20. Ground troops- the most numerous branch of the Armed Forces, intended to repel attacks and defeat groupings of aggressor troops in various theaters of military operations and maintain
planned territories, regions, borders. They are armed different kinds military equipment, conventional and nuclear weapons and include motorized rifle, tank, airborne troops, missile troops and artillery, air defense troops, which are branches of the military, as well as special troops (formations and units - reconnaissance, engineering, chemical, communications, electronic warfare , technical support, topographic and geodetic, hydrometeorological) and logistics.
21. Motorized rifle and tank troops, forming the basis of the Ground Forces, perform the following tasks: in defense - to hold occupied areas, lines and positions, repulse the attacks of the aggressor and defeat his advancing troops; in the offensive - to break through the enemy’s defenses, defeat groupings of his defending troops, capture important areas, lines and objects, pursue the retreating enemy, conduct oncoming battles and battles.
Motorized rifle troops, Possessing high combat independence and versatility, they are capable of performing the specified tasks in various terrain conditions and in any weather, in main or secondary directions, in the first or second echelon, as part of reserves, naval and airborne assault forces. The basis of motorized rifle troops are motorized rifle formations and units. In addition, they include machine gun and artillery formations and units.
Tank forces, constituting the main striking force of the Ground Forces and possessing great resistance to the damaging factors of nuclear weapons, they are used mainly in the main directions: in defense - mainly as part of the second echelons and reserves for delivering counterattacks (conducting counterattacks) and defeating an invading enemy, and when allocated to the first echelons - to enhance the stability and activity of defense; in the offensive, as a rule, as part of strike groups in the first and second echelons.
Motorized rifle and tank battalions are the main combined arms tactical units, and motorized rifle and tank companies are tactical units. They, interacting with each other, with units of artillery and other branches of the military and special troops, perform the main task of directly destroying the enemy in close combat. A motorized rifle (tank) battalion usually consists of motorized rifle (tank) companies, communications units, support units and a battalion medical post. A motorized rifle battalion, in addition, may include a mortar (artillery) battery, anti-tank, grenade launcher, anti-aircraft, reconnaissance and other units. A motorized rifle (tank) company usually consists of motorized rifle (tank) platoons. A motorized rifle company may also have an anti-tank squad.
22. Airborne troops are the highly mobile branch of the Ground Forces and are intended to cover the enemy by air and carry out tasks in his rear, both defensively and offensively, acting as airborne assault forces.
23. Rocket troops and artillery Ground forces are the main means of fire and nuclear destruction of the enemy.
The missile forces are intended to destroy nuclear and chemical attack weapons, ground elements of reconnaissance-strike complexes and other high-precision weapons systems, the main groupings of enemy troops, aviation at their bases, air defense assets and facilities, control posts, rear and other important enemy facilities on the entire depth of its operational formation, remote mining of the area, and in coastal areas, in addition, for the destruction of the bases of the enemy fleet forces, the destruction of its warships and vessels.
Artillery is intended to destroy nuclear and chemical attack weapons, precision weapon systems, artillery, tanks, infantry fighting vehicles, anti-tank and other fire weapons, manpower, helicopters on sites, air defense systems, control posts, electronic equipment, destruction of enemy fortifications, remote mining of terrain, light
provision, setting up aerosol (smoke) screens and performing other tasks.
Artillery units carry out fire missions from closed firing positions or direct fire. Direct fire from individual guns, platoons and batteries is used to destroy enemy tanks and other armored vehicles, as well as anti-tank weapons.
Battalion artillery and artillery units assigned to a battalion (company) can independently use the following when engaging the enemy by fire: types of fire: fire on a separate target, concentrated fire, stationary and moving barrage fire, as well as being involved in the conduct of massive fire, sequential concentration of fire, barrage of fire and barrage fire as part of artillery groups or together with them.
Fire at an individual target (group or single) - fire from a battery, whether from a platoon of a gun (mortar, combat vehicle, anti-tank guided missile system), conducted independently from a closed firing position or direct fire.
Concentrated fire is fire conducted simultaneously by several batteries (divisions) at one target.
Fixed defensive fire - a continuous fire curtain created in front of the front ai: skinny (counterattack) protn" ":.ka
Mobile barrage fire is a continuous fire curtain created in the path of movement of tanks and other armored vehicles of the enemy and successively transferred to designated lines as the bulk of these vehicles leave the fire zone.
24. Air defense troops Ground forces are one of the main means of destroying enemy air. They are intended for radar reconnaissance of enemy air and alerting friendly troops about him, covering and protecting troop groups, command posts, airfields, rear and other facilities from enemy air strikes, combating enemy aircraft, cruise, operational-tactical and tactical ballistic missiles, airborne assault forces in flight and airborne elements of reconnaissance and strike complexes.
The anti-aircraft unit assigned to the battalion is intended to destroy enemy air at extremely low and low altitudes. Being in the combat, pre-combat or marching formation of a battalion, it fires at air targets on the move or from short stops, afloat, and in defense and when positioned on the spot, from prepared starting (firing) positions. In this case, the concentration and distribution of fire is used. Concentration of fire is carried out by several platoons, combat vehicles (installations) and anti-aircraft gunners
kami to destroy the most important group or single air targets. Fire distribution is carried out to simultaneously destroy several air targets. In this case, each anti-aircraft gunner, combat vehicle (installation) or platoon is assigned a separate target or group of targets.
25. Reconnaissance units and units are intended for obtaining information about the enemy and the terrain, as well as for performing special tasks.
Corps of Engineers are intended to solve the problems of engineering support for the combat of units and subunits of the Ground Forces, as well as to inflict losses on the enemy using engineering ammunition.
Chemical forces are intended to solve the problems of chemical support for the combat of units and subunits of the Ground Forces, as well as to inflict losses on the enemy using incendiary weapons.
Signal Corps are intended for the deployment and operation of communication systems and provision of command and control of troops in all types of their combat activities. They are also entrusted with the tasks of deploying and operating systems and automation equipment at control points and carrying out organizational and technical measures to ensure communication security.
Electronic warfare units and units intended to carry out tasks to disorganize command and control of troops
and enemy weapons through radio-electronic suppression of communications, radar, radio navigation, radio control and optical-electronic means. In addition, they are used for electronic reconnaissance of the enemy, countering his technical reconnaissance means and carrying out comprehensive technical control.
Formations, units and technical support units are intended for the maintenance and storage of operational-tactical and tactical missiles, anti-aircraft missiles, warheads for them, delivery and issue of them to troops and preparation for combat use; providing troops with weapons, equipment, ammunition, measuring instruments and military-technical equipment, storing and maintaining them in readiness for combat use; technical reconnaissance, evacuation, repair of damaged (faulty) weapons and equipment and their timely return to service.
Topogeodetic parts and divisions are intended to perform tasks for geodetic support of units and subunits of the Ground Forces.
Hydrometeorological units and divisions intended for hydrometeorological support of combat operations.
Formations, units and units of the rear intended for logistical support of troops. In terms of the scale and nature of the tasks performed, they belong to the operational or military rear.
Military logistics includes units and units of material support with reserves of materiel, automobile, medical and other units and units of logistics that are part of formations, units and subunits of all branches of the military and special forces. According to affiliation, military rear services are divided into divisional, brigade, regimental, battalion and divisional rear services.
Support Division The battalion is intended for maintenance and ongoing repairs of weapons and equipment of units, maintenance and replenishment of missiles, ammunition, fuel and other materiel, transporting them to units and providing personnel with hot food.
Medical Center The battalion is intended to search for, remove (remove) the wounded from the battlefield, provide pre-medical (paramedic) care to the wounded and sick and prepare them for further evacuation.
Many people ignorant of military affairs may wonder what kind of troops the Russian army has. The answer here is very simple - Russian units include elite troops, ground units, navy, and aviation. Each part performs its own function. For large units (navy, air force, ground forces), there are support departments such as air defense, artillery. Many parts are intertwined.
TO modern look shelves began to arrive after the collapse Russian Empire. The final division of troops, according to Wikipedia and other open sources, was established in the early 2000s, when the last reform of the Main Military Directorate took place.
General structure of the Russian Army
The strength of the RF Armed Forces as of 2017 is 798 thousand military personnel. Most of employed in the ground forces. The structure of the RF Armed Forces in 2017, despite the reduction in the number of employees, has not changed and remains the same since the reform was carried out in the 2000s. What troops are there in the Russian army:
- ground troops;
- military air fleet;
- Navy.
Separately, it is necessary to consider elite units - the fourth point in general structure. This includes space force, whose participants do not perform military functions, are astronauts and employees who ensure the creation and dispatch of space rockets. Members of these units do not need to be armed, but they do receive military awards and badges.
The Russian military forces are commanded by the Main Directorate (GOU), which is subordinate to the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. This body coordinates troop units in war and peacetime and determines their tasks.
The main tasks of the units according to the latest list of goals from the Ministry of Defense:
- Ground units - providing anti-tank protection, foot offensive, border protection, reconnaissance operations, counter-terrorism, for example, in Syria.
- Aviation – ensuring air security, hitting targets at long distances, transporting military units and military cargo.
- Elite units - technical support for the army, space exploration (for space forces), missile support.
- Navy - protection of maritime borders, military maritime transport, transportation of military and important cargo, supply of weapons, resolution of military conflicts, naval security.
Ground and naval forces are also responsible for providing anti-terrorism protection. Naval personnel accompany ships in dangerous areas, while land personnel search and eliminate terrorist groups along with the police.
The composition of the Russian army changes every year. In 2016, there were about one million military personnel, and by 2017 the number of employees decreased by 100 thousand. It must be taken into account that some of them are conscripts undergoing military service.
The number of conscripts annually decreases by several tens of thousands of people, which can explain the reduction in the number of employees. They ensure an increase in the entire structure of troops in the Russian army according to the list above: conscripts replenish the composition of both land, sea and air forces, can be in artillery, infantry or motorized rifle units.
Each unit is controlled by its own command staff of the RF Armed Forces (officers). For the navy these are admirals, for ground units they are generals. The entire volume of troops of the Russian army is subordinated first of all to the President of the Russian Federation, then to the Ministry of Defense.
Schemes of the military structure of Russia
You can represent the structure of the RF Armed Forces 2017 with a diagram to make it more visual and understandable.
The most extensive body of the army is the ground forces.
For an even more clear explanation of the structure of the aircraft, you can download a short video on this topic. All units are divided into lower units - battalions, companies, platoons, brigades.
Due to the large ramifications of the Russian military network, the country annually spends a large sum on providing troops. Data on military spending is presented in the presentation of the overall budget schedule for 2017 in the expenditure column. 1021 billion rubles are spent on military needs (defense). A portion of security funds is spent on supporting intelligence groups.
The military structure is the most specific among other bodies. The military even has one, which is separate from the Supreme Court of Russia.
Ground units
The structure of this division includes several auxiliary departments:
- motorized rifle units;
- artillery;
- tank forces;
- air defense installations.
The main tasks are performed by motorized rifle units. They are responsible for the tasks of a forced, quick attack, reconnaissance and destruction of enemy infantry. The main goal is to capture enemy territories. Tank troops are allocated to support motorized rifle units. They strengthen offensive positions and help protect captured territories.
Tank forces are mostly used for strategic purposes to abruptly break through blockades and echelons. They attack from the flanks or attack head-on. The main advantage of these units is high damage, an armored hull, and the ability to destroy not only enemy military personnel, but also equipment and important enemy defense systems. Disadvantage: lack of maneuverability.
Artillery installations are used to destroy enemy points from a long distance. Artillery is difficult to destroy, so a small amount of equipment and personnel is enough to ensure defense. The destruction of artillery points is complicated by the fact that they are installed in hidden high locations.
Air defenses are used to provide airspace protection while other units are attacking. They prevent mortar strikes from the air, the landing of nuclear missiles, and the release of precision projectiles. Air defenses are capable of shooting down not only bombers, but also enemy cargo or military passenger aircraft.
Navy
There are several divisions in the naval units. The first is the coastal troops, which guard the Russian-Japanese, Russian-Ukrainian and other maritime borders and defend Russian national interests in the maritime sphere. The composition of military personnel in this unit is significant and almost not inferior to the “dry” unit.
Another service option is . These soldiers provide security for ships and act as defenders in maritime conflicts. And finally, the sailors themselves who serve on warships.
There are high requirements for people who want to serve in the navy - high growth, increased health characteristics, developed muscles. The candidate must show that he is mentally stable; It is best if he began preparing for service as a child. Such a policy is associated with a high risk of injury in the maritime fleet and the presence of overload. Due to the increased danger of service, the military of these units retire from 30 years of age.
The fleet is located on all maritime sites accessible to Russian employees - the Black Sea, the Baltic, and the Pacific Ocean. Some employees collaborate or come into contact with navigators from NATO countries.
Aviation and elite troops
Aviation can be long-range, front-line and army. Long range hits targets at a great distance. The front line provides an attack, dropping mines directly above the target. Army aviation provides cargo and military personnel. Air defense installations are always used together with aviation (when defending positions).
Individual elite units include space forces, special forces, and privileged structures. They carry out the tasks of ensuring internal and external security, and the space forces are responsible for scientific activity and space exploration.
Military structure national army is dynamic and may soon undergo reforms again, this is due to modernization, new management requirements, and new opportunities in the technical field.
), designed to perform strategic and operational-tactical missions in land theaters of military operations. In most countries, North century. form the basis of their military power. According to the combat capabilities of the Northern Army. are capable, independently or in cooperation with other types of armed forces, of repelling an invasion by enemy ground armies, large air and sea landings, delivering simultaneous massive fire strikes to the entire depth of its operational formation, breaking through enemy defenses, carrying out strategic offensives at a high pace, to great depths and secure occupied territory. The main properties of S. century. as a type of armed forces - great firepower and striking force, high maneuverability and complete combat independence. If nuclear weapons are used in war, military units, due to their inherent combat capabilities and properties, are capable of using the results of nuclear strikes to completely defeat enemy groups and capture areas that are vital to them.
Soviet S. v. equipped with nuclear and missile weapons, conventional weapons and military equipment, communications and transport means. They consist of military branches and special forces. The branches of the military are: Rocket Forces of the Ground Forces, Artillery, Motorized Rifle Troops, Tank Troops, Airborne Forces, Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces. Rocket forces form the basis of the military power of the Northern Army. They are designed to deliver powerful nuclear strikes against any targets located in the tactical and operational depth of the enemy’s defense. Artillery is capable of providing reliable fire support for combined arms formations in all types of combat and operations. Motorized rifle troops, together with tank troops, are the main striking force of the Northern Army. They can march over long distances, break through deeply layered defenses saturated with a large number of anti-tank weapons, maneuver flexibly on the battlefield, develop an offensive at a high pace following nuclear strikes or powerful artillery fire, and successfully fight an enemy using modern means struggle. Airborne troops can capture and hold areas in the enemy’s tactical and operational depths and operate successfully in a large separation from the main military groupings. Northern Air Defense Troops capable of providing cover for formations and units at low, medium and high altitudes. Special troops include: Engineering Troops, Chemical Troops, Radio Engineering Troops, Signal Troops, Automotive Troops, Road Troops , various services , as well as units and institutions of the rear.
Organizationally, Soviet military units. consolidated into divisions, units, formations and associations. In peacetime, the highest military administrative association is the military district. At the head of the S. century. stands as the Commander-in-Chief - Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR. Subordinate to him are the General Staff of the Military Military, commanders (chiefs) of military branches, heads of special troops, main departments, military educational institutions, and research institutions. Commanders-in-Chief of the Northern Army were: Marshals Soviet Union G. K. Zhukov (March - June 1946), I. S. Konev (July 1946 - March 1950, March 1955 - March 1956), R. Ya. Malinovsky (March 1956 - October 1957), A. A. Grechko ( November 1957 - April 1960), V. I. Chuikov (April 1960 - June 1964), from November 1967 - Army General I. G. Pavlovsky.
According to the composition of the S. century. The United States (army) is divided into types of troops and services. The branches of the military include the troops directly leading the battle - infantry, armored forces, artillery. The engineering troops, signal troops, army aviation, intelligence and counterintelligence units are considered as branches of the military and as services, since they support the branches of troops in conducting combat operations and at the same time can directly participate in combat operations. The services include: engineering, communications, chemical, artillery and technical, intelligence and counterintelligence, quartermaster, transport, military police, etc. S. v. are headed by the Minister of the Army, appointed from among civilians, and the command of the Army. (headed by the Chief of Staff) in the continental United States. The chief of staff of the army is appointed from among the generals. In organizational terms, S. century. consist of divisions, corps, armies and army groups. They also include separate brigades of various types, armored cavalry regiments, separate divisions of ground and anti-aircraft missiles, radio engineering troops, as well as special troops trained for sabotage and subversive activities behind enemy lines. Divisions are divided into infantry, mechanized, armored, airborne and airmobile. An army corps has a headquarters, corps units and subunits, and 2-4 (or more) divisions. The field army includes: headquarters, army units and several army corps. To strengthen the army, units from the reserve of the main command are assigned. An army group is created for a certain period. It includes several field armies and one tactical air command. S.v. The United States is armed with nuclear missiles and other modern weapons and military equipment.
S.v. - the oldest type of armed forces. In slave states they consisted of infantry (See Infantry) , and cavalry (see Cavalry) or from only one branch of the military. In Ancient Egypt, Assyria, Greece and the armies of other states, organizational units (tens, hundreds, etc.) arose. The greatest development of the S. century organization. received in Ancient Rome, where from the 4th century. BC e. The permanent administrative and combat unit was the Legion , divided into divisions (centuries, cohorts).
During the period of early and developed feudalism in Western Europe(9th-14th centuries) the main family of the North century. there was knightly cavalry, infantry played a supporting role. In Rus', infantry retained its importance along with cavalry. From the 14th century In Western Europe, the infantry was revived as one of the main branches of the military and artillery appeared. With the creation of permanent mercenary armies in Western Europe (15th century), organizational units arose - companies (See Company) , then Regiment (from 8-12 or more companies), and in the 2nd half of the 16th - 1st half of the 17th centuries. - brigades (See Brigade) and Battalion. After the creation of a standing army in Russia (16-17 centuries), it was divided into regiments (or orders), consisting of units (hundreds, companies, fifty, tens, etc.).
In the 17th-18th centuries. S.v. various countries, including Russia (from the 18th century), received a harmonious permanent organization (divisions (See Division), brigades, regiments, battalions, companies and squadrons). At the same time, as part of the S. century. engineering troops appeared. At the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries. division, and from the beginning of the 19th century. and Corps become combined arms formations of a permanent composition, including a certain number of units, according to the states, which changed periodically. The forces of the Northern Army began to be calculated by the number of divisions. states. In the middle of the 19th century. Signal troops appeared in the Russian and other armies. In the 19th century Mass armed forces were created, built on the principles of a cadre army, the basis of which was the military. The divisional and corps organization of troops was firmly established; armies are created (See Army) as operational formations.
During the 1st World War 1914-18 North century. the warring countries made up the bulk of the troops. During the war, armored tanks, automobiles, chemical troops, air defense troops, and others appeared. The quantitative growth of artillery and the use of automatic weapons greatly increased the firepower of the military. Regimental and battalion artillery, anti-tank and anti-aircraft artillery were created, and the number of light and heavy machine guns and bomb launchers (mortars) increased sharply. Motor vehicles began to be used to transport infantry. Cavalry in many countries has lost its role. S.v. The warring parties gained extensive experience in conducting front-line and army operations (see Art of War, Operational Art).
As a result of the victory October revolution In 1917, a fundamentally new armed force was created in the country, the basis of which was the military, which included various types of troops and special troops. The highest tactical formations were rifle and cavalry divisions, and after Civil War 1918-20 and housing; operational units - the army.
By the beginning of World War II (1939-45), the number of Northern troops was in many countries increased sharply, especially in the armies of fascist states, increased specific gravity tank, mechanized and airborne troops, anti-tank and anti-aircraft artillery, motorization and mechanization of troops continued. Among the capitalist states, the most numerous and best prepared military forces are. Nazi Germany had. Since the beginning of the war, the bulk of the troops of the warring parties were made up of the Northern Army. During the war, as part of the Northern Army. Large operational formations were formed and deployed - fronts (army groups), combined arms and tanks. army (group), new tactical formations appeared: artillery divisions and corps, mortar, anti-tank, airborne units and air defense formations. The Soviet military forces bore the brunt of the war. With the support of the Air Force and Navy, they defeated the main forces of the ground armies of the fascist states and showed complete superiority over them, having perfectly mastered the art of conducting operations in any theater of military operations. Armored troops have become the main striking force and the most important operative remedy to develop the offensive to great depth and at high rates; artillery became the basis of the firepower of the North. Engineering troops have become an operational means of ensuring strategic maneuvers, breaking through enemy defenses, crossing water obstacles, and creating defensive zones and lines. During the war in North century. Over 80% of the total personnel of the Soviet Armed Forces were present.
After the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 N. century. developed on the basis of the gained combat experience and further improvement of weapons and military equipment. They were completely motorized and mechanized. Rifle troops (infantry) received new types of weapons and armored combat vehicles, which increased their mobility and created the opportunity to fight not only on foot, but also directly on combat vehicles. In the Soviet Armed Forces in 1957, rifle and mechanized divisions were transformed into motorized rifle divisions. By this time, cavalry as a branch of the military had lost its importance in all countries and was disbanded.
In the early 60s. S.v. The most developed states received nuclear missile weapons, more advanced conventional weapons and military equipment, and modern control systems. On the basis of new weapons and equipment and in accordance with the new conditions of warfare, the organizational structure of military units, formations, and associations, the methods of their use in combat and operations, as well as training methods have changed. The emergence of nuclear weapons caused changes in the balance of types of armed forces. The Strategic Missile Forces (strategic forces) took first place, but despite this, the Northern Army. continue to be one of the leading and most numerous types of armed forces. Further development S.v. is taking into account their improvement organizational structure, increasing firepower and increasing maneuverability.
I. G. Pavlovsky.
Big Soviet encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .
Immediately after the collapse of the USSR, on the basis of the Committee for Military Reform under the State Council of the USSR, working group under the leadership of Colonel General D. A. Volkogonov to develop basic regulatory documents for reforming the former unified Armed Forces. At the same time, efforts were initially made to maintain a unified military-political leadership of the armed forces by creating, on the basis of the Armed Forces of the USSR, the United Armed Forces of the CIS, the commander of which was appointed by the last Minister of Defense of the USSR E. I. Shaposhnikov. However, in the conditions of the beginning of the process of creating independent armed forces forces initiated by individual CIS states, by order of the President of Russia No. 158-rp, dated April 4, 1992, the State Commission was created for the creation of the Ministry of Defense, Army and Navy of the Russian Federation, which in short time prepared 13 volumes with a list of units, units and formations transferred under the jurisdiction of Russia.
On May 7, 1992, Russian President B.N. Yeltsin signed decree No. 466 on the creation of the Russian Armed Forces.
In such conditions, the structure of the Russian Armed Forces included directorates, associations, formations, military units, institutions, military educational institutions, enterprises and organizations of the Armed Forces of the USSR, which at the time of May 1992 were located on the territory of Russia, as well as troops (forces) under Russian jurisdiction ) on the territory of the Transcaucasian Military District, Western, Northern and Northwestern Groups of Forces, Black Sea Fleet, Baltic Fleet, Caspian Flotilla, 14th Guards Combined Arms Army, military formations located abroad in Germany, Mongolia, Cuba and some other countries with a total population of 2.88 million people.
At the initial stage of creating its own armed forces in the Russian Federation, the Ground Forces, among other things, faced a number of objective problems. So, firstly, the military districts located within the Russian Federation essentially represented a base for the mobilization deployment of troops, and the units and formations of troops located on their territories were not fully staffed. Secondly, the Ground Forces, as well as the Armed Forces as a whole, faced a general crisis of underfunding during the collapse of the USSR. Thirdly, the country’s leadership at that time did not have a single clear idea of what the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation as a whole should be, and the Ground Forces as their component part.
At the initial stage, it was planned, while maintaining the existing species structure and command system, to create “mobile forces” - a new operational-strategic association based on airborne troops, Marine Corps, light formations of the Ground Forces, units of military transport aviation, helicopters, and other necessary forces and means capable of quickly solving assigned tasks. At the same time, it was planned to significantly reduce total number associations and formations and bring them to full strength (with the complete liquidation of incomplete units). It was planned to transition from the army and divisional structure of command and control of the Ground Forces to the corps and brigade. However, much of what was planned remained on paper. Instead of the five motorized rifle brigades planned for the “mobile forces”, in 1993 only 3 were created.
Military reform in the Russian Federation (1991-2000)
During this period, the Russian ground forces participated in the restoration of constitutional order in the Chechen Republic, which already at this stage revealed many of the shortcomings of the ongoing military reform. Thus, in the absence of fully equipped combat-ready units in the Ground Forces, the command was forced to form consolidated units, equipping them with formations from different parts from all over the country.
In the context of a growing crisis of confidence in the army, on May 16, 1996, the President of the Russian Federation signed decree No. 722 “On the transition to staffing positions of privates and sergeants in the Armed Forces and other troops of the Russian Federation on a professional basis,” which planned the army’s transition to professional basis by 2000.
The transformations that followed the appointment of I. Sergeev as the new Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation (reduction in the number of military districts, abolition of the Main Command of the Ground Forces, formation in each division of one regiment according to wartime staff, transfer to wartime staff of individual motorized rifle brigades and a number of combat support units, as well as of all divisions and brigades of the airborne troops, the disbandment of the majority of units and formations of a reduced strength and “cadre” with the conversion of their personnel to increase the number of personnel in units and formations of constant readiness) did not lead to a qualitative leap in increasing the combat effectiveness of the Ground Forces, as showed the counter-terrorism operation in the North Caucasus, during which the problem of making up for losses in permanent readiness units became acute.
However, the numerical and organizational composition of the Russian Ground Forces after the reductions and reorganizations of 1997-1999. stabilized and remained relatively unchanged for almost a decade - until the start of reforms in 2008.
By 1998, 3 new full-fledged divisions were formed in the Ground Forces [ which?], 4 brigades, 21 regiments, which were fully staffed.
In 2003, under the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation S. B. Ivanov, it was proposed new plan reform, according to which all units and formations of permanent readiness were to be transferred to the contract method of recruitment, while the remaining units and formations, storage bases, as well as military institutions would be staffed with conscripted military personnel. But at the same time, the mobilization deployment system remained unchanged. The program for the complete transfer of permanent readiness units to contract was disrupted due to lack of resources.
Thus, by 2008, although certain positive changes had been achieved in reforming the army, not a single reform had been completed.
The armed conflict in South Ossetia in August 2008 accelerated the adoption by the leadership of the country and the military department final decision on the abandonment of the mobilization system that has existed since Soviet times, and the need to create units and formations in the Ground Forces capable of deploying and combat movement to the place of mission execution in the shortest possible time.
In conditions when the program for recruiting contract soldiers, even for existing units of permanent readiness, was not carried out, the Ministry of Defense decided to abandon units and formations fully staffed by contract soldiers. It was decided to dismiss some of the contract soldiers, and distribute some among the troops to sergeant and senior positions. The “new look” brigades were to be staffed by conscripts in enlisted positions, and contract servicemen in non-commissioned positions (sergeant majors). The reorganization of units into new staffs, the reduction of headquarters staff, as well as the disbandment of personnel units and formations led to a sharp reduction in numbers and officers. The transition of the Ground Forces to the “new look” of the brigade structure of the organization was carried out in an extremely short time - already by December 1, 2009.
Authors of the text: Alexander Shaganov, Yuri Gladkevich,
And they form the basis of troop groupings in strategic directions. They are intended to ensure and protect our country from external aggression on land, as well as to protect Russia within the framework of its international obligations to ensure collective security.
In terms of their combat capabilities, the Ground Forces are capable, in cooperation with other branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, of conducting an offensive in order to defeat the enemy group and seize its territory, deliver fire strikes to great depths, repel the invasion of the enemy, his large airborne assault forces, and firmly hold occupied territories and areas and boundaries.
The ground forces organizationally consist of (Fig. 1) motorized rifle and tank troops, missile troops and artillery, air defense troops, which are the branches of the military, as well as special troops (reconnaissance, communications, electronic warfare, engineering, radiochemical defense, technical support, rear security, units and logistics organizations). The basis of them combat personnel consists of motorized rifle, tank divisions and brigades (including mountain brigades), brigades (regiments) of military branches and special troops, organizationally consolidated into the army and front-line (district) groupings of troops (forces).
Associations and formations of the Ground Forces are the main component of the military districts: Moscow (MVO), Leningrad (LenVO), North Caucasus (SKVO), Volga-Ural (PUrVO), Siberian (SibVO), Far Eastern (FE).
Motorized rifle troops- the most numerous branch of the military, forming the basis of the Ground Forces and the core of their combat formations. They are equipped with powerful weapons to destroy ground and air targets, missile systems, tanks, artillery and mortars, anti-tank guided missiles, anti-aircraft missile systems and installations, effective means intelligence and management.
Rice. 1. Structure of the Ground Forces
Tank forces- branch of the military and the main striking force of the Ground Forces. They are used primarily in the main directions to deliver powerful cutting blows to great depths against the enemy.
Possessing great stability and firepower, high mobility and maneuverability, tank forces are able to make fullest use of the results of nuclear and fire strikes and achieve final results battle and operation.
Rocket Forces and Artillery- a branch of the Ground Forces, which is the main means of fire and nuclear destruction in front-line and army (corps) operations and in combined arms combat. Designed to destroy nuclear attack weapons, manpower, artillery, and other fire weapons and enemy targets.
Air defense troops- a branch of the Ground Forces designed to repel enemy air attacks and protect troop groups and rear facilities from air strikes.
The successful implementation by combined arms formations of the tasks facing them is ensured by special troops (engineering, radiation, chemical and biological protection, etc.) and services (weapons, logistics).
Special troops- military formations, institutions and organizations designed to support the combat activities of the Ground Forces and solve their special tasks.
In addition to small arms (Fig. 2-5), the Ground Forces are armed with tanks (T-90 - Fig. 6, T-80U, T-72, T-64, T-62, T-54/55), armored personnel carriers ( BTR-60/70/80 - Fig. 7), infantry fighting vehicles (BMP-1/2/3 - Fig. 8), combat reconnaissance and patrol vehicles (BRDM), howitzers (Fig. 9) and 122-caliber guns 203 mm, mortars of 82 caliber (Fig. 10), 120, 160 and 240 mm, multiple launch rocket systems (MLRS of 122, 140, 220, 240 and 300 mm caliber - Fig. 11), anti-tank weapons (anti-tank hand grenade launchers, anti-tank missile systems, guns), military air defense systems (self-propelled anti-aircraft guns, anti-aircraft missile systems, man-portable anti-aircraft missile systems), Tochka-U operational-tactical missiles, Mi-8 helicopters (Fig. 12), Mi-24, Mi-26.
Rice. 2. Makarov pistol (PM): caliber - 9 mm; barrel length - 93 mm; magazine capacity - 8 rounds; weight with loaded magazine - 810 g; sighting range - 25 m; combat rate of fire - 30 rounds/min; initial bullet speed - 315 m/s
Rice. 3. Dragunov sniper rifle (SVD): caliber 7.62 mm; length - 1220 mm: barrel length - 620 mm; initial bullet speed - 830 m/s; magazine capacity - 10 rounds; weight with loaded magazine - 4.51 kg; sighting range - 1300 m
Rice. 4. Kalashnikov assault rifle (LK-74M): caliber - 5.45 mm; magazine capacity - 30 rounds; weight without bayonet and cartridges - 2.71 kg; rate of fire - 600 rounds/min; sighting range - 1000 m
Rice. 5. Machine gun NSV-127 “Kord”: caliber - 12.7 mm; weight - 25 kg; belt capacity - 50 rounds; combat rate of fire 650-750 rounds/min; initial bullet speed - 820-860 m/s; sighting range - 2000 m
Rice. 6. Tank T-90 “Black Eagle”: length - 9.5 m; height - 2.225 m; width - 3.78 m; weight - 48 t; power - 840 l. e.; maximum speed - 70 km/h; range - 550-650 km; armament - 125 mm smoothbore gun, 12.7 mm anti-aircraft machine gun, 7.62 mm PKT machine gun, ATGM; ammunition - 43 shells, 300 rounds of 12.7 mm caliber, 2000 rounds of 7.62 mm caliber; crew - 3 people
Rice. 7. Armored personnel carrier BTR-80: combat weight - 13.6 g; length - 7.6 m; width - 2.9 m; height - 2.3 m; armament - 14.5 mm coaxial machine gun, 7.62 mm anti-aircraft machine gun; maximum speed on the highway (afloat) - 80 (9) km/h; highway range - 600 km; engine power - 260 hp. e.; combat crew - 10 people (3 people - crew, 7 people - landing force)
Rice. 8. Fighting machine infantry BMP-3: combat weight - 18.7 tons; length - 6.7 m; width - 3.3 m; height - 2.65 m; engine power - 500 hp. e.; maximum highway speed (afloat) - 70 (10) km/h; highway range - 600 km; rate of fire - 300 rounds/min; firing range - 4000 m; armament - 100 mm cannon; ammunition - 40 ATGM rounds; combat crew - 10 people (3 people - crew, 7 people - landing force)
Rice. 9. Self-propelled howitzer "Acacia": caliber - 152 mm; combat weight - 27.5 tons; mass of high-explosive fragmentation projectile (cumulative) - 43.56 (27.4) kg; initial projectile speed - 655 m/s; armor penetration of a cumulative projectile - 250 mm; maximum firing range - 17400 m; rate of fire - 4 shots/min; ammunition - 46 rounds; engine power - 520 hp. e.; highway speed - 60 km/h; Power reserve - 500 km; crew (crew) - 6 (4) people
Rice. 10. Mortar 2B14-1 “Tray”: caliber - 82 mm; firing range - 4270 m; rate of fire - 24 rounds/min; calculation - 4 people; weight - 39 kg; ammunition - 120 rounds
Rice. 11. Multiple launch rocket system "Smerch": caliber - 300 mm; number of guides - 12; projectile weight - 800 kg; firing range - 20-70 km; area affected by one salvo - 67.2 hectares; full salvo time - 40 s; power reserve - 900 km; calculation - 4 people
Rice. 12. Transport combat helicopter Mi-8: length - 18.22 m; height - 5.65 m; main propeller diameter - 21.29 m; maximum take-off weight - 12200 kg; cruising speed - 225 km/h; range - 465 km; ceiling - 4500 m; crew - 2-3 people; payload - 4000 kg in the cabin or 3000 kg on the suspension; armament - 7.62 mm or 12.7 mm machine gun; combat load - 1000 kg (PU, bombs or ATGM)
