Everyone imagines that scientific books and works of fiction, official documents and journalistic articles are written differently. It is also understood that everyday dialogue is not similar to the dialogue heard at official negotiations.
But not everyone can create texts of different styles. Because everyone is built according to their own laws. We have already talked about some of them.
Laws for constructing texts of scientific books, official documents etc. studies science - or more precisely, functional stylistics, because this science is related to the functioning of language.
Definition and concept of functional style
Functional style is the basic concept of stylistics.
There is enough a large number of its definitions. One of them was given by O.A. Krylova:
“A functional style is a historically developed type of literary language in a given linguistic community, which is a relatively closed system that regularly functions in a certain sphere of social activity.”
What is important in this concept is that
a) style corresponds to one or another sphere of human activity,
b) it is historically formed,
c) it is one of the varieties of literary language.
The simplest definition could be:
functional styles are one of the main largest speech varieties, along with, for example, forms of speech.
The very existence of styles was not invented by scientists; it is determined by objective factors of our life. These factors are usually called extralinguistic, i.e. non-linguistic. In other words, it is life that determines what a text of a particular style should be.
Extralinguistic factors influencing the functioning of styles
Basic functional styles of the Russian language and their style features
Scientists identify a variety of styles, but the most general idea defined by five functional styles:
Functional styles and the factors that determine them have been formed over the centuries.
If you look carefully at their characteristics, you will notice that scientific, official business, and journalistic have much in common:
- predominance of the written form of speech,
- monologue as a leading type of speech,
- public communication.
Sometimes they are combined under common name"book styles", contrasting them colloquial speech. Easy to spot and special position style fiction.
Each of them has its own special style features. For example,
- for scientific style -
this is accuracy, emphasized logic, evidence, accuracy (unambiguity), abstraction (generalization);
- for formal business style -
directiveness, standardization, unemotional, precision, not allowing for other interpretations;
- for conversational -
spontaneity (lack of preparation), attitude towards informal communication,
- for journalistic -
combination of expression and standard;
- for fiction - imagery.
Within each style, smaller varieties are possible - substyles, which are determined by specific goals (more specific than the general goal of the style), the specifics of the author and the addressee.
The role of genre in functional style
Writing a text also depends on the genre, as defined by the outstanding 20th-century philologist M.M. Bakhtin:
“genre is a relatively stable type of statement—text.
For example, the text of a monograph, a textbook and a popular science book is structured completely differently, although all these genres correspond to the scientific style.
So, the chain that determines what the text created by the author will be is built as follows:
text - genre - substyle - style.
Each style is characterized by specific, special linguistic means that determine the linguistic appearance of the text. For example,
Let's compare the words ask - intercede - appeal - beg. These words are synonyms, but probably each person can determine in which style one or another word can be found more often. Try to match the given words with functional styles...
Let's compare the words potato - potato. You will find the first word more likely in book styles, the second in colloquial styles, etc.
However, most of the language means are the same in all styles; these are the so-called neutral language means. For example, the noun autumn, the adjective good, the numeral seven, the verb to read, the adverb very, etc. can be used in any situation, and therefore in any style of speech.
Our presentation of the topic:
We have an online crossword on the topic
- scientific style, guess
- colloquial -
- journalistic -
- official business -
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As is known, style – one of the most polysemantic terms of modern linguistics. Describing the principles of selection and systematization of linguistic means, the concept of “style” varies depending on which principles from among the extralinguistic and linguistic are chosen as basic in the proposed definitions of the concept.
The doctrine of style - the final section elocution in ancient rhetoric that determined style as a system of purposefully selected and coordinated means that are used to express certain meanings . The concept of the relationship between style (tone) and genre of speech developed in antiquity (“the wheel” of Virgil, the theory of genres of Aristotle and Horace), according to which a certain genre corresponds to a certain tone, style), and a certain tone - a certain set of figures, allowed the linguistics of the XVIII- XX centuries indicate linguistic understanding style as a method, principle, manner of linguistic (speech) thinking and interaction . So, Yu.S. Stepanov lists five definitions of essence style as a manner of performing speech acts : 1) language style , or a variety of language traditionally assigned to one of the most general areas public life(according to which three styles are distinguished: “neutral”, “high”, or “bookish”, “low”, or “colloquial”, “familiar-colloquial”, “colloquial-colloquial”); 2) generally accepted manner of performing speech acts (oratory speech, judicial speech, everyday dialogue, friendly letter, etc.); 3) individual manner of performing speech acts (idiostyle); 4) language paradigm of the era , or the stylistic state of a language in a certain historical period of its development; 5) functional style , or a type of codified literary language in which the codified literary language appears in one or another socially significant sphere of performance of speech acts and the features of which are determined by the communicative originality of this sphere. The last version of the definition made it possible to expand the linguistic understanding of style, placing it in the broad context of the concept of communication, which “highlighted” the connection of stylistics with the linguistics of the text, psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, semiotics, indicating the social and communicative orientation of the concept, correlating the category of style with the functioning of language, the function of linguistic communication and standardized use of language.
“...each person can own several individual "languages" , differing from each other both in the sphere of pronunciation and in the auditory sphere: everyday language, official language, the language of church sermons, the language of university departments, etc. (depending on the social status of the individual),” wrote I.A. Baudouin de Courtenay (emphasis mine – ed.). Moreover: “All people use different languages at different points in their lives; it depends on different states of mind, from different times of day and year, from different age periods of a person’s life, from memories of the previous individual language and from new language acquisitions” [ibid.: 200]. It is in this sociologized direction of anthropocentric linguistics that the concept of “style” develops in the twentieth century, representing not only the significance of the structural relationships of linguistic signs in the system, but also rules of a different order - the functional relationship of linguistic units in the process of socially significant communication, synthesizing the categories of extralinguistic and linguistic, objective and subjective.
As a special manner of performing speech acts, assigned to a certain socially significant sphere, the concept functional style has an ambiguous content volume in modern style. First of all, attention is drawn to the interpretation of this concept in the Russian and Czech linguistic traditions, because it is with these national schools of linguistics that the history of stylistics as a functional (communicative) section of the science of language is primarily correlated.
1. In the concept of Prague scientists (V. Gavranek, V. Mathesius, etc.), functional style was defined as the manner of performing speech acts, determined by supra-individual taste, convention, or norm, which depends: 1) on the purpose of the utterance; 2) type of statement and 3) situation. In accordance with these style-forming factors functional style – this is a type of organization of linguistic expressions, depending on the characteristics of the communication process and, therefore, connecting the communicative aspect of language with a specific speech, text embodiment, extralinguistics and linguistics of speech It was believed that “...functional style is determined by the specific purpose of a particular utterance and represents the function of the utterance, that is, “speech” (parole)” [Gavranek 1967: 366]. In accordance with this definition, the following classification of functional styles was proposed [ibid.]:
Functional styles of literary language
A. Depending on the specific purpose of the statement:
1) practical message, 2) challenge (appeal), persuasion, 3) general presentation (popular), 4) special presentation (explanations, evidence), 5) codifying formulas.
B. Depending on the method of expression:
intimate - public, oral - written;
oral: 1) intimate: (monologue) - dialogue, 2) public: speech - discussion; written: 1) intimate, 2) public: a) announcement, poster, b) newspaper speech, c) book.
System (language) aspect, according to Prague scientists, does not reflect the concept of functional style (as the concept functional aspect speech), and the concept "functional language" , which is determined by “...the general tasks of the normative complex of linguistic means and is a function of the language (langue)” [ibid.]. Wed. [ibid: 365]:
Functions of literary language Functional languages
1) communicative 1) conversational
2) practically special 2) business
3) theoretically special 3) scientific
4) aesthetic 4) poetic.
“In linguistic utterance, we are therefore confronted with functional languages in various types of functional styles” [ibid.]. Thus, the dichotomy of structural linguistics language/speech is justified functionally - by the clarity of the opposition of language/speech functions, reflected in the opposition of language (general, standard) and speech (specific, variant) spheres of communication, functional languages And functional styles .
2. In the domestic linguistic tradition (V.V. Vinogradov, G.O. Vinokur, B.A. Larin, A.M. Peshkovsky, L.V. Shcherba, L.P. Yakubinsky, etc.) functional style is defined as a functional variety of literary language , and the main problem is the choice of the basis for the selection and principles of classification of functional styles. At the same time, the “broad” and “narrow” definition of the concept (cf., for example, the behavior of all spheres of literary language under the term "functional style" in the concept of V.V. Vinogradov and the distinction of terms "functional varieties of language" And "functional styles" in the concept of D.N. Shmelev) are correlated in Russian style with the central problem stylistic analysis language in the functional aspect - to generalize real texts as defined by a system of differentiated linguistic means by those boundaries that are defined in the existing stylistic system of the language. So, according to V.V. Vinogradov, functional styles are differentiated, on the one hand, by the social functions of language (the function of communication is performed by the everyday style; messages - everyday business, official documentary and scientific; influences - journalistic and artistic-fiction), and on the other - by communicative functions (the communicative and everyday function is performed by conversational, book, everyday business and everyday life; scientific and communication - scientific and business and scientific and special; propaganda and communication - newspaper and magazine journalistic). According to D.N. Shmelev, the main functional types of literary language (“functional varieties of language”) include oral speech, artistic speech and a set of functional styles fixed in writing (scientific, official business and journalistic speech). Functional styles are areas of literary language that, in the principles of their systemic organization, differ significantly from the language of fiction and colloquial speech (the special aesthetic function of the language of fiction and the uncodified nature of colloquial speech as an “individual”, “personal” “language”). However, in any case, issues of functioning are correlated with the principle of systematicity and the need to present this systematicity as a standard of real functioning in the language, to draw up a functional classification of the system of stylistic means of language, to implement any communicatively significant unit, a unit that marks certain stylistic relationships. Although the “pre-text” units of communicative motivation of linguistic signs themselves are not clearly fixed enough in this paradigm of stylistics, since, subordinate to the solution of problems of representing units of the stylistic system, the very factors of language conditioning are, as it were, accepted a priori, which implements a structural-functional approach, but not a communicative one. Hence the definition functional style as a phenomenon of the functional aspect of language , which consolidates in the Russian philological tradition the idea of simultaneous fixation in the term “functional style” of “linguistic” and “speech” relevant content. Therefore, in Russian stylistics, a “synthesizing” model of functional style is implemented, considered simultaneously both as a style of language (a certain linguistic standard, an invariant of a separate functional sphere of socially significant communication), and as a style of speech (a specific implementation, a variant of the dynamic nature of language, its functioning in the process of speech activities) (cf. [Kozhina 1993; Stepanov 1990]).
3. Of particular importance is the synthesis of two traditions of functional stylistics in their relationship with the latest trends in functionalism and, above all, with discourse theory .
In modern linguistics, the classification and description of text-forming means is the most important task of both functional stylistics and text linguistics, discourse linguistics. Fulfilling this task requires a synthesis of the theory of functional styles and the theory of text, the theory of speech activity, psycholinguistics, and linguistic pragmatics. Since the functional style is realized in the form of texts of the same type of extralinguistic conditioning and communicative task, its speech systematicity is manifested, firstly, in the selection and frequency of units of different levels, and secondly, in the set of textual features themselves, which reflect the facets of the communicatively determined author's intention. Thus, the appeal of functional stylistics to the theory of discourse is natural, since the functional style generalizes certain texts that represent real participants and episodes of the communication process, and the actual communicative components of speech acts are associated primarily with the concept of discourse and the discursive process of speaking and understanding language, generating speech and its real exhibitors - texts. Discourse Usually a communicative event is defined as having the form of a text. In addition, it should be noted that the term discourse itself was originally used precisely in the meaning of “functional style.” The reason for the appearance of the new term lies in the characteristics of national language learning schools [Stepanov 1995]. If in the Russian tradition, thanks to the development of functional stylistics, the idea of a functional style as a special type of texts and a speech system corresponding to each text was formed, then in the Anglo-Saxon tradition there was nothing similar, since there was no stylistics as a sphere of linguistics. However, the need to study the text-forming “forces” of language could not fail to be realized in connection with the debunking of the dogmas of anti-mentalism, which was reflected by the emergence of a new term “discourse”, which describes the functioning of a linguistic sign as a specific communicative event that generalizes the speech behavior of a linguistic personality. Moreover - modern approaches to discourse, as it were, repeat the logic of the formation of the concept of functional style: from language to communication and vice versa. Discourse is understood as a synonym for a text or an act of utterance, as well as “the originally special use of language to express a special mentality” (P. Serio). Wed: discourse – this is 1) the “givenness of the text” or the system (grammar) behind this givenness; 2) an arbitrary fragment of text consisting of more than one sentence or independent part of a sentence; 3) a communicative event that recreates the situation of “full semiotics” of natural language in the triad “language – world – consciousness”, etc. In accordance with the principles of the structure of discourse, a supporting concept is identified - the focus of the concentration of discourse created by the general context - a description of characters, objects, circumstances , times, actions and determined by a world common to the creator and interpreter - a reality “created” as the discourse unfolds (V.Z. Demyankov, T.A. van Dijk, V. Kinch, etc.). V.Z. Demyankov, in the dictionary of English-Russian terms for applied linguistics and automatic text processing, gives the following definition of discourse: “Discourse is a discourse, an arbitrary fragment of text consisting of more than one sentence or an independent part of a sentence. Often, but not always, centered around some Oprah concept; creates a general context that describes characters, objects, circumstances, times, actions... Elements of discourse: the events being presented, their participants, performative information, and “non-events”, i.e.: a) circumstances accompanying the events; b) background explaining the events; c) assessment of the participants in the events; d) information correlating discourse with events.”
There are quite a few definitions of the concept of style. Styles are peculiar registers of a language that allow you to switch it from one key to another. Language style is a set of linguistic means and techniques used depending on the purpose and content of the utterance, taking into account the situation where the utterance occurs. If we compare these definitions, we can highlight the most general provisions: style (from the Greek Stylus - a rod for writing on wax tablets) is a type of literary language that functions (acts) in a certain sphere of social activity, for which it uses specific characteristics for a given style features of text construction and linguistic means of expressing its content. In other words, styles are the main largest speech varieties. Style is realized in texts. You can determine the style and its features by analyzing a certain number of texts and finding common features in them.
Functional styles are varieties of book language that are characteristic of various spheres of human activity and have a certain originality in the use of linguistic means, the selection of which occurs depending on the goals and objectives set and resolved in the process of communication.
The functions of language and the corresponding functional styles began to appear in response to the demands of society and social practice. As you know, at first the language existed only in oral form. This is the original and natural quality of language. At this stage, it was characterized by a single function - the function of communication.
But gradually, with the complication of social life, with the natural and logical appearance of writing, it develops business speech. After all, it was necessary to conclude agreements with warlike neighbors, regulate* life within the state, establishing legal acts. This is how the official business function of the language develops and business speech is formed. And again, in response to the demands of society, the language finds new resources, enriches itself, develops, forming a new variety, a new functional style.
The formation and functioning of styles is influenced by various factors. Since style exists in speech, its formation is influenced by conditions associated with the life of society itself, and called extralinguistic or extralinguistic. The following factors are distinguished:
- a) sphere of social activity: science (respectively scientific style), law (official business style), politics (journalistic style), art (fiction style), everyday life ( conversational style).
- b) form of speech: written or oral;
- c) type of speech: monologue, dialogue, polylogue;
- d) method of communication: public or personal (all functional styles, except conversational, relate to public communication)
- e) genre of speech (each style is characterized by the use of certain genres: for scientific - abstract, textbook, report; for official business - certificate, agreement, decree; for journalistic - article, report, oral presentation; for the style of fiction - novel, story, sonnet);
- f) the goals of communication corresponding to the functions of language. In each style, all functions of language are implemented (communication, message or influence), but one is leading. For example, for a scientific style this is a message, for a journalistic style it is an impact, etc.
Based on the listed factors, the following five styles of the Russian language are traditionally distinguished: scientific, official business, journalistic, colloquial, and fiction style. However, such a classification is controversial; artistic style occupies a special place in the system of functional styles. Its main function is not just the transmission of information, but its transmission through artistic means. For this purpose, it can use not only all functional styles of the literary language, but also non-literary forms of the national language*: dialects*, vernacular*, jargon*, etc. In addition, there is another form of the Russian language - this is a religious-preaching style. It is close to journalistic, but differs from it in expressiveness and phraseological means belonging to the high style, which are often archaic*.
Using these styles, the language is able to express complex scientific thought, deep philosophical wisdom, in precise and strict words, outline laws, sound out in light, charming verses, or depict in an epic the multifaceted life of the people. Functions and functional styles determine the stylistic flexibility of language and diverse possibilities for expressing thoughts. So, a language is poly- or multifunctional - this is evidence of the richness of the language, this is the highest stage of its development.
Extralinguistic, or extra-linguistic, style-forming factors of functional styles
- these are those phenomena of extra-linguistic reality in which verbal communication takes place and under the influence of which the selection and organization of linguistic means occurs, i.e. speech acquires its own stylistic characteristics. The use of language by speakers does not occur in a vacuum, but in a certain non-verbal context of a speech act, the factors of which, like the properties of the linguistic personality, influence the style of speech. These factors are very diverse. For the formation of functional styles, the so-called basic (or primary) factors are especially important. The main specific style features of the functional. styles are formed under the influence of such E. s. f., as a sphere of communication associated with one or another type of activity, correlative with the form of consciousness (science, art, politics, law, religion, everyday consciousness in the everyday sphere); the form of thinking (logical-conceptual, figurative, deontic, etc.), the purpose of communication is the main one (as opposed to the individual intention of a specific speech act), determined by the purpose of these types of activities in society; type of content (usually differing in different areas communication); functions of language (communicative, aesthetic, expressive, phatic, etc.); typical (basic) communication situation (formal/informal). Other (conditionally secondary) factors determine stylistic features, although they are characteristic of a particular function. style, but not essential and therefore found in other styles (usually with modification), but, most importantly, forming features not of the macrostyle, but of more specific varieties (substyle, genre, etc.). These are the conditions of communication and forms of speech that are not directly related to the purpose of the form of consciousness itself and the corresponding type of activity, but to the implementation of additional tasks of communication in some more specific type of activity, the conditions for its “course,” taking into account the uniqueness of the audience; in addition - interpersonal or mass communication, direct or indirect; oral or written form of speech, prepared/unprepared (spontaneous); monologue/dialogue; specific communication situation; kind of literature; specificity of the genre; relationships between speakers; their social role; individual intentions of the speaker (up to the manifestation of his style of thinking in speech), etc. These factors determine the stylistic features of speech, as if superimposed on the main, macro-style specificity, otherwise revealing more specific features of speech (for example, features of the popular science substyle in the field scientific speech, as if added to the latter and somewhat transforming it, or genre: article - review - review, etc.). Basic factors and their corresponding style features are invariant. Thus, in speech (text) there is, as it were, a hierarchy of stylistic features that constitute unity: secondary factors and stylistic features characterize the internal differentiation of each function. style into substyles, genres, etc. (see Classification and internal differentiation of functional styles). However, they are interconnected with the primary ones.
The situation is more complicated with the determination of the basic factors of decomposition. speech ( colloquial-everyday function. style– see), regarding which there are different points of view (see: ABOUT. Sirotinina, 1997). But most likely, the basic factors here should be recognized as formality/informality, immediacy/mediation, preparedness/unpreparedness of communication, which, together with goal setting, determine the type of work of consciousness in this area. For some functions styles, eg. newspaper-journalistic, the conditions of communication are essential (thus, the short time frame for creating newspaper texts determines the transition of expressive means to standard ones) ( V.G. Kostomarov, 1971).
Stylistic features are in an intermediate relationship from extralinguistic factors to linguistic means. Based on basic extralinguistic factors, a constructive principle of function. style(see) as a style-forming factor that determines the principles of selection and combination of linguistic means, organizing them into a system. The term-concept “extralinguistic” itself is quite conventional, since we are talking about functional. the nature of language, the conditionality of the stylistic distribution of linguistic means; therefore this term “acquires its own linguistic significance” ( D.N. Shmelev).
The study of extralinguistic factors of communication, their influence on the nature of speech and its stylistic originality was facilitated not only by the development of functional. stylistics, but also sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, linguo-sociopsychology, theory of speech acts, pragmatics. In this case, it is obviously advisable to distinguish, on the one hand, factors (and their influence on speech) that are consciously realized by the speaker in the process of generating speech (writing a scientific work or newspaper article, etc.), and, on the other hand, factors independent of the desires of the speaker (for example, gender, age). It is the first ones that are associated with the concept of style, in particular functionality. style (as a conscious phenomenon).
When defining the function. styles and their classification, it is of paramount importance to rely on the type of activity corresponding to one or another form of social consciousness, since the nomination “sphere of communication” is broad and vague. Based on it, V.A. Avrorin identifies 12 spheres of communication, and Yu.M. Skrebnev generally believes that there are an infinite number of them. Meanwhile, it was the correlation in style of the sphere of communication with the specified extrafactor that made it possible to identify five intuitively realized functions. styles (usually studied in stylistics different countries): scientific, official business, journalistic, artistic, colloquial and, naturally, religious.
E. s. f. studied in varying degrees(in relation to one or another functional style). Meanwhile, their insufficient study and consideration in the study of functionalities. styles have a negative impact when solving certain issues of stylistics, for example: classification of styles, their internal differentiation, interaction, etc. E. s. f. scientific style(see), including such deep ones as the epistemic situation (in the unity of its three aspects - ontological, methodological, axiological), phases (stages) of the productive activity of a scientist - from a problem situation to an idea/hypothesis, its proof and conclusion), prerequisite knowledge, factors determining the composition of scientific research. text, the subject of speech and his dialogue with the addressee, etc. ( M.P. Kotyurova, E.A. Bazhenova, L.M. Lapp, M.N. Kozhina, L.V. Krasilnikova, N.M. Razinkina, E.S. Troyanskaya, O.A. Lapteva, V.A. Salimovsky and etc.).
The importance of accounting for E. s. f. undoubted; especially in terms of explaining certain phenomena of style. Thus, taking into account the “shuttle nature” of scientific-cognitive activity and thinking made it possible to determine the high status of the categories of retrospection and prospection and the retrospective/prospective principle of development of a scientific text.
Extensive literature is devoted to the issue of extralinguistic, including style-forming, factors ( D.H. Himes, V. Labov, M.A.K. Halliday, R. Fowler, R. Posner, scientists of the Prague School - B. Gavranek, F. Travniček, J. Filipec, K. Gauzenblas, J. Mystrik, M. Jelinek, J. Kraus). The latter develop the idea of subjective and objective E. s. f. and styles. In Russian stylistics, the problem under consideration is presented in the works of V.V. Vinogradova, L.P. Yakubinsky, G.O. Vinokura, R.A. Budagova, A.N. Vasilyeva, M.N. Kozhina, V.G. Kostomarova, M.P. Kotyurova, V.L. Nayer, O.B. Sirotinina and many others. etc.
Lit.: Vinokur G.O. On the tasks of the history of language, in his book: Favorite works in Russian language. – M., 1959; Vinogradov V.V. Stylistics. Theory of poetic speech. Poetics. – M., 1963; Kozhina M.N. To the foundations of functionality. stylistics. – Perm, 1968; Hers: On speech systematicity scientific. style compared to some others. – Perm, 1972; Hers: Russian Stylistics. language. – 3rd ed. – M., 1993; Kostomarov V.G. Russian language on a newspaper page. – M., 1971; Vasilyeva A.N. A course of lectures on the stylistics of the Russian language. General concepts stylistics. – M., 1976; Bakhtin M.M. The problem of speech genres // Aesthetics of verbal creativity. – M., 1979; Vinokur T.G. Patterns of language use. units. – M., 1980; Nayer V.L. Levels of linguistic variability and the place of functional styles // Scientific literature. Language, style, genres. – M., 1985; Kotyurova M.P. About extralinguistic foundations semantic structure scientific text. – Krasnoyarsk, 1988; Veshchikova I.A. Publ. style as a unit in the functional system. varieties of language, "Bulletin of Moscow University. Ser. Philology", 1992. - No. 1; Baranov A.G. Functional-pragmatic text concept. – Rostov n/d., 1993; Sirotinina O.B. Studying colloquial speech as one of the problems of Russian stylistics, "Stylistyka-VI". – Opole, 1997; Hausenblas K. Vystavba slovesných komunikatů a stylistíka. Čsl. přednašky pro VI mezd. Sjezd slavistů. – Praha, 1968; Jelinek M. Stylove rospeti soucasne spisovne čestiny // Bĕlič, Daneš č etc. Kultura českého jazyka. – Liberec, 1969; Kraus J. Uvod do stylistiky pro informačni pracovniky. – Praha, 1977; Wilkoń A. Tipologia odmian językowych wspolczesnej polszczyzny. – Katowice, 1987; Halliday M.A.K. Language as Social Semiotic. The social interpretation of language and meaning, – London, 1990; Toshovich B. Functional style. – Beograd, 2002.
M.N. Kozhina
Stylistic encyclopedic Dictionary Russian language. - M:. "Flint", "Science". Edited by M.N. Kozhina. 2003 .
- is a set of various techniques for analyzing a text (and its linguistic means), with the help of which stylistics forms knowledge about the patterns of language functioning in various spheres of communication; methods of theoretical development of the observed and...
- is a functional model. style, which is a subdivision of each of the functions. styles into more specific species formations, structured according to the field principle, i.e. highlighting the center (core) of the style and its periphery, including cases of intersection and... ... Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language
- (from Latin stilus, stylus - a pointed stick for writing, then - manner of writing, originality of syllable, style of speech). In linguistics there is no single definition of the concept of S., which is due to the multidimensionality of the phenomenon itself and its study with various points… … Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language
- – a situation in which speech interaction between communicants takes place. Its most important parameters are usually described on the basis of classical models of a communicative act (K. Bühler, R. Jacobson, etc.). According to R. Jacobson’s model, these... ... Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language
Functional style is a historically established and socially conscious variety of a literary language (its subsystem), functioning in a certain sphere of human activity and communication, created by the peculiarities of the use of linguistic means in this sphere and their specific organization. However, what is common is the recognition of the functional nature of styles, their connection with a specific area verbal communication and types of human activity, understanding style as a historically developed and socially conscious set of methods of use, selection and combination of language units.
The classification of styles is based on extralinguistic factors: the scope of use of language, the subject matter determined by it and the goals of communication. The areas of application of language correlate with types of human activity corresponding to forms of social consciousness (science, law, politics, art). Traditional and socially significant areas of activity are: scientific, business (administrative and legal), socio-political, artistic. Accordingly, they also distinguish the styles of official speech (book): scientific, official business, journalistic, literary and artistic (artistic). They are contrasted with the style of unofficial speech colloquial conversational, the extra-linguistic basis of which is the sphere of everyday relations and communication (everyday life as an area of relations between people outside their direct production and socio-political activities).
The classification of functional styles is often associated with language functions, understood as specific goals of communication. Thus, there is a known classification of styles based on three language functions: communication, message and impact. The functions of communication are most consistent with conversational style, scientific and official business messages, journalistic and literary-artistic influences. However, with such a classification there is no differentiating basis that allows us to distinguish between scientific and official business, journalistic and literary and artistic styles. The functions of language characterize it as a whole and are inherent to one degree or another in any style. In speech reality, these functions intersect and interact with each other; a specific utterance usually performs not one, but several functions. Therefore, the functions of language in classifying styles can only be considered in combination with other factors.
Scope of use of language, subject matter and purpose of the statement determine the essential features of a style, its main style-forming features. For the scientific style, this is the generalized abstract nature of the presentation and emphasized logic; for the official and business style, the prescriptive and obligatory nature of speech and accuracy, which does not allow for discrepancies; for the colloquial style, ease, spontaneity and unpreparedness of communication, etc.
Style-forming factors determine the peculiarities of the functioning of linguistic means in a particular style and their specific organization.
There are 5 functional styles:
- scientific - the meaning is to give an accurate and clear idea of scientific concepts (for example, terminological vocabulary);
- official business - official correspondence, government acts, speeches; vocabulary is used that reflects official business relations (plenum, session, decision, decree, resolution);
- journalistic - characterized by abstract words with socio-political meaning (humanity, progress, nationality, openness, peace-loving);
- colloquial - characterized by great semantic capacity and colorfulness, gives liveliness and expressiveness to speech;
- fiction - used in fiction.
