Name: Accusative.

Accusative answering the questions of whom? what?, is used only in combination with the verb and its forms: participle and participle. The main, typical function of the accusative case is to express the direct object of action with transitive verbs: I look at a picture, prepare a lesson, open a book, put on a dress.

The accusative tense denotes the time of the action: Meet every day. He was unwell that night.
The accusative quantity is used when denoting value, when indicating the quantitative side of the manifestation of the verbal action. It costs two rubles. Repeat three times.
The accusative measure indicates a measure of time or space. Wait a whole week. Walk five kilometers.
The accusative object names the object on which the action is directed. Read a book. Throw the ball.
The accusative of result denotes an object that is the result of an action. Dig a hole. Sew a dress.

To find out the accusative case, you need to substitute the word BLUE to the noun, that is, I ACCUSE, or I SEE.

I blame (who?) boy
I see (who?) baby elephant
I see (what?) a palm tree

Accusative prepositions: IN, ON, FOR, UNDER, THROUGH, PRO.

In addition, the accusative case, combined with transitive verbs formed from intransitive verbs with the help of prefixes, denotes a measure of time and distance: work for a whole month, sleep all the way, run three thousand meters.

In conjunction with intransitive verbs the accusative case can also denote a measure of weight, time, distance and cost: weigh a whole ton, improve all your life, rest for a week, run a mile, cost a penny, etc.

The accusative case is:
1) the form of the noun, which is included in the singular and plural paradigm, with one of the following endings (in spelling):
singular - horse, land, wife, earth, swamp, field, bone, daughter, name, path;
plural - horses, land, wives, lands, swamps, fields, bones, daughters, names, paths;
2) a number of such forms of the noun, united by the system of meanings described below;
3) the form of an adjective or participle included in the paradigm, with one of the following endings (in spelling):
in singular- round and round, round, round; blue and blue, blue, blue; strong and strong, strong, strong; fox and fox, fox, fox;
in plural- round and round, blue and blue, strong and strong, fox and fox;
4) a number of such forms of an adjective or participle, united by a common syntactic function.

The main meanings of the accusative case are objective and attributive.
object value case is manifested:
1) with transitive verbs: buy a house, read a book, wait for a friend;
2) with predicatives: sorry, sorry (sorry brother), and also necessary, necessary, painful, visible, audible, noticeable - when the sentence contains an indication of the subject of the state: I need a pass; It hurts his hand;
3) in one-part sentences, denoting the required object: Carriage for me!; Reward for the brave! Determinative (by measure, time, quantity).

subjective meaning appears only in a sentence. It:
1) the accusative case, placed in the initial position in sentences reporting the state of the person, with the predicate - a verb with the meaning of an emotional or external state and the subject - an abstract noun: I am saddened by failure, the lie is alarming; The guys were inspired by success; Grief befell the family; See also: He is drawn to travel; The interlocutor is tempted to argue;
2) in such sentences as the Child is shivering; The patient is sick; I'm shaking all over.
The subjective meaning is combined with the objective meaning in such types of sentences as Stars are visible; Voices are heard when the perceiving subject is not indicated in the sentence (the stars are visible and someone sees the stars), as well as in sentences like: A man was killed; The fighter was wounded, in which the subject of the action was not indicated (a person was killed and a person was killed). The growth of the subjective meaning of VP in a sentence is always determined by the combined action of syntactic and lexico-semantic factors.

The accusative case is combined with a wide range of prepositions - simple and derivative. In combination with simple prepositions - in, on, for, about (about), for, under, about, with, through - it can have a definitive meaning (by place, time, measure, quality, property, purpose, purpose, reason, etc. .), object (deep into work, vote for a candidate, capable of anything, hitting a joint, walking on berries, thinking about children), and also performs the function of a necessary informatively supplementing form (passed for an eccentric, known for a talker).

In a sentence, this case with simple prepositions, in addition to the above meanings, can denote a predicative sign (in the predicate: Letter - to the ministry; Medal - for courage; Way - through the mountains) or distribute the sentence as a whole, while expressing different types determination (It’s scary to be in a field in a snowstorm; A mile from the city is a lake; Under New Year all sorts of miracles are possible; Haven't slept for a week; Across the road - a store), or an objective meaning (For five - three skis; About the departed - not a word). In sentences such as Fear attacked me; Thought came over him; The guys got stubborn.

In combination with the prepositions for, with, under V. p. in conjunction with a certain circle of words, it expresses an approximation: He is over thirty; There were forty visitors; She is under fifty; Received a hundred congratulations; They waited for half an hour; About a dozen students are sick. In combination with derivative prepositions and prepositional formations - in response to, including, excluding, despite, despite, after a little, an hour, a minute, a day, having passed, through, after a day, an hour, a year, a century.

Instruction

In order to determine case names, it is necessary, first of all, to raise a question to . Nominative words case y, to the questions WHO? WHAT? If you asked WHO? or WHAT ?, then before you is a noun used in the form of an accusative case a.

Determine what the noun is. If the word is the subject, i.e. the main member of the sentence, then it is used in the form of a nominative case a. Accusative case om denotes the word that is in the sentence minor member, direct complement. For example, invite the guys to determine case in this offer.
The girl writes. Ask them to put questions, determine which member of the sentence they are. They should come up with the following result. The word "girl" answers the question WHO ?, is the subject, which means it is used in the nominative case e. And the word "letter" is a minor member of the sentence, a direct object. It answers the question WHAT? and hence is used in the accusative case e.

Draw the attention of schoolchildren to the circumstance whether a noun is used with or without it. Words in the nominative case are used without prepositions. In the accusative - they have the prepositions ON, FOR, THROUGH, IN, etc.

It is also worth while defining case and compare endings in . So, in the names of nouns of the first declension there will be endings A, Z, if they are in the nominative form case a. Accordingly, in the accusative case e - U, Yu. For example, in the noun of the first declension "wall" the ending is A. It is used in the nominative case e. The word "wall" U. So he has an accusative case.

The case indicates the role of the word in the sentence. You can use the helper phrase WHO DOES WHAT to distinguish between nominative and accusative case her.

“Ivan gave birth to a girl and ordered to drag a diaper” - the first letters of this literary absurdity orderly announce the list of cases. There are six types of cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional. Each of them speaks of the temporary state of a particular noun, which can change in case form. It is not difficult to determine the type of case of a noun, you just need to figure out which question each of the cases answers.

Instruction

case nominative- the initial, real sound of the word. Answers the questions "who?" or "what?". If it is inanimate, for example: a window, a house, a book, a bus, then it answers the question “what?”, And if it is animate, for example, a girl, an elephant, mom, Rita, then, accordingly, it answers the question “who?”. This distribution according to the liveliness of the subject will concern everyone, which is why each case has two questions. Example 1. Man (who?) - animated noun case, machine (what?) - inanimate noun in nominative case.

Genitive case, from the word "give birth to whom?" or "what?". As funny as it may sound, this is how the question should be asked. A number of questions coincide, therefore, some words will sound the same, the main thing is to put the correct case question. Example 2. A person (whom?) Is an animate noun in the genitive case, a car (what?) Is an inanimate noun in the genitive case.

Accusative case, answers the question: “blame whom?” or "what?". In this example, an inanimate noun matches, so the case is determined logically, by meaning. Example 4. A person (whom?) Is an animate noun in the accusative case, a car (what?) Is an inanimate noun in the accusative case. But if, according to the meaning: I bought a car (genitive case), and crashed the car (accusative case).

The instrumental case sounds like: “to create by whom?” or "what?". Example 5. A person (by whom?) is an animate noun in the instrumental case, a machine (what?) is an inanimate noun in the instrumental case.

Prepositional case - posing a question that is not consonant with its name: “talk about whom?” or "about what?". It is easy to define a word in this case, since a noun in this case always has . Example 6. About a person (about whom?) - an animate noun in the prepositional case, about a car (about what?) - an inanimate noun in the prepositional case.

Tip 3: How to distinguish the genitive case of a noun from an accusative

Cases Russian language is a category of a word that shows its syntactic role in a sentence. Schoolchildren memorize the names of cases and their signs, that is, questions, but sometimes difficulties arise. For example, when you need to distinguish the genitive from the accusative.

You will need

Knowledge of the Russian language school curriculum, nouns in accusative and genitive cases,

Instruction

Six are distinguished: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional. Auxiliary words and questions are used to determine the case. The spelling of the end of the word depends on this. Very often they confuse genitive (no: whom? what?) and accusative (blame: whom? what?), since the same questions are asked for animated objects: "whom?".

Ask a question. When in doubt, ask a qualifying question to the noun: "no what?" (for the genitive) and "see what?" (for accusative). If the word takes the form of the nominative case, then in this case it's accusative. For example: a small fish (accusative: I see what? a fish, you can’t say: there’s nothing? a fish).

If you need to determine the case in order to arrange endings, substitute the word "cat" or any other word for the noun, but be sure to use the first one. Determine the case depending on the ending. For example: pride in a teacher is an accusative case, because, substituting the word "cat" for a noun, we get: pride in a cat. The ending "y" indicates the accusative case. The ending "and" is genitive.

Analyze the relationship of words in . Genitive, as a rule, the ratio of part and whole (a glass of milk), belonging to something (sister's jacket), it is used in comparison (more beautiful than the queen). The accusative is used to convey spatio-temporal relations (work a week), the transition from action to an object (drive a car).

note

The accusative case denotes the complete coverage of the object by the action, a certain amount (drink milk), and the genitive case denotes the extension of the action to a part of the object (drink milk).

Useful advice

An inanimate noun in the accusative case does not change, unlike the same noun in the genitive case: I saw a house (accusative), there were no houses in the area (genitive)

Sources:

Page dedicated to the grammatical characteristics of the noun

Unlike the Finnish and Hungarian languages, in which there are one and a half to two dozen cases, in Russian grammar there are only six of them. The endings of words in different cases can be the same, therefore, to determine the case, it is necessary to set to the word being checked right question.

Instruction

To determine the case of a noun, carefully read the phrase in which it is included. Find the word to which the noun you are checking belongs - it is from this the words you will ask a question. For example, you are given the phrase "I love dogs", and you need to determine the case of the noun "dogs". The word "dogs" in this sentence is subordinate to the word "love". Therefore, you will ask a case question as follows: “I love whom?”

Each of the six cases has its own special question. So, in the nominative case, they answer the question "who?" or "what?". The auxiliary word "is" can be substituted for this case. For example, there is (who?) . Question genitive- "whom?" or "what?". The auxiliary word "no" can be substituted for the noun in this case. Dative to the question "to whom? / what?" and is combined with the auxiliary word "give". The question of the accusative case - "whom?" or “what?”, and its auxiliary word is “blame”. Nouns in the instrumental case answer the question "by whom?" and are combined with the words "created" and "satisfied." Finally, the following questions: “about whom? / about what?”, “in whom? / in what?”. One of the auxiliary words of this case is the word "I think".

To determine the case, first you need to find the noun or pronoun to which it refers. Having determined the case of this main word, you will also recognize the case of the adjective, since they always agree in gender, number and case with those nouns () on which they depend. For example, “Kolya ate a big pear” The noun “pear” is used in the accusative case, so the case of the adjective “big” related to it is also accusative.

A noun is a part of speech that refers to a person or thing and answers the questions “who?” and what?". Nouns change according to cases, of which there are six in Russian. To prevent cases from being confused with each other, there is a strict system of rules and differences between them. In order to be able to correctly and quickly determine the accusative case, you need to know its questions, and what it is used for.

Instruction

In order to never make a mistake with the case of a noun, remember that each of them has unique questions defined for it, asking which you will get the corresponding one. Questions of the accusative case are the question “I see whom?” for the animate and “I see what?” for inanimate nouns.

In addition, learn the definitions of the accusative case of the Russian language, or rather, the cases when it is used. So, the accusative case denotes the transfer of temporal and spatial relationships (a week, a kilometer walk); the transition of the action completely to the subject (driving a car, leafing through a book). Very rarely accusative as a dependence on (offensive for a friend).

However, even by rules or endings, it is sometimes very difficult to determine the case, so always use special questions. In terms of questions, the accusative case partially coincides with the genitive and nominative. In order not to confuse them, do the following: if in front of you, and it answers the question “who?”, Which matches with, substitute instead of it and ask a question to it. If the word answers the question “I see what?”, Then you have an accusative case.

How to distinguish the accusative from the genitive.

Genitive.

According to the definitions, the genitive case means:

Belonging to someone or something, for example, "a fox skin", "teacher's journal";

If there is a relationship between the whole and its part, for example, “magazine page (R.p.)”;

Displaying an attribute of an object in relation to another object, for example, “survey results (R.p.)”;

The object of influence in the presence of a verb with a negative particle “not”, for example, “does not eat meat (R.p.)”;

The object of influence in the presence of a verb denoting desire, intention or removal, for example,

“to wish happiness (R.p.)”, “to avoid responsibility (R.p.)”;

If there is a comparison of objects, for example, “stronger than oak (R.p.)”;

If the noun is the object of measurement, counting, or genitive date, such as "spoon

sour cream" or "Day of the Paris Commune".

Accusative.

The accusative case means:

Transition of the action to the subject in full, for example, “flip through a magazine”, “drive a car”;

Transfer of spatial and temporal relations "walk a mile", "rest a month";

In rare cases, it is formed as a dependence on the adverb, for example, "it's a shame for a friend."

In order to never confuse the cases of a noun, it is important to remember that each case in Russian

corresponds to a universal question, asking which to this noun, as a result we get

corresponding case.

The genitive case corresponds to the question “no one?” for the animate and “there is nothing?” for

inanimate

nouns.

The accusative case corresponds to the question “I see whom?” for the animate and “I see what?” for

inanimate nouns.

It is extremely difficult to determine the cases of nouns by their definitions or endings.

Let's say

remembering all the definitions of the genitive and accusative cases is quite difficult. And the endings

nouns quite often coincide.

Here is an example using an animate plural noun:

Nearby I noticed people. (I see who? - V.p.)

There were no people around. (there was no one? - R.p.)

As you can see, in both cases the word declines the same way.

But, in order to finally make sure that the definition of the case is correct, substitute mentally

instead of an animate noun, an inanimate one.

For example:

Nearby I noticed a pole. (I see who? - V.p.)

There were no poles around. (there was no one? - R.p.)

The example shows that an inanimate noun in the accusative case does not change, unlike

the same noun that has the genitive case.

From this we can draw the following conclusions:

1. To distinguish the genitive from the accusative, ask the noun a qualifying question.

2. If it is difficult for you to determine the case of an animate noun, because the question "who?" refers to

both cases, then substitute an inanimate noun for this noun and ask it

defining question. For the genitive, it will be “there is nothing?”, And for the accusative, “I see what?”. If a

the word will look like in the nominative case, then the case of your noun is accusative.

Useful advice.

In Russian, there are indeclinable nouns, for example, “coat”, “coffee”, when in any

case the word looks the same. In this case, the case can only be determined by the key question.

The genitive case can also be determined using the test word "cat". Substituting in place

any noun the specified word, pay attention to the ending. Example: instead of a word

"teacher" in the phrase "pride for the teacher" substituting the test word, we get

the phrase "pride for the cat." The ending "and" indicates the genitive case, the ending "y" indicates

accusative.

Remember that the genitive case always indicates the ratio of the whole and the part (a glass of water),

comparison with something or someone (more beautiful than Vasilisa) and belonging (brother's motorcycle).

The accusative describes and denotes a temporal-spatial relationship (wait a minute), and

also indicates a transition from an action to an object (petting a cat).

Source

E. I. Litnevskaya. Russian language: a short theoretical course for schoolchildren.

Interesting article!!!

13 cases of the Russian language.

The grammar of the Russian language is incredibly extensive and at the same time extremely complex. However, if you properly understand the topic that presents a problem for you, in the end everything will fall into place.

In this article, we will talk about how to distinguish the accusative from the genitive, and a few more difficulties in declension of nouns and pronouns. Let's start with the basic concepts and rules.

The meaning of cases in Russian

To connect words in sentences, all independent parts of speech can take the necessary form: verbs change in tenses, numbers, persons and voices, and nouns, numerals, adjectives, participles and pronouns - in numbers and cases. So they carry out their own in sentences, but for this it is necessary to decline them correctly.

There are only 6 cases in Russian, each of them has auxiliary questions and its own endings. However, when choosing the latter, it is strictly necessary to take into account Plus, all adjectives, participles and numerals associated with the words of this part of speech also depend on it. Thus, in order to learn how to change all these morphological units by case, you first need to study this category in detail.

declination

To permanent features nouns as parts of speech include gender (feminine, masculine, neuter), declension (1st, 2nd, 3rd, indeclinable and dissimilar words). It is also necessary to distinguish between animate and inanimate nouns, common nouns and proper ones. And it is on the second category that the change in cases depends, or rather the addition of the necessary ending.

You need to know that the first declension includes nouns both masculine and female with the endings "-a" and "-ya", for example, rainbow, fox, man. In the second - male with a zero ending (son-in-law, genius, yogurt) and everything (window, grief, bed), and in the third - only those feminine words that end in "b" (mother, night, lynx). However, for change in cases, the declension of nouns only matters in the singular, since in the plural all words of this part of speech have the same endings (“-ы / -и, -а / -я”), for example, foxes, yogurts, mothers, shores, anchors.

The role of cases

Each of the six cases in Russian has its own meaning and purpose in the text. So, with their help, words fulfill their syntactic role, forming a connection with in phrases.

Also, by case, you can determine which member of the sentence it refers to given name noun: if it is in the nominative case - this is the subject, if in the prepositional and answers the question “Where?”, in the genitive (“where?”) or in the accusative (“where?”) - this is a circumstance, in other cases - an addition .

As for adjectives and participles, they, regardless of the case, are definitions, as well as quantitative ones - always circumstances with the meaning of measure and degree and answer the question "how much?".

Not subject to case change

Indeclinable and indeclinable nouns require special attention. The first of these are words mainly borrowed from foreign languages. For example, a casino, a popsicle, a scarf, a cache-pot, coffee, etc. Their form is unchanged, that is, they cannot be declined by cases, since their ending will remain the same. In this regard, the problem of how to distinguish the accusative case from the genitive or which ending to choose when writing does not concern this category of words, and therefore it is easy to use them in the text.

I. p .: what's in the cup? - tasty coffee

R. p .: there is nothing? - delicious coffee

D.p.: add to what? - for delicious coffee

V. p .: want what? - tasty coffee

Etc.: smells like what? - delicious coffee

P. p.: think about what? - delicious coffee

Change in cases outside the rules of declension

However, heterogeneous words present a significant difficulty, there are only 11 of them (path + 10 for “-mya”: seed, udder, burden, crown, stirrup, tribe, time, name, flame, banner). When they change in cases, they take the endings of different declensions. In addition, only a noun in the accusative or nominative case from a number of words with "-mya" does not require the addition of the suffix "-en" when declensed in the singular. In other cases, it is necessary.

However, this is precisely why the question of how to distinguish the accusative from the genitive case does not apply to dissimilar nouns, since their form in. n. is identical to and. n. In the plural of the genitive case, the suffixes "-yon" ("names, tribes") and "-yan" ("stirrups, seeds") are added to them. It’s easier to remember this visually: according to the attached photo, “a table of cases of dissimilar nouns.”

Main difficulty

To learn how to cope with the task of how to distinguish the accusative from the genitive, you need to learn how to correctly ask questions to words and determine the morphological features of nouns. This will help you take advantage a little trick by replacing difficult words with those that are clearly different in these two cases, that is, with any example of the 1st declension.

So if you see in the text animated name noun in the plural, then instead of it you should mentally use the inanimate in the same form. For example, "I see who? - people" ("I see what? - books" - since it is not a subject, it is not an SP, which means we choose a VP), "no one? - people" ( "there is nothing? - books" - r.p.).

If the problem is an animated masculine noun of the 2nd declension, then substitute “mother” instead of it, and then ask questions of the accusative case and the genitive co. For example, I see whom? - donkey (see who? - mom - vp), no one? - donkey (no one? - mom - r.p.). A similar trick should be used to distinguish between accusative and genitive (personal and reflexive), and possessives should be declined by focusing on the nouns associated with them.

How to distinguish the accusative case from the genitive and nominative?

Perhaps the most interesting of all the cases of the Russian language is the accusative. Because all the rest answer themselves calmly to their questions and do not cause difficulties. With the accusative case, everything is different. It can be very easily confused with nominative or genitive. After all The accusative case answers the questions “Whom? What?" The accusative case denotes the object of the action. A noun, being in the accusative case, experiences the action of another noun, which in this sentence is a predicate. Everything becomes clear on the example: "I love my brother." The noun "brother" will be in the accusative case. And he will experience a feeling of love from the pronoun “I”. What you should pay attention to when determining the case, so as not to confuse it with the nominative, is the endings. Below is a table:

To distinguish the accusative from the genitive, we will use auxiliary words and questions. For the genitive - there is no (whom, what), for the accusative - I see (whom, what). As you can see, there are different questions for animate and inanimate objects. Let's play on this.

Consider an example:

"Grandma is not at home." Let's substitute an inanimate object - "there are no keys to the house." No one, what? Grandma, keys. Genitive.

"I don't see a plate on the table." Let's substitute an animated object - "I don't see my brother on the table." I don’t see anyone - my brother, I don’t see what - a plate. Whom, what - accusative case.

Features of the accusative case.

The accusative case is used with such prepositions as "In, for, about, on, through." Difficulties can still arise with the accusative case when temporary concepts are indicated in sentences. Let's give an example "All night to rewrite the abstract." The nouns "night" and "abstract" are in this sentence in the accusative case. With such proposals, you need to be extremely careful. Along with the confusion of accusative and nominative, it can also be confused with the genitive. Let's give an example: "Wait for mother" and "Wait for a message." In the first case, the case will be genitive, and in the second - accusative. Here the difference is due to the inclination of animate and inanimate objects, as we wrote above.