. However, it is important to keep in mind that these are distinct and solid sounds.

The so-called affricates (complex sounds) 19 [c] and [h ’] have voiced pairs [dz] and [d’zh’], also pronounced together. For instance: cs na(f.) - skin, chicka ri(m.) - skinner, but: zewels (f) - scrambled eggs, ba ndza(f.) - shop, store. However, there are also cases of loss [dz] and mixing it with the usual [h]: zet and zet(m) - vegetable oil, zen and zen(f) - saddle. Also: chewO (m.) - guy (gypsy), son, chen(m) - month, but: jI am wah- I'm going, jve(f) - oats.

In Russian, the continuous sounds [dz] and [d'zh ’] are also found, but are perceived as variants [c] and [h’]. Wed, for example, literary pronunciation c and h in combinations cone [dz] _ GO Yes, Pe [d'zh ’] _ pancakes .

The aspirated consonants [kx], [nx], [tx], also pronounced together, constitute a specific feature of the Gypsy language, which unites it with other modern Indian languages. The sounds [kx], [nx], [tx] should be distinguished from simple [k], [n], [t], they are included in the roots of different words. For instance: kher(m.) - a house, but: ker- do; pharO - heavy, but: steamat v- change; thuv(m) - smoke, but: that- you.

In a number of other dialects of the Gypsy language, there is another aspirated [chh]. For example, in the Belarusian dialect, the Baltic groups also differ in initial sounds chang(f) - ‘knee’ and chawO (m.) - ‘guy (gypsy)’, while the northern Russian dialect of the Gypsy language did not retain this distinction: chiang(f) - ‘knee’ and chewO (m.) - ‘guy (gypsy)’. Also, [h] and [chh] differ in a number of other dialect groups, for example, in Vlash. Wed kelderar: chiang(f) - ‘knee’, but shav(m.) - ‘guy (gypsy)’. The list of roots with historical [chh] in our dialect is small, for example: ahe l- leaves; bundlee l- asks; chen(m) - month; black(m) - thief; chib(f) - language; chick(f) - sneeze (but not chick(f.) - dirt); rankeh l- cuts, writes; chiveh l- pours; cheweh l- puts; chyuche - empty (but not chyuchand (f.) - female breast); churdeh l- throws; chungardeh l- spits; chyurand (f.) - knife (but not chyur(f.) - female braid); chewO - a gypsy guy, who- a gypsy girl; chyadeh l- be sick; at-chyakireh l- covers; chyalO - well-fed; chyalaweh l- touches; who(f) - cheek, from which - chyamudeh l- kisses; cheer(f. obsolete) - ash, ash (but not cheer(f.) - grass).

Voiced consonants, if they occur at the end of words, are pronounced as voiceless: dad(m.) - father of [dates], yag(f) - fire [yak], although - v behaves differently: some say RU[f] - wolf, others - RU[w]. However, in general, what is called "sandhi", that is, the processes at the junctions of words, is poorly studied. In groups of consonants, voicing takes place at the junctions of words ( but_mO ly- many times, but: boo[d] _ bersha - many years) and stunning ( chib_worldand - my language, but: chi[P] _tyrand - your tongue). P.S. Patkanov noted a hundred years ago among Moscow gypsies a pronunciation of the type: iss [h] ma nde ...- I had ... This voicing in front of the vowels and sonorants of the next word is obviously taken from the Western Territory Russian Empire... This is rare today.

Full "spike" at the junctions of words is also characteristic of consonants ( boothcorea – boo[d]ruma - Multi-Lane, thuttatO – thu[T]atO - warm milk), and for vowels ( on theaweh la – n[a] veh la- will not be).

Aspirated [kx], if it occurs at the end of words, is pronounced as simple [k]: yakh(f) - eye [yak], dukh- see [Duc]. The other two aspirates occur only before vowels, so their possible behavior at the end of words is not known. In Gypsy, there are traces of the action of a pattern characteristic of Indian languages: a word cannot have two aspirates. So, the combination * ekh-e + thang-e gives ekhataneh and khataneh - together; verb * phuch a wa - I ask, having two aspirates, really sounds in Russian-Gypsy as bundleI am wah(aspirated chh), in Belarusian and Ukrainian dialects with bunch-, in Vlash with a modified chh: pusch-, in the Slovak Gypsy dialect - phuch-, although chh preserved there. There are different solutions caused by the ban on two aspirates in one word.

In the position in front of the consonants, aspiration, if not lost at all, is expressed weakly and peculiarly, for example: dykhe m and dykhte m- saw (I), it seems, sounds something like [duk-hem] and [dy-htem].

Consonant posterior palatal fricative ґ , denoted by a special sign, sounds like a Ukrainian or South Russian fricative (long) [g]: 20 irand l(m) - peas, ans ng(f) - well. Among Moscow gypsies, this sound is often replaced by the usual one. G, that is, they sing chergeh n, but not blґ eh n- a star, they say gara , but not ґ ara - for a long time. The same goes for common pronunciation. iv- snow, siltO - heart, although a hundred years ago P.S. Patkanov and later researchers noted the pronunciation: yiv, yilO ... This is apparently due to the influence of Russian speech, where pronunciation blah[ґ]O, a[ґ]a, her[yiy O] superseded by a new one: blah[G] O, a[G] a, her[uh O].

Stress

The stress in the northern Russian dialect of the Gypsy language is not as sharp as in the Russian language, it does not lead to such a noticeable lengthening of stressed vowels and weakening of neighboring unstressed vowels. The choice of the place of stress as in the original gypsy words, and in borrowed words of different types depends on the grammatical composition of the given form of the word. Therefore, we consider the rules for placing stress below in parallel with the study of grammar. They are quite simple and follow a strict logic.

Spelling of vowels after sibilants and c

Adherence to the principle "we write as we hear" was manifested in the fact that after always firm w, f, c, dz not written I am, e, e, Yu, and, and after always soft h, j are written only I am, e, e, Yu, and... 21 This allows us to distinguish between solid and soft pronunciation, For example: shyng(m.) - horn, zhykokirlO - up to the throat, cs na(f) - skin. But: rank- cut (also: write), chewa le(appeal) - guys (gypsies), chen(m) - month, jiv- live, jve(f.) - oats, jya- go.

6. Recommendations for working with vocabulary materials and texts

Working on the dictionary

Before starting to study grammar and vocabulary, it will be useful for you to get acquainted with the abbreviations that will be used in dictionaries for individual texts and in Consolidatedvocabulary at the end of the book. All abbreviations are disclosed in Listreductions at the beginning of this tutorial. However, they are included in the work in small portions as new information on grammar is presented. You can memorize new words in different ways. It is useful for some to write words on cards with translation on the back, and then shuffle this deck or check each other for knowledge of words, if you work in a group. For others, it is more efficient to use "karaoke": open the lyrics and listen to the disc, following the lyrics and looking at the translation. Lev Tolstoy did the following: he memorized gypsy songs and analyzed in detail the meaning and grammatical form of each word, and then he walked around and hummed. For some, solving crosswords is optimal. In any case, different approaches are worth trying.

Let's start working with the dictionary. In the previous section, about 50 words were mentioned. If you want to check how well you memorize them and also get started with abbreviations, complete the vocabulary assignments.

Dictionary for the subsection "Writing and pronunciation"

the alphabetand then(f) - alphabet

ba ndza(f.) - shop, shop

bakht(f.) - luck, share, happiness

belvee eh(f) - evening

vyrakiribeh n(m) - reprimand, pronunciation

ґaleva wah and ґalyuvea wah- I guess, I recognize Yu, Understand

ans ng(f.) - well

garadO (acc.) - hidden

Gils (f) - song; GilI am (f., pl.) - songs

irand l(m) - peas

dad(o.m.) - father

jve(f.) - oats

jiv(ch., led.) - live

jya(ch., led.) - go; jI am wah- go, go, also: go

zewels (f) - scrambled eggs

zen and zen(f) - saddle

zet and zet(m) - vegetable oil

blow(number) - two / two

dukh(ch., led.) - look

yёv(local) - he; her(local) - she

zhykokirlO - up to the throat

zen(f) - saddle

zet(m) - vegetable oil

kirlO (m) - throat

con(local) - who

kher(m.) - house

khera (m., pl.) - house a

khereh (people) - d O ma, home

ker(ch., led.) - do

lavaa - words, units. m .: lava- word, name

fishingeh (plural) - money

manga(ch., led.) - ask

steamat v(ch., led.) - change

pashlO - lying, pl.: pashleh

pi(ch., led.) - drink

pharO (adj.) - heavy

that(local) - you

thuv(m) - smoke

tardO - standing, pl. tardeh

cs na(f.) - skin

chicka ri(anim.m.) 22 - skinner

chewO (m.) - guy (gypsy), son

chen(m) - month; chena (pl.) - months

rank(v., led.) - cut (also: write)

chew(ch., led.) - luggage

chewa le!(appeal) - guys! (gypsies!)

shyng(m) - horn, "devil"

I'm in(chap. led.) - come (also: be)

yag(f) - fire

yakh(f) - eye

Task 1 (to work with Dictionary) 23

1. Write down 3 inanimate feminine nouns, they are designated as follows: (f).

2. Write down 3 animate masculine nouns.

3. Write out 3 verbs in the imperative mood (ch., Led.).

You will remember other abbreviations gradually, as you work.

Assignment 2

If you've memorized these words and forms, you can test yourself by completing the following small crossword puzzle. A double line in the crossword table indicates that the word begins or ends at this place.

Crossword

Horizontally (pasl eh lava a): 24

1. Two. 2. Song. 3. I'm going. 5. Drink. 6. Throat. 8. Shop. 9. Ask. 10. Home.

Vertically (tard eh lava a): 25

1. Live. 2. Hidden. 4. Eye. 7. Father. 8. Happiness.

Working with texts

We will approach working with purely Gypsy texts gradually. This possibility arises due to the fact that the North Russian dialect of the Gypsy language is used in speech against the background of the Russian language, in conditions of active bilingualism. This explains not only the presence of a large number of borrowed words, but also the possibility of mixed use of the two languages. The Gypsies themselves, on the one hand, recognize the need to include Russian elements in speech, however, on the other hand, they show a sense of proportion and an understanding that the disorderly mixing of elements of two languages ​​in one phrase (style “in a Gypsy novel eh s ", as they say sometimes jokingly) is not a high role model.

Nevertheless, texts interspersed with gypsy elements are very useful as material for preliminary acquaintance with the dictionary even before the grammar is studied at least to the minimum extent necessary.

Assignment 3

Dictionary Back to text 1.

1. My former friends settled down. Chiavale 26 - all party members. (Nagibin Yu.)

2. She started some kind of camp song, and her father, leaning across the table, stared intently at her with black eyes ... and whispered pleadingly in his favorite places: “ noveleh With, Masha, noveleh With". (Kuprin I.)

3. If someone from the choir allowed himself not to sing, barely opening his mouth, [father] ... would pick up the guitar and, jabbing at the guilty party, would throw: - Avrand ! - and drove them out of the choir.

4. Today she is the heroine of the day, and the gypsies will continue to tell for a long time how this girl managed to take from “ gagee "An" expensive "Japanese doll.

7. Gypsies coffeea ri- settled near the Horse Square.

5. As soon as you left, - he said, - Vaska the nosed one ordered us: DrodrO m! Well, we all rushed to get ready.

6. And sang - " cheeseDeveh l».

8. Our life is real! Serious. And with you - so ... Fun. So for this fun you also laureleh give, but we need to extract.

9. – Ne, so we follow you, - the camp hummed.

10. Instead of a beautiful woman, Koschey hid a fortune-teller gypsy and a gray (“ drawphaba ") A trotter.

11. – Aveh la, nxat romans! - interrupted her big-nosed gypsy. - Don't muddy the water! Enough.

12. – PereI am whose, nxat romans, - stopped the old woman with a nosed gypsy.

13. Dmitry Dibrov in the game "Oh, lucky man" once, offering a choice Budulay, Romaine, Romale, Chavela, asked the starting question: "What is the name of the Moscow Gypsy theater?" There is another question: "Which of the following words has no relation to the Gypsies?"

Dictionary to text 1

avrand ! (Nar., Int.) - out!

aweh la(pl.) - enough, "will be"

drawdrO m- on the road, on the road

drawphaba - in apples (horse suit); phaba th(f) - apple

drO m(m) - path, road

Deveh l(animate) - God

coffeea ri(animate m.) - equestrian trader, dealer; coffeea rya(animate m., pl.) - tradesmen

ToO pho(m.) - income, profit

laureleh , right lovoreh - money, decreased. from fishingeh ; laureleh - words

fishingeh (plural) - money

ne(int.) - well

perI am h and pyriyach, piriach- stop it, cf. devil

phaba th(f) - apple; phaba (noun) - apples

phurO (adj.) - old

phuroma (animate plural) - old gypsies

nxat romans- grandmother (appeal), phuromns (animated) - old gypsy

noveleh With(nar.) - in gypsy

cheese(pl.) - how

GRAMMAR

7. Parts of speech in the Romani language

Below, Gypsy grammar is described using terms familiar to the reader from the school grammar of Russian and foreign languages... In the Romani language, when considering the consideration of grammatical words, the following parts of speech can be distinguished:

Nouns.

Adjectives.

Pronouns.

Numeral names.

Participle.

The verbal participle.

Prepositions.

8. Grammatical characteristics of parts of speech in the Romani language

In terms of their grammatical meaning and functions in speech, the various parts of speech practically do not differ from the corresponding parts of speech in Russian. For this reason, we can not dwell in detail on the formal characteristics of each of them, that is, to repeat that the noun denotes objects and substances, as well as abstract concepts, conceivable objectively ( love, white) that the verb denotes the action of the object, and the adjective denotes the attribute of the object. A more detailed analysis of the necessary partial differences is presented below when describing the individual features of the parts of speech.

The teaching material of the manual is divided into separate lessons. The logic of the distribution of this material is simple - first, information about the noun and the verb is given, in these lessons words of other parts of speech are also introduced - they are presented in dictionaries for educational texts with grammatical commentary. This will allow the reader to gradually accumulate vocabulary and examples of its use in speech, necessary for the following lessons. The author tried to distribute the material evenly among the lessons, but in some cases it was necessary to make the grammatical sections of the lessons more voluminous. The fact is that the reader will hardly be able to find a grammar reference book or other textbook in addition to the self-instruction manual. They have not been published for a long time, and in previously published books the terms do not always coincide with those used in this manual. Therefore, the author, with all his striving for laconicism, was forced to make the grammatical sections for a number of lessons more extensive, so that the reader could find in them the answers to those questions that will inevitably arise in the future as his knowledge grows.

The basic principle of the presentation of the material - consistency and gradualness - does not imply that the reader will certainly follow the author, as if attached. In addition to the lessons, you can work with the texts of the second part from any moment: listen to songs, follow the performer along the text, read proverbs and phrases, solve crosswords, etc. All texts are supplied with complete dictionaries. This allows the reader to freely choose additional material for independent work.

LESSONS

Lesson 1. Two kinds of nouns. The meaning of the conjugated forms of the verb. Present tense of the verb. Present tense of verbs I conjugation

Grammar

Two kinds of nouns.

The Romani noun refers to one of two genders: either masculine or feminine.

1) Nouns by gender are often distinguished in the nominative case singular endings, for example: bakrO - ram (shock ending -O male), bakrand - sheep (shock ending -and female); rum- gypsy (lack of ending is often a sign of masculine gender) and romns - gypsy (suffix - n- and the shock ending - s feminine), etc. However, there are exceptions: the word pans (water) ends in - s, Odand (soul) - on - and but they are both masculine; chib(language), purat m(onion plant), etc. - feminine.

2) Nouns of different genders always differ in declension in indirect cases. For instance: bakreh ske- ram (stem suffix indirect cases singular - eh With- male, - ke- dative case indicator), bakrI am ke- sheep (suffix of the base of indirect cases singular - I am - female); rumeh sta- for a gypsy (the suffix of the base of indirect cases singular - eh With- male, - te- indicator of local case) and romnI am te- for a gypsy woman (suffix - n- and the suffix of the stem of the indirect cases of the singular - I am - feminine), etc.

3) Nouns of different genders are always distinguished by the type of agreement with adjectives that have generic forms. This distinction occurs even in cases where the noun does not carry external signs belonging to a particular grammatical gender. For instance: fecesO rat- black blood, where rat(blood) - masculine, but: fecess rat- black night where rat(night) - feminine.

The meaning of conjugated forms of the verb

The verb in the Romani language changes in persons and numbers and in tenses. The indicative mood has special forms of present tense, past I (perfect) and past II (imperfect). Future tense I (perfect) is expressed in the form of the present, and future tense II (imperfect) is conveyed in complex forms. In addition, special forms have an imperative and subjunctive mood, and the past form II is used in some cases in the meaning of a conditional mood. Of the impersonal forms, there is a participle and a participle.

All grammatical forms of the verb are formed from one of two stems: the stem of the present tense and the stem of the past tense I.

a alternating with eh a Oe).

The present, in addition to its basic meaning, is also used to express the future tense of a perfect form, for example: meda wahTat kefishingeh - I give you money = I give you money, mebasha wahTat sa- I sit with you = I sit with you.

Past II denotes an action not completed or repeated many times in the past. It is also used as a conditional mood when expressing a conceivable, but not real, or conditional action, for example: countand ameh tena bundleI am saswouldcore, nichand on thevydzhI am laswould- if we had not asked for directions, nothing would have come of it.

Past I denotes a past completed action, but is often used in general to express any past action.

The complex future is fully consistent with the Russian future of an imperfect species.

The infinitive form has several different meanings... It can denote an action that is a goal or intention, for example: Bashtehas- sit down to eat; withma ngetekera v?- what should I do?, mangaa satumeh nteadjeh namarO pada rkitso- we ask you to accept our present. In addition, the infinitive can mean:

1) An action that could be performed under certain conditions (conditional mood), for example: TaeginO mmepoisonWithat dba, palorO mon thejI am you- if I knew this fate (mine), I would not marry (fromsongs).

2) An action that seems desirable to the speaker (desired mood), for example: Oyakha mretena dukhenprehadava - my eyes would not look at it.

Present tense of the verb. Present tense of verbs I conjugation

According to the way the present tense forms are formed, Gypsy verbs can be divided into three conjugations in accordance with the vowel before the endings. We refer to the first conjugation as verbs with a thematic vowel a alternating with eh, to the second - with a thematic vowel a without alternation, to the third - with a thematic vowel O, usually preceded by a soft consonant ( e).

The personal endings of the present tense are the same in all conjugations.

table

table

Present tense forms of verb I conjugation kereh la- does.

Tasks

Assignment 4

Find in the above dictionaries 3 nouns with a stressed ending - O (-e) masculine, with a shock ending - s (-and) feminine, masculine without endings and feminine without endings.

Assignment 5

Write the present tense forms of verbs I conjugation dukheh la- looks, sees; shuneh la- hears, listens.

Assignment 6

Write in gypsy: 1. Cut me, gypsy friend, I do not change. 2. We ask for happiness (wine. = Them.). 3. Live at home, boy. 5. Let's go home. 6. They do not hear the words.

Assignment 7

Translate the words in italics using Dictionary to lesson 1.

1. - Oh yeah phuroO m! Enough talk!

2. Gypsies all over the world call themselves ruma . Rum- a gypsy, as well as a husband. Romns - a gypsy and a wife ... novels who, cheerand - a gypsy girl. Theatre " Rumeh n"- theater of the gypsies.

3. When rum- the bogatyr cut off the heads of the three-headed dragon, then from the first head flowed "black as tar blood" ...

4. You are imitating us in the theaters, hi put tents on boards, wagons, sing our way, dance ...

5. One of the experienced restaurant guests shouted: - Chiava le, I'm leaving!

6. - Gypsy? - Rum... Moscow. Can I try a guitar?

7. - Zaply a tite in full, ruma lush...

8. - Tu, mO re, die calmly ... I'll bury you properly - noveleh With.

9. Worst of all, if the owners were considered “ scampa rya».

10. From the song:
PalsO was to fall in love
palsO was to love, -
on the thought that marry,

shouldn't have been ruined.

11. The main and only source of income is cabinet guests .. chewa lamas"" Paw "(tip) - disappeared [after 1917].

12. - Here, hI am thief, I live in Moscow. I've been living for the fifth year ...

13. Ruma le, shuneh ntitumeh man!(a phrase from the play).

14. And now, whaI am le, - Drabarka sighed, - there were two of us who grew up in our camp.

15. – HI am in, I'm inadarand To! - Aunt Nadia called me.

16. – Dykheh With, mO re what grave have you grabbed ?!

Vocabulary for Lesson 1

adarand To(nar.) - here

bakrand (anim.w.) - sheep

bakrO (animated) - ram

gagee (animated) - not a gypsy, Russian; gagee (animate m., pl.) - not gypsies, Russians

dukheh With- see

fecesO - black; fecess - black

kereh la(main lane) - does

man- me; me(local) - I

mO re- appeal to a gypsy (friend, brother-in-law)

on the- not, also: neither

palsO - why

phuroO m(animate) - old gypsy man

rat(f) - night

rat(m) - blood

rum(animate) - gypsy, also: husband

ruma (animate m., pl.) - gypsies

ruma lush- decrease. To ruma le

ruma le(appeal) - gypsies

novelO (adj.) - gypsy

novels who(animated) - gypsy girl

romns (animated) - gypsy, also: wife

rumeh n- Roma, owned by Roma 27

Rat nippleruma (animate m., pl.) - Russian gypsies

scampa ri(animated m.) - miser; scampa rya(animate m. pl.) - stingy

sceh igos(adj.) - stingy

Lesson 2. Determination of gender by special endings in original and borrowed nouns. Verbs not included in any of the three conjugations

Grammar

Determination of gender by special endings in the nominative singular

Nouns in the Romani language differ markedly in their grammatical properties depending on the origin. In mastering practical grammar, it is important to distinguish between two classes of nouns:

a) primordial nouns, that is, those related to the oldest Indian vocabulary, derived from them, as well as derived from related Iranian and Armenian languages before coming to Europe;

b) borrowedfromEuropeanlanguages nouns, 28 that is, learned and actively assimilated now from the languages ​​of the surrounding population.

These two groups of nouns differ significantly in all case forms of both numbers. So in order to correctly form or understand the meaning of the grammatical form, it is necessary to know the original noun in front of us or borrowed.

Table. Impact birth endings primordial nouns

Table. Unstressed generic endings borrowed nouns

Verbs not included in any of the three conjugations

There are several verbs that are not included in any of the three conjugations. Each of them is characterized by individual characteristics either in the formation of forms of the present tense, or has the basis of the past I according to one of the above samples, but not in accordance with the basis of the present tense.

table

Present tense forms of singular verbs sy/ iss [n]- (he, she, they) are, gineh l- knows cameh l- wants / likes.

Linking verb "is (to be)"

Verb gineh l- knows

Verb cameh l- wants (wants) / loves

The linking verb "to be" can be freely omitted or replaced by the personal pronoun of the corresponding person and number. Different people may say: “ Maecatfishrum", or " Maerum", or " Catfishrum"- I'm a gypsy.

Usually, the forms catfish, ginO m, cama m not complemented by the final - a... However, in a letter from Leo Tolstoy to his elder brother Sergei, who was married to a gypsy woman, there is evidence that such forms could have been used by the Tula gypsies of the 19th century: “[P] Omnyu cama mahere](‘I love you’) and I tell you from the bottom of my heart ”(December 23, 1851).

All other differences between a number of verbs not included in the three conjugations relate to the stem of the past tense and are discussed at the end of the section on past tense I.

Tasks

Assignment 8

From dictionaries above, write out two primordial nouns of each genus with the endings indicated in the table above.

Assignment 9

Write out two borrowed feminine nouns with unstressed ending - a and one masculine with an unstressed ending - O.

Assignment 10

Translate into Romani (in place of the dash, put the desired form of the linking verb):

1. What do you know? 2. He wishes me happiness. 4. This ( adava ) a person is healthy. 5. I think the day is good. 5. Enough for you ( Tat ke)! What's the problem? 6. They say that no one wants to come here. 7. Buyers love money. 8. Who is at home? 9. I am a gypsy. 10. We are Russians. 11. Are you a gypsy guy?

Assignment 11

1. Translate the text 3.

2. Conjugate a verb phengeh la- is talking.

CAB AND PROBLE E MA? (Anecd O then)

Sastypn a ri: "Lach e duw eh With. Sav and probl e ma? "

Man at w: "M a nge sykad e la, nick O n man na shun eh la, seo mae pheng a wa ".

Sastypn a ri: "Sav and probl e ma? "

Vocabulary for Lesson 2

band Yes(f) - trouble

brs le(m) - hat (straw)

breh per(f.) - birch

gagee (animate) - Russian (not gypsy)

GO stё(animate) - guest

duweh With(m) - day

sO row(f) - dawn

lache (adj.) - kind, good

man- me

ma nge- to me; me(local personal) - me

manat w(animate) - person

NickO n(local) - none

sinceand (f) - tail

proble ma(f) - problem

psikO (m) - shoulder

phenga wah- I say; phengeh la- is talking

ruvns (animated) - wolf

savand - what (local wives)

sastypna ri(od. husband) - doctor; sastO - healthy, sastypeh n(m) - health

with- what (local)

sykade la- seems to show

Ta pro(m.) - bazaar, market (bargaining)

chaladO (anim.m.) - soldier, military

chyupns (f) - whip, whip, whip

1 A book of a similar composition, but of a more modest volume, was published in Russian for the first and last time in 1900: [Patkanov PS] Gypsy language. A grammar and a guide to the practical study of the speech of modern Russian gypsies. Compiled by P. Istomin (Patkanov). - M., 1900.

2 In 1999, I compiled a program for primary grades in gypsy language, she received positive reviews foreign experts, passed a federal expert council and, hopefully, will be published: ROMANS CHIB - Gypsy language (North Russian dialect) An optional course program in the mother tongue for students in grades II - III (III - IV) of schools in the Russian Federation. It is currently available in in electronic format on my internet site: / liloro.

3 Shapoval V.V. Gypsy speech by Leo Tolstoy // Siberian linguistic seminar. Scientific. journal on theory. and app. linguistics. - Novosibirsk, 2001. - No. 2. - P. 48-53; /liloro/romanes/shapoval15.htm.

5 With the permission of Mrs. Amun Slim, I have posted on the LILORO website a Russian and Gypsy translation of her materials about this people. You can find it at the Internet address: http .liloro. This material was first published in English on the Dom Research Center website. Moreover, brief history Roma resettlement can be read at (The Patrin Web Journal. A Brief History of The Roma): http //www.geocities com / pans / 5121 / history htm. See also: Nadezhda Demeter, Nikolay Bessonov, Vladimir Kutenkov. The history of the gypsies - a new look. - IPF "Voronezh", 2000. - S. 11-15, 80.

6 Title prom in a number of dialects it is pronounced with [p] lard, like French.

7 Samples: Samples of the folklore of the Gypsies-Kelderari / Ed. prepare R.S. Demeter and P.S. Demeter. Preface L.N. Cherenkov and V.M. Gatsak. - M., 1981. - P.5; and also: Ventzel T.V., Cherenkov L.N. Dialects of the Gypsy language // Indo-European languages. - T. 1. - M., 1976 - S. 283-339.

8 Kantya G. Folkloros Romano. - Chisinau: Carta Moldoveneaske, 1970 .-- 40 p.

9 Toropov V.G. Dictionary of the language of the Crimean Gypsies / Scientific. ed. L. N. Cherenkov. - Moscow, 2003 .-- 72 p.

10 The self-names of the ethnic groups of the Roma are given in plural according to the rules of each dialect.

11 Demeter R.S., Demeter P.C. Gypsy-Russian and Russian-Gypsy dictionary (Kelderar dialect). 5300 words / Ed. Lev Nikolaevich Cherenkov. - M., 1990.-336 p.

12 Tsvetkov G.N. Romane Vorby. Gypsy-Russian and Russian-Gypsy dictionary (Lovarian dialect) / Comp. G.N. Tsvetkov. - Moscow, 2001.

13 Given the reader's interest in other dialects of the Gypsy language, also common in Russia, some parallels are given in the footnotes, but it is not the purpose of this book to compare the dialects. It makes more sense to start not chasing two birds with one stone, but focus on one dialect.

14 “Work on the development of writing was carried out under the leadership of Academician A.P. Barannikov. The group of researchers included M.V.Sergievsky, N.A. Pankov, N.A. Dudarova, A.V. German and T.V. Ventzel. Writing in the literary Gypsy language was legalized on May 10, 1927 by a letter from the People's Commissar of Education A.V. Lunacharsky to the All-Russian Union of Gypsies No. 63807 "(Toropov V.G. History of studying the Gypsy language in Russia // Gypsies. Collection of articles. M. : Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology named after NN Miklukho-Maclay, 1999. pp. 16-26.) The editions are practically inaccessible now: [Patkanov KP] Gypsy language. A grammar and a guide to the practical study of the speech of modern Russian gypsies. Compiled by P. Istomin (Patkanov). - M., 1900 .-- 209 p. Gypsy-Russian dictionary / Comp. Barannikov A.P., Sergievsky M.V. - M., 1938 .-- 182 p. See also: Wentzel T.V. Gypsy language (North Russian dialect). - M .: Nauka, 1964. Makhotin Dzhura. Ajutipe pre romani chib (textbook on the Gypsy language). - Tver, 1993. Partially literary texts are presented by me on the site: / liloro.

15 New Testament. Psalms. Proverbs. GBV-Dillenburg, 2001.

16 Cf. List of abbreviations.

17 See List of abbreviations.

18 The square brackets represent the pronunciation of a sound or word (transcription), the "apostrophe" (') sign in this section is used to indicate the softness of a consonant, that is, [n'] should be read as "p", etc.

19 These sounds are called complex because they are the result of the combined pronunciation of two simple sounds, for example: [q] = [t] + [s], [h '] = [t'] + [w '], [dz] = [d] + [h], [d'zh '] = [d'] + [g '], etc.

20 This is the same sound as in the word boo[xg] a lter or combination sune[xy] _ blessings.

21 This decision, made on the basis of conclusions based on one Northern Russian dialect of the Roma language, justified itself in the future. And today we can state with satisfaction that it was this decision that allowed in the future, practically without serious changes, to use the writing system proposed in the 1920s for recording other dialects of Russian Gypsies: for example, combinations that are not used to write words in the North Russian dialect of the Gypsy language shya, zhya, the author of the tutorial languageRussians Gypsy. The emergence of these ... the culture of the Gypsies of the North-West of Russia ( Russian and sweatshirt rum). - SPb., 2006. ...

A nomadic, wandering Dictionary of Russian synonyms. gypsy see the wandering Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. Practical guide. M .: Russian language. Z.E. Aleksandrova. 2011 ... Synonym dictionary

GYPSY- Gypsy, Gypsy, Gypsy. adj. to the gypsies (see gypsies). Gypsy romance. ❖ Gypsy life (colloquial) transl. life without shelter, without home comfort. Gypsy sweat see sweat Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

Gypsy- Gypsy sweat (chills; joking, outdated) chills, feeling of cold. But the cold will begin, so the gypsy sweat will start to creep through. Leikin ... Phrasebook Russian language

GYPSY- GYPSY, oh, oh. 1.see gypsies. 2. Relating to the Roma, to their language, national character, way of life, culture, as well as to the territory of their residence and nomadism, history; like the gypsies. Ts. Language (of the Indian group of the Indo-European family ... ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

GYPSY- from the word gypsies. a) Peculiar to gypsies. b) Not having a home. Explained 25,000 foreign words, which have come into use in the Russian language, with the meaning of their roots. Mikhelson A.D., 1865 ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

Gypsy- oh, oh. see also. Gypsy, Gypsy 1) Gypsies and Gypsies 1) Gypsy / Nsk camp. Ts e songs. Circa / ... Dictionary of many expressions

Gypsy- I adj. 1. Pertaining to the Gypsy [Gypsy I], the Gypsy [Gypsy II], associated with them. 2. Peculiar to the gypsy [gypsy I], the gypsy [gypsy II], characteristic of them. 3. Owned by a Gypsy [Gypsy I], a Gypsy [Gypsy II]. II app. dec ... Modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language by Efremova

Gypsy- Gypsy, Gypsy, Gypsy, Gypsy, Gypsy, Gypsy, Gypsy, Gypsy, Gypsy, Gypsy, Gypsy, Gypsy, Gypsy, Gypsy, Gypsy, Gypsy, Gypsy, Gypsy, Gypsy, Gypsy, Gypsy, Gypsy ...

Gypsy- gypsy ... Russian spelling dictionary

Gypsy - … orthographic dictionary Russian language

Gypsy- oh, oh. 1. to the Gypsies and Gypsies (1 character). Ts. Tabor. Ts e songs. C. language. 2. Such as the gypsies. The same eyes. Whole nature l. Great love for horses. Whole life; life (about the life of someone who does not have a permanent place of residence, home comfort and ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Books

• Gypsy album, Bessonov Nikolay Vladimirovich. "Gypsy Album" is a window into the world of tents and wagons. Artists from different countries were fascinated by the original culture of the "nomadic tribe". The book contains the best paintings and prints created in the period ... Buy for 1653 rubles
• Gypsy Album, Nikolay Bessonov. "Gypsy Album" is a window into the world of tents and wagons. Artists from different countries were fascinated by the original culture of the "nomadic tribe". The book contains the best paintings and prints created during the period ... Buy for 1517 rubles
• Gypsy Baron. Gypsy Baron. Operetta in 3 acts: clavier and libretto. Study guide, Strauss Johann. `Gypsy Baron` (German` Zigeunerbaron`) is an operetta in three acts by the Austrian composer Johann Strauss (son), written by him in 1885 and having worldwide success. The libretto is based on ...